Patent Application
20080252142
The invention relates to an apparatus for electrical power transmission having at least one converter, with each converter having phase elements, which each have at least one series circuit of switching elements, which each have at least two power semiconductors which can be switched off, and at least two freewheeling diodes, which are in each case connected in parallel with them, and energy storage means.
One such apparatus is already known from DE 101 03 031 A1, which discloses a converter which has a multiplicity of capacitors as an energy store, which have individual associated switching elements. In this case, the switching elements have power semiconductors which can be switched off, with freewheeling diodes connected in parallel. The use of a multiplicity of capacitors which can be connected individually allows the voltage which can be produced by the converter to be regulated, which regulation is more accurate, or in other words finer, than voltage regulation of a converter whose switching elements interact with a central energy store, which is common to all the switching elements.
In the power distribution field, it is normal practice to connect converters to one another on the DC voltage side to form a back-to-back link, and to couple them on the AC side to a first and/or a second transmission system. The transmission systems, which are connected to one another via the back-to-back link, may for example be at different voltage levels, at different frequencies, phase angles or star-point connections. The power and/or the wattless component can be transmitted specifically within or between the first and the second power transmission system by suitable control of the back-to-back link.
In addition to back-to-back links, converters are used in the field of power transmission and distribution in so-called high-voltage direct-current transmission (HVDC) installations and so-called flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). When used in this way, the converters have power semiconductors, for example thyristors, which operate using a mains-commutated technique. However, power semiconductors which can be switched off, for example so-called insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) using self-commutated topology, are also used. In the case of so-called voltage sourced converters (VSC) with power semiconductors which can be switched off, an intermediate energy store, generally a capacitor, is required. Arrangements with self-commutated converters and a capacitor as an intermediate energy store have the disadvantage that the power which could be transmitted is limited by size of the capacitor that is used. In the event of a fault, an extremely high short-circuit current can lead to destruction of the installation. Until now, only transmission voltages up to about +150 kV and transmission power levels from about 300 to 500 Megawatts have been handled in practice with an arrangement such as this.
The object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus of the type mentioned initially which allow the voltage which can be produced by the converter to be regulated even more finely.
The invention achieves this object in that the phase elements each have at least two parallel branches which are connected in parallel with one another and each have a series circuit of switching elements.
According to the invention, each phase element has at least two parallel branches. Each parallel branch comprises a series circuit formed by switching elements which have an associated energy storage means. According to the invention, the capacitance or capacity which is required for the converter can therefore be split between a relatively large number of energy storage means which can be connected individually. This allows even more accurate regulation or, in other words, finer graduation of the voltage which can be produced by the converter. The voltage, which can be graduated finely, can be used for any desired applications within the scope of the invention. For example, the apparatus according to the invention is connected to a load connection or to a transmission system. The transmission system has one or more phases and is intended to carry an AC voltage. For the purposes of the claimed invention, an AC voltage should be understood as meaning both a fundamental frequency variable and a voltage profile which varies in an undefined manner over time.
The configuration and the operation of the switching elements are described DE 101 03 031 A1, which is hereby defined as an entire part of the present disclosure. One advantageous feature of switching elements such as these being connected in series is that the stored energy is distributed over a multiplicity of respectively smaller energy storage means, so that the voltage and power limit of an arrangement formed by a single energy storage means, for example a capacitor, is overcome. Furthermore, the distributed energy storage means finer graduation of the voltage produced by the converter in comparison to apparatuses having only one common energy store, thus reducing the complexity for smoothing and filtering at the connection point of the apparatus. For example, this considerably simplifies the coupling of the converter to a transmission system or to a load. The invention avoids the need for complex magnetic coupling measures, for example by transformer windings connected in series. Furthermore, the invention ensures increased operational safety and reliability since, in the event of failure of a single switching elements, for example as a result of a short circuit, the other switching elements remain operable, as before. The individual switching elements of a phase element act like controllable voltage sources, and have three possible states. In a first state, the terminal voltage of the switching element is equal to the capacitor voltage. In a second state, the terminal voltage of the switching elements is virtually equal to zero, apart from the forward voltage across the power semiconductor which can be switched off or across the freewheeling diode, with a third state being provided for malfunctions.
According to the invention, the apparatus is of modular design. The modular design is achieved by phase elements, which are in turn subdivided into switching elements. The switching elements are either identical or, in particular, are designed with identical energy storage means, which therefore have the same storage capacitance or capacity. In contrast to this, however, combinations with a different configuration of the capacitance or capacity are also within the scope of the invention.
In expedient further development of the invention, each parallel branch has a even number of switching elements, with a connection for connection of the respective phase element to a load or to a transmission system being connected centrally to the parallel branches. A connection arranged centrally in the series circuit is predicated on an even number of switching elements. In this case, all the switching elements are physically identical. In other words, each phase element is designed to be symmetrical with respect to the connection. The switching elements on one side of the series circuit of a symmetrical phase element are, for example, in a first state, as described further above, and the switching elements on the other side are in the second state, likewise as described further above, or vice versa. These drives then result in the maximum voltage values. If one or more switching elements on the respective sides are switched to the respective other state, this results in a graduated reduction in the voltage by the step point of the voltage of the individual switching elements.
However, phase elements with an odd number of switching elements and/or phase elements and with a non-central load or power supply system connection are also within the scope of the invention. The individual switching elements are, for example, designed for equal or unequal voltages and are expediently graduated differently, in a binary form or some other form, therefore allowing finer adjustment with the same number of switching elements than one design for equal voltages.
In one expedient development, a plurality of phase elements of a converter are connected in parallel with one another. In this case, the phase elements form a bridge circuit. The converter acts like a so-called voltage sourced converter (VSC), that is known per se, and can advantageously be coupled to a transmission system, to a DC voltage line or to load. In this case, by way of example, the converter generates a polyphase AC voltage. The zero phase angle and/or the amplitude of the AC voltage to be fed into the transmission system can be influenced selectively by expedient control means, to be precise independently of one another. The expression zero phase angle means the phase difference between the AC voltage and a reference variable, which is dependent on the respective requirements to which the apparatus according to the invention is subject. The alternating current of the transmission system at the connection point is therefore mentioned just by way of example here as a reference variable. By way of example, a converter such as this can therefore also be used as an active filter element instead of or combined with passive filters, such as RC elements, for active filtering of the voltage distortion in the frequency range below and/or above the power supply system frequency (subharmonics, supersubharmonics), and/or to compensate for unbalanced voltages. In this case, a voltage such as this is fed in by the converter in such a way that the voltage discrepancies from a sinusoidal waveform are cancelled out, for example, by negative interference.
One advantageous feature of the use of a converter according to the invention with three phase elements connected in parallel with one another is that no energy storage means need be connected to the DC voltage line on the DC voltage side, since the individual switching elements of the phase elements themselves have energy storage means which are used not only as energy store but also to smooth the voltage on the DC voltage side. The use of three phase elements connected in parallel with one another in two converters, together with the switching elements with energy storage means, makes it possible to produce a polyphase AC voltage which can be graduated more finely, for example for feeding into a connected AC voltage power supply system.
Furthermore, a voltage sourced converter such as this can also be used as a converter for direct-current transmission. By way of example, the converter then has three phase elements, connected in parallel with one another, in a known bridge circuit. An arrangement with two parallel-connected phase elements also provides a simple capability to configure a converter for direct-current transmission for connection to a transmission system having just one single phase, for example via a coupling transformer, or to a transmission system having a plurality of phases. The expression direct-current transmission includes, for the purposes of the invention, both high-voltage direct-current transmission (HVDC) and medium-voltage direct-current transmission (MVDC) as well as low-voltage direct-current transmission (LVDC).
In another embodiment, a plurality of phase elements are connected in series with one another. An arrangement such as this likewise acts as a voltage sourced converter and may, for example, act as a converter in a direct-current transmission installation. In this case, the series circuit allows transmission at a higher DC voltage, that is to say with a reduced current and therefore reduced losses, for a predetermined power level.
In one advantageous development, energy storage means are arranged in parallel with the phase elements. Such additional energy storage means are used to provide further smoothing and stabilization.
In a further refinement, each phase element has at least one impedance or is connected to another phase element via at least one impedance. Impedances such as these, in the simplest case in the form of coils, advantageously delimit any circulating current, which may occur between the individual phase elements, for example because of voltage fluctuations or unbalanced voltages. Furthermore, the impedances can be designed such that the rate of current rise and/or the current amplitude are/is limited in the event of malfunctions. The impedance is in this case, by way of example, either connected in series with the phase element or with individual switching elements of a phase element or is integrated in the switching elements, for example using an advantageous modular design.
In one preferred embodiment, at least one converter can be connected in parallel to a transmission system or a DC voltage line. An arrangement such as this is used for so-called parallel compensation for control of the wattless component and/or the power and, for example, provides dynamic control functions for damping undesirable power oscillations and/or sub-synchronous resonances and/or subharmonics or supersubharmonics. The advantageous further development is also used, for example, for voltage balancing. The further-developed apparatus according to the invention is particularly advantageous in comparison to known parallel compensation apparatuses in that the series circuit of the switching element which has already been described above makes it possible to feed an AC voltage which can be graduated finely into the transmission line, with the energy for production of the AC voltage being stored in the distributed energy storage means of the individual switching elements, in contrast to known apparatuses in which a single capacitor is used as the energy store and which, because of its size, acts as a limiting element for the transmission voltage and power of the apparatus. The apparatus according to the invention with energy storage means in each switching element therefore makes it possible to set the voltage to be fed in more finely.
In a further refinement, at least one converter can be connected in series with the transmission system. A connection such as this is likewise used to control the wattless component and/or the power of the transmission system, including the already described dynamic control function, by actively connecting and/or feeding in a voltage whose magnitude and/or phase are dynamically variable. The apparatus according to the invention advantageously has a plurality of converters, one of which is connected in parallel with the transmission system, and the other is connected in series. The wattless component and/or power in the transmission system are/is controlled, or else the dynamic control functions as described above are improved by actively feeding in two voltages whose magnitude and/or phase are dynamically variable. By way of example, the transmission system is a single-phase or polyphase transmission line.
In a different environment, each converter is connected to a DC voltage source. According to this expedient further development, a DC voltage can be produced between the DC voltage source and the converter. The converter is the used to convert a DC voltage to an AC voltage. However, the way in which a converter acts as a rectifier or inverter can be chosen as required.
According to one expedient further development relating to this, the DC voltage source is a rectifying converter. According to this advantageous further development, two converters are provided, for example. The two converters then operate as converter, whose DC voltage sides are connected to one another in a direct-current transmission installation or a back-to-back link. The power and/or wattless component to be transmitted and/or the respective proportions of each of them can be determined by expedient control of the converters.
The rectifying converter is advantageously connected to at least two converters. An apparatus such as this is also referred to as a multiterminal apparatus.
The converters are advantageously connected directly to one another, forming a back-to-back link. An apparatus such as this is also referred to a as back-to-back direct-current transmission installation. The back-to-back link for the purposes of the invention comprises, for example, two converters which are connected to one another on the DC voltage side. In contrast to this, the back-to-back link has a plurality of converters which are connected to one another on the DC voltage side. A multiterminal back-to-back link such as this makes it possible, for example, to connect a plurality of transmission systems, with load flow between the power supply systems being specifically controllable.
According to one exemplary embodiment, which differs from this, the converters are connected to one another by means of a DC voltage line. This results in a so-called direct-current long-distance transmission installation. The direct-current long-distance transmission installation may likewise have just two or else a plurality of converters. The nominal parameter for control purposes in the case of converters which are installed a long distance apart from one another are transmitted by expedient long-distance data transmission between the converters. The converters for a direct-current long-distance transmission installation such as this are advantageously installed several kilometers away from one another.
In one expedient further development, the DC voltage line has one or two poles. Two-pole DC voltage lines allow higher power levels to be transmitted. Single-pole DC voltage lines, which pass the direct current back via ground or through the water in the case of underwater cable links lead to low-cost apparatuses. Single or two-phase transmission systems on the alternating-current side of the direct-current long-distance transmission installation according to the invention allow a connection to special power systems, for example to rail road power supplies. Multipole DC voltage lines are, of course, possible within the scope of the invention. DC voltage transmission is in principle carried out using a DC voltage line of any desired configuration.
However, the DC voltage line is advantageously at least partially a gas-insulated transmission line, a cable and/or an overhead line. Combinations of these lines are, of course, also possible within the scope of the invention. The particular advantage of a gas-insulated transmission line, GIL, over a cable, in conjunction with an overhead line as well, is the capability to cope better with dynamic control and protection functions because of the reduced charge capacitance of the gas-insulated line. An apparatus according to the invention which has been developed further in this way is used, for example, for direct-current long-distance transmission, in order to produce a DC voltage by means of a first rectifier from single-phase or polyphase AC voltages.
In a further embodiment of this further development, the DC voltage line is formed by an impedance, in the simplest case by a coil. With a coil as the DC voltage line, for example, a so-called back-to-back link which is known per se can be formed, with the coil carrying out functions such as smoothing, current limiting and/or rise-gradient limiting.
In one expedient refinement, one of the converters uses mains-commutated power semiconductors. The embodiment of the apparatus with a converter which, for example, has a bridge circuit composed of mains-commutated power semiconductors, for example thyristors or in the simplest case even diodes instead of the power semiconductor which can be switched off, allows the installation costs to be reduced.
In one expedient refinement, a further diode is connected in parallel with each of the switching elements. A further diode such as this, for example a pressure-contact diode which is known per se, such as a disc cell diode or a diode integrated in a pressure-contact electronics module can result in a defective switching element being bridged if one or more of the switching elements is or are faulty, assuming appropriate drive by the control system, thus allowing further operation of the converter. In this case, a brief overvoltage is built up deliberately across the defective switching element by suitably driving the switching elements which are still intact, so that the parallel-connected diode is broken through and the defective switching element is permanently bridged until replacement during the next maintenance cycle.
Furthermore, the freewheeling diode which is integrated in the power semiconductor can also have a bridging function such as this for the switching element in the event of a malfunction.
On the basis of the terminology chosen here, energy storage means comprise energy stores such as batteries, a flywheel, supercaps or capacitors. Energy stores have a considerably higher energy density than capacitors. This has the advantage that the wattless component and/or the power can be controlled, including the already described dynamic control functions, are still available even in the event of a relatively long voltage dip or failure in the transmission system or in the DC voltage line. The use of energy storage means with a high energy density results in improved system availability.
The energy storage means are advantageously at least partially capacitors. Capacitors cost little in comparison with the currently known energy stores.
At least two parallel branches are advantageously connected to one another by means of a transformer winding. In contrast to this, at least two parallel branches are galvanically connected to one another via a parallel branch connection. The galvanic connection by means of a parallel branch connection allows a low-cost transformer design, which is used for connection of the apparatus according to the invention to a transmission system or to a load.
In one preferred embodiment, the converters are connected to the DC voltage line by means of an energy store. When using energy stores with a high energy density, a connection such as this results in better system availability. By way of example, in this development according to the invention as well, the abovementioned energy stores may be used as energy stores, with the exception of supercaps. The energy stores are connected to the DC voltage line in series or in parallel.
The apparatus advantageously forms a direct-current transmission installation and/or a so-called FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) and in the process supplies a finely graduated output voltage. A further advantage is transmission of a wattless component and/or power without complex magnetic coupling. In this case, the apparatus according to the invention is advantageously of modular design. The apparatus according to the invention is used particularly preferably for direct-current transmission and/or to provide a so-called static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM), a static synchronous series compensator (S3C) or a unified power flow controller (UPFC).
Further expedient refinements and advantages of the invention are the subject matter of the following description of exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to figures in the drawing, in which the same reference symbols refer to components with the same effect, and in which:
The second converter 6 likewise has three phase elements 13, 14, 15, which likewise have two parallel branches 7, 7′. Once again, each parallel branch 7, 7′ comprises an even number of series-connected switching elements 13a . . . 13i, 13a′ . . . 13i′, 14a . . . 14i, 14a′ . . . 14i′, and 15a . . . 15i, 15a′ . . . 15i′, which each have a connection for one phase of the AC voltage power supply system 3, in the center of the series circuit. In this case as well, the connection is provided by a transformer, which is not illustrated in the figures.
The high-voltage back-to-back link 1 also has, at the respective ends of the DC voltage connection 5, 5′, further circuit arrangements, which are annotated 9 and 9′, respectively, composed of capacitors and/or coils and/or resistors and/or suppressors, which are arranged for additional smoothing of the DC voltage and for stabilization of the transmission.
Voltage transformers 16, 16′ as well as current transformers 17, 17′ are provided in order to respectively measure the voltage and current both on the DC voltage connection 5 and on the respective AC voltage power supply systems 2, 3, with the voltage transformers and current transformers on the alternating current side not being illustrated in the figures, for clarity reasons. The output signals from the voltage transformers 16, 16′ and from the current transformers 17, 17′ correspond to the respective measurement variable to be monitored on the high-voltage components. The recorded variables are, finally transmitted as measured values to control units 18, 19, for the high-voltage back-to-back link 1. The signals are sampled in the control units 18, 19 in order to obtain respectively associated sample values, and the sample values are digitized, in order to produce digital measured values. The measured digitized measured currents IDC and/or IAC and the measured digitized measured voltages UDC and/or UAC are compared with respective predetermined nominal values Inom and/or Unom, respectively. Means for controlling the apparatus control the converters 4 and 6 using open-loop and/or closed-loop control methods.
Further coils, which are not illustrated in the figures, may be arranged between the connections on the DC voltage sides of the phase elements 10, 11, 12 and 13, 14, 15 or in each case at the center connection, on the AC voltage side of the respective phase element. The coils limit any possible circulating current between the phase elements.
Open-loop and closed-loop control are provided for the converter 40 not only by further means for controlling the illustrated apparatus 39 according to the invention but by an open-loop and closed-loop control unit 43 to which a measured alternating current IAC, which is recorded by means of a current measurement unit 44, and a measured AC voltage UAC, which is obtained by means of a voltage measurement unit 45, are transmitted and in which they are compared with predetermined nominal values in order to control the AC voltage on the transmission line 41 dynamically, and with matched phases, by means of suitable control methods. At this point, it should also be noted that the expression AC voltage covers any desired time profiles of the voltage which is applied to the transmission line 41 as the transmission system, and is not just limited to sinusoidal or harmonic voltage profiles.
The converter 40 is connected to the transmission line 41 via an optional coil 46 and a likewise optional transformer 47. The converter 40 allows the wattless-component and/or power control or dynamic control functions such as damping of power oscillations and/or subsynchronous resonances and/or the subharmonics and/or supersubharmonics, and/or voltage balancing by actively feeding in a voltage whose magnitude and/or phase are/is dynamically variable.
The converter 40 has phase elements which are not illustrated in the figures, like the converters 4, 6 shown in
The assembly 49 advantageously has at least one suppressor. The fitting of this suppressor makes it possible to achieve a comparable voltage reduction. The connection of the converter 40 and of the assemblies for compensation 48, 49 to the polyphase transmission line 41 may be made via the transformer 47, via an impedance or else directly. Compensation and control elements such as these are known per se by the name FACTS. In the case of the apparatus according to the invention described here, the AC voltage generated in the converter 40 is actively applied to the transmission line 41. In this case, the converter 40 is driven as a function of the transmission requirements so that the signal which is fed in can be matched to the transmission requirements with a fine graduation. Instead of the power semiconductors 50, 51, it is also possible to use mechanical switches such as circuit breakers. In this case, the apparatus according to the invention has FACTS, which are known per se, for example a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and, for series coupling to the transmission line, a static synchronous series compensator (S3C) or, in the case of a combination of parallel and series coupling, a unified power flow controller (UPFC).
The apparatuses illustrated in
Furthermore, the high-voltage back-to-back link 1 shown in
The capacitors in the circuit arrangement 9, 9′ illustrated in
1 Back-to-back link
2, 3 AC voltage network
4 First converter
5, 5′ DC voltage connection
6 Second converter
7, 7′ Parallel branch
8 Parallel branch connection
9, 9′ Circuit arrangement
10, 11, 12 Phase elements
10
a . . . 10i Switching elements
11
a . . . 11i Switching elements
12
a . . . 12i Switching elements
10
a′ . . . 10i′ Switching elements
11
a′ . . . 11i′ Switching elements
12
a′ . . . 12i′ Switching elements
13, 14, 15 Phase elements
13
a . . . 13i Switching elements
14
a . . . 14i Switching elements
15
a . . . 15i Switching elements
16, 16′ Voltage transformers
17, 17′ Current transformers
18, 19 Control unit
20, 21 Connections
22, 23 Power semiconductor
24, 25 Diodes
26 Capacitor
27, 28, 29 Phase elements
30, 31, 32 Phase connections
33, 34, 35 Capacitors
36, 37, 38 Coils
36′, 37′, 38′ Coils
39 System for electrical power transmission
40 Converter
41 Transmission line
42 Energy storage means
43 Open-loop and closed-loop control unit
44 Current measurement unit
45 Voltage measurement unit
46 Coil
47 Transformer
48, 49 Compensation assemblies
50, 51 Thyristors
52 Capacitor
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2005/001602 | 9/9/2005 | WO | 00 | 3/10/2008 |
