Patent Application
20180252807
The present application relates generally to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and, more particularly, to simultaneous acquisition of single and multiple polarization radar images at one or more frequency bands.
Dual-Band SAR Payload
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an imaging radar capable of generating finer spatial resolution than conventional beam-scanning radar. A SAR is typically mounted on an airborne or spaceborne platform and designed to acquire images of a terrain such as the Earth or other planets.
A single frequency SAR generates images of the terrain by transmitting radar pulses in a frequency band centered on a single frequency. For example, in the case of the RADARSAT-2 SAR, the center frequency was 5.405 GHz.
Having SAR images acquired at the same time at different frequency bands can be beneficial for remote sensing of the terrain. For example, longer wavelengths (such as L-band) propagate better through vegetation and can provide backscatter from stems or branches, or from the ground below. Shorter wavelengths (such as X-band) tend to provide more backscatter from the canopy. Simultaneous acquisition of SAR images at more than one frequency of illumination (for example, at L-band and X-band) can provide a more complete understanding of the terrain than acquisition of images at a single band.
It can also be desirable for the SAR to be capable of imaging at different polarizations (for example, single polarization and quad polarization), and in different operational modes such as ScanSAR and spotlight SAR.
Some existing SAR systems, such as the Shuttle Imaging Radar SIR-C, can operate at more than one frequency band using separate apertures. Others can operate using a shared aperture. A conventional approach to a dual-band shared-aperture multi-polarization SAR is a phased array with steering in both planes. A phased array antenna comprises an array of constituent antennas or radiating elements. Each radiating element can be fed by a signal whose phase, relative to the phase of the signal fed to the other radiating elements, can be adjusted so as to generate a desired radiation pattern for the phased array antenna.
Benefits of a phased array antenna can include flexibility in defining operational modes, reduced power density, redundancy, use of vertical beam steering for ScanSAR, zero Doppler (azimuth) steering and use of vertical beamwidth and shape control for single-beam swath width control.
A limitation of a conventional phased array SAR payload can be the complexity of the payload, for example the complexity of the harnessing, or the number and complexity of the microwave elements. Another limitation of conventional phased array SAR can be the cost associated with the constituent elements of the SAR payload, and the cost associated with integration and testing of the SAR payload.
The technology described herein addresses the aforementioned issues associated with the complexity and cost of the conventional approach to simultaneous acquisition of multi-frequency, multi-polarization SAR images using a phased array antenna. The technology comprises apparatus and methods for simultaneous acquisition of SAR images at two or more frequency bands using a SAR payload comprising a digital beamformer. The technology also applies to simultaneous acquisition of two or more channels at a single frequency band.
Other benefits of the digital beamforming technology can include reduced numbers of microwave components, reduced unit and integration costs, reduced program cost and risk, improved stability, calibration and radiometric accuracy, increased reliability and greater beam agility.
A key issue with digital beamforming is the number of channels that have to be digitized with one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) prior to beamforming. There are two aspects to this: a) power consumption and b) high data rates from the one or more ADCs. The high data rates require a large number of data paths which, in turn, require a large number of digital data receivers. This further increases the complexity and power consumption of the SAR system.
The technology described herein comprises an aspect in which a single ADC can be used to digitize the radar signals at the one or more frequency bands of the SAR. For example, in a dual-band SAR at L-band and X-band, a single ADC can be used for both L-band and X-band signals. A frequency division multiplexing technique can be used to combine signals at more than one frequency band to produce a single signal for input to the ADC.
In a single frequency SAR, a frequency division multiplexing technique can be used to combine multiple channels to produce a single signal for input to the ADC. For example, if each channel has a bandwidth of 100 MHz and the ADC has a bandwidth of 500 MHz, then four channels can be combined (with guard bands) to produce a single signal for input to the ADC.
A method of operation of a digital beamforming synthetic aperture radar (SAR) may be summarized as including receiving a first analog signal having a first center frequency and a first bandwidth; receiving a second analog signal having a second center frequency and a second bandwidth; mixing the first analog signal with a first local oscillator signal by at least one mixer to shift the first center frequency to a first intermediate frequency to generate a frequency-shifted first signal having a first spectral band; mixing the second analog signal with a second local oscillator signal by at least one mixer to shift the second center frequency to a second intermediate frequency to generate a frequency-shifted second signal having a second spectral band, the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal positioned at a defined frequency offset from the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal, and the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal positioned non-overlapping with the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal; combining the first and the second frequency-shifted signals by at least one combiner to generate a combined analog receive signal; band-pass sampling the combined analog receive signal by an analog-to-digital converter having an input bandwidth to generate a digital baseband signal comprising digital signal data representative of the first analog signal and digital signal data representative of the second analog signal.
The method may further include mixing the digital baseband signal with a third local oscillator signal by at least one digital mixer to extract the digital signal data representative of the first analog signal; and mixing the digital baseband signal with a fourth local oscillator signal by at least one digital mixer to extract the digital signal data representative of the second analog signal. Receiving a second analog signal may include receiving the second analog signal concurrently with receiving the first analog signal. Receiving a second analog signal having a second center frequency and a second bandwidth may include receiving the second analog signal having the second center frequency which is different from the first center frequency of the first analog signal. Receiving a first analog signal having a first center frequency and a first bandwidth may include receiving the first analog signal on a first channel, and receiving a second analog signal having a second center frequency and a second bandwidth may include receiving the second analog signal on a second channel, the second channel different from the first channel, and the second center frequency of the second analog signal equal to the first center frequency of the first analog signal. The first analog signal with a first local oscillator signal by at least one mixer may include mixing the first analog signal with the first local oscillator signal to position the first spectral band in the Nyquist bandwidth after band-pass sampling the combined analog receive signal by an analog-to-digital converter, and mixing the second analog signal with a second local oscillator signal by at least one mixer may include mixing the second analog signal with the second local oscillator signal to position the second spectral band in the Nyquist bandwidth, and non-overlapping with the first spectral band, after band-pass sampling the combined analog receive signal by an analog-to-digital converter.
The method may further include receiving a third analog signal having a third center frequency and a third bandwidth; mixing the third analog signal with a third local oscillator signal by at least one mixer to shift the third center frequency to a the intermediate frequency to generate a frequency-shifted third signal having a third spectral band. Combining the first and the second frequency-shifted signals by at least one combiner to generate a combined analog receive signal may include combining the first and the second frequency-shifted signals by the at least one combiner to generate the combined analog receive signal having a bandwidth that is less than the input bandwidth of the analog-to-digital converter which performs the band-pass sampling of the combined analog receive signal. Combining the first and the second frequency-shifted signals by at least one combiner to generate a combined analog receive signal and sampling the combined analog receive signal by an analog-to-digital converter to generate a digital baseband signal may include combining the first and the second frequency-shifted signals by the at least one combiner to generate the combined analog receive signal and sampling the combined analog receive signal by an analog-to-digital converter to generate a digital baseband signal having: i) a first guard band between a high frequency cut-off of the Nyquist bandwidth and the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal, the first guard band having a width that exceeds a defined first width threshold; ii) a second guard band between the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal and the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal, the second guard band having a width that exceeds a defined second width threshold; iii) a third guard band between the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal and a low frequency cut-off of the Nyquist bandwidth, the third guard band having a width that exceeds a defined third width threshold, and the digital baseband signal having a bandwidth that is less than the input bandwidth of the analog-to-digital converter which performs the sampling of the combined analog receive signal.
The method may further include selecting at least one of: the first and the second center frequencies, the first and the second bandwidths, the first and the second intermediate frequencies, the first, the second, and the third guard bands or a sampling frequency of the analog-to-digital converter to ensure that a measure of spectral purity is greater than a defined spectral purity threshold. The measure of spectral purity may be related to a spurious free dynamic range. At least one of the mixing the first analog signal with a first local oscillator signal or the mixing the second analog signal with the second oscillator signal may include down converting the first or second analog signal. At least one of the mixing the first analog signal with a first local oscillator signal or the mixing the second analog signal with the second oscillator signal may include up converting the first or second analog signal. At least one of the mixing the first analog signal with a first local oscillator signal or the mixing the second analog signal with the second oscillator signal may include up converting one of the first or second analog signals and down converting the other one of the first of the second analog signals.
A digital beamforming synthetic aperture radar (SAR) receiver subsystem may be summarized as including a first transceiver communicatively coupled to at least one antenna element to receive a first analog signal having a first center frequency and a first bandwidth; a second transceiver communicatively coupled to at least one antenna element to receive a second analog signal having a second center frequency and a second bandwidth; a frequency divisional multiplexer communicatively coupled to the first and the second transceivers and which converts the first and the second analog signals to a first and a second frequency-shifted signal, respectively, the first-frequency shifted signal having a first spectral band, and the second-frequency shifted signal having a second spectral band, the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal positioned at a defined frequency offset from the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal, and the frequency divisional multiplexer comprising a combiner that combines the first and the second frequency-shifted signals to generate a combined analog receive signal; an analog-to-digital converter communicatively coupled to receive the combined analog receive signal and which band-pass samples the combined analog receive signal to generate a digital baseband signal comprising digital signal data representative of the first analog signal and digital signal data representative of the second analog signal, wherein the spectral band of the digital signal data representative of the first analog signal is non-overlapping with the spectral band of the digital signal data representative of the second analog signal.
Frequency divisional multiplexer may further include a first mixer communicatively coupled to receive a first local oscillator signal and the first analog signal, and which mixes the first analog signal with the first local oscillator signal to shift the first center frequency to a first intermediate frequency to generate the frequency-shifted first signal having the first spectral band; a second mixer communicatively coupled to receive a second local oscillator signal and the second analog signal, and which mixes the second analog signal with the second local oscillator signal to shift the second center frequency to the second intermediate frequency to generate the frequency-shifted second signal having the second spectral band. The first mixer may mix the first analog signal with the first local oscillator signal to shift the first center frequency to generate the frequency-shifted first signal having the first spectral band in the Nyquist bandwidth after band-pass sampling the combined analog receive signal by the analog-to-digital converter, and the second mixer may mix the second analog signal with the second local oscillator signal to shift the second center frequency to generate the frequency-shifted second signal having the second spectral band in the Nyquist bandwidth after band-pass sampling the combined analog receive signal by the analog-to-digital converter, and non-overlapping with the first spectral band in the Nyquist bandwidth.
The digital beamforming synthetic aperture radar (SAR) receiver subsystem may further include a second transceiver communicatively coupled to at least one antenna element to receive a third analog signal having a third center frequency and a third bandwidth, and wherein the frequency divisional multiplexer is communicatively coupled to the third transceiver and converts the third analog signal to a third frequency-shifted signal having a third spectral band.
The digital beamforming synthetic aperture radar (SAR) receiver subsystem may further include a digital processing unit which comprises: a first digital processing unit mixer communicatively coupled to the analog-to-digital converter and which mixes the digital baseband signal with a third local oscillator signal to extract the digital signal data representative of the first analog signal; and a second digital processing unit mixer communicatively coupled to the analog-to-digital converter having an input bandwidth and which mixes the digital baseband signal with a fourth local oscillator signal to extract the digital signal data representative of the second analog signal. The first and the second transceivers may concurrently receive the first and the second analog signals, respectively. The second transceiver may receive the second analog signal having the second center frequency which may be different from the first center frequency of the first analog signal received by the first transceiver. The first transceiver may receive the first analog signal on a first channel, and the second transceiver may receive the second analog signal on a second channel, the second channel different from the first channel, and the second center frequency of the second analog signal equal to the first center frequency of the first analog signal. The combiner may combine the first and the second frequency-shifted signals to generate the combined analog receive signal having a bandwidth that is less than the input bandwidth of the analog-to-digital converter which performs the sampling of the combined analog receive signal. The combiner may combine the first and the second frequency-shifted signals to generate the combined analog receive signal and the analog-to-digital converter samples the combined analog receive signal to generate a digital baseband signal having: i) a first guard band between a high frequency cut-off of the Nyquist bandwidth and the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal, the first guard band having a width that exceeds a defined first width threshold; ii) a second guard band between the first spectral band of the first frequency-shifted signal and the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal, the second guard band having a width that exceeds a defined second width threshold; iii) a third guard band between the second spectral band of the second frequency-shifted signal and a low frequency cut-off of the Nyquist bandwidth, the third guard band having a width that exceeds a defined third width threshold, and the combined analog receive signal has a bandwidth that is less than the input bandwidth of the analog-to-digital converter which performs the sampling of the combined analog receive signal. The frequency divisional multiplexer may include at least one down converter that down converts at least one of the first or second analog signals. The frequency divisional multiplexer may include at least one up converter that up converts at least one of the first or second analog signals. The frequency divisional multiplexer may include at least one up converter that up converts at least one of the first or second analog signals, and at least one down converter that down converts the other one of the first or second analog signals.
SAR payload 100 comprises a Receiver/Exciter Unit (REU) 110 and a SAR antenna 120. REU 110 generates radar signals for transmission by SAR payload 100. It also converts the received or returned radar signals into digital data. REU 110 comprises an analog subsystem 112 and a digital controller 114. Analog subsystem 112 comprises a waveform generator 116 on the transmit path, and an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) 118 on the receive path.
SAR payload 100 further comprises interfaces 130 and 135 between REU 110 and SAR antenna 120. Interfaces 130 and 135 can comprise microwave interfaces to SAR antenna 120.
SAR antenna 120 can be a phased array. A conventional phased array antenna typically comprises a large number of radiating elements grouped as subarrays. Each subarray typically comprises a Transmit/Receive Module (TRM).
ADC 118 can digitize a beam, the beam formed in SAR antenna 120 by summation in a splitter/combiner of phase and amplitude adjusted received signals. A limitation is that the splitter/combiner can introduce phase and amplitude errors owing to variations in performance with temperature, frequency and time.
Since to form more than one beam, the number of TRMs has to be multiplied by the number of beams, it can be challenging to implement a multi-beam SAR within the limitations imposed by mass and power constraints of the host platform (e.g. a spacecraft).
It can be desirable to replace the analog elements of REU 110 by digital components for reasons of performance, cost, and flexibility.
Referring to
Circulator 142 can be connected to a subarray of radiating elements 160.
Limitations of the first and second set of phase shifters 143 and 148, and amplitude gain control 149, can include a) limited precision (owing to the limited number of bits used in typical implementations), and b) variations with temperature, frequency and time (owing to variations in the performance of analog components).
It can be desirable to replace the digitally controlled analog phase shifters and amplitude gain control by a “digital antenna” with phase shifters and amplitude control implemented on a digital device such as an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or a microprocessor on a Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chip.
Digital device 210 can implement digital phase shifters and digital amplitude gain control. Digital device 210 can also apply beamforming coefficients on both transmit and receive.
A challenge in the implementation of digital antenna 200 can be the high rates across the interface between digital device 210 and DAC 220, and the interface between ADC 280 and digital device 210.
For example, an 8-bit ADC at a data rate of 500 mega-samples per second can require up to 8 differential connections occupying up to 16 digital receivers on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). While FPGAs can have high speed digital receivers, the limiting factor can be the number of digital receivers per FPGA.
Digital Antenna with Frequency Domain Multiplexing
The presently described technology is based on digital beamforming with frequency domain multiplexing. Like existing digital beamformers, the presently described technology can eliminate or reduce the need for one or more components of the SAR payload in the conventional approach (for example, SAR payload 100 of
The presently described technology can be implemented with fewer ADCs and with fewer FPGAs than existing approaches, thereby reducing the cost and complexity of the digital beamforming SAR. The use of frequency domain multiplexing as described below increases the data that can be passed to each digital receiver by making greater use of the available bandwidth. In this manner, the number of FPGAs required can be reduced, with a concomitant reduction in cost, complexity and required power.
Array 310 comprises four digital-to-analog converters (DACs) 312A through 312D, and array 330 comprises two analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) 332A and 332B. Transmit module 320 comprises a four-channel transmitter. Receive module 340 comprises a four-channel multi-frequency FDM multiplexer.
Transceiver 300 provides four transmit pulse outputs 350A through 350D, and four receive channel inputs 355A through 355D. In one embodiment, the SAR is a dual X- and L-Band SAR with quad-pol capability at L-band. Two of the four transmit channels 350A and 350C can be allocated to L-band—one to vertically polarized transmit pulses and the other to horizontally polarized transmit pulses. The remaining two of the four transmit channels 350B and 350D can be allocated to X-band transmit pulses. Since, in the example embodiment described, there are twice as many rows of radiating elements for X-band as there are for L-band, channels 350B and 350D can be allocated to the nth and (n+1)th row of X-band radiating elements respectively.
Two of the four receive channels 355A and 355C can be correspondingly allocated to L-band—one to vertically polarized receive pulses and the other to horizontally polarized receive pulses. The remaining two receive channels 355B and 355D can be allocated to X-band receive pulses.
In an example, an array of fourteen transceivers—each transceiver being an instance of transceiver 300—can provide fifty-six transmit channels and fifty-six receive channels.
An interface between array 310 and transmit module 320 can comprise four analog channels 360A, 360B, 360C and 360D.
An interface between array 330 and receive module 340 can comprise two channels 365A and 365B. Channels 355A and 355B can be multiplexed using FDM into a single channel 365A for input to ADC 332A. Similarly, channels 355C and 355D can be multiplexed using FDM into a single channel 365B for input to ADC 332B.
Transceiver 300 comprises four input lanes 370 to array 310, and four output lanes 375 from array 330. In an example embodiment, input lanes 370 and output lanes 375 can transfer digital data at a rate of approximately 10 Gbits per second.
In other embodiments, the number and configuration of FPGAs and transceivers can be varied to meet the requirements of the SAR payload.
In an example embodiment, SAR controller 410 can be implemented using system-on-a-chip (SoC) technology such as the Xilinx Zync-7000 platform. FPGAs 420 and 430 can be implemented using devices such as the Xilinx Virtex-7 (XC7VX690T).
Each transceiver of transceivers 440A through 440G and 450A through 450G can be an instance of transceiver 200 of
For the example embodiment of a four-channel antenna subarray, antenna subsystem 500 further comprises four high-power amplifiers (HPAs) 522, 532, 542 and 552, four low noise amplifiers (LNAs) 524, 534, 544 and 554, four three-port circulators 526, 536, 546 and 556, and four coaxial interfaces 528, 538, 548 and 558 to the antenna feed and patches.
Referring to
The first received signal (now at the first intermediate frequency) is passed through a band-pass filter 620, a buffer/amplifier 622 and (optionally) another band-pass filter 624 before being passed to a combiner 650.
Similarly, a second received signal from a second band (such as L-band, for example) is fed into multiplexer 600 at node 695. The second received signal is band-pass filtered by an image rejection filter 630 and passed via a buffer/amplifier 632 to a mixer 634 where it is mixed with a signal at a down-conversion frequency generated by a local oscillator 636. The result is the second received signal centered at a second intermediate frequency.
The second received signal (now at the second intermediate frequency) is passed through a band-pass filter 640, a buffer/amplifier 642 and (optionally) another band-pass filter 644 before being passed to combiner 650.
While, in the above description, the example embodiment illustrated in
ADC 710 band-pass samples the combined analog signal. In an example embodiment, ADC has a sampling frequency of 1 GHz. The effect of band-pass sampling (or sub-sampling as it can also be known) is to produce an aliased spectrum at baseband. The method is described in more detail with reference to the plots of
Digital processing unit 715 comprises mixers 720A through 720D, signal generators 730A and 730B, phase shifters 740A and 740B, and low-pass filters 750A through 750D. Digital processing unit 715 can be implemented using an FPGA or other suitable digital processing elements.
In one embodiment, two radar bands are X-band and L-band. The X-band center frequency can be 9.6 GHz and the X-band bandwidth can be 350 MHz. The L-band center frequency can be 1.2575 GHz and the L-band bandwidth can be 85 MHz.
The first band 810 has been mixed to a first intermediate frequency 816. The received signals in the first band have been mixed with a signal at a down-conversion frequency (not shown in
The down-conversion frequencies can be selected to position the first and second bands 810 and 820 with guard bands (not shown in
In the embodiment described above with reference to
Sampling of the combined dual-band received signal after 1-DM results in aliased spectra such as the spectra shown in
The first Nyquist zone 860 is also known as the Nyquist bandwidth and is the region of the spectrum between 0 Hz and half the ADC sampling frequency. The frequency spectrum can be divided into an infinite number of Nyquist zones, each having a width of half the ADC sampling frequency.
Guard bands 840, 842 and 844 (first described with reference to
In the embodiment described above with reference to
Frequency planning and spur analysis can be performed to support the selection of frequency bands (center frequencies and bandwidths), up- and/or down-conversion frequencies, guard bands, and ADC sampling frequency.
Spur analysis can include determining a measure of spectral purity over the band of interest. The harmonic imperfections of the signal generators and/or the ADC can be measured in terms of a spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). The SFDR can be defined as the ratio of the amplitudes of the fundamental frequency and the largest spur, and is usually expressed in units of dB.
At 910, the SAR antenna receives radar returns from pulses transmitted at different frequency bands. In the example of a dual-band radar operating at X-band and L-band, the SAR antenna receives X-band pulses and L-band pulses that were transmitted by the SAR and backscattered from the terrain.
At 920, one or more frequency division multiplexing (FDM) multiplexers, e.g., FDM multiplexer 600 (
At 930, the combined analog signal is passed through a single analog-to-digital converter (ADC) such as ADC 710 of
At 940, a digital processing unit 715 (
Similarly, the approach described above with reference to the receive channels of the SAR payload can be used on the transmit channels. Two or more frequency bands (or two or more channels) can be combined digitally, for example in an FPGA. The combined signal can be passed through a single DAC. The resulting analog signal can be filtered, demultiplexed and up-converted to the center frequencies for transmission of pulses in each frequency band.
Method 1000 starts at 1010. At 1010, the SAR receives a first analog signal having a first center frequency and a first bandwidth, and a second analog signal having a second center frequency and a second bandwidth.
At 1020, the SAR mixes the first analog signal with a first local oscillator signal to shift the first center frequency to a first intermediate frequency to generate a frequency-shifted first signal. Similarly, at 1030, the SAR mixes the second analog signal with a second local oscillator signal to shift the second center frequency to a second intermediate frequency to generate a frequency-shifted second signal.
At 1040, the SAR combines the first and second frequency-shifted signals to generate a combined analog receive signal. At 1050, the SAR band-bass samples the combined analog receive signal to generate a digital baseband signal comprising an in-phase component and a quadrature component. The band-pass sampling can be implemented using an ADC.
At 1060, the SAR mixes the digital signal with a first local oscillator signal to extract the first analog signal in the digital domain. At 1070, the SAR mixes the digital signal with a second local oscillator signal to extract the second analog signal in the digital domain.
While the embodiments illustrated and described above relate to dual-band SAR, the approach applies to any multi-frequency (multi-band) SAR for which the multiple frequency bands can be frequency division multiplexed, i.e. mixed from their center frequencies to intermediate frequencies and accommodated within the bandwidth of a single ADC. An example of a three-band SAR is an X-, L- and C-band SAR. The approach described herein can also be applied to a single frequency multi-channel SAR.
While particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present technology have been shown and described, it will be understood, that the technology is not limited thereto since modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.
In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US16/22841 | 3/17/2016 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62137934 | Mar 2015 | US |
