Apparatus for drying a web

Abstract

A single tier drying section is disclosed for drying a web. The drying section includes a dryer and a felt guided about the dryer such that the web is disposed between the dryer and the felt for drying a first side of the web. A further dryer is disposed downstream relative to the dryer and a further felt is guided about the further dryer such that the web is disposed between the further dryer and the further felt for drying a second side of the web. A dryer transfer mechanism is used for transferring the web from the dryer to the further dryer.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to an apparatus for drying a web of paper emerging from a press section of a papermaking machine. More particularly, this invention relates to an apparatus for drying a web in which the web is transferred without open draw between dryer sections, thereby permitting threading of the web without the assistance of threading ropes and the drying of both sides of the web while continually restraining the web by felts.

2. Information Disclosure Statement

With the ever increasing operational speed of papermaking machines, a serious problem has existed in that there is a tendency for the paper web or sheet to flutter as the sheet progresses through the dryer section. Such sheet flutter is particularly evident when the sheet is transferred between succeeding sections of the dryer section as the web is transferred between these adjacent sections in an open draw. Such sheet flutter has been minimized by the use of single felting configurations in which the web and felt run jointly between respective top and bottom cylinders. However, the single felt configuration, although reducing the aforementioned problem of sheet flutter, introduces several disadvantages. Included amongst these disadvantages are, first, the heat transfer from the bottom cylinders is substantially reduced because the wet web is no longer in direct contact with the cylinders, the felt being interposed between the web and the drying surface of the respective cylinder. Second, the web has a tendency to separate from the felt as the web travels towards and around and then away from the bottom cylinder. Third, the initial threading of the web is not particularly easy.

A partial solution to the aforementioned single felt problems has been provided by the application of the so-called BelRun dryer section. BelRun is a registered trademark of Beloit Corporation. With the BelRun system, the bottom, ineffective dryers are replaced by vacuum rolls which positively convey the web from one cylinder to the next. Recent installations of this type of dryer section have shown that the BelRun concept can be extended to include a large number of dryers without any adverse effect on the web runnability. Such runnability results because the vacuum rolls are capable of conveying the web along the felt-supported spans without the need for sheet tension or section draw points.

With the implementation of the single BelRun section, there exists a tendency to have a generation of stresses which develop in the web as the web dries. Such stresses impart a tendency for the dried paper to curl. "Curl", according to "Pulp and Paper Dictionary" by John R. Lavigne, published 1986, is defined as "a paper or paper board deformation caused by non-uniform distribution of strains and stresses throughout the sheet as a result of an even internal moisture and conditioning." Such adverse curling effect can be minimized or eliminated by drying the web from both sides, but two-sided drying requires a transfer point in which the web is transferred from one felt t another felt. In the case of the present invention, the web must be alternately dried on a top tier dryer section and then on a bottom tier dryer section. A top tier section may be defined as a group of dryers in which the bottom surface of the web contacts the dryers. A bottom tier section conversely and correspondingly may be defined as a group of dryers in which the top surface of the web contacts the dryers.

In order to efficiently transfer the web from one section to another, a positive transfer arrangement is used. In the prior art, such means for transferring the web from one drying section to the next has required the introduction of an open draw with the associated problems of sheet flutter and the like.

Modern paper drying machines are contemplated in which web speeds of 10,000 or more feet per minute are envisaged. Consequently, the introduction of such open draws would lead to serious problems of sheet flutter and numerous web breakages. The present invention seeks to overcome the aforementioned inadequacies of the prior art apparatus and to provide a drying apparatus which contributes a significant and non-obvious contribution to the paper drying art.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper emerging from a press section of a papermaking machine such that the web is transferred between a first and a second dryer section means without open draw, thereby permitting both threading of the web without the assistance of threading ropes and the drying of the web on both sides thereof.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper which completely eliminates the need of open draws.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which open draws for the sheet or web are eliminated.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which blow boxes would be redundant.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which ventilation of the pockets defined by the cylinders and the vacuum rolls is improved, thereby improving the drying rate of the web.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which gear case leaks are inhibited and removal of broke is facilitated.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which fewer steamfits are required and none of the dryers are redundant, thereby reducing the blow through rate.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the frame is symmetrical and in which the base frame is subjected to equal loading forces, thereby resulting in a sturdy, low-profile frame which reduces vibration and its attendant noise level.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the power required to drive the cylinders is reduced and due to the layout and configuration of the dryers, such arrangement lends itself to the provision of a low-profile hood.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which runnability of the drying apparatus is increased and in which doctors can be applied to each dryer.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper which permits automatic threading of a tail and subsequent web therethrough.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web in which open access to the dryers and vacuum rolls is provided and a supply of air can be fed uniformly through each of the vacuum rolls.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which hoods are provided over and adjacent the vacuum rolls for handling the humid exhaust and possibly eliminating the need for large scale exhaust hood construction.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which such vacuum roll hoods can be provided for profiling the web by removing exhaust air from selected transfer sections of these hoods.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web ranging from lightweight grades to heavy board.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the humidity is decreased by eliminating the closed pockets associated with a typical two-felt type drying section.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the apparatus is no longer than a conventional dryer section but requires less equipment.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which runnability is improved by eliminating open draws.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the felt-supported draw is reduced to a minimum.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which sheet control and restraint is provided by the direct application of vacuum.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which there is no need for residual sheet tension to hold the sheet against the felt since the sheet is entirely supported by vacuum as it wraps the transfer roll. In a conventional Uno-Run dryer section, a draw is required in order to induce a tension in the sheet to hold the sheet as it wraps the bottom dryer. Although blow boxes can be used to prevent the sheet from leaving the felt, the vacuum produced by these boxes is quite low--in the order of 0.05 to 0.1 inches WC (water column). Furthermore, the vacuum does not extend around the bottom dryer, and it is generally not sufficient to hold the sheet against centrifugal forces, and residual sheet tension is required to hold the sheet against the felt.

In the arrangement according to the present invention, the transfer roll vacuum is not so limited and, typically, 4 inches WC is applied to the web, which is more than four times the level needed for sheet support.

Another object of the present invention which is a less obvious factor relative to the runnability of the dryer section is the uniformity of dryer surface speeds. Such uniformity is obtained because the dryers are driven by the felt instead of by a gear train. Dryers which are geared together are forced to run at equal rotational speeds. In the case of dryers which have slightly different diameters, perhaps due to manufacturing tolerances or differences in steam pressure and temperature, such differences result in unequal dryer surface speeds. These unequal surface speeds not only increase the drive load but also cause problems with sheet runnability.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which threading of the apparatus is simplified.

More specifically, in a conventional Uno-Run system, the tail tends to separate from the felt on the bottom dryers and wander in the cross-machine direction as it moves down the machine. In the dryer section, according to the present invention, the vacuum transfer rolls are equipped with internal dampers for concentrating the vacuum in front-side threading chambers. When these dampers are closed, the vacuum in the threading chambers is increased from 4 inches WC to 10-12 inches WC. Such vacuum holds the tail tightly to the felt and prevents the tail from wandering and stabilizes the entire threading operation.

Additionally, when the apparatus, according to the present invention, is extended through the entire dryer section, the tail can be threaded without the use of ropes. Special air nozzles are located near the edges of each dryer to insure that the tail follows the felt and is transferred by the vacuum rolls. These air nozzles eliminate the need for threading ropes, threading equipment and maintenance. Furthermore, the aforementioned threading arrangement helps to insure safe operation of the apparatus.

Also, when the ropes are removed, a wider felt can be used which tends to further stabilize the edges of the sheet on the felt.

With the open symmetrical framing, according to the present invention, broke removal, dryer access and dryer visibility are greatly improved. Additionally, although not a requirement of the present invention, each of the dryers can be easily fitted with a doctor, such doctors being unloaded automatically with air cylinders if required.

The apparatus, according to the present invention, permits a significant reduction in the amount of paper machinery which is required to meet the design production. In addition to reducing the number of dryers, felt rolls and guides, there is also a corresponding reduction in the number of steamfits, the elimination of blow boxes and pocket ventilation ducts. Also, the present invention enables simplification of the dryer framing.

With the application of the "Silent Drive" dryer system (Silent Drive is a registered trademark of Beloit Corporation) and, additionally, with the low profile afforded by the framing layout of the present invention, dryer section noise and vibration will be reduced to a minimum. Furthermore, smaller drive motors can be installed due to the fact that the section inertia is reduced in view of the elimination of the bottom dryers utilized in a typical Uno-Run system. Additionally, the dryer hood can have a low profile construction, and hood door lifts can be installed on the back as well as the front of the machine.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the energy efficiency of the apparatus is improved.

More specifically, the dryer section of the present invention provides improved energy efficiency in the following three areas. First, the drive load is reduced by having fewer dryers and less steamfit drag. Second, the amount of blowthrough steam is reduced by minimizing the number of dryers. Third, the large blowthrough quantities associated with the bottom dryers of conventional Uno-Run type sections are entirely eliminated.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying a web of paper in which the quality of the sheet is improved.

More specifically, the dryer section, according to the present invention, has the capability of affecting the sheet properties as follows. First, the tensile strength and stretch of the web in the machine direction is improved. Second, the tensile strength and stretch of the web in the cross-machine direction is improved. Third, the tendency for the sheet to curl is reduced, and fourth, the tendency to generate edge cockles is reduced. According to the aforementioned "Pulp and Paper Dictionary" by John R. Lavigne, "cockle" is defined as "a paper defect appearing as a wrinkle caused by non-uniform shrinking due to uneven drying or sheet formation." Furthermore, "cockling" is defined as "the process of producing a ripple-like defect or intentionally creating this type of paper surface by controlled, uneven drying of the sheet under minimum tension conditions."

Once the sheet leaves the press section, the machine direction tensile and stretch are affected primarily by the press section draw and somewhat less by the draw between dryer sections. In conventional drying sections, these dryer draws are usually set as low as possible, but the minimum draw is dictated by runnability and sheet control. However, in the drying section, according to the present invention, there is no minimum draw requirement for runnability. Nevertheless, the machine direction properties can still be affected in the usual way by pulling a draw between sections if such is deemed desirable.

In a somewhat similar manner, the cross-machine direction tensile and stretch are affected by the cross-machine direction sheet restraint. In an open draw, there is no restraint, so the sheet freely shrinks (although this shrinkage is greatest at the edges). In operation of a typical Uno-Run type drying section, there is a degree of web restraint as evidenced by the increase in trim and the decrease in edge cockles.

In the drying section, according to the present invention, the sheet restraint is more positive than that provided by a typical Uno-Run system, and this further reduces any tendency for edge cockles to develop. With the improved restraint provided by the present invention, a slight increase in cross-machine direction tensile and a decrease in cross-machine direction stretch is evident. The decrease in cross-machine direction stretch is most pronounced at the edges where the sheet normally has the least restraint. Accordingly, the net effect, according to the present invention, will be a sheet with more uniform properties in the cross-machine direction.

The propensity to curl is caused by three factors as follows. First, fiber orientation, second, fines and filler (bonding) distribution, and, third, residual fiber stress.

The dryer section affects only the fiber stress. Curl is normally controlled by adjusting the drying from each side of the sheet by separate control of the top and bottom dryer steam pressures.

Accordingly, in the drying section, according to the present invention, such control is provided by adjusting the steam pressures in subsequent sections.

Another particularly important object of the present invention is the provision of an apparatus for drying fine paper grades where directionality is important. More particularly, restrained drying of the web is an important feature of the present invention in that it will not permit the edges of the sheet to shrink more than the center portion of the sheet. The key to restraining the sheet while it is not held between the felt and the dryer drum is the vacuum in the transfer, or turning roll, below adjacent drums and the vacuum means for transferring the web between dryer sections. The sheet may be restrained, as stated hereinbefore, by application of a vacuum within the range 1-10 inches WC and preferably approximately 4 inches WC.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art by a consideration of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings.

Although the detailed description and annexed drawings describe a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many variations and modifications of the present invention fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As used throughout this specification, the term "single tier" or "single tier drying section" refers to a drying section having sequential rows of dryers with the axes of rotation of the dryers in each row lying in a common plane.

Also, as used herein, the term "joint run of the felts" means a path of the felts wherein the felts are brought into sufficiently close proximity to each other to effect a transfer of the web from one felt to the other felt while minimizing web flutter. The joint run need not be a parallel run of the felts.

The present invention relates to a single tier drying section for drying a web. The drying section includes a dryer and a felt guided about the dryer such that the web is disposed between the dryer and the felt for drying a first side of the web. A further dryer is disposed downstream relative to the dryer and a further felt is guided about the further dryer such that the web is disposed between the further dryer and the further felt for drying a second side of the web. A transfer means transfers the web from the dryer to the further dryer.

More particularly, the dryer transfer means transfers the web without open draw from the dryer to the further dryer.

Additionally, the dryer transfer means includes a joint run of the felt and the further felt such that the web is disposed between the felt and the further felt during passage through the joint run.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the transfer means further includes vacuum means disposed downstream relative to the joint run for positively maintaining the web in close conformity with the further felt when the felt and further felt diverge relative to each other downstream relative to the joint run.

More specifically, the vacuum means is a vacuum roll.

Preferably, the single tier drying section extends from a press section to a calender section and includes a multiplicity of single tier subsections, and the dryer transfer means includes a plurality of transfer mechanisms with each transfer mechanism being disposed between adjacent subsections such that as the web progress through subsequent subsections, alternate sides of the web are dried.

The arrangement is such that alternate sides of the web are sequentially dried as the web progresses through the subsections, and each of the subsections are disposed at different heights relative to each other with preferably every other subsection disposed at the same height relative to each other.

The dryer transfer means also includes air nozzle means for assisting guidance of a tail of the web from the dryer to the further dryer.

Additionally, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for drying a web of paper emerging from the press section of a papermaking machine. The apparatus includes a first dryer section means for initiating the drying of the first side of the web. The first transfer means transfers the web from the press section to the first dryer section means. A second dryer section means is disposed downstream relative to the first dryer section means for initiating the drying of the second side of the web. The second side of the web is opposite to the first side of the web. A first dryer transfer means transfers the web without open draw between the first and the second dryer section means such that the first dryer transfer means permits both threading of the web without the assistance of threading ropes and the drying of both sides of the web.

More particularly, the first dryer section means also includes a first dryer section for initiating the drying of the first side of the web and a second section disposed downstream relative to the first dryer section for continuing the drying of the first side of the web. A second dryer transfer means transfers the web without open draw between the first and the second dryer sections.

The first dryer section includes a first plurality of dryers and a first plurality of vacuum rolls with each of the vacuum rolls being disposed adjacent to a corresponding dryer of the first plurality of dryers such that the web extends alternately past each vacuum roll and a dryer in serpentine configuration. The first felt extends around the first plurality of dryers and the first plurality of vacuum rolls in close conformity with the web. The second dryer section includes a second plurality of dryers and a second plurality of vacuum rolls with each vacuum roll of the second plurality of vacuum rolls being disposed adjacent to a corresponding dryer of the second plurality of dryers, such that the web extends alternately past each vacuum roll and dryer in serpentine configuration. A second felt extends around the second plurality of dryers and vacuum rolls respectively such that the second felt is disposed in close conformity with the web. The second felt and an unfelted portion of a downstream dryer of the first dryers defines a first pick-up section for transferring the web from the unfelted portion onto the second felt so that the web is transferred without draw from the first dryer section to the second dryer section.

Each of the vacuum rolls of the first and the second dryer sections are disposed in spaced close proximity to their adjacent corresponding dryers such that the felt draw between each of the vacuum rolls and the corresponding dryer is minimal, thereby inhibiting any tendency of the web to flutter relative to the supporting felts.

The apparatus also includes a base frame for rotatably supporting the first and the second plurality of dryers such that the axis of the first and the second plurality of dryers are disposed in a first plane. The frame also rotatably supports the first and the second plurality of vacuum rolls such that the axis of the first and second plurality of vacuum rolls is disposed in a second plane with the first plane being disposed above the second plane.

An upstream vacuum roll of the second plurality of vacuum rolls is disposed in close proximity to the unfelted portion of the downstream dryer of the first dryer section. A first felt roll is rotatably supported by the base frame for guiding the second felt past and in conformity with the unfelted portion of the downstream dryer and thereafter around the upstream vacuum roll of the second dryer section such that the web is transferred from the unfelted portion to the second felt without open draw.

The first transfer means for transferring the web from the press section to the first dryer section means also includes a lead-in roll which is disposed in spaced close proximity relative to the press section. The first felt extends around the lead-in roll for transferring the web from the press section to the first dryer section means. A guide roll is disposed between the lead-in roll and the first dryer section means for assisting the transfer of the web from the press section towards the first dryer section means. A transfer felt extends around the guide roll such that the transfer felt and the first felt define therebetween a transfer section for transferring the web from the press section towards the first dryer section means.

The first transfer means also includes an upstream vacuum roll of the first dryer section means. This upstream vacuum roll cooperates with the first felt and the transfer felt such that the transfer section extends from the guide roll to the upstream vacuum roll so that the web emerging from the transfer section is guided around the upstream vacuum roll into the first dryer section means.

The second dryer section means also includes a third plurality of dryers with each of the dryers of this third plurality of dryers being disposed downstream relative to the first dryer section means. A third plurality of vacuum rolls are each disposed in spaced close proximity relative to a corresponding dryer of the third plurality of dryers such that the web extends alternately past each vacuum roll and dryer of the second dryer section means in serpentine configuration.

The third plurality of dryers and vacuum rolls are rotatably secured to the base frame such that the third plurality of dryers are disposed in a third plane and the third plurality of vacuum rolls are disposed in a fourth plane with the fourth plane being disposed above the third plane. A third felt extends past the third plurality of dryers and vacuum rolls such that the third felt supports the web through the second dryer section means with the second side of the web being urged by the third felt into close conformity with each dryer of the third plurality of dryers.

The first dryer transfer means also includes a downstream vacuum roll of the first dryer section means, and a downstream felt roll of the first dryer section means. A second felt of the first dryer section means extends between the downstream vacuum roll and the downstream felt roll with the second felt supporting the web such that the web is conveyed and disposed between the second felt and the second dryer section means.

The first dryer transfer means also includes an upstream vacuum roll of the second dryer section means and an upstream felt roll. A third felt extends between the upstream felt roll and the upstream vacuum roll of the second dryer section means such that the third felt and the second felt define therebetween a first dryer transfer means section for transferring the web without open draw from the second to the third felt.

Subsequent dryer section means are provided such that the first, second, third and fourth dryer transfer means permit the transfer of the web between their respective dryer sections without open draw with an alternate reversing of the web such that the first and second sides of the web are alternately dried as the web extends through the apparatus and past succeeding dryer section means.

The invention also includes a method of drying a web of paper emerging from a press section of a papermaking machine, the method comprising the steps of transferring the web from the press section to a first dryer section of the apparatus, initiating the drying of a first side of the web during passage of the web through the first dryer section and transferring the web without open draw between the first dryer section and a downstream second dryer section, the web transfer being such that the web is reversed so that drying of a second side of the web is initiated during passage of the web through the second dryer section, the second side of the web being opposite to the first side of the web.

The method also includes the step of transferring the web without open draw between subsequent dryer sections such that the first and second side of the web are alternately exposed to the drying effect of the subsequent dryer sections in sequence.

Although the following detailed description exemplifies a particular embodiment of the present invention, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement. Rather, the present invention, as defined by the appending claims, envisages a multitude of variations thereof, including a single felt extending around the dryers of the first and second dryer sections rather than using a first and second felt as shown in the drawings. Furthermore, although the present invention shows the drying apparatus with a first, second, third, fourth and fifth dryer section means, the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement, and the various dryer section means may be staggered and disposed in any configuration thereof in order to reduce the overall length of the drying section without the introduction of an open draw.

Various alternative methods of transferring the web from one dryer section to the next while reversing the web will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the important feature of all such arrangements being that the web is kept under restraint as it travels from one dryer section to the next dryer section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side-elevational view of the apparatus according to the present invention showing the press section, the first transfer means, the first dryer section means, the second dryer section means, and the first dryer transfer means, according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 1 showing the press section, and more particularly, the first transfer means for transferring the web from the press section to the first dryer section;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 1 showing the first dryer section means, including the first dryer section and the second dryer section;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 1 showing the second dryer section means;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the third dryer section means;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 1 showing the fourth dryer section means;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 1 showing the fifth dryer section means;

FIG. 8 is a side-elevational view of the present invention showing two of the vacuum rolls;

FIG. 9 is a side-elevational view of one embodiment of the present invention showing the air nozzle means for assisting guidance of the tail of the web from the dryer to the further dryer;

FIG. 10 is a side-elevational view of a further embodiment of the present invention showing a converging nip transfer;

FIG. 11 is a side-elevational view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a transfer box; and

FIG. 12 is a side-elevational view of a further embodiment of the present invention in which the joint run of the felts is minimal.

Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the various embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 is a side-elevational view showing the apparatus, generally designated 10, for drying a web 12 of paper emerging from a press section, generally designated 14, of a papermaking machine. The apparatus 10 includes a first dryer section means, generally designated 16, for initiating the drying of a first side 18 of the web 12.

A first transfer means, generally designated 20, transfers the web 12 from the press section 14 to the first dryer section means 16.

A second dryer section means, generally designated 22, is disposed downstream relative to the first dryer section means 16. This second dryer section means 22 initiates the drying of a second side 24 of the web 12, the second side 24 of the web 12 being opposite to the first side 18 thereof.

A first dryer transfer means, generally designated 25, transfers the web 12 without open draw between the first and second dryer section means 16 and 22 respectively. The first dryer transfer means 25 permits both threading of the web 12 without the assistance of threading ropes and the drying of both sides 18 and 24 of the web 12.

FIG. 2 shows in more detail the first transfer means 20 and will be described in more detail hereinafter.

FIG. 3 shows in detail the first dryer section means 16. This first dryer section means 16 includes a first dryer section, generally designated 26, for initiating the drying of the first side 18 of the web 12. The first dryer section means 16 also includes a second dryer section, generally designated 28, which is disposed downstream relative to the first dryer section 26 for continuing the drying of the first side 18 of the web 12. A second dryer transfer means, generally designated 30, transfers the web 12 without open draw between the first and the second dryer sections 26 and 28 respectively.

More particularly, with reference to FIG. 3, the first dryer section also includes a first plurality of dryers 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and 42 respectively. The first dryer section 26 also includes a first plurality of vacuum rolls 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 respectively. The first plurality of vacuum rolls 44, 46, 48,50, 52 and 54 are disposed adjacent to a corresponding dryer of the first plurality of dryers 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and 42 such that the web 12 extends alternately past each vacuum roll 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 and dryer 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and 42 in serpentine configuration.

A first felt 56 extends around the first plurality of dryers 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and 42 and the first plurality of vacuum rolls 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 in close conformity with the web 12.

The second dryer section 28 also includes a second plurality of dryers 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 and 63.

The second dryer section 28 also includes a second plurality of vacuum rolls 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 and 70. The vacuum rolls 64 to 70 are disposed adjacent to a corresponding dryer of the second plurality of dryers 58 to 63 such that the web 12 extends alternately past each vacuum roll 64 to 70 and dryer 58 to 63 in serpentine configuration.

A second felt 72 extends around the second plurality of dryers 58 to 63 and the vacuum rolls 64 to 70, respectively, such that the second felt 72 is disposed in close conformity with the web 12.

The second felt 72 and an unfelted portion 74 of the downstream dryer 42 of said first dryers 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and 42 defines a first pick-up section, generally designated 76, for transferring the web 12 from the unfelted portion 74 onto the second felt 72 so that the web 12 is transferred without draw from the first dryer section 26 to the second dryer section 28.

Each of the vacuum rolls of the first and the second dryer sections 26 to 28 are disposed in close proximity to their adjacent corresponding dryers such that the felt draw between each of the vacuum rolls and their corresponding dryers is minimal, thereby inhibiting any tendency of the web to flutter relative to the supporting felts 56 and 72 respectively.

As shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus 10 also includes a base frame 78 for rotatably supporting both the first and the second plurality of dryers such that the axis of the first and second plurality of dryers are disposed in a first plane 80 as shown in FIG. 3.

Additionally, the frame 78 rotatably supports the first and second plurality of vacuum rolls 100-106 such that the axis of the first and the second plurality of vacuum rolls are disposed in a second plane 82 shown in FIG. 3. The first plane 80 is disposed above the second plane 82, as shown in FIG. 3.

As shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus 10 includes an upstream vacuum roll 64 of the second plurality of vacuum rolls, and this vacuum roll 64 is disposed in spaced close proximity to the unfelted portion 74 of the downstream dryer 42 of the first dryer section 26.

A first felt roll 84 is rotatably supported by the base frame 78 for guiding the second felt 72 past, and in conformity with, the unfelted portion 74 of the downstream dryer 42 and thereafter around the upstream vacuum roll 64 of the second dryer section 28 such that the web 12 is transferred from the unfelted portion 74 to the second felt 72 without open draw.

As shown in FIG. 2 referred to hereinbefore, the apparatus 10 includes a first transfer means 20 for transferring the web 12 from the press section 14 to the first dryer section means 16. This first transfer means 20 further includes a lead-in roll 86 which is disposed in spaced close proximity relative to the press section 14. The first felt 56 extends around this lead-in roll 86 for transferring the web 12 from the pres section 14 to the first dryer section means 16.

A guide roll 88 is disposed between the lead-in roll 86 and the first dryer section means 16 for assisting the transfer of the web 12 from the press section 14 towards the first dryer section means 16.

A transfer felt 90 extends around the guide roll 88 such that the transfer felt 90 and the first felt 56 define therebetween a transfer section 92 for transferring the web 12 from the press section 14 toward the first dryer section means 16.

With further reference to FIG. 2, the first transfer means 20 further includes an upstream vacuum roll 44 of said first dryer section means 16. The upstream vacuum roll 44 cooperates with the first felt 56 and the transfer felt 90 such that the transfer section 92 extends from the guide roll 88 to the upstream vacuum roll 44 so that the web 12 emerging from the transfer section 92 is guided around the upstream vacuum roll 44 into the first dryer section means 16.

With reference to FIG. 4, the second dryer section means 22 also includes a third plurality of dryers 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 and 99, the third plurality of dryers being disposed downstream relative to the first dryer section means 16.

A third plurality of vacuum rolls 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 are disposed in spaced close proximity relative to a corresponding dryer of the third plurality of dryers such that the web 12 extends alternately past each vacuum roll and dryer of the second dryer section means 22 in serpentine configuration.

As shown in FIG. 4, the base frame 78 rotatably supports each of the dryers of the third plurality of dryers such that the axis of the dryers are disposed in the third plane 107.

The base frame 78 also rotatably supports each of the vacuum rolls such that the axis of each of the vacuum rolls of the third plurality of vacuum rolls are disposed in a fourth plane 108 with the fourth plane being disposed above the third plane.

A third felt 110 extends past the third plurality of dryers 94-99 and vacuum rolls 100-106 such that the third felt 110 supports the web through the second dryer section means 22 with the second side 24 of the web being urged by the third felt 110 into close conformity with each dryer of the third plurality of dryers 94-99.

As shown in FIG. 4, the first dryer transfer means 25 includes a downstream vacuum roll 70 of the first dryer section means 16 and a downstream felt roll 112 of the first dryer section 16.

The second felt 72 of the first dryer section means 16 extends between the downstream vacuum roll 70 and the downstream felt roll 112. The second felt 72 supports the web 12 such that the web is conveyed and disposed between the second felt 72 and the second dryer section means 22.

The first dryer transfer means 25 also includes an upstream vacuum roll 100 and an upstream felt roll 114. The third felt 110 extends between the upstream felt roll 114 and the upstream vacuum roll 100 of the second dryer section means 22 such that the third felt 110 and the second felt 72 define therebetween a first dryer transfer means section 116 for transferring the web without open draw from the second to the third felts 72 and 110 respectively.

The third felt 110 presses against the web such that the second side 24 of the web is pressed into close conformity with each dryer of the third plurality of dryers 94-99 such that the second side 24 of the web is dried.

FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, respectively, show third, fourth and fifth dryer section means 118, 120 and 122 respectively, and third, fourth and fifth dryer transfer means 124, 126 and 128, respectively, for transferring and reversing the web as the web progresses through the drying apparatus. The first, third, fourth and fifth dryer transfer means 25, 124, 126 and 128 permit the transfer of the web between the respective dryer sections 16, 22, 118, 120 and 122 without open draw and with an alternate reversing of the web such that the first and second sides of the web are alternately dried as the web extends through the apparatus and past succeeding dryer section means.

FIG. 8 shows the details of two of the vacuum rolls 46, 48 in which seals or pressure seals 130 may be moved from the position shown with reference to the roll 46 to that shown relative to roll 48 for counteracting the tendency of the web 12 to part from the felt 56.

Additionally, as shown in FIG. 8, air nozzles 136 and 138 are disposed adjacent the vacuum rolls 130. The special air nozzles 136 and 138 are located near the edges of each dryer to ensure that the tail of the web follows the felt 56 and is transferred by the vacuum rolls 46 and 48. These air nozzles 136, 138 are disposed adjacent to each of the vacuum rolls to eliminate the need for threading ropes, threading equipment and maintenance.

In one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 1-9, a single tier drying section generally designated 16 for drying a web comprises, in combination, a dryer 63 and a felt 72 guided about the dryer 63 such that the web is disposed between the dryer 63 and the felt 72 for drying a first side 18 of the web 12. A further dryer 94 is disposed downstream relative to the dryer 63, and a further felt 110 is guided about the further dryer 94 such that the web is disposed between the further dryer 94 and the further felt 110 for drying a second side 24 of the web. A dryer transfer means 25 transfers the web without open draw from the dryer 63 to the further dryer 94.

More particularly, a dryer transfer means section 116 transfers the web without open draw from the dryer 63 to the further dryer 94.

Additionally, the dryer transfer means section 116 includes a joint run of the felt 72 and the further felt 110 such that the web is disposed between the felt 72 and the further felt 110 during passage through the joint run.

Also, the dryer transfer means section 116 further includes vacuum means 100 disposed downstream relative to the joint run for positively maintaining the web 12 in close conformity with the further felt 110 when the felt 72 and further felt 110 diverge relative to each other downstream relative to the joint run.

In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the vacuum means 100 is a vacuum roll.

Preferably, the single tier drying section 16 extends from a press section 14 to a calender section 140 shown in FIG. 7 or to a size press (not shown) or throughout the entire dryer section. The single tier drying section includes a multiplicity of single tier subsections 16, 22, 118, 120 and 122. The dryer transfer means section 116 is repeated along the plurality of transfer mechanisms 124, 126 and 128. Each of the transfer mechanisms or dryer transfer means 25, 124, 126 and 128 are disposed between adjacent subsections such that as the web progresses through subsequent subsections 16, 22, 118, 120 and 122, alternate sides of the web are dried.

The arrangement is such that alternate sides 18 and 24 of the web are sequentially dried as the web progresses through the subsections 16, 22, 118, 120 and 122.

Additionally, the subsections 16, 22, 118, 120 and 122 are disposed at different heights relative to each other and preferably every other subsection 16, 118, 122, and 22 and 120 are disposed at the same height relative to each other.

As shown particularly in FIG. 9, the dryer transfer means section 116 also includes air nozzle means 132 for assisting guidance of the web from the dryer 63 to the further dryer 94.

In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 10, a web 12A is sandwiched between a felt 72A and a dryer 63A for drying a first side 18A of the web 12A. The web 12A supported by the felt 72A is immediately guided around a vacuum roll 70A such that the felt 72A is sandwiched between the web 12A and the vacuum roll 70A for restraining the web 12A against machine direction and cross-machine direction shrinkage. The restrained web 12A, thereafter supported by the felt 72A, extends through a first dryer transfer means section 116A. The felt 72A is thereafter guided around guide roll 112A.

A further felt 110A is guided about a guide roll 114A. The felt 110A extends from the guide roll 114A towards and around a vacuum roll 100A disposed closely adjacent to the felt 72A such that a converging nip 142 is defined between the felts 72A and 110A. The arrangement is such that as the web 12A moves from the vacuum roll 70A towards the vacuum roll 100A, the web 12A moves towards the converging nip 142. The vacuum within roll 100A causes the web to follow the felt 110A as the felt 110A diverges relative to the felt 72A. The felts 72A and 110A are free of stationary restraining means in the vicinity of the point where the felt 110A diverges relative to the felt 72A.

The term free of stationary restraining means in the present specification means from a vacuum box or the like.

In a further embodiment of the present invention as shown in FIG. 11, the transfer mechanism includes a transfer box 134 adjacent to a turning roll 100B which may be grooved. The transfer box 134 may be a vacuum box or a blow box having a Coanda effect nozzle for transferring the web so that the web follows roll 100B.

FIG. 12 is a side-elevational view of a further embodiment of the present invention wherein the transfer mechanism includes a vacuum roll 70C and a vacuum roll 100C disposed in close proximity relative to each other such that the joint run of felts 72C and 110C is minimal.

In each of the embodiments, the ratio of the diameter of the vacuum roll, or the transfer roll, relative to the diameter of the dryer, or further dryer or upstream or downstream dryers, is within the range 1:2 to 1:4.

In operation of the apparatus, the web is transferred from the press section 14 to a first dryer section means 16 of the apparatus. Drying of the first side 18 of the web is initiated during passage of the web through the first dryer section means 16. The web is transferred without open draw between the first dryer section 16 and a downstream second dryer section means 22 with the web transfer being such that the web is reversed so that drying of the second side 24 of the web is initiated during passage of the web through the second dryer section means 22.

In operation of the apparatus, the web is also transferred without open draw between subsequent dryer sections 118, 120, 122 such that the first and second sides 18, 24 of the web are alternately exposed to the drying effect of the subsequent dryer section in sequence.

The present invention provides a drying section which is capable of operating at extremely high speeds as no open draw exists between the various sections thereof. Furthermore, the present invention enables threading of the drying section without the use of threading ropes. Additionally, the web is dried while being restrained against machine and cross-machine directional shrinkage, thereby reducing curl in the resultant web.

Claims

1. A single tier drying section for drying a web comprising, in combination:

a dryer;

a felt guided about said dryer such that the web is disposed between said dryer and said felt for drying a first side of the web;

a further dryer disposed downstream relative to said dryer;

a further felt guided about said further dryer such that the web is disposed between said further dryer and said further felt for drying a second side of the web;

dryer transfer means for transferring the web from said dryer to said further dryer;

said dryer transfer means transferring the web without open draw from said dryer to said further dryer;

said dryer transfer means further including:

a joint run of said felt and said further felt such that the web is conveyed by said felt into close proximity to said further felt during passage through said joint run; and

vacuum means disposed downstream of said joint run for positively maintaining the web in close conformity with said further felt when said felt and further felt diverge relative to each other downstream of said joint run, said felt being free from restraining means on the side of the felt facing away from the web during passage of said felt and said further felt through said joint run.

2. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 1 wherein the single tier drying section extends from a press section to a calender section.

3. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 1 further including:

a multiplicity of single tier subsections;

said dryer transfer means including:

a plurality of transfer mechanisms, each transfer mechanism being disposed between adjacent subsections such that as the web progresses through subsequent subsections, alternate sides of the web are dried.

4. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 3 wherein alternate sides of the web are sequentially dried as the web progresses through said subsections.

5. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 3 wherein said subsections are disposed at different heights relative to each other.

6. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 5 wherein every other subsection is disposed at the same height relative to each other.

7. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 1 wherein said dryer transfer means further includes:

air nozzle means disposed adjacent to said vacuum means for assisting guidance of a tail of the web from said dryer to said further dryer.

8. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 2 wherein:

a plurality of upstream dryers immediately precede said dryer;

a plurality of downstream dryers immediately follow said further dryer.

9. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 8 further including:

a plurality of vacuum transfer rolls, each transfer roll being disposed closely adjacent to and between adjacent dryers of said upstream and downstream dryers, the ratio of the diameter of each transfer roll to the diameter of each of said dryers being within the range 1:2 to 1:4.

10. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 8 further including:

drive means for driving said dryer and said plurality of upstream dryers and said further dryer and said plurality of downstream dryers, the power required to drive said drive means being reduced due to each of said dryers being used to dry the web.

11. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 8 further including:

doctor means cooperating with each of said upstream dryers, said dryer, said further dryer and said downstream dryers.

12. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 8 further including:

driving means for driving said felt and said further felt such that the surface speed of said upstream dryers and said dryer are uniform regardless of whether said upstream dryers and said dryer have slightly different diameters due to manufacturing tolerances and differences in steam pressures and temperatures, said driving means driving said upstream dryers and said dryer through said felt.

13. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 1 wherein said felt and said further felt are both free from restraining means during passage of said felt and said further felt through said joint run.

14. A single tier drying section for drying a web comprising, in combination:

a dryer;

a felt guided about said dryer such that the web is disposed between said dryer and said felt for drying a first side of the web;

a further dryer disposed downstream relative to said dryer;

a further felt guided about said further dryer such that the web is disposed between said further dryer and said further felt for drying a second side of the web;

dryer transfer means for transferring the web from said dryer to said further dryer;

said dryer transfer means transferring the web without open draw from said dryer to said further dryer;

said dryer transfer means further including:

a joint run of said felt and said further felt such that the web is conveyed into close proximity of said felt to said further felt during passage through said joint run; and

vacuum means disposed downstream of said joint run for positively maintaining the web in close conformity with said further felt when said felt and further felt diverge relative to each other downstream of said joint run such that said vacuum means maintains web runnability while said vacuum means conveys the web along said felt and said further felt without the need for sheet tension.

15. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 further including:

a vacuum transfer roll disposed upstream relative to said dryer;

an upstream dryer disposed upstream relative to said transfer roll such that said upstream dryer, said transfer roll and said dryer define therebetween a pocket, said transfer roll having a diameter substantially less than the diameters of said dryer and said upstream dryer respectively such that the drying rate of the web is enhanced.

16. A single tier dryer as set forth in claim 14 further including:

a press section;

said dryer being one of a plurality of top felted dryers, said plurality of top felted dryers being disposed immediately downstream relative to said press section such that removal of broke is facilitated.

17. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein said dryer and said further dryer are used to dry the web such that the rate at which steam is blown through said dryers is reduced.

18. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 further including:

a dryer hood disposed adjacent to said dryer, said hood having a relatively low profile such that accessibility to said dryer is facilitated.

19. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein said vacuum means is disposed between said dryer and said further dryer for permitting automatic threading of a tail of the web through the drying section.

20. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 further including:

means for connecting said vacuum means to a source of partial pressure so that a uniform vacuum throughout said vacuum means is provided.

21. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 15 wherein said drying section further includes:

a further vacuum hood disposed closely adjacent to said vacuum roll for handling humid exhaust thereby eliminating the need for any drying section exhaust hood.

22. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 21 wherein said further vacuum hood further includes:

means for profiling the web by removing exhaust air from selected dryer transfer means defined by said further vacuum hood.

23. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein the felt wrap around said dryer and said upstream dryer is increased due to said dryer and said upstream dryer being spaced closely adjacent to each other.

24. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein sheet control is provided by direct application of vacuum to said vacuum transfer roll and said vacuum means.

25. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein the web is entirely supported by said vacuum when the web wraps said vacuum transfer roll and said vacuum means.

26. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein the vacuum applied to said vacuum transfer roll is within the range 1 to 10 inches WC such that the web is held against the felt in opposition to centrifugal forces tending to cause the web to move outwardly away from said transfer roll.

27. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein said vacuum transfer roll further includes:

an internal damper for concentrating the vacuum within a side threading chamber defined by said transfer roll such that when said damper is closed, the vacuum in said threading chamber is increased to within the range 10 to 12 inches WC so that such vacuum holds a tail of the web tightly to the felt and prevents said tail from wandering so that stabilization of said tail throughout a threading operation is maintained.

28. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 further including:

a plurality of top felted dryers;

a plurality of transfer rolls, each transfer roll being disposed between adjacent dryers of said top felted dryers;

a plurality of air nozzles, each air nozzle of said plurality of air nozzles being disposed adjacent to an edge of each of said top felted dryers in order to ensure that a tail of the web follows the felt and is transferred by each of said vacuum transfer rolls.

29. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 28 wherein said plurality of air nozzles avoid the necessity for threading ropes and thereby permit the use of a wider felt which further stabilizes the respective edges of the web supported by said felt.

30. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 28 further including:

a plurality of doctors, each doctor cooperating with a respective top felted dryer of said plurality of top felted dryers;

means cooperating with each of said doctors for automatically unloading each doctor relative to an adjacent dryer.

31. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein said further dryer is staggered relative to said dryer such that the overall length of the drying section is reduced.

32. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein said vacuum transfer roll further includes:

a first and a second pressure seal, said seals being movable from a first position for assisting threading of a tail of the web to a second position for preventing the threaded web from moving away from the felt during passage around said transfer roll.

33. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 further including:

a press section;

a size press disposed downstream relative to said press section;

the drying section extending from said press section to said size press.

34. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 14 wherein said vacuum means includes:

a turning roll disposed between said dryer and said further dryer, said turning roll defining a plurality of grooves;

a transfer box disposed closely adjacent to said turning roll, said transfer box inducing a vacuum within said plurality of grooves for assisting transfer of a tail of the web from said felt to said further felt.

35. A single tier drying section for drying a web comprising:

a dryer;

a felt guided about said dryer such that the web is disposed between said dryer and said felt for drying a first side of the web;

a further dryer disposed downstream relative to said dryer;

a further felt guided about said further dryer such that the web is disposed between said further dryer and said further felt for drying a second side of the web; and

dryer transfer means including:

a vacuum roll for guiding said further felt, said further felt and said felt defining a converging nip terminating on said vacuum roll such that the web is transferred without open draw from said felt to said further felt following said converging nip, said vacuum roll and said further felt, after said converging nip, forming in combination means for restraining the web against machine and cross-machine directional shrinkage.

36. An apparatus for drying a web, said apparatus comprising a first single tier drying section having a first plurality of heated drying cylinders rotating in a first direction for drying a first side of the web, the first drying section including a first plurality of non-heated rolls rotating in a direction opposite to said first direction, said rolls being disposed between adjacent drying cylinders of said cylinders, dryer felt means for conveying the web in a serpentine path along said drying cylinders and rolls characterized by:

a second single tier drying section following said first drying section and having a second plurality of heated drying cylinders rotating in a second direction opposite said first direction for drying a second side of the web and including a second plurality of non-heated rolls rotating in a direction opposite to said second direction and disposed between adjacent drying cylinders of said second plurality of drying cylinders, further dryer felt means for conveying the web in a serpentine path along said second plurality of drying cylinders and said second plurality of rolls, means for guiding said felt means and said further felt means in close proximity to each other between said first and said second drying sections so as to sandwich the web between said felt means and further felt means to effect a transfer of the web from said first felt means to said further felt means and further characterized by said first and second plurality of non-heated rolls being suction rolls and additional single tier drying sections for drying said first and second sides of the web respectively.

37. A method of sequentially drying alternate sides of a paper web, said method including the steps of:

guiding the web through a first single tier drying section having a first plurality of heated drying cylinders rotating in a first direction for drying a first side of the web, the first drying section including a first plurality of non-heated rolls which rotate in a direction opposite to the first direction, the rolls being disposed between adjacent drying cylinders of the cylinders;

conveying the web contiguously with a drying felt means such that the web and felt means follow a serpentine path along the drying cylinders and rolls, the method being characterized by the steps of:

guiding the web through a second single tier drying section following the first drying section, the second section having a second plurality of heated drying cylinders rotating in a second direction opposite to said first direction for drying a second side of the web, the section including a second plurality of non-heated rolls rotating in a direction opposite to the second direction, the rolls being disposed between adjacent drying cylinders of the second plurality of drying cylinders;

conveying the web contiguously with a further felt means such that the web and further felt means follow a serpentine path along the second plurality of drying cylinders and the second plurality of rolls;

guiding the felt means and further felt means in close proximity to each other between the first and second sections so as to sandwich the web between the felt means and further felt means to effect a transfer of the web from the first felt means to the further felt means;

the method being further characterized by the step of:

drawing a partial vacuum through the first and second plurality of non-heated rolls respectively;

guiding the web through additional single tier drying sections for drying the first and second sides of the web respectively.

38. A method for drying a web extending through a single tier drying section, said method comprising the steps of:

guiding a felt about a dryer such that the web is disposed between the dryer and the felt for drying a first side of the web;

guiding a further felt about a further dryer disposed downstream relative to the dryer such that the web is disposed between the further dryer and the further felt for drying a second side of the web;

transferring the web from the dryer to the further dryer without open draw so that the web is disposed between the felt and the further felt during transfer of the web from the dryer to the further dryer; and

positively maintaining the web in close conformity with the further felt when the felt and further felt diverge relative to each other by the application of a vacuum through the further felt, thereby maintaining web runnability, the web being conveyed along the felt and the further felt without the need for sheet tension, the tensile strength and the stretch of the web in the machine direction and the cross-machine direction being increased, thereby reducing the tendency for the web to curl and reducing the tendency to generate edge cockles of the web, the felts being free of stationary restraining means in the vicinity of the divergence of the felts.

39. A single tier drying section as set forth in claim 36 wherein said first and second plurality of vacuum rolls and said transfer means permit automatic threading of a tail of the web through the drying section without ropes.

40. A method for drying a web in a single tier drying section, said method comprising the steps of:

guiding a felt about a dryer such that the web is disposed between the dryer and the felt for drying a first side of the web;

guiding a further felt about a further dryer disposed downstream relative to the dryer such that the web is disposed between the further dryer and the further felt for drying a second side of the web; and

transferring the web from the dryer to the further dryer by means of a dryer transfer;

the step of transferring the web from the dryer to the further dryer including:

applying a vacuum through a vacuum roll which guides the further felt, the arrangement being such that the further felt and the felt define a converging nip which terminates on the vacuum roll such that the web is transferred without open draw from the felt to the further felt following the converging nip, the vacuum roll and the further felt, after the converging nip, forming in combination means for restraining the web against machine and cross-machine directional shrinkage.

41. A method of drying a web in a single tier drying section comprising the steps of:

passing the web around a first plurality of dryer cylinders for drying a first side of the web;

passing the web around a first plurality of vacuum rolls, each vacuum roll of the first plurality of vacuums rolls being disposed below and interposed between adjacent dryer cylinders of the first plurality of dryer cylinders;

conveying the web in a serpentine path by a looped dryer felt over the first plurality of dryer cylinders with the web between the felt and the dryer cylinders and under the first plurality of vacuum rolls with the felt between the web and the vacuum rolls, the vacuum rolls being spaced in close proximity to their adjacent corresponding dryer cylinders such that a felt draw between each of the vacuum rolls and the corresponding dryer cylinders of the first plurality of dryer cylinders and the first plurality of vacuum rolls is minimal, thereby inhibiting any tendency of the web to flutter relative to the dryer felt draws, with each of the felt draws being free of restraint;

drying a second side of the web by passing the web around a second plurality of dryer cylinders;

passing the web around a second plurality of vacuum rolls, each vacuum roll of the second plurality of vacuum rolls being disposed above and interposed between adjacent dryer cylinders of the second plurality of dryer cylinders;

extending a looped further dryer felt for conveying the web in a serpentine path under the second plurality of dryer cylinders and over the second plurality of vacuum rolls, the vacuum rolls being spaced in close proximity to their adjacent corresponding dryer cylinders such that a further felt draw between each of the vacuum rolls and the corresponding dryer cylinders of the second plurality of dryer cylinders is minimal, thereby inhibiting any tendency of the web to flutter relative to the further dryer felt draws, each of the further felt draws being free of restraint, and the first plurality of dryer cylinders being disposed substantially horizontal in series, the second plurality of dryer cylinders also being disposed substantially horizontal in series and following the first plurality of dryer cylinders; and

transferring the web from the felt to the further felt without open draw, such transfer between the first and second plurality of dryer cylinders including at least one vacuum roll associated with the further felt and having an internal suction gland positioned to remove the web from the looped dryer felt and onto the further felt.