Patent Grant
7623244
The present invention relates to an apparatus for the examination of documents, in particular sheet-shaped documents of value, such as banknotes, checks or the like. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a SELFOC lens for use in the examination of documents and a method for the production of a SELFOC lens with slit aperture.
Apparatus for the examination of documents are known in particular in regard of the verification of the authenticity of banknotes. Furthermore, such apparatus can for example be used in the sorting as well as the verification of the condition of banknotes. Depending on the currency and on the nominal value bank notes are equipped with different (security) features which can be verified fast and inexpensively by means of suitable apparatus.
DE 101 59 234 A1 describes such an apparatus for the verification of documents, in particular banknotes. Light irradiated on the document to be examined or emanating from the document to be examined, i.e. emitted and/or reflected and/or transmitted light is divided into spectral components by means of a spectral device. Therein spectral division means any type of transformation of a light ray or light beam with a specific spectral composition and direction into several light rays or light beams each having a different spectral composition and direction.
Individual, spatially separated detection devices each detect one spectral component of the light divided into spectral components. Through the division into spectral components otherwise necessary color filters in front of the detection devices can be omitted, whereby a simple and compact construction of the apparatus is achieved, and the apparatus can be used as a filterless detector.
When the spectral device is arranged between the light source and the document, an imaging optic, in particular a convex lens or at least one SELFOC lens is arranged between the document and the detection devices, in order to detect the spectral components of the light emanating from the document separately from each other by means of the detection devices. In the other case, when the spectral device is arranged between the document and the detection devices, for example SELFOC lenses are arranged between the document and the spectral device, in order to image the light emanating from (partial areas) of the banknote onto the spectral device.
The evaluation of the examined documents takes place by means of the intensities of the individual spectral components detected by the individual detection devices. However, due to the typically used detectors on a silicon basis the color detection of this filterless apparatus does not correspond to the color perception of the human eye. For the eye is more sensitive to some wavelengths than a corresponding silicon detector. A color-accurate evaluation of the examined document has so far been impossible without special filters.
Furthermore, the described combination of SELFOC lens and spectral device requires a slit aperture for the definition of the width of the imaged object, like every spectrometer in the case of an image with dispersion. This lens aperture cannot be disposed on the banknote itself and therefore an intermediate image of the object to be imaged has to be found in order to dispose the slit aperture there. One possibility of generating the intermediate image would be to arrange two SELFOC lenses in series, which would however double the construction length.
This problem is solved by the independent claims. In claims dependent on these advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention are specified.
Correspondingly the apparatus—like the above-mentioned state of the art—comprises a light source, a spectral device and at least two detection devices. By means of the light source a document to be examined is irradiated and the light emitted and/or reflected and/or transmitted by the document is subsequently divided into spectral components by means of the spectral device. These spectral components are detected separately by the detection devices. The spectral division of the light emitted by the light source can, if required, be carried out before the light impinges on the banknote—as already done in the state of the art.
Now in order to adapt the color sensitivity of the apparatus, to mention an example relevant in practice, to that of the human eye and to thus guarantee a color-accurate evaluation of documents, in particular banknotes, according to the invention the apparatus is designed for the individual weighting of the spectral components to be detected respectively by the detection devices. This can be achieved in different ways.
According to a first embodiment the dimension of the detection devices in a direction parallel to the spectral division, i.e. in the direction of dispersion, is chosen in dependence on the spectral component to be detected by means of the respective detection device. The dimension of the detection device therefore specifically means the dimension of the active, i.e. photosensitive detection layer of the detection device.
In this manner the spectral components are individually weighted due to the individual dimensions of the detection devices. Thus the spectrum really measured in the examination of the document by means of the detection devices is transformed into a modified spectrum which is for example adapted to the color perception of the human eye. According to the invention thus e.g. a detector line with pixel surfaces of different sizes can be provided.
According to a second embodiment, additionally or alternatively the distance between adjacent detection devices in a direction parallel to the spectral division is chosen in dependence on the spectral components to be detected respectively. In this manner the spectral components of the light detected by the detection devices are also weighted discriminatively. According to the invention it is thus possible to provide e.g. a detector line with pixel surfaces which do not only have different sizes, but which are also spaced apart from each other by different distances.
Through the change of the individual spacing the real spectrum is transformed into a modified spectrum in the examination. For example the apparatus can comprise three detection devices arranged side by side for detecting the visible light. In this case the detection devices are each arranged in one respective spectral range of the divided spectrum, one in the “blue” spectral range, one in the “green” spectral range and one in the “red” spectral range. In connection with the invention the designation of the individual spectral ranges “blue”, “green” or “red” refers to a corresponding wavelength range, wherein the wavelength ranges can also overlap. In order to adapt the spectrum detected in the examination of the document for example to the color perception of the human eye, the spacing between the detection devices for the “blue” and the “green” spectral range is chosen greater than the spacing between the detection devices for the “green” and the “red” spectral range.
However, the apparatus can also comprise more than three detection devices, for example in order to detect spectral components beyond the visible spectral range. E. g. four or even five detection devices can be arranged side by side, wherein three of the devices detect spectral components of the visible spectral range and one of the devices detects a spectral component of the infrared (IR) and/or ultraviolet (UV) spectral range. Therein one detection device for the detection of the IR spectral range is arranged beyond the detection device for the red spectral range and one detection device for the detection of e.g. the UV spectral range is arranged beyond the detection device for the blue spectral range. Also with such a four-color line sensor (red, green, blue, IR or UV) an approximation of the color perception of the human eye is possible without the interposition of filters, merely through the corresponding weighting of the spectral components detected in the visible spectral range. There is also the possibility to dispense with the color division of the three visible colors and only to carry out a division between the visible and the infrared or ultraviolet. Then the spectral components of the visible spectrum are added up and are further processed only as a sum.
The individual weighting of the spectral components to be detected respectively by the detection devices is not limited to the two above embodiments. Rather, a combination of the first and the second embodiment is particularly suitable to individually weight the spectral components. In this combination, in a direction parallel to the spectral division, i.e. in the dispersion direction, both the dimension of the detection devices and the spacing between adjacent detection devices is then chosen in dependence on the spectral component to be respectively detected by the corresponding detection device. Therein for example an increase of the spacing between two adjacent detection devices can accompany a decrease of the dimension of one or both detection devices. Through the decrease of the dimension in a certain range of the divided spectrum the sensitivity of the detection device for the corresponding wavelengths is correspondingly decreased. In the case that a detection device is less sensitive to e.g. longer wavelengths, such as is the case with a typical silicon-based detector, this decreased sensitivity can be compensated by an increased dimension of the detection device.
In a third embodiment the apparatus comprises a means for the individual weighting of the spectral components to be detected respectively by the detection devices. This can for example be carried out by means of data processing in hardware or software subsequent to the detection by the detection devices. The detected spectral components can thus be weighted depending on a spectrum to be simulated by means of weighting factors. This spectrum can for example correspond to the color perception of the human eye. It is an advantage of the weighting means that known apparatus for the examination of documents can be extended by means of such a means, in order to individually weight the spectral components detected by the detection devices. Therein the weighting of the spectral components can be carried out both dependent on and independent of the geometry of the detection devices. In this context, the geometry of the detection devices relates to their dimension and/or spacing from each other.
In a specific embodiment the apparatus comprises in addition to the at least one light source, the at least one spectral device and the at least one detection device furthermore at least one slit-shaped lens aperture and at least one SELFOC lens. In order to use the apparatus for measuring the spectrum of the light divided into spectral components by the spectral device, usually a defined slit for the light has to be given. The slit defines the visual field and the spectral resolution. The slit can be arranged directly behind the document, in order to form a limitation for the light diffusely reflected by the document before it impinges on the spectral device. Instead of using a lens aperture it would also be possible to irradiate the document in a slit shape, however, this alternative requires in practice, due to the typical variations of position of the document during the examination, a lighting means which coincides with the direction of observation and which is as a rule vertical. This can only be realized via a beam splitter and furthermore requires parallel light.
Moreover, not only several SELFOC lenses arranged in a row can be used, but preferably also several rows of SELFOC lenses with a corresponding offset between the individual rows. As a rule two-row lens arrays are commercially available whose rows are arranged side by side.
According to an independent aspect of the invention the lens aperture is arranged within the SELFOC lens, in particular in the center thereof. In this manner the document can also be illuminated over a large surface. Here, use is made of the fact that in the center of the longitudinal axis of each individual SELFOC rod lens a waist of the light rays passing through the lens is formed, so that the overall light emanating from an imaginary slit passes through the also slit-shaped lens aperture (slit aperture) which can have a smaller width than the slit itself.
For the optimum arrangement of the slit aperture within each SELFOC lens of a lens array the parameters affecting the ideal size of lens aperture and the tolerances affecting the ideal position of the lens aperture—relative to the optical axis—have to be known, which can for example be ascertained by means of an elaborate software simulation of a lens with a lens aperture. A suitable software can ascertain the positions and widths of the slit apertures to be allocated to the individual SELFOC lenses by means of “ray tracing” of the light rays emanating from the slit to be imaged up to the central plane of a two-row SELFOC array. Measurements with such software have shown that the maximum tolerance in regard of the slit width of the slit aperture is approximately 5% of the radius of a SELFOC lens, amounting to approximately +/−2 μm in the measurement carried out specifically.
The software measurements were carried out by means of a simulation of a two-row lens array, thus of two SELFOC lenses arranged side by side, since these are commercially available. The plane lying exactly centrally between the two optical axes of the lenses is hereinafter referred to as optical plane. Calculations of the admissible tolerances with a view to the spacing of the slit aperture of a lens to the optical plane of the SELFOC array had the result that in the specific example a maximum tolerance of +/−2.5 μm was admissible. When the two slit apertures of a two-row lens array are now observed together, it can be established that offsets of the right and the left slit image add up in the case of tolerances in an opposite direction and cancel each other out in the case of tolerances in the same direction. Therefore the measured tolerance is also valid for the spacing of the two slit apertures from each other on one common substrate. In the case that the pair of slit apertures is applied to one common substrate, a greater tolerance results due to the common direction for the position of the pair of slits in a direction perpendicular to the optical plane of the two-row SELFOC array, since a non-ideal position merely leads to a shift of the overall image. In the specific example the maximum admissible tolerance amounted to +/−5 μm.
In the following an inventive method is described by means of which it is possible to both achieve the arrangement of a slit aperture within the SELFOC lens and the optimum values with a view to the position and width of the lens aperture within the SELFOC lens. Therein, use is made of the fact that in the central plane of the SELFOC lens perpendicular to the optical axes a reduced intermediate image of a luminous slit (specified slit) of the desired pixel width is produced in the object plane. The crucial idea is to use the optical image of the specified slit through the half SELFOC lens itself for the photographical production of the lens aperture. With the aid of this method it is possible to dispense with calculations, since the unknown values directly affect the slit aperture to be produced and the slit aperture is thereby optimally adapted to the properties of the SELFOC lens.
First the SELFOC lens is split in a direction perpendicular to its optical axis in the center of its longitudinal axis. Subsequently three different variants are described in regard of the type and manner of arrangement of the slit aperture in the split SELFOC lens, thus in the center of the SELFOC lens.
In a first variant a positive photoresist is applied to a front surface of one of the two SELFOC lens halves. The photoresist is subsequently exposed through a slit in the object plane through the lens half pointing toward the object plane. Since the rays passing through the SELFOC lens intersect in the central plane of the SELFOC lens, thus in the location where the photoresist is arranged, the layer is only locally exposed. The photoresist is then developed and the developed portion of the photoresist represents the necessary slit aperture which is completely adapted to the properties of the SELFOC lens.
Since the photoresist is applied directly on the SELFOC lens, is thus firmly fixed to the lens, any subsequent adjustment steps of the slit aperture within the SELFOC lens can be dispensed with.
Since the application of the photoresist directly on the separation plane makes relatively high demands from a technical point of view, in a second variant the photoresist is applied to a separate substrate, wherein the substrate is for example a film or a glass plate. By the insertion of the substrate and the photoresist between the two parts of the SELFOC lens the length of the SELFOC lens is increased corresponding to the thickness of the substrate and the photoresist. Since the slit aperture is then no longer arranged centrally in relation to the longitudinal axis of the SELFOC lens, and the rays intersect in the center of the SELFOC lens as already described, undesirable results can be yielded. In order to prevent this, the thickness of the substrate is kept as small as possible and/or the SELFOC lens is shortened in one of its sides in such a way or is split from the outset in such a way that the inserted lens aperture is ultimately arranged centrally in relation to the longitudinal axis.
In a third variant the photoresist is also applied to a substrate, wherein the photoresist is a negative photoresist. Therein the substrate touches the inner side of the SELFOC lens half pointing toward the banknote. After the exposure and the development of the photoresist a single substrate can be used as a lift-off mask (coating mask) for a later metallization. The coating mask can also be used as a mask for the production of a whole batch of SELFOC lenses. However, the precondition for this is that the tolerances within the batch are small enough, so that the position of the slit aperture produced by the exposure lies in the admissible tolerance range for each individual fiber. Where the substrate and the photoresist serve as a coating mask for a plurality of slit apertures, the production of the slit aperture according to the third variant is all in all less expensive in comparison to the first and the second variant.
Due to scattered light within the lens, light rays outside the edge of the lens aperture surface to be produced can impinge on the light-sensitive layer.
In this case the profile of the lens aperture diverges from a rectangular profile and has oblique edges, since the scattered light on the edge has a lower density than the main beam. Thereby the imaging of the slit image is rendered indistinct, however such a profile offers some advantages in the case of an overlapping of different spectral components, since the overlapping is rendered “softer”. In this case the astigmatism of the deflection prism for producing a rounded slit image can be dispensed with in regard of the already described overall inventive apparatus. This has the advantage that for the division into spectral components direct vision prisms can be used which have a compact construction, and that a Wadsworth arrangement can be dispensed with.
After the SELFOC lenses were split and the slit aperture was inserted in the center of the SELFOC lens in accordance with one of the three described variants, the two parts of the SELFOC lens are assembled again, for example glued together. Approximately up to a value of 1/10 of the lens radius the offset of the two halves against each other does not have a significant influence on the intensity and definition of the images.
Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will result from the following description of a variety of embodiments and alternative embodiments according to the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings. The figures are described as follows:
SELFOC lenses are generally cylinder-shaped optical elements of a material which has a refraction index which decreases parabolically from the optical axis of the cylinder towards its mantle. Through the use of such lenses 7 a 1:1 imaging of the partial area 19 of the document 2 onto the spectral device 8 is achieved which is independent of the distance between the document and the image and which is free of any need for adjustment.
On the spectral device 8, which can for example be a prism, the light 5 is divided into individual spectral components. A prism is a transparent, wedge-shaped body which serves to deflect light rays. The prism can consist of glass, ceramics, quartz or also plastic. In order to optimize the efficiency and to avoid interference through reflexes, the prism can have a broadband anti-reflection coating on the entry surface and exit surface which is optimized for the average entry angle. The deflection angle of a prism is dependent on the refraction index of the material, the latter being dependent on the wavelength of the light, though. The prism divides (white) light into its spectral components.
These spectral components of the spectrally divided light exit the spectral device 8 in different directions which all lie in one common plane. This follows from the dependence of the refraction index on the wavelength, which is called dispersion. Therein the refraction index for longer waves (red) is smaller than that for shorter ones (blue). The dispersion of a prism is a material property. For example for a prism crown glass can be used which has an average refraction index n of approximately 1.52. The spectral components exiting the prism in different directions are then detected separately by correspondingly embodied detection devices 9, 10, 11, which are mounted on a common carrier 12. In
In connection with the invention instead of a simple 60° prism different prisms can be used as spectral device 8, of which in the following only the Wadsworth prism and the direct vision prism will be briefly explained. A Wadsworth prism consists of a prism with a mirror mounted parallel to the basis of the prism, which mirror serves to deflect the rays exiting the prism. The characteristic feature of the Wadsworth prism is that for the wavelength of the deflection minimum the ray exiting after the reflection on the mirror is parallel to, but offset from the entering ray. Therefore these rays impinge vertically on a detector which can now be disposed with its entry surface perpendicular to the optical axis of the SELFOC like in an image sensor without dispersion. The direct vision prism is a combination of prisms which does not give the entering light beam an overall deflection for a certain wavelength and can therefore have the same effect as a Wadsworth prism.
The lens aperture 6 arranged in the vicinity of the document 2 to be examined in
In a variation of this construction alternatively or additionally to the lens aperture 6 a line-shaped or stripe-shaped illumination of the partial area 19 of the document 2 to be examined can be provided. For this purpose a line-shaped light source can be used (not shown). Generally it is also possible to image the light of a punctiform light source in a line shape or stripe shape onto the document 2 with the aid of optical components.
It should be mentioned that alternatively or additionally also a measurement in transmission is possible or a different guiding of the radiation, e.g. with vertical illumination and/or measuring, can be realized with the aid of deflection mirrors or beam splitters.
By the dimension 13 and the position of a detection device in a range of the spectrally divided light beam, wherein the position is also influenced by the spacing 14 between two adjacent detection devices, the sensitivity spectrum of the overall apparatus is influenced. In this manner a weighting of the individual spectral component which is detected by the respective detection device 9, 10, 11 can be achieved. For example the dimension 13 and/or the position of each of the detection devices 9, 10, 11 can be chosen in such a way that the detected spectrum is at least approximately adapted to the color perception of the human eye. This will be described in detail with reference to
In the embodiments described so far the spectral device 8 is arranged between the document 2 and the detection devices 9, 10, 11, wherein the light 5 emanating from the document 2 is divided into several spectral components and these impinge on the corresponding detecting devices 9, 10, 11. In an alternative embodiment of the inventive apparatus 1 according to
In the embodiments described so far the light 5, 20 reflected by the document 2 is detected and used for the examination of the spectral properties of the document 2. Alternatively, it is possible in an analogous manner to detect and evaluate the light transmitted by the document 2, by arranging the detection devices 9, 10, 11, the spectral device 8 and the possibly required further optical components in the area of the side of the document 2 facing away from the light source 3.
Generally light sources 3 can be used which emit light with a continuous spectrum. Depending on the type of examination or verification of the documents 2 the emitted light 4 of the light source has components lying in the visible and/or invisible, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet, spectral range. As a principle, the light source 3 can also be assembled from several partial light sources, e.g. light emitting diodes, which respectively emit light with a different spectral composition. Also the use of incandescent lamps as light source 3 is possible.
With reference to
According to the invention the spectral components detected by means of the detection devices 9, 10, 11, 24 are individually weighted in a preferably filterless apparatus 1 for the examination of documents 2, in order to adapt them to the color perception of the human eye. Correspondingly
The dotted lines 28 in
The four detection devices 9, 10, 11, 26 of different widths in the direction of dispersion shown in
The individual detection devices 9, 10, 11, 26 can for example be based on silicon. Therein the detection devices 9, 10, 11, 26 for an approximation of the color perception of the human eye for the detection of spectral components of the “blue” (left) and the “infrared” (right) spectral range, as shown in
As is shown by a comparison of the
Whereas it was described above exemplarily with reference to
For this purpose in a first variant a positive photoresist 30 is used which, as is shown in
It was described above to dispose a lens aperture within a SELFOC lens in particular by means of a photolithographic method. As an alternative hereto it is also discernible to dispose the lens aperture 6 between two SELFOC lenses 7, as is illustrated in
It should be mentioned that in an array 36 of SELFOC lens pairs 7 with lens apertures 6 disposed in-between, as is illustrated exemplarily in
As an especially preferred variant it was described to use a detector with 4 or 5 color channels. Alternatively also an array of more than 5, preferably more than 100 detector elements can be used. Herein the reduced number of e.g. four colors to be evaluated is deduced from the measured values of the individual detector elements as described above exemplarily for the case of a detector with 5 detector elements.
Specifically according to this variant also a CCD or CMOS image sensor chip can be used which has detector elements of equal size in the direction of the spectral division. It is a shortcoming of this solution that very many pieces of information are measured, which renders the measuring evaluation complex. However, it is a particular advantage of this variant that the color sensitivity curves, e.g. according to
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2004 039 827 | Aug 2004 | DE | national |
| 10 2004 059 951 | Dec 2004 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2005/008895 | 8/16/2005 | WO | 00 | 10/1/2007 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2006/018283 | 2/23/2006 | WO | A |
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