The present disclosure generally relates to the fabrication of composite stiffeners, and deals more particularly with a method and apparatus for reducing wrinkling of contoured hat-type stiffeners formed from a single composite charge.
Composite stiffeners such as spars and stringers are used in a wide range of aerospace, marine and other applications. In some cases, stiffeners must be contoured along their length to conform to the geometry of a structure, such as an aircraft wing or fuselage skin.
One technique for fabricating contoured composite stiffeners involves punch forming a composite laminate charge into a straight stiffener, and contouring the straight stiffener by placing a contourable vacuum fixture inside the stiffener. Vacuum is applied to the vacuum fixture and the stiffener is then transferred to a female cure tool having a desired stiffener contour. This approach is labor intensive and adds to tooling costs.
More recently, it has been proposed to fabricate contoured composite stiffeners, such as stringers, using punch forming in which a flat composite laminate charge is punched formed into a die to achieve the desired cross-sectional shape. Both the punch and the die are articulated along their lengths, allowing them to bend. Once the charge has been punch formed to the desired cross-sectional shape, the punch and the die are forced to bend, thereby forming the stiffener to the desired contour. Problems arise, however, where the composite stiffener is highly contoured. As the formed charge is bent to the desired contour, portions of the charge, such as the webs in a hat stiffener, are placed in compression, resulting in undesired wrinkling of some of the plies of the charge. Hand rework of the stiffeners is required to eliminate the wrinkling, adding to labor costs and reducing production rate.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method and apparatus that allow punch forming of highly contoured composite stiffeners, such as hat stringers, which substantially reduce or eliminate ply wrinkling caused by material compression as the stiffener is formed to the desired contour.
The disclosed embodiments provide a method and apparatus for fabricating substantially wrinkle-free, highly contoured composite laminate stiffeners. The stiffeners are punch formed from a single composite charge and then contoured along their lengths. A portion of the shaped stiffener is pinched and thereby compressed, as the shaped composite charge is being contoured. The compression of a portion of the charge causes the remainder of the stiffener to be placed in tension which prevents plies of the stiffener from wrinkling as the stiffener is being contoured. In one variation of the method, the stiffener may be sequentially contoured along its length, beginning at the apex of the intended contour, in order to reduce or eliminate possible bridging of the plies during contouring.
According to one disclosed embodiment, a method is provided of forming a contoured hat-shaped composite stiffener having a cap, a pair of flanges and a pair of webs connecting the cap with the flanges. The method includes placing a generally flat composite laminate charge on a die having a die cavity in which the cap and the webs may be formed. The method also includes forming the cap and the webs using a punch to drive the charge into the die cavity. A portion of the charge is placed in tension by compressing either the flanges or the cap. A contour is formed into a composite charge while the portion of the charge is being held in tension. Maintaining tension on a portion of the charge during contouring substantially reduces or eliminates ply wrinkling.
According to another disclosed embodiment, a method is provided of forming a hat-shaped composite stiffener contoured along its length. The method includes placing a flat composite charge on a die, and punch forming the composite charge between the die and a punch into a generally straight stiffener having a hat-shaped cross-section. The method also includes forming a contour in the straight stiffener by first forming a portion of the contour in an intermediate section of the straight stiffener and then forming the other sections of the contour. The forming operation may be performed in a sequential manner in which contouring of the stiffener is first performed at the apex of the contour, followed by contouring of the remainder of the stiffener.
According to still another disclosed embodiment, an apparatus is provided for forming a hat stiffener contoured along its length, wherein the hat stiffener includes a pair of webs connecting a cap with a pair of flanges. The apparatus includes a die adapted to have a composite charge placed thereon. The die includes first and second spaced apart die members defining a die cavity therebetween. The apparatus also includes a punch adapted to be driven into the die cavity for forming a portion of the composite charge into the cap and the webs. The apparatus also includes a former device for forming the contour into the hat stiffener after the hat stiffener has been punch formed. The apparatus further includes a device for reducing wrinkling of the webs as the former is bending the contour into the hat stiffener. The device includes at least one pressure plate adapted to compress a portion of the composite charge.
The features, functions, and advantages can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments in which further details can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.
The novel features believed characteristic of the illustrative embodiments are set forth in the appended claims. The illustrative embodiments, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Referring first to
Stiffener 20 includes a hat section 28 comprising a pair of webs 22 that connect a cap 24 with a pair of flanges 26. The cap 24 is connected with the webs along radius corners 31, while the flanges 26 are connected with the webs 22 along radius corners 33. The hat stiffener 20 is contoured 30 in the YZ plane throughout its length. In this example, the stiffener 20 has a concave contour 30, wherein cap 24 is located on the inside radius of the stiffener 20. In other examples, the hat stiffener 20 may be contoured at one or more locations anywhere along its length. For example, the hat stiffener 20 may be contoured only in an intermediate section, or contoured only at its outer ends.
As will be discussed below in more detail, the hat stiffener 20 may be formed from a single composite laminate charge of fiber reinforced plies, such as, without limitation, carbon fiber reinforced plastic.
Attention is now directed to
Inflatable bladders, which may comprise inflatable hoses 48, are captured between the die members 38 and outside angle members 50 that are secured to the lower plate 40. Pressurization of the hoses 48 causes lateral pressure to be applied to the die members 38 which biases the die members 38 to move toward each other. A substantially flat, flexible pressure plate 54 is attached to the upper end of the output rods 58 of a plurality of pneumatic or hydraulic pressure plate cylinders 56, or similar motorized force applicators. The cylinders 56 are distributed along the length of the apparatus, as best seen in
Referring now to
The pneumatic cylinders 68, or similar force generators, are arranged in opposing pairs and have displaceable piston rods 83 that are connected to the upper and lower plates 40, 44. The pressure plate cylinders 56 are distributed along the length of the die 36 as previously discussed in connection with
In one embodiment, the length of the piston rods 83 is adjusted to match the desired contour to be formed, and the platens 70 are moved toward each other in order to apply the force needed to bend the die 36 and the punch 42, and thus the composite stiffener 20, to the desired contour. In other embodiments, the platens 70 may be initially adjusted to a desired spacing, and the pneumatic cylinders 68 may be employed to apply the force necessary to bend the die 36 and punch 42 to the desired contour. As the die 36 is bending to the desired contour in the XY plane, the cap 24 remains compressed by the pressure plates to maintain the webs 22 and flanges 26 in tension, thereby preventing ply wrinkling that may be caused by the bending forces that are applied to the webs 22 and flanges 26. Following the contouring operation, the stiffener 20 is allowed to cool to a temperature below the forming temperature, preferably to room temperature, while it remains held under pressure between the contoured punch 42 and die 36. By cooling the stiffener 20 while it remains in the contoured punch 42 and die 36, the desired shape of the stiffener 20 is maintained and does not distort due to material creep caused by resin which would otherwise remain slightly soft.
Depending upon the degree of contour desired, the uncured plies of the composites laminate stiffener 20 may be subject to undesired bridging during the contouring process. In order to reduce or eliminate possible bridging, the contouring process may be carried out in a sequential manner, such that those sections of the stiffener 20 that are most likely to buckle are contoured first, before other sections are contoured. For example, referring now to
From the discussion above in connection with
Attention is now directed to
Embodiments of the disclosure may find use in a variety of potential applications, particularly in the transportation industry, including for example, aerospace, marine, automotive applications and other application where contoured elongate composite laminate stiffeners, such as stringers and spars, may be used. Thus, referring now to
Each of the processes of method 98 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/or an operator (e.g., a customer). For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include without limitation any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and so on.
As shown in
Systems and methods embodied herein may be employed during any one or more of the stages of the production and service method 98. For example, components or subassemblies corresponding to production process 98 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassemblies produced while the aircraft 100 is in service. Also, one or more apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized during the production stages 106 and 108, for example, by substantially expediting assembly of or reducing the cost of an aircraft 100. Similarly, one or more of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized while the aircraft 100 is in service, for example and without limitation, to maintenance and service 114.
As used herein, the phrase “at least one of”, when used with a list of items, means different combinations of one or more of the listed items may be used and only one of each item in the list may be needed. For example, “at least one of item A, item B, and item C” may include, without limitation, item A, item A and item B, or item B. This example also may include item A, item B, and item C or item B and item C. The item may be a particular object, thing, or a category. In other words, at least one of means any combination items and number of items may be used from the list but not all of the items in the list are required.
The description of the different illustrative embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, different illustrative embodiments may provide different advantages as compared to other illustrative embodiments. The embodiment or embodiments selected are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/795,354, filed Jul. 9, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,369,740, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
1433879 | Fancher et al. | Oct 1922 | A |
1965716 | Thoms et al. | Jul 1934 | A |
3693924 | Blatherwick | Sep 1972 | A |
3843756 | Talbott et al. | Oct 1974 | A |
3990291 | Evertz et al. | Nov 1976 | A |
4254735 | Postupack et al. | Mar 1981 | A |
4270964 | Flaskett | Jun 1981 | A |
4338070 | Nava | Jul 1982 | A |
4366698 | Gill | Jan 1983 | A |
4367644 | Kramer et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
4475976 | Mittelstadt et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
4504341 | Radzwill et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
4614558 | Kobe | Sep 1986 | A |
4657717 | Cattanach et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
4946526 | Petty-Galis et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
4980013 | Lowery | Dec 1990 | A |
5022248 | Brooks et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
5108532 | Thein et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
5188787 | King et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
5200133 | Dieul et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
5286438 | Dubliniski et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
5304057 | Celerier et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
5327764 | Weykamp et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
5366431 | Smith et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
5366684 | Croneau, Jr. | Nov 1994 | A |
5464337 | Bernardon et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
5582058 | Knudson | Dec 1996 | A |
5707576 | Asher | Jan 1998 | A |
5714179 | Goodridge et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5772950 | Brustrad et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5846464 | Hoffman | Dec 1998 | A |
5882462 | Donecker | Mar 1999 | A |
6089061 | Haas et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6139942 | Hartness et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6299819 | Han | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6558590 | Stewart | May 2003 | B1 |
6723272 | Montague et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6749784 | Blanchon | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6814916 | Willden et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6855284 | Lanni et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6929770 | Caldwell, Jr. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
7091300 | Luhmann et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7118370 | Willden et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7141199 | Sana et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
7306450 | Brustad et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
7464508 | Fournie et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7527759 | Lee et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
7622066 | Brustad et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7655168 | Jones et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7708546 | Lee et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
7713603 | Farran et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
7959753 | Nunez Delgado et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
8465613 | Rotter et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8551382 | Anderson et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8557165 | Jones et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8601694 | Brennan et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
20040043196 | Willden et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040265536 | Sana | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050142239 | Frank | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20060231981 | Lee | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20070039284 | Munoz Royo et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20090297358 | Anderson et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20090320292 | Brennan et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100074979 | Cundiff et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100102482 | Jones et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20110195230 | Hanson | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20130049258 | Rotter et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130340928 | Rotter | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140203477 | Chapman et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20170008217 | Chapman et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2487697 | May 2006 | CA |
742682 | Dec 1943 | DE |
4234002 | Apr 1994 | DE |
19536675 | Feb 1997 | DE |
0659541 | Jun 1995 | EP |
1136239 | Sep 2001 | EP |
1393873 | Mar 2004 | EP |
1439121 | Jul 2004 | EP |
1481790 | Dec 2004 | EP |
1972439 | Sep 2008 | EP |
2128019 | Dec 2009 | EP |
2133263 | Dec 2009 | EP |
2561979 | Feb 2013 | EP |
2035314 | Dec 1970 | FR |
2667013 | Mar 1992 | FR |
2771332 | May 1999 | FR |
2844472 | Mar 2004 | FR |
2139934 | Nov 1984 | GB |
61043542 | Mar 1986 | JP |
20001310798 | Nov 2001 | JP |
2004352187 | Dec 2004 | JP |
08801932 | Mar 1988 | WO |
2004025003 | Mar 2004 | WO |
2005095091 | Oct 2005 | WO |
2006014825 | Feb 2006 | WO |
2006039124 | Apr 2006 | WO |
2006048652 | May 2006 | WO |
2006113048 | Oct 2006 | WO |
2007134790 | Nov 2007 | WO |
2010047980 | Apr 2010 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Engineering Essentials: Cylinders, Hydraulics & Pneumatics, Jan. 1, 2012, https://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/technologies/cylinders-actuators/article/21882647/engineering-essentials-cylinders. (Year: 2012). |
Chinese Notification of the Second Office Action with English Translation dated Mar. 3, 2020, regarding Application No. 2016104175362, 17 pages. |
Japanese Notice of Reasons for Rejection with English translation, dated Jul. 7, 2020, regarding Application No. 2016-129774, 7 pages. |
“A Composite Preform”, IP.com Prior Art Database Technical Disclosure No. IPCOM000007326D, dated Mar. 14, 2002, http://www.ip.com/IPCOM/000007326, 4 pages. |
“The Wondrous World of Carbon Nanotubes”, Eindhoven University of Technology, Feb. 27, 2003, 26 pages. http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/Wondrous%20World%20of%20Carbon%20Nanotubes_Final.pdf. |
Ando et al., “Growing Carbon Nanotubes,” Materials Today, Oct. 2004, vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 22-29. |
Brittles, “New Developments in Resin Transfer Moulding,” Proc. 19th International Composites Congress, Nov. 1994, pp. 11-26. |
Musch et al., “Tooling With Reinforced Elastomeric Materials,” Composites Manufacturing, 1992, vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 101-111. |
The Longest Carbon Nanotubes You Have Ever Seen, http://www.spacemart.com/reports/The_Longest_Carbon_Nanotubes_You_Have_Ever_Seen_999.html, May 14, 2007, 1 page. |
Growing Carbon Nanotubes Aligned With Patterns, NASA Tech Briefs No. NPO-30205, Oct. 2002, http://nasatech.com/Briefs/Oct02/NPO30205.html, 2 pages. |
Garcia et al., “Hybrid Carbon Nanotube-Composite Architectures,” MTL Annual Research Report, Sep. 2006, p. 208. |
Extended European Search Report, dated Dec. 5, 2016, regarding Application No. EP16164314.3, 6 pages. |
Office Action, dated Jan. 10. 2018, regarding U.S. Appl. No. 14/795,354, 30 pages. |
Final Office Action, dated Jul. 12. 2018, regarding U.S. Appl. No. 14/795,354, 20 pages. |
Office Action, dated Nov. 16, 2018, regarding U.S. Appl. No. 14/795,354, 13 pages. |
Notice of Allowance, dated Mar. 25, 2019, regarding U.S. Appl. No. 14/795,354, 10 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20200001516 A1 | Jan 2020 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 14795354 | Jul 2015 | US |
Child | 16531338 | US |