Patent Grant
8191329
The present disclosure relates generally to connectors and joints for multiwall panels. More specifically, this application relates to connectors and joints for multiwall roofing or wall panels.
In the construction of naturally lit structures, such as greenhouses, pool enclosures, solar roof collectors, stadiums and sunrooms, glass panel roofs have been employed to allow natural light to shine therein. The glass panels themselves can be mounted in frame-like enclosures that are capable of providing a watertight seal around the glass panel and provide a means for securing the panel to a structure. These frame-like enclosures also provide for modular glass roofing systems that can be assembled together to form the roof.
Glass panel roofing systems generally provide good light transmission and versatility. However, the initial and subsequent costs associated with these systems limit their application and overall market acceptance. The initial expenses associated with glass panel roofing systems comprise the cost of the glass panels themselves as well as the cost of the structure, or structural reinforcements, that are employed to support the high weight of the glass. After these initial expenses, operating costs associated with the inherently poor insulating ability of the glass panels can result in higher heating expenses for the owner. Yet further, glass panels are susceptible to damage caused by impact or shifts in the support structure (e.g., settling), which can result in high maintenance costs. This is especially concerning for horticultural applications wherein profit margins for greenhouses can be substantially impacted due to these expenditures.
As a result, multiwall polymeric panels (e.g., polycarbonate) have been produced that exhibit improved impact resistance, ductility, insulative properties, and comprise less weight than comparatively sized glass panels. As a result, these characteristics reduce operational and maintenance expenses.
For ease of design and assembly, multiwall panels can be produced in modular systems. The modular systems can comprise multiwall panels and panel connectors, wherein the panel connectors (hereinafter referred to as “connectors”) are employed to join the panels together and/or secure the panels to a structure on which they are employed.
Connectors endure high forces over their service life. Examples of such forces are caused by high winds (e.g., lifting force acting about perpendicular to roof), supporting heavy snowfall (compression force acting about perpendicular to roof), or tension/compression forces caused by contraction and/or expansion during changing climates (e.g., forces acting about parallel with roof). Regardless of the cause, connectors that can withstand such multidirectional forces are desirable. Yet further, connectors that can withstand such forces and can be manufactured utilizing cost-competitive means are even more desirable.
Accordingly, there is a continuous need for multiwall connectors that are capable of withstanding multidirectional forces and can be manufactured utilizing cost competitive methods. Several connectors and methods of manufacture are disclosed herein.
Disclosed herein are connectors for multiwall panels.
In one embodiment, a panel connector is disclosed. The panel connector comprises, a connector comprising a rib-hinging geometry, wherein the rib-hinging geometry comprises living hinges, and wherein the rib-hinging geometry is capable of expanding in area.
In another embodiment, a panel assembly is disclosed. The panel assembly comprises, a connector comprising a rib-hinging geometry, wherein the rib-hinging geometry comprises living hinges, a socket comprising an internal geometry, wherein the connector can be assembled to the internal geometry, and wherein the rib-hinging geometry is capable of expanding in area.
The above described and other features are exemplified by the following figures and detailed description.
Refer now to the figures, which are exemplary embodiments, and wherein the like elements are numbered alike.
Disclosed herein are connectors that comprise rib-hinging geometries. To be more specific, rib-hinging geometries are capable of reversibly altering their shape when acted upon by a kinetic force (e.g., wind, snow, structural, servicing, and so forth). When incorporated into multiwall connectors, rib-hinging geometries provide connections that exhibit increased retention or contact forces of mating connectors and/or panels.
Rib-hinging geometries comprise negative-force expanding and positive-force expanding geometries. Negative-force expanding geometries comprise any geometry that exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio (e.g., auxetic geometries). Positive-force expanding geometries comprise any geometry that exhibits a positive Poisson's ratio. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of transverse strain to longitudinal strain for materials and/or geometries. The formula for Poisson's ratio is:
−[εtransverse/εlongitudinal]=Poisson's Ratio
wherein,
εtransverse=Transverse Strain
εlongitudinal=Longitudinal Strain
In accordance with Poisson's ratio, when a force acts on a rib-hinging geometry, the geometry will respond by changing in shape. For negative-force expanding geometries, the shape of the geometry will transversely contract under compression loading and transversely expand under tensile loading. Alternatively, positive-force expanding geometries will transversely contract under tensile loading and transversely expand under compressive loading.
Advantageously, rib-hinging geometries have been incorporated into multiwall connectors, wherein these connectors are capable of generating an increase in retention forces between the assembled mating geometries in response to a force (e.g., tensile, compressive, bending) acting thereon. As used herein, these retention forces are defined as any force or forces that are exerted by any component of the assembly onto another component of the assembly to result in an increased resistance to the disassembly of the assembly, wherein the forces can be contact forces, frictional forces and the like. To be more specific, the rib-hinging connectors described herein increase in transverse area if acted upon by an adequate force (to be discussed further below). As a result of this increase in transverse area, greater forces are exerted on the surfaces in contact with the transverse area and an increase in retention forces results.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
If disassembly force(s) 32 are applied to the NFE assembly 30 that are sufficient to deform the living hinges 6, the NFE connector's length 26 and its connector inner width 18 will increase (i.e., increase in transverse area), which will cause the NFE connector 2 to exert forces on the surfaces of the interference member's contact surfaces 12 that contact the transverse area (e.g., the connector's contact surfaces 10 exert force on the interference member's contact surfaces 12). As a result of the forces exerted by the NFE connector 2 on the NFE socket 20, retention forces increase (e.g., interference between the NFE connector 2 and the NFE socket 20 increases, contact surface area increases, frictional forces increase), which act to further resist disassembly.
The living hinges 6 on the interference members 22 can be designed to deflect at a higher load than the living hinges 6 on the NFE connector 2. This can be achieved by increasing the hinge thickness 24 of the NFE socket 20 compared to the hinge thickness 24 of the NFE connector 2, if the materials employed for the NFE socket 20 and NFE connector 2 are similar. This can also be achieved by employing a material comprising a higher flexural modulus for the NFE socket 20 compared to the NFE connector 2. Designing the NFE assembly 30 in this manner can be advantageous as it ensures the interference members 22 do not deflect proportionately with the NFE connector 2 and enables the interference members 22 to counter the retention forces generated. To be more specific, if the living hinges 6 on the interference members 22 deform under the same load as the living hinges 6 on the NFE connector 2, the interference members 22 would not be capable of counteracting the forces generated by the increasing transverse area of the NFE connector 2. As a result, the retention forces generated would not increase as desired. However, if the living hinges 6 on the interference members 22 are designed to deflect at a higher loading than the living hinges 6 on the NFE connector 2, the interference members 22 would be capable of counteracting the forces generated by the NFE connector 2 and greater retention forces would be generated up to the point that the forces deflect the interference members 22. Therefore, the living hinges 6 on the interference members 22 can be designed to deflect at a force significantly greater than that required to deflect the members 4. Significantly greater can be a force that is greater than or equal to about 50% higher, or more specifically, greater than or equal to about 100% higher, or even more specifically, greater than or equal to about 200% higher, and all subranges therebetween. However, if desired, the living hinges 6 on the interference members 22 can also be designed to allow the connection to be disassembled without imparting damage to the NFE connector (e.g., buckling of members 4, permanently deforming of living hinges 6 (e.g., stretching), breaking living hinges 6). The specific design of the living hinges 6 however will be dependent on many variables (e.g., desired retention forces, desired disassembly forces) and is therefore application specific.
Referring now to
The PFE socket 42 comprises a socket transverse width 54. The socket's geometry is configured to allow the PFE connector 40 to be assembled therein. The PFE socket 42 comprises a hexagonal shape that is configured to allow the PFE connector 40 to be assembled therein.
When the PFE connector 40 and PFE socket 42 are acted upon by a compressive force(s) 34 that is adequate to deform its living hinges 6, the PFE connector 40 acts as a rib-hinging mechanism, expanding in transverse area, and increasing retention forces between the PFE connector 40 and the PFE socket 42. To be more specific, as a compressive force 34 is applied to the PFE connector 40, the living hinges 6 will deform to increase its connector transverse width 52. This causes the force exerted by the connector's contact surfaces 10 on the interference member's contact surfaces 12 to increase, which increases interference between the PFE connector 40 and the PFE socket 42, contact surface area, friction, and other retention forces, which act to further resist disassembly.
The negative-force expanding assembly 30 and the positive-force expanding assembly 38 can be employed in any application wherein a rib-hinging mechanism can provide improved connection performance. For example, in an application wherein tensile forces are expected a connector comprising a negative-force expanding assembly 30 can be employed. In addition, embodiments can be designed to comprise multiple PFE connectors or multiple NFE connectors, which can provide yet further increased resistance to disassembly. For example, in
Referring again to
In yet another embodiment, an assembly can be formed from both PFE connectors and NFE connectors to form a multi-connector assembly.
Referring now to
The first structure 8 comprises a multiwall panel for use as a roofing material for naturally lit structures (e.g., greenhouses). In this embodiment, the second structure 14 is a support connector that is used to connect multiple multiwall panels thereto (i.e., first structure 8) and provide support for the panels via a support feature 46. In this particular embodiment the support feature 46 is adapted to secure the support connector (i.e., structure 8) to an aluminum tube greenhouse structure, and thus comprises an annular design.
The multi-connector assembly 50 can advantageously produce an improved connection as compared to employing a negative-force expanding assembly 30 and/or a positive-force expanding assembly 38 alone. To be more specific, by employing a NFE assembly 30 and a PFE assembly 38 in the multi-connector assembly 50, the multi-connector assembly 50 can perform well under both compressive force(s) 34 and disassembly force(s) 32. Yet further, the multi-connector assembly 50 provides the non-intuitive advantage of enhanced retention performance under non-linear forces.
Non-linear forces are forces that comprise a force component that acts perpendicular to either a compressive force(s) 34 or a disassembly force(s) 32 (e.g., any force that is not a linear force, wherein linear forces are either compressive force(s) 34 or a disassembly force(s) 32). For example, when a force is applied to the multi-connector assembly 50 illustrated in
Although the multi-connector assembly 50 illustrated in
The connectors (e.g., NFE connector 2, PFE connector 40) can comprise any geometry that produces a rib-hinging mechanism. Exemplary connector geometries can comprise polygonal structures (such as the exemplary PFE connector 40 illustrated in
The connectors and/or sockets can be configured to allow for ease of assembly. To provide such, the connectors can comprise tapered designs that are capable of encouraging a connector to assemble within a socket. An exemplary tapered design is illustrated in
In yet another embodiment, a single connector can comprise both a NFE connector 2 and PFE connector 40, such as the exemplary modified connector 70 illustrated in
The connectors described herein can comprise internal features that can limit the collapse of a rib-hinging geometry. For example, referring back to
Additional components can also be incorporated into the design of the connectors and/or sockets. Exemplary components comprise: gaskets, ribs, seals, snap-fits, alignment features, depth stops, and the like, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing components can also be employed.
The living hinges 6 illustrated herein are embellished for illustrative purposes to explicate the function of the living hinges 6. The living hinges 6 illustrated are exemplary, and one skilled in the art will recognize that the hinge thicknesses 24, as well as length, width, depth, geometry, and other variables can be modified to configure the properties of the hinge. In one example, the living hinges can be of the same thickness as a member 4, and therefore flexure of the member 4 provides a living-hinge-like function.
The connectors and sockets can comprise thermoplastics, such as, polycarbonate, acrylic, impact-modified polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, styrene acrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyetherimide, and so forth, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. The connectors and sockets can also comprise metals, such as aluminum, copper, steels (e.g., martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic materials), metal alloys (e.g., nickel-titanium), and so forth, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. In one specific embodiment, the NFE connector 2 can be formed from a polycarbonate resin (e.g., Lexan®, commercially available from SABIC Innovative Plastics) and a NFE socket 20 can be formed from aluminum. In yet another embodiment, a multi-connector assembly 50 can comprise a first structure 8 having a NFE connector 2 and a PFE socket 42 and a second structure 14 configured with a NFE socket 20 and a PFE connector 40, wherein both structures are formed from polycarbonate.
Additives can be optionally added to any polymeric materials employed for the connectors or sockets as long as the additives do not substantially adversely affect the desired properties (e.g., flexural properties). Several exemplary additives include; antioxidants (e.g., organophosphites), fillers and reinforcing agents (e.g., glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, silicates, TiO2, graphite, calcium carbonate, mica, talc and the like), lubricants, UV absorbers, stabilizers (e.g., light stabilizers and heat stabilizers), lubricants, plasticizers, colorants (e.g., pigments or dyes), anti-static agents, blowing agents, impact modifiers, and so forth.
The depth of the connectors and sockets can be tailored based on the application. For example, referring now to
The connectors and sockets can comprise a depth that is shorter than the structure (e.g., first structure 8, second structure 14, and support feature 46) on which they are to be attached. In this embodiment, the connectors and sockets can be separately formed and secured to the structure utilizing fastening methods. Such methods comprise, adhesive bonding (e.g., solvent based bonds, multi-component adhesives, or single-component adhesives), fasteners (e.g., screws, bolts, rivets, pins, staples, nails, and brads), melt bonding (e.g., hot staking, ultrasonic welding, and hot-melt adhesives), and so forth, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. In one embodiment, a NFE connector 2 can comprise a depth of 1.0 inch (2.54 centimeters), wherein six of these connectors can be screwed to a multiwall panel 80.
The connectors and/or sockets can be formed from polymer processing methods, such as extrusion or injection molding. However, continuous production methods, such as extrusion, generally offer improved operating efficiencies and greater production rates than non-continuous operations (e.g., injection molding). In one specific example of a continuous production operation, a single screw extruder is employed to extrude polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate melt is fed through a profile die that is capable of forming a connector and/or socket, such as the multi-connector assembly 50 illustrated in
Coextrusion methods can also be employed for the production of a connector and/or socket. Coextrusion can be employed to supply differing polymers to any portion of a connector and/or socket geometry. This can be employed to improve and/or alter the performance of the connector/socket, such as disposing recycled materials in sections of the extruded profile, disposing an additional structural layer(s) on a portion of the extrudate, incorporating alternative materials, and so forth. In one embodiment, a coextrusion process can be employed to form a gasket between a connector and socket that comprises a differing material than is employed for the connector and/or socket. Those skilled in the art of coextrusion will comprehend the versatility of coextrusion processes and the myriad of applications the process provides.
Referring now to
During use, if a force 106 is applied to the capped assembly 100, the NFE connector 2 will expand in transverse area and increase the retention forces. In addition, as the load increases, the first structure 8 and second structure 14 can deflect (e.g., rotate about the NFE connector 2), as shown by the directional arrows. As the structures deflect, the PFE connectors 40 on the connection cap 102 will be compressed, forcing the retaining elements 104 to compress against the tabs 108, thereby providing increased connection forces. In addition to employing rib-hinging mechanisms to increase connection forces, the capped assembly 100 can also provide improved leak resistance.
Referring now to
From these simulated results, it is shown that the simulated force expanding connector 90 produces greater peak contact pressure than the simulated non-force expanding connector 92, which illustrates the simulated force expanding connector 90 provides greater connection strength than the simulated non-force expanding connector 92. In addition, the simulated force expanding connector 90 reaches peak contact pressure at a lower in-line displacement than the simulated force non-expanding connector 90, which can provide for improved sealing against rain, snow, and the like.
The connectors disclosed herein comprise rib-hinging geometries that are capable of increasing retention forces when the connectors are acted upon by forces. More specifically, negative-force expanding assemblies 30 are disclosed that increase retention forces when acted upon by a disassembly force 32 (i.e., tensile force). Positive-force expanding assemblies 38 are also disclosed that increase retention forces when acted upon by a compressive force(s) 34. Yet further, multi-connector assemblies 50 are disclosed that comprise both negative-force expanding assemblies 30 and positive-force expanding assemblies 38 that can provide increased retention forces when acted upon by compression force(s), tensile forces (e.g., disassembly force(s) 32), as well as bending forces (e.g., snow, wind). In addition to providing increased retention forces when acted upon by forces, the connectors disclosed herein can be easily assembled and can be manufactured from cost-effective polymers using standard polymer processing methods, such as extrusion or injection molding. These connectors therefore provide several characteristics that are desirable and are currently unmet in the marketplace.
For clarity, unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terms “first”, “second”, and “the like”, as used herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. Also, the terms “a” and “an” do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item, and the terms “front”, “back”, “bottom”, and/or “top”, unless otherwise noted, are merely used for convenience of description, and are not limited to any one position or spatial orientation. If ranges are disclosed, the endpoints of all ranges directed to the same component or property are inclusive and independently combinable (e.g., ranges of “up to about 25 wt. %, or, more specifically, about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. %,” is inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges of “about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %,” etc.). The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term (e.g., “the colorant(s)”, includes one or more colorants). Furthermore, as used herein, “combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. Lastly, if any patents are identified herein by number, they are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Several designs of connectors are disclosed herein with references to individual figures. One of skill in the art will easily recognize that many of the components of each of the embodiments are similar to or identical to each other.
These various components can be added or omitted based on various design choices. As such, various elements and/or features can be introduced in a given figure with the understanding that the connectors can be modified as taught herein to include features illustrated in other embodiments. Each of these elements is first introduced in the discussion of a given figure, but is not repeated for each embodiment. Rather, distinct structure is discussed relative to each figure/embodiment.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/403,992, filed Apr. 13, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3175652 | Brekell et al. | Mar 1965 | A |
| 3641730 | Meckstroth | Feb 1972 | A |
| 4117638 | Kidd, Jr. et al. | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4117640 | Vanderstar | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4251968 | Raith et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4284370 | Danler et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4750310 | Holcombe | Jun 1988 | A |
| 5134827 | Hartman | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5247773 | Weir | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5295341 | Kajiwara | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5333421 | McKenna | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5421473 | McCrossen | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5613338 | Esposito | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5787642 | Coyle et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 6036398 | Theodorou | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6079168 | Shaver | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6122879 | Montes | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6164024 | Konstantin | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6182403 | Mimura et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6295778 | Burt | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6311436 | Mimura et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6331028 | O'Neill et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6336304 | Mimura et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6542353 | Ardrey et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6562907 | Johoji et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6959519 | Adriaansen | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 20020055572 | Tai et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020066660 | Ardrey et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020108343 | Knauseder | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120065 | Johoji et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20030024199 | Pervan et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20050287371 | Chaudhari et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20070251183 | Thiagarajan et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 691319 | Jun 2001 | CH |
| 2824759 | Dec 1979 | DE |
| 3214890 | Nov 1983 | DE |
| 3604951 | Aug 1987 | DE |
| 0473321 | Mar 1992 | EP |
| 0783064 | Jul 1997 | EP |
| 0864708 | Sep 1998 | EP |
| 0933490 | Aug 1999 | EP |
| 1111153 | Jun 2001 | EP |
| 2732386 | Oct 1996 | FR |
| 2386636 | Sep 2003 | GB |
| 9320320 | Oct 1993 | WO |
| 0037846 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| 0065172 | Nov 2000 | WO |
| 0120241 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| 2006095201 | Sep 2006 | WO |
| 2008152637 | Dec 2008 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120042599 A1 | Feb 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11403992 | Apr 2006 | US |
| Child | 13283783 | US |
