Apparatus for in-situ preparation and analysis of mixed metal oxide catalysts

Abstract

The present invention discloses an apparatus and method for rapid synthesis and analysis of members of a combinatorial library. The apparatus includes a plurality of vessels for containing individual library members and a fluid handling system that apportions a test fluid about equally between each of the vessels. This allows for simultaneous screening of library members by detecting changes in test fluid following contact with individual library members. Fluid flow through each of the vessels is controlled using passive flow restrictors or active flow controllers to ensure that each library member contacts approximately the same amount of test fluid per unit time. The disclosed apparatus and method is especially useful for making inorganic oxide mixtures and for screening the mixtures based on their ability to catalyze the conversion of fluid reactants.

Description

BACKGROUND

[0002] 1. Technical Field

[0003] The present invention relates generally to systems for high speed synthesis and analysis of combinatorial libraries by contacting library members, simultaneously or in rapid serial fashion, with a test fluid, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for making libraries of mixed inorganic oxides and for screening library members based on each member's ability to catalyze the conversion of fluid reactants.

[0004] 2. Discussion

[0005] Combinatorial chemistry refers to methods for creating chemical libraries—vast collections of compounds of varying properties—that are tested or screened in order to identify a subset of promising compounds. Depending on how they are made, libraries may consist of substances free in solution, bound to solid supports, or arrayed on a solid surface.

[0006] The advent of combinatorial chemistry promises to change the discovery and development of new and useful materials. For example, workers in the pharmaceutical industry have successfully used such techniques to dramatically increase the speed of drug discovery. Material scientists have employed combinatorial methods to develop novel high temperature superconductors, magnetoresistive materials, and phosphors. More recently, scientists have applied combinatorial methods to catalyst development. See, for example, copending U.S. patent application No. 08/327,513 “The Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel Materials” (published as WO 96/11878) and copending U.S. patent application No. 08/898,715 “Combinatorial Synthesis and Analysis of Organometallic Compounds and Catalysts” (published as WO 98/03521), which are both herein incorporated by reference.

[0007] Once a researcher creates a combinatorial library, he or she must screen tens, hundreds or even thousands of compounds. Existing analytical methods and devices, which were originally designed to characterize a relatively small number of compounds, are often ill-suited to screen combinatorial libraries. This is true in catalyst research where, up until now, there has been little need to rapidly test or characterize large numbers of compounds at one time.

[0008] In traditional catalyst development, for example, researchers synthesize relatively large amounts of a candidate compound. They then test the compound to determine whether it warrants further study. For solid phase catalysts, this initial testing involves confining the compound in a pressure vessel, and then contacting the compound with one or more fluid phase reactants at a particular temperature, pressure and flow rate. If the compound produces some minimal level of reactant conversion to a desired product, the compound undergoes more thorough characterization in a later step.

[0009] Because synthesis consumes a large fraction of the development cycle in traditional catalyst studies, researchers have expended little effort to speed up the screening step. Thus, although test reactors have been steadily improved over the years, most were simply automated to reduce labor needed to operate them. Even automated catalyst screening devices comprised of multiple reaction vessels were operated sequentially, so that the reaction time for a group of candidate compounds was about the same as could be achieved with a single-vessel reactor.

[0010] Conventional catalyst screening devices have other problems as well. For example, traditional experimental fixed bed reactors require relatively large catalyst samples. This makes them impracticable for screening combinatorial libraries. With combinatorial methods, one obtains increased chemical diversity at the expense of sample size. Individual library members may therefore consist of no more than a milligram (mg) or so of material. In contrast, conventional fixed bed reactors typically require 10 g or more of each candidate compound.

[0011] The present invention overcomes, or at least minimizes, one or more of the problems set forth above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for screening members of a combinatorial library by contacting library members with a test fluid. The apparatus includes a plurality of vessels for receiving the library members, a detector for analyzing changes in test fluid following contact with library members, and a fluid handling system that is designed to apportion test fluid about equally between each of the vessels. The fluid handling system comprises an entrance control volume and an exit control volume that are in fluid communication with the inlets and the outlets of the vessels, respectively. A plurality of flow restrictors provide fluid communication between the vessels and either the entrance control volume or the exit control volume. During screening, a higher pressure is maintained in the entrance control volume than in the exit control volume so that test fluid flows from the entrance control volume to the exit control volume through the vessels. The test fluid is split about equally between each vessel because the resistance to fluid flow is greatest in the flow restrictors, varies little between individual flow restrictors, and is much larger than resistance to fluid flow in the vessels and other components of the fluid handling system.

[0013] In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for screening members of a combinatorial library by simultaneously contacting library members with a test fluid. The apparatus includes a plurality of vessels for receiving the library members, a detector for analyzing changes in test fluid following contact with library members, and a fluid handling system that is designed to apportion test fluid about equally between each of the vessels. The fluid handling system comprises an entrance control volume, and a plurality of flow restrictors that provide fluid communication between the vessel inlets and the entrance control volume. The fluid handling system also includes a plurality of outlet conduits and a selection valve, the outlet conduits providing fluid communication between the vessel outlets and the selection valve. The selection valve is adapted to divert fluid from a selected vessel to a sample bypass while allowing fluid from non-selected vessels to flow to an exit control volume via a common exhaust port. A return line vents most of the test fluid in the sample bypass into the exit control volume, though a small fraction is sent to the detector for analysis. Fluid in the sample bypass is split between the exit control volume and detector using a sampling valve, which provides selective fluid communication between the sample bypass and the exit control volume, and between the sample bypass and the detector. During screening, a higher pressure is maintained in the entrance control volume than in the exit control volume so that test fluid flows from the entrance control volume to the exit control volume through the vessels. The test fluid is split about equally between each vessel because the resistance to fluid flow is greatest in the flow restrictors, varies little between individual flow restrictors, and is much larger than resistance to fluid flow in the other components of the fluid handling system.

[0014] In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a reactor for evaluating catalytic performance of members of a combinatorial library by contacting library members with a reactive fluid. The apparatus includes a plurality of vessels for receiving the library members, and a fluid handling system that is designed to apportion the reactive fluid about equally between each of the vessels. The fluid handling system comprises an entrance control volume and an exit control volume that are in fluid communication with the inlets and outlets of the vessels, respectively. A plurality of flow restrictors provide fluid communication between the vessels and either the entrance control volume or the exit control volume. During screening, a higher pressure is maintained in the entrance control volume than in the exit control volume so that test fluid flows from the entrance control volume to the exit control volume through the vessels. The reactive fluid is split about equally between each vessel because the resistance to fluid flow is greatest in the flow restrictors, varies little between individual flow restrictors, and is much larger than resistance to fluid flow elsewhere in the fluid handling system.

[0015] In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of screening members of a combinatorial library comprising the steps of confining about equal amounts of a group of library members in a plurality of vessels, contacting each of the confined library members with a test fluid by flowing the test fluid through each of the vessels, and detecting changes in the test fluid following contact with each of the confined library members. Changes in the test fluid are then related to a property of interest, such as catalytic activity and selectivity. The contacting step and the detecting step are carried out for at least two of the confined library members simultaneously, and the amount of test fluid flowing through each of the vessels per unit time is about the same.

[0016] A fifth aspect of the present invention provides a method of making a mixed inorganic oxide. In accordance with the method, metal precursors and a polymer are dissolved in a solvent (ordinarily water) to form a metal-rich solution. The metal-rich solution is dried, typically by lyophilization, and then calcined, resulting in the mixed inorganic oxide. The mixed inorganic oxide can then be screened for various properties by contacting it with a test fluid. The metal precursors are salts of transition metals, alkaline earth metals or lanthanide series metals, either alone or in combination. Examples include salts of Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cd, V, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ce, Eu, In, Pb, Sn, and Bi. Useful polymers generally include those having polar functionalities that bind metal or metalloid ions and prevent the ions from precipitating out of the metal-rich solution. Examples include poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate and the like. The metal-rich solutions—i.e., metal concentrations greater than about 0.5 M—allows one to prepare relatively large amounts of oxide mixtures in small volumes.

[0017] A sixth aspect of the present invention provides an in-situ method of preparing and screening mixtures of inorganic oxides. The method includes the step of loading vessels with portions of stock solutions, each stock solution comprised of a metal precursor dissolved in solvent. The various stock solutions are combined in proper volumetric ratios to achieve the requisite metal composition in each of the vessels. The mixtures of metal precursors are dried, usually by evaporization or lyophilization, and then calcined at elevated temperature to fully oxidize the metal precursors. The resulting mixed inorganic oxides are analyzed or screened by contacting each mixture with a test fluid. One can then relate changes detected in the test fluid following contact with the samples to one or more properties of the mixed inorganic oxides. For example, the ability of a mixed inorganic oxide to catalyze a given reaction can be evaluated by detecting the disappearance or appearance, respectively, of a reactant or product in the test fluid. An advantage of the present method is that synthesis and analysis of the inorganic oxides occur in the same vessels, which results in significant time and labor savings in comparison to conventional methods.

[0018] An important aspect of in-situ synthesis and analysis is that the vessels must allow test fluid to flow through the mixed oxides during the contacting step, but must prevent the flow of the liquid metal precursors out of the vessels during loading and subsequent drying of the liquid-phase metal precursors. A useful approach is to block each of the vessel outlets with a fluid permeable barrier—one or more layers of quartz paper, for example—which prevents the passage of the mixed inorganic oxides through the vessel outlets. A removable seal is disposed on the fluid permeable barrier and inhibits the passage of the liquid-phase metal precursors through the vessel outlets prior to converting the liquid-phase metal precursors into the mixed inorganic oxides. Typically, the removable seal is a heat labile material that is dimensionally stable at temperatures associated with vessel loading and drying, but decomposes at calcining temperatures. Heat labile materials include cellulose, low molecular weight polyolefins, and paraffin (wax).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an apparatus for rapidly screening members of a combinatorial library.

[0020] FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a fluid handling system of the screening apparatus.

[0021] FIG. 3 through FIG. 6 show four different settings of a first valve portion and a second valve portion of a fluid distribution valve.

[0022] FIG. 7 shows schematically a flow sensor and control device for apportioning fluid equally between vessels of the screening apparatus.

[0023] FIG. 8 shows a perspective bottom view of a first embodiment of a vessel assembly.

[0024] FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a vessel assembly.

[0025] FIG. 10 provides a close-up, cross sectional view of the wells and vessels.

[0026] FIG. 11 shows a temperature control system.

[0027] FIG. 12 shows an exploded, cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a vessel assembly and simplified fluid handling system.

[0028] FIG. 13 schematically shows flow paths for the fluid handling system illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0029] FIG. 14 shows gas distribution and temperature control as a function of time for a 48-vessel screening apparatus.

[0030] FIG. 15 illustrates sampling and detection times for a 48-vessel screening apparatus using two, 3-channel gas chromatographs.

[0031] FIG. 16 compares x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Yb2O3 prepared with PAA and without PAA.

[0032] FIG. 17 compares x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of PAA-derived bulk samples of Eu2O3, Yb2O3 and a mixed oxide containing equimolar amounts of Eu and Yb.

[0033] FIG. 18 shows cross sectional side view of a vessel assembly that can be used to make and screen inorganic oxides.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Overview of Screening Apparatus and Method

[0034] The present invention provides an apparatus and method for rapidly screening members of a combinatorial library. High throughput screening is achieved by contacting a group of library members with about equal amounts of a test fluid. Screening can be simultaneous for two or more library members or carried out in a rapid serial manner. Changes in the test fluid resulting from contact with library members are used to identify members worthy of further study. In the following disclosure, the term “fluid” refers to any substance that will deform continuously under the action of a shear force, including both gases and liquids.

[0035] The apparatus and method can be used to screen library members based on any property that can be discerned by detecting or measuring changes in a test fluid following contact with a library member. Thus, for example, library members can be screened for catalytic activity by contacting each library member with a reactive fluid. The best performing library members are those that result in the highest concentration of a desired reaction product in the test fluid following contact.

[0036] The disclosed invention is not limited to screening catalysts, but can be used for rapid screening of many different types of materials. For example, the method and apparatus can be used to screen library members based on their ability to filter out or adsorb a specific gas species. The concentration of that gas species in a fluid stream following contact with a particular library member is inversely proportional to the particular material's performance. Similarly, polymeric materials synthesized using combinatorial methods can be screened for thermal stability by measuring the concentration of gaseous decomposition products in an inert fluid stream in contact with heated library members. The amount of decomposition product evolved by a particular polymeric material is a measure of that material's thermal stability.

[0037] FIG. 1 schematically shows one embodiment of an apparatus for rapidly screening members of a combinatorial library. The screening apparatus 10 is comprised of a plurality of vessels 12 for receiving members of the combinatorial library. Each of the vessels 12 is in fluid communication with an entrance control volume 14 and exit control volume 16 through flow restrictors 18 and outlet conduits 20, respectively. In another embodiment, the vessels are in direct fluid contact with the entrance control volume, and the flow restrictors replace the outlet conduits.

[0038] Members of a combinatorial library are screened by simultaneously contacting a subset of library members with nearly equal amounts of test fluid. The test fluid is prepared in a fluid mixing unit 22, which is in fluid communication with the entrance control volume 14. During screening, a higher pressure is maintained in the entrance control volume 14 than in the exit control volume 16. As a result, the test fluid flows from the entrance control volume 14, through the flow restrictors 18 and through each of the vessels 12.

[0039] The flow restrictors 18 are designed to exert the greatest resistance to fluid flow along flow paths between the entrance 14 and exit 16 control volumes. The flow restrictors 18 can be any structure that hinders fluid flow including capillary tubes, micromachined channels, and pin hole obstructions within a conduit.

[0040] Because fluid flow resistance—pressure drop—is greatest in the flow restrictors 18 and varies little among individual restrictors 18, the test fluid is apportioned about equally between each of the vessels 12. This is important because the extent of change in the test fluid following contact with a library member depends on, among other things, the time a given amount of test fluid contacts the library member.

[0041] Typically, solid library members are supplied to each of the vessels 12 in the form of a fixed bed: the library members are either supported on solid particles or are themselves granular or porous solids. In such cases, the test fluid flows through the interstices in the fixed bed, ensuring intimate contact between the test fluid and the library member. Similarly, liquid library members are confined within the vessels 12 by capillary forces, and fluid contact occurs by bubbling test gas through the vessels 12. Following fluid/solid or fluid/liquid contacting, the test fluid exits each of the vessels 12 through outlet conduits 20 that convey the test fluid to the exit control volume 16.

[0042] Most vessel effluent dumps directly into the exit control volume 16. However, test fluid from selected vessels 12 is routed from the outlet conduits 20 through a sample bypass 24 to a detector 26, which measures changes in the test fluid resulting from contact with a library member. Almost all of the fluid in the sample bypass 24 is returned to the exit control volume 16 through a return line 28; only a small fraction is actually sent to the detector 26 for analysis. Although the screening apparatus 10 depicted in FIG. 1 has two detectors 26, and each detector 26 can analyze vessel effluent from three vessels 12 simultaneously, the number of detectors 26 can be varied. Furthermore, the ability of each detector 26 to analyze test fluid from more than one of the vessels 12 simultaneously will depend on the type of detector 26. A useful detector 26 for screening catalysts includes a gas chromatograph (GC), which can measure concentration of a desired reaction product in vessel effluent. Other useful detectors include mass spectrometers, as well as ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrometers.

Fluid Handling System

[0043] The fluid mixing unit 22, the entrance control volume 14, and the exit control volume 16 comprise a fluid handling system. Further details of one embodiment of the fluid handling system 50 are shown in FIG. 2. For clarity, FIG. 2 illustrates a fluid handling system 50 suitable for screening potential catalysts. However, the system can be used to screen library members based on any criteria discernible by detecting changes in a test fluid following contact with library members.

[0044] The test fluid is prepared in the fluid mixing unit 22, which comprises test fluid sources 52 in fluid connection with conventional mass flow controllers 54. The mass flow controllers 54 adjust the amount of each test fluid constituent. Isolation valves 56 allow each fluid source to be taken off line. Fluids from individual sources 52 flow through the mass flow controllers 54 and are combined in a manifold 58. From there, the test fluid flows into the entrance control volume 14 through a feed line 60. If necessary, the test fluid can vent through an exhaust port 62.

[0045] The entrance control volume 14 provides the vessels 12 with test fluid at a constant pressure. A feed line control valve 64 adjusts the flow rate of test fluid entering the entrance control volume 14 from the test fluid mixing unit 22. A pair of feed line transducers 66 monitor pressure immediately upstream and downstream of the control valve 64. Both pressure transducers 66 and the control valve 64 communicate with a processor (not shown). Pressure data from the transducers 66 is periodically sent to the processor. Based on these data, the processor transmits a signal to the control valve 64, which adjusts the test fluid flow rate through the feed line 60, and maintains constant test fluid pressure in the entrance control volume 14.

[0046] The entrance control volume 14 shown in FIG. 2 optionally provides the vessels 12 with an inert fluid at the same pressure as the test fluid (the use of the inert fluid is discussed below). An inert fluid control valve 68 adjusts the flow rate of inert fluid entering the entrance control volume 14 from an inert fluid source 70. An inert fluid feed line transducer 72 monitors pressure immediately downstream of the control valve 68. The transducer 72 and the control valve 68 communicate with a processor (not shown). Pressure data from the transducer 72 is periodically sent to the processor, which, based on the pressure data, transmits a signal to the control valve 68. In response to the signal, the control valve 68 adjusts the flow rate of the inert fluid entering the entrance control volume 14, thereby maintaining desired pressure. A differential pressure transducer 74, which communicates with both the test fluid and the inert fluid streams within the entrance control volume 14, provides a measure of the pressure difference between the two fluid streams. Ideally, the pressure difference should be negligible.

[0047] The properties of some library members may change during exposure to test fluid. For example, a sample may exhibit high catalytic activity during initial contact with a reactive fluid, but a short time later, may show a precipitous decline in activity. Conversely, a sample may show an increase in catalytic activity with elapsed contact time. In such cases, one must ensure that the time from initial contact with the test fluid to detection of changes in the test fluid is about the same for each sample; otherwise, when using a combination of parallel and serial screening, a sample's perceived performance will depend on position within the screening cycle.

[0048] The fluid handling system 50 shown in FIG. 2 has an optional fluid distribution valve 76 that ensures that the time interval between initial contact and detection is about the same for each sample. At the beginning of a screening cycle, the distribution valve 76 directs inert fluid into the each of the vessels 12 via flow restrictors 18. At pre-selected times, the distribution valve 76 sequentially directs test fluid into each of the vessels. The times at which the detector measure changes in the test fluid from each of the vessels are synchronized with the pre-selected start times.

[0049] The fluid distribution valve 76 is comprised of a first valve portion 78 and a second valve portion 80. The first valve portion 78 provides selective fluid communication between the test fluid and the flow restrictors 18, and between the test fluid and a plurality of exhaust conduits 82. The second valve portion 80 provides selective fluid communication between the inert fluid and the flow restrictors 18, and between the inert fluid and exhaust conduits 82. The exhaust conduits 82 have the same fluid resistance as the flow restrictors 18, and channel fluid into the exit control volume 16. Because the resistance to fluid flow is about the same in individual flow restrictors 18 and exhaust conduits 82, both the test fluid and the inert fluid are apportioned about equally among each of the flow restrictors 18 and exhaust conduits 82.

[0050] FIG. 3 through FIG. 6 illustrate the operation of one embodiment of the fluid distribution valve 76. Test fluid and inert fluid enter the distribution valve 76 from the entrance control volume through a test fluid port 84 and an inert fluid port 86, respectively. The distribution valve 76 splits the two fluid streams about equally between first outlet ports 88, which channel fluid into the flow restrictors (not shown), and second outlet ports 90, which channel fluid into the exhaust conduits (not shown). Although the distribution valve 76 shown in the figures has sixteen outlet ports divided equally among the first 88 and second 90 outlet ports, the number of outlet ports can vary.

[0051] FIG. 3 through FIG. 6 show four different settings of the first valve portion 78 and the second valve portion 80. In a first setting shown in FIG. 3, the first valve portion 78 diverts all of the test fluid through the second outlet ports 90, and the second valve portion 80 diverts all of the inert fluid through the first outlet ports 88. In a second setting shown in FIG. 4, the first valve portion 78 and the second valve portion 80 are rotated clockwise so that inert fluid flows through seven of the first outlet ports 88 and one of the second outlet ports 90, and the test fluid flows through seven of the second outlet ports 90, and one of the first outlet ports 88. Further clockwise rotation of the first 78 and second 80 valve portions results in a third setting where, as shown in FIG. 5, inert fluid flows through six of the first outlet ports 88 and two of the second outlet ports 90, and test fluid flows through six of the second outlet ports 90, and two of the first outlet ports 88. Rotation of the first 78 and second 80 valve portions through one hundred eighty degrees results in a fourth setting shown in FIG. 6, where all of the test fluid flows through the first outlet ports 88, and all of the inert fluid flows through the second outlet ports 90.

[0052] Referring again to FIG. 2, test fluid leaves the distribution valve 76 via the first outlet ports 88, flows through the restrictors 18 into the vessels 12 where it contacts individual library members. The test fluid exits the vessels 12 through outlet conduits 20, and eventually vents into the exit control volume 16. Each of the outlet conduits 20 is in fluid connection with one of a plurality of inlet ports 92 of a selection valve 94. The selection valve selectively diverts most of the vessel effluent streams directly into the exit control volume 16 via a common exhaust port 96. However, the selection valve 94 selectively routes fluid from one of the vessels 12 through a sample bypass 24 to a detector (not shown), which measures changes in the test fluid resulting from contact with a library member. Fluid in the sample bypass 24 is returned to the exit control volume 16 through a return line 28. Although the selection valve 94 depicted in FIG. 2 receives fluid from eight vessels 12, the selection valve 94 can be designed to accommodate more or less vessels 12. Moreover, the fluid handling system 50 can comprise more than one selection valve 94, so that fluid from two or more vessels 12 can be analyzed simultaneously using either multiple detectors or a multiple channel detector.

[0053] The fluid handling system 50 shown in FIG. 2 uses a sampling valve 98 to send a fixed volume of fluid to the detector without upsetting the volumetric flow rate throughout the rest of the fluid handling system 50. The sampling valve 98 is in fluid communication with a first metering tube 100 and a second metering tube 102, and is adapted to switch between a first flow network 104 and a second flow network (not shown). The first metering tube 100 and the second metering tube 102 have about the same volume.

[0054] The first flow network 104 provides a flow path from one of the vessels 12 to the exit control volume 16 through the sample bypass 24, the sampling valve 98, the first metering tube 100, and the return line 28. The first flow network 104 also provides a flow path from a carrier fluid source 106 to a detector inlet port 108 through the sampling valve 98 and the second metering tube 102. In contrast, the second flow network provides a flow path from one of the vessels 12 to the exit control volume 16 through the sample bypass 24, the sampling valve 98, the second metering tube 102, and the return line 28, and provides a flow path from the carrier fluid source 106 to the detector inlet port 108 through the sampling valve 98 and the first metering tube 100.

[0055] The sampling valve 98 sends a fixed volume of fluid to the detector by either switching between the first flow network 104 and the second flow network, or by switching between the second flow network and the first flow network 104. For example, while the sampling valve 98 is switched to the first flow network 104, fluid from one of the vessels 12 flows through the first metering tube 100, while carrier fluid flows through the second metering tube 102. After a time, the sampling valve 98 is switched to the second flow network so that the volume of fluid in the first metering tube 100 is swept by the carrier fluid through the detector inlet port 108 to the detector. Meanwhile, fluid from another one of the vessels 12 flows through the second metering tube 102. After a time, the sampling valve 98 is switched to the first flow network so that the volume of fluid in the second metering tube 102 is swept by the carrier fluid through the detector inlet port 108 to the detector. This process is continued until fluid from all of the vessels 12 is analyzed.

Flow Sensing & Control

[0056] Referring once again to FIG. 1, an important aspect of the screening apparatus 10 is that it apportion the test fluid about equally between each of the vessels 12. This is important because the extent of change in the test fluid following contact with a library member depends on, among other things, the time a given amount of test fluid contacts the library member.

[0057] The test fluid is split about equally among the vessels 12 in at least two ways. First, flow restrictors 18 are inserted between the entrance control volume 14 and the vessels 12. Because fluid flow resistance is greatest in the flow restrictors 18 and varies little among individual restrictors 18, the test fluid is apportioned about equally between each of the vessels 12. Furthermore, because the flow restrictors 18 are placed upstream of the vessels 12 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, flow rate through the vessels 12 is mainly a function of the applied pressure in the entrance control volume 14, and the pressure in each of the vessels 12 is about equal to the pressure in the exit control volume 16. Thus, the pressure in the vessels 12 can be controlled by adjusting the pressure in the exit control volume 16, generally independently of flow rate through the vessels 12.

[0058] Note, however, that one may also place the flow restrictors 18 downstream of the vessels 12. In that case, pressure in each of the vessels 12 is controlled by, and is about equal to, the applied pressure in the entrance control volume 14. Although placing the flow restrictors 18 downstream of the vessels 12 results in tighter coupling of the pressure in the vessels 12 with flow rate, such placement, as discussed below, offers certain advantages, including a simpler fluid handling and detection system.

[0059] Second, fluid can be apportioned about equally between the vessels 12 by either replacing or supplementing each of the flow restrictors 18 with individual flow regulators. When used in conjunction with flow restrictors 18, the flow regulators can be located immediately upstream or downstream of the flow restrictors 18.

[0060] A flow regulator 120 for a single fluid stream 122 is shown schematically in FIG. 7. The device 120 is comprised of a flow sensor 124, which communicates with a flow controller 126. The flow sensor 124 determines mass flow rate of the fluid stream 122 by detecting a temperature difference between two sensor elements 128 located upstream of the flow controller 126.

[0061] The two sensor elements 128 are adjacent wire coils 130 surrounding the fluid stream 122, and comprise two arms of a Wheatstone bridge 132. The sensor elements 128 act as heaters and temperature sensors. A constant electrical current is passed through the two wire coils 130, and is converted to heat due to the electrical resistance of the wire. Because the electrical resistance of the wire coils 130 varies with temperature, the coils also function as resistance temperature detectors, or RTDs, which measure the temperature of the fluid stream 122.

[0062] In a static fluid, heat from the wire coils 130 results in a uniform axial temperature gradient about a midpoint between the two wire coils 130. However, fluid flow transports heat generated at the wire coils 130 downstream, distorting the temperature gradient so that a temperature difference develops between the two sensors elements 128. The temperature difference results in a change in resistance of the two sensor elements 128, and produces an imbalance across the bridge 132. An amplifier 134 conditions and amplifies this signal, typically to 0-5 V dc. An A/D converter and microprocessor 136 converts the 0-5 V dc signal to flow rate data. Based on this data, the microprocessor 136 transmits a digital signal 138 to the flow controller 126.

[0063] The flow controller 126 adjusts flow rate in response to the digital signal 138 by changing the heat flux to the fluid stream 122 in a heating zone 140. Because viscosity of a gas, and hence flow resistance, increases with temperature, mass flow through the heating zone 140 of the fluid stream 122 can be increased (decreased) by increasing (decreasing) the temperature of the fluid stream 122. For example, air at 0° C. has a viscosity of 170.8 μ-poises, while air at 74° C. has a viscosity of 210.2 μ-poises. For a narrow cylindrical tube, volumetric flow rate is inversely proportional to gas viscosity. Therefore, for air, a 74° C. change will cause, for a given pressure gradient, about a 10 percent decrease in flow rate. Thus, the flow controller 126 can control up to about 15 percent of the flow range, although it is unable to stop the flow completely.

Parallel Vessel/Reactor Block

[0064] FIG. 8 shows a bottom view of a first embodiment of a vessel assembly 150 that contains the vessels. The vessels are held within a rectangular array of wells, which are shown in FIG. 9 and described below. Although the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is comprised of eight rows 152, each containing six wells and six vessels, the number of rows 152 and the number of wells within each of the rows 152 can be varied. With the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, any multiple of six library members—up to and including forty eight members—can be screened at a time.

[0065] Each of the rows 152 comprises a separate base segment 154 and cover segment 156 which aids in assembly and replacement of damaged or plugged wells. When base segments 154 and cover segments 156 are clamped together using tie rods 158, they form a base block 160 and a cover block 162, respectively. This construction allows one to remove the cover block as a single body; the base block 160 and the cover block 162 are clamped together using threaded fasteners inserted in bolt holes 164. Each base segment 154 has a plurality of vessel inlet ports 166 and vessel outlet ports 168, that provide fluid flow paths from the exterior of the vessel assembly 150, through the base segment 154, and into the wells and vessels. Wires 170 connect to thermocouples, sensors, and the like, through instrumentation ports 172 in each base segment 154.

[0066] FIG. 9 shows a cross section of the vessel assembly 150 along viewing plane “A” of FIG. 8. The vessel assembly 150 is comprised of the cover segment 156 disposed on the base segment 154. The cover 156 and base 154 segments are encased in insulation 182 to lessen heat loss during screening, and to decrease temperature gradients. The base segment 154 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9 is comprised of six wells 184, each containing one of the vessels 12.

[0067] Details of the wells 184 and vessels 12 can be seen in FIG. 10, which provides a close up view of section “B” of FIG. 9. Each of the vessels 12 can hold 10-100 mg of sample 186, depending on the sample 186 density. The vessels 12 are made of stainless steel or quartz, though any material having comparable mechanical strength, resistance to chemical attack, and thermal stability can be used. The vessels 12 shown in FIG. 9 and 10 are hollow right circular cylinders, each having a fluid permeable upper end 188 and lower end 190. A quartz paper frit 192 in the lower end 190 of each of the vessels 12 holds the sample 186 in place, but allows fluid to pass through. Threaded fasteners 194 secure the cover segment 156, the base segment 154, and hence vessels 12 in place.

[0068] FIG. 10 also shows elements for preventing fluid leaks. The lower end 190 of each of the vessels 12 has a polished chamfered surface, which, along with an upper end 196 of each of the outlet ports 160, defines a cavity for accepting a miniature gold o-ring 198. A compressed spring 200 pushes against a vessel cover 202 and the upper end 188 of each of the vessels 12, compressing the o-ring 198. The vessel cover 202 and the base segment 154 have knife edges 204 that contact a copper gasket 206 seated in a groove 208 on the base segment 154. BELLEVILLE washer springs 210, which are made of INCONEL to prevent creeping under high temperature and loading, push against an end wall 212 of a cavity 214 in the cover segment 156, resulting in the knife edges 204 cutting into the gasket 206. The washer springs 210 deliver a sealing force of about 500 pounds per gasket 206. To eliminate handling of loose parts, stops 216 limit the travel of the vessel cover 202 and the washer springs 210, which are retained in the cover segment cavity 214.

[0069] FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 show the interaction of the fluid handling system with the vessel assembly 150. Fluid enters the vessel assembly 150 via the flow restrictors 14, which are threaded through the vessel inlet ports 166. Compression fittings 218 provide a fluid-tight seal where each of the flow restrictors 14 penetrate the inlet ports 166. An angled bore 220 channels fluid from the flow restrictors 18 to the upper end 188 of each of the vessels 12. From there, fluid flows downward through the sample 186, passes through the frit 192, and into the outlet conduits 20. Compression fittings 218 prevent fluid from leaking at the interface between each of the outlet conduits 20 and outlet ports 168.

[0070] Because it is generally necessary to control the temperature at which fluid contacts the samples during screening, the vessel assembly is equipped with a temperature control system 240 shown in FIG. 11. The control system is comprised of elongated first 242, second 244 and third 246 heating elements that are sandwiched in gaps 248 (see also FIG. 8) between neighboring base segments 154 (shown in phantom in FIG. 11). The heating elements 242, 244, 246 communicate with PID controllers 250, which adjust heat output in response to data obtained from temperature sensors (not shown) located in cavities adjacent to each of the wells 184. Independent control of the heaters 242, 244, 246 reduces the maximum temperature difference between any two wells 184 to as little as 4° C. at 350° C., and allows for substantially linear temperatures gradients along a row of wells 184.

[0071] FIG. 12 shows an exploded cross section of a second embodiment of a vessel assembly 270 having a simpler fluid handling system. The vessel assembly 270 is comprised of a vessel holder 272 sandwiched between a cover block 274 and a base block 276. The vessel holder 272 has planar upper 278 and lower 280 surfaces, and a plurality of wells 282 perpendicular to the planar surfaces 278, 280. Vessels 12 containing samples are placed within the wells 282.

[0072] When assembled, the vessel holder 272 fits within a cavity 284 in the base block 276. Bolts (not shown) are threaded through holes 286 located along the edges of the cover block 274 and base block 276, and provide a compressive force that secures the vessel holder 272 within the vessel assembly 270. An array of holes 288 in the cover block 274, which are in substantial axial alignment with the wells 282, provide a flow path between flow restrictors 18 and the vessels 12.

[0073] Because of its simple design, the vessel assembly 270 has modest sealing requirements. The cover block 274 and the base block 276 have knife edges 290 that cut into a copper gasket 292 to prevent fluid from bypassing the wells 282 and the vessels 12. In addition, a quartz paper gasket 294 is disposed on the upper surface 278 of the vessel holder 272 to prevent inter-well diffusion. The tie rods provide sufficient compressive force to secure the vessel holder 272 and to seal the gaskets 292, 294.

[0074] During screening, fluid enters the vessel assembly 270 via a fluid port 296. The interior space of the vessel assembly 270, excluding the wells 282, defines a constant-pressure, entrance control volume 298. Projections 300 on the lower surface 280 of the vessel holder 272 create a gap between the base block 276 and the vessel holder 272 and ensure that little or no pressure gradient exists between the fluid port 296 and each of the wells 282. From the entrance control volume 298, the fluid flows upward through the wells 282 and the vessels 12 where it contacts the samples. Holes 288 in the cover block 274 channel the fluid out of the vessel assembly 270 and into the flow restrictors 18, which vent the fluid into an exit control volume 302. The exit control volume 302 is generally any pressure-controlled region external to the vessel assembly 270.

[0075] Because the flow restrictors 18 are located downstream of the vessels 12, a screening apparatus using the vessel assembly 270 shown in FIG. 12 has a simple fluid handling system. For example, the fluid distribution valve 76 shown in FIG. 2 cannot be used with the vessel assembly 270 shown in FIG. 12 because the vessels 12 receive fluid directly from the entrance control volume 298; without the distribution valve 76, there is also no need for the inert fluid source 70 in FIG. 2. Furthermore, since test fluid continuously flows through each of the vessels 12 during a screening cycle, the vessel assembly 270 is less useful for screening library members whose performance changes rapidly following initial contact with the test fluid. However, the vessel assembly 270 can screen even rapidly changing library members if each vessel has a separate detector, or if changes in member performance occur over a time scale much longer than the time needed to analyze effluent from individual vessels 12.

[0076] Referring again to FIG. 12, test fluid from flow restrictors 18 generally vent directly into the exit control volume 302. A hollow probe 304, having an interior pressure lower than the exit control volume 302, can be placed above the ends 306 of the flow restrictors 18 to sample and convey vessel effluent to a detector (not shown). Alternatively, the flow restrictors 18 can exhaust into inlet ports 92 of the selection valve 94 shown in FIG. 2, to selectively route fluid from one of the vessels 12 to the detector, while dumping fluid from the remaining vessels 12 directly into the exit control volume 302. In either case, the screening apparatus can use the sampling valve 98 of FIG. 2 to send a fixed volume of fluid to the detector without upsetting the volumetric flow rate elsewhere in the fluid handling system.

Flow Matching

[0077] Referring again to FIG. 1, members of a combinatorial library are screened by simultaneously contacting a subset of library members with nearly equal amounts of test fluid. Test fluid flows in the direction of decreasing pressure: from the entrance control volume 14, through the flow restrictors 18 and vessels 12, and into the exit control volume 16 via outlet conduits 20. A sample bypass 24 diverts test fluid from selected vessels to detectors 26. Because fluid flow resistance is greatest in the flow restrictors 18 and varies little among individual restrictors 18, the test fluid is apportioned about equally between each of the vessels 12. As discussed above, this is important because the extent of change in the test fluid following contact with a library member depends on, among other things, the time a given amount of test fluid contacts the library member.

[0078] Besides ensuring that the greatest resistance to fluid flow occurs in the flow restrictors 18, one can improve the accuracy of screening by matching flow rates in each flow path between the entrance control volume 14 and the exit control volume 16. This can be achieved by equating each flow path's conductance. Conductance, which has the units ml·min−1, is the ratio of fluid flux, in pressure-volume units, to the pressure difference between the ends of a flow segment. Conductance is a function of the segment geometry, and a function of the pressure, temperature, and properties of the gas. When two or more segments are connected in parallel, the overall conductance C is given by the equation 1$\begin{array}{cc}C=\sum _i{C}_i;& I\end{array}$

[0079] when two or more segments are connected in series, the overall conductance is given by the equation 2$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{C}=\sum _i\frac{1}{C_i}.& \mathrm{II}\end{array}$

EXAMPLES

[0080] The following examples are intended as illustrative and non-limiting, and represent specific embodiments of the present invention.

Example 1

Flow Matching

[0081] FIG. 13 schematically shows flow paths for the fluid handling system illustrated in FIG. 2. The selection valve 94 in FIG. 13 diverts fluid into two groups of fluid streams: a first flow path 320, which includes the sample bypass 24, sampling valve 98, first metering tube 100, and return line 28, and a second flow path 322, which vents fluid directly into the exit control volume 16 via the common exhaust port 96.

[0082] Table 1 lists conductance for each segment of the two flow paths based on air at standard temperature and pressure. Conductance for the selection valve 94 and the sampling valve 98, an 8-port injection valve, were calculated from data obtained from the manufacturer, VALCO, for valves having {fraction (1/16)} inch fittings and 0.030 inch diameter bore size. According to VALCO, applying air at 5 psig results across either valve results in a flux of 1000 atm·ml·min−1, which corresponds to a one-pass conductance of 1000·14.7/5 ml·min−1 or 3000 ml·min−1. The conductance of the first metering tube 100, sample bypass 24, and exhaust port 96 were calculated from a well know equation for viscous flow of air at 298 K in long cylindrical tubes 3$\begin{array}{cc}C=\frac{10.8\times {10}^6{D}^4}{L}\stackrel{\_}{P},\mathrm{ml}·{\min }^{-1}.& \mathrm{III}\end{array}$

[0083] In equation III, D is the inner diameter of the tube, L is its length, and {overscore (P)} is the average pressure, in Torr, which is here taken to be 760 Torr.

TABLE 1
Conductance, C, of air at 298 K. for each flow segment comprising
the first flow path 320 and the second flow path 322.
		C	D	L
	Segment	ml · min−1	inches	cm
	selection valve 94	3000	—	—
	sampling valve 98	3000	—	—
	first metering tube 100	2200	0.020	24.6
	sample bypass 24	5600	0.030	50
	exhaust port 96	88 × 103	0.040	10
	return line 28	13001	0.015	13
	1Calculated from equation IV to match flow within each of the flow paths 320, 322.

[0084] In order to match conductance in each flow path, equations I and II require that for one first flow path 320 and each of the seven second flow paths 322 shown in FIG. 13, 4$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{3}{3000}+\frac{1}{2200}+\frac{1}{5600}+\frac{1}{C_R}=\frac{1}{3000/7}+\frac{1}{88\times {10}^3/7}& \mathrm{IV}\end{array}$

[0085] where the first term on the left-hand side of equation IV corresponds to the flow impedance due to one pass through the selection valve 94 and two passes through the sampling valve 98, and where CR is the conductance of the return line 28. Solving equation IV for CR yields a flow conductance of about 1300 ml·min−1, which, on substitution into equation III implies that a tube having D=0.015 inches and L=13 cm can be used to match flow in each of the flow paths 320, 322.

[0086] Note that the conductance of the flow restrictors 18 and vessels 12 are much less than the conductance of the flow segments listed in Table 1. For example, a stainless steel frit available from VALCO under the trade name 2FR2, and having a 0.125 inch outer diameter, a 1 mm thickness, and a 2 micron pore size, will pass 60 ml·min−1 of air at 298 K due to a 1 atmosphere pressure difference across the frit. Loading each of the vessels 12 with library members may halve the conductance of the vessels 12 to about 30 ml·min−1, which is still much less than the conductance of the segments listed in Table 1. Similarly, using flow restrictors 18 comprised of capillary tubing having D=0.005 inches and L=100 cm results in a conductance of 4.3 ml·min−1, which is much smaller than either the conductance of the vessels 12 or the flow segments listed in Table 1.

Example 2

Screening Methodology Using 48-Vessel Screening Apparatus

[0087] FIG. 14 shows gas distribution and temperature control as a function of time for the 48-vessel screening apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1. The 48-vessel screening apparatus uses a fluid handling system, vessel assembly, and temperature control system like those shown in FIG. 2, FIGS. 8-10, and FIG. 11, respectively. The vessels are arranged in eight rows, each of the rows having six vessels. Thus, the eight vessels 12 shown in FIG. 2 correspond to the first of six vessels of each row. Furthermore, flow restrictors 18 connect each of the first outlet ports 88 to the other five vessels (not shown) in each row. In this way, fluid flows from a single outlet port 88 to all six vessels of a particular row simultaneously.

[0088] Row-by-row contacting is shown schematically in FIG. 14. Vertical lines 340 indicate the time at which the distribution valve 76 of FIG. 2 starts to provide test fluid to a particular row of vessels. First horizontal lines 342 indicate the flow of an inert fluid through a row of vessels, while second horizontal lines indicate the flow of a test fluid through a row of vessels. Similarly, third horizontal lines 346 and fourth horizontal lines 348 indicate, respectively, no heating and heating of a row vessels.

[0089] FIG. 15 illustrates sampling and detection times for the 48-vessel screening apparatus using two, 3-channel GCs. Since library members undergo row-by-row contacting, the screening apparatus uses six selection valves 94, six sampling valves 98, and six first 100 and second 102 metering tubes of types shown in FIG. 2. Vertical lines 360 indicate the time at which the sampling valve fills the first or the second metering tube with test fluid, and the time at which the sampling valve injects test fluid from the first or the second metering tube into a GC separation column. First 362 and second 364 horizontal lines show GC separation and data reduction, respectively. In FIG. 15, the time interval between each vertical line 360 corresponds to four minutes. Therefore, it takes about 36 minutes to complete the screening and detection of 48 library members. Thus, the average time for evaluating a library member is about 36/48 or 0.75 minutes.

Example 3

Catalyst Screening

[0090] A six-vessel screening apparatus is used to screen library members based on their ability to catalyze the conversion of ethane to ethylene. The apparatus employs fluid handling and temperature control systems similar to those shown in FIG. 2, and FIG. 11, respectively. Furthermore, the screening apparatus comprises one base segment 154 of the vessel assembly 150 shown in FIG. 8.

[0091] High purity ethane and 14.4% O2 in N2 are obtained from MATHESON. Pure N2 is obtained from an in-house supply line. After loading catalysts, the fluid handling system is purged for ten minutes with N2 to remove O2. Next, the fluid handling system is filled with ethane for another ten minutes. GC detection is carried out to ensure that the ethane level had reached 95%. The O2/N2 mixture is then added so that the reactant flow rate is 1.04 sccm per reactor vessel, and the gas composition is 40% ethane, 8.6% O2, and 51.4% N2. The stability of gas flow is measured periodically by GC.

[0092] The screening apparatus uses two VARIAN 3800, 3-channel GCs to detect ethylene in vessel effluent. Each of the three channels contains 6-inch HAYESEP columns, methanizers, and flame-ionization detectors. Carbon monoxide, CO2, ethylene, and ethane are separated to baseline in three minutes.

[0093] The responses of the flame ionization detector and the methanizer are calibrated using a standard gas mixture containing 2.0% CO, 2.0% CO2, 6.0% ethylene, 30.0% ethane, 4.0% O2, and the balance, N2. Five calibration experiments are carried out to generate calibration coefficients.

[0094] Reactor (vessel) temperature is controlled to 300° C., and reactions are carried out at 15 psia.

[0095] Table 2 lists conversion and selectivity for the dehydrogenation of ethane. One hundred mg of the same catalyst is loaded into each of the 6 reaction vessels. The conversion and selectivity data agree with available data for the same catalyst and the same reaction conditions. Moreover, the present data are obtained using 140 times less catalyst.

TABLE 2
Results of catalyst screening using a first catalyst.
Reaction
Vessel	1	2	3	4	5	6
Temperature,	278.5	300.9	300.0	298.7	294.4	283.9
° C.
Conversion, %	5.87	6.75	6.75	6.25	6.23	5.07
Selectivity	83.75	83.23	83.41	81.81	82.63	84.53
to Ethylene

[0096] In a second experiment, catalysts in vessels 4-6 from the previous experiment are used again. They are cooled to ambient temperature, and exposed briefly to air. The other three vessels, 1-3, are loaded with a second, fresh catalyst. Table 3 lists data for the second set of reactions, which show that the use of the second catalyst results in an order of magnitude lower conversion.

TABLE 3
Results of catalyst screening using a first and second catalyst.
Reaction
Vessel	1	2	3	4	5	6
Temperature,	285.5	300.9	301.2	300.0	295.8	287.2
° C.
Conversion, %	0.45	0.51	0.50	5.85	5.92	4.94
Selectivity	60.96	61.04	62.54	81.37	82.29	83.71
to Ethylene

[0097] Example 4 and 5, below, describe methods and materials for rapidly preparing mixed inorganic oxides using volumetric procedures. Mixed inorganic oxides are an important class of solid-phase catalysts, and can be represented by the empirical formula: 5$\begin{array}{cc}\prod _{i=1}^N{M}_j^i{O}_k& V\end{array}$

[0098] In formula V, M represents a metal or metalloid element, and O is oxygen; superscript i is an integer between 1 and N, inclusive, and distinguishes one metal or metalloid component from another. Subscript j is a number greater than zero, and k is a number greater than zero that is chosen to satisfy valency requirements.

Example 4

Preparation of Mixed Inorganic Oxides Using Poly(acrylic Acid)

[0099] Mixed inorganic oxides for use in the screening apparatus are prepared using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a chelating agent. In accordance with the method, metal precursors and PAA are dissolved in a solvent—typically water—to form a metal-rich solution. The metal precursors are typically salts of transition metals, alkaline earth metals or lanthanide series metals, either alone or in combination. Next, the metal-rich solution is dried, typically by evaporization or lyophilization, and then calcined at elevated temperature to fully oxidize the metal precursors. The resulting inorganic mixed oxide is a fine powder that does not require further processing—grinding, sieving, etc.—before it is screened in the apparatus shown schematically in FIG. 1.

[0100] Preparation of mixed inorganic oxides using PAA provides advantages over conventional methods. First, the use of PAA allows one to make highly concentrated (≧0.5 M) metal salt solutions, which, after drying and calcining, result in relatively large mixed inorganic oxide samples. Second, as noted previously, mixed inorganic oxides made using PAA are fine powders that do not require grinding or sieving. Third, the method can also be used to make thin film catalyst arrays on flat substrates. Such arrays are often used to identify catalyst leads and to focus a search for catalysts over a subset of combinatorial library members. Members of the focused search are then prepared in bulk and screened using the apparatus of FIG. 1. The use of the same method for preparing thin film catalyst arrays and bulk samples should increase the likelihood that the best performing catalysts are among library members identified using the thin film catalyst arrays. Fourth, in contrast to sol-gel methods, the PAA method does not require tight control of temperature, pH, etc. Fifth, PAA decomposes at a relatively low temperature and produces a clean material.

[0101] Many of these advantages are thought to result from PAA's ability to form coordinate bonds with cations. It appears that PAA distributes cations throughout its polymer structure, helping to prevent cation segregation and precipitation of the metal or metalloid. In addition, the high viscosity of aqueous PAA solutions decreases cation mobility, which also reduces segregation of like cations during calcining. The chelating mechanism is shown below: 1

[0102] In addition to poly(acrylic acid), other polymers can be used to prepare mixed inorganic oxides. Like PAA, they should have polar functionalities distributed throughout the polymer structure that bind or capture metal or metalloid ions and prevent the ions from precipitating. The polar functional groups, which include, but are not limited to amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, also ensure the polymer is soluble in polar solvents like water. Examples of useful polymers include polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate and the like.

A. Ce—Eu—Yb Mixed Oxide Ternary Libraries

[0103] PAA is used to make a thin film catalyst array and bulk samples of Ce—Eu—Yb oxide mixtures. One hundred fifty ml of an aqueous PAA stock solution is prepared by dissolving 50 ml of a 35 wt. % aqueous PAA solution (MW 250,000) in about 100 ml of water. Stock solutions comprising 0.5 M Ce, 0.50 M Eu and 0.5 M Yb are prepared by dissolving, respectively, 10.85 g of Ce(NO3)3.6H2O, 10.7 g of Eu(NO3)3.5H2O and 11.23 g of Yb(NO3)3.5H2O in three, 40 ml aliquots of the poly(acrylic acid) stock solution. A small amount of the PAA stock solution is added to the Ce, Eu, and Yb solutions so that each comprises 50 ml. A CAVRO automated liquid dispensing system is used to deliver aliquots of the stock solutions into sixty six vessels that comprise an 11-by-11 triangular array of solutions. Vessels at the vertices of the triangular array—defined by row and column ordered pairs (1,1), (11,1), and (11,11)—contain only europium, ytterbium and cerium, respectively. Each vessel contains 600 μl of stock solution and 400 μl of a 0.5 M zirconium solution. The molar concentrations of the metal ions in each vessel are given by the expressions: 6$\begin{array}{cc}{\left[\mathrm{Eu}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{\left[600-60\left(i-1\right)\right]}{1000}\left(0.5\right)& \mathrm{VI}\\ {\left[\mathrm{Ce}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{60\left(j-1\right)}{1000}\left(0.5\right)& \mathrm{VII}\\ {\left[\mathrm{Yb}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{60\left(i-j\right)}{1000}\left(0.5\right)& \mathrm{VIII}\end{array}$

[0104] In expressions VI-VIII subscripts i and j are row and column indices, respectively, and i is ≧j, i=1, . . . , 11, and j=1, . . . , 11. Dry ethylene glycol is added to each vessel to improve wetting characteristics of the solution, and the vessels are placed on a rocker table to agitate the mixtures.

[0105] A thin film catalyst array is made by first preparing a daughter array from the original 11-by-11 triangular (parent) array of solutions. The daughter array is prepared by transferring 50 μl of each of the parent array solutions to a second set of sixty six vessels. Each of the solutions in the daughter array are diluted with water to 1000 μl. Next, the thin film catalyst array is prepared by transferring about 2 μl of each of the daughter array solutions to discrete locations along a surface of a 3-inch diameter quartz wafer. Array elements comprise approximately 3 mm-by-3 mm films with adjacent films separated by about 2 mm. Following deposition, the thin film catalyst array is dried at room temperature for about a day. Next, the thin film array is placed in an oven and heated to a temperature of about 500° C. for about 4 hours to calcine or oxidize the metal precursors. Table 4 lists mole fractions of constituent metals that comprise each of the Ce—Eu—Yb oxide thin film array (library) members.

TABLE 4
Compositions of Ce-Eu-Yb oxide mixtures and Fe-Co-Ni oxide mixtures
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1	Eu or Co	1.00
	Ce or Fe	0.00
	Yb or Ni	0.00
2	Eu or Co	0.90	0.90
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10
	Yb or Ni	0.10	0.00
3	Eu or Co	0.80	0.80	0.80
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20
	Yb or Ni	0.20	0.10	0.00
4	Eu or Co	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.70
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30
	Yb or Ni	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
5	Eu or Co	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40
	Yb or Ni	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
6	Eu or Co	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50
	Yb or Ni	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
7	Eu or Co	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50	0.60
	Yb or Ni	0.60	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
8	Eu or Co	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50	0.60	0.70
	Yb or Ni	0.70	0.60	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
9	Eu or Co	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50	0.60	0.70	0.80
	Yb or Ni	0.80	0.70	0.60	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
10	Eu or Co	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50	0.60	0.70	0.80	0.90
	Yb or Ni	0.90	0.80	0.70	0.60	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
11	Eu or Co	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
	Ce or Fe	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50	0.60	0.70	0.80	0.90	1.00
	Yb or Ni	1.00	0.90	0.80	0.70	0.60	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00

[0106] Bulk samples of the Ce—Eu—Yb oxides are prepared from the parent array by drying each of the solutions at 120° C. for about an hour. After drying, the samples are heated in a muffle furnace to a temperature of 540° C. for about 4 hours to calcine the samples. The resulting Ce—Eu—Yb mixed oxides are free flowing, fine powders.

[0107] Results of x-ray characterization are shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. FIG. 16 compares x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns 390 of Yb2O3 prepared with PAA 392 and without PAA 394. Like the PAA-derived sample, the aqueous Yb2O3 sample made without PAA is dried at 120° C. for about 1 hour and is calcined at 540° C. for about 4 hours. A comparison of peak width at half height or broadening of the XRD pattern suggests that the particle size of Yb2O3 prepared by the PAA method is much smaller than Yb2O3 prepared from Yb(NO3)3.5H2O alone.

[0108] FIG. 17 compares XRD patterns 410 of PAA-derived bulk samples of Eu2O3 412, Yb2O3 414 and a mixed oxide 416 containing equimolar amounts of Eu and Yb. The intermediate d-spacing value (3.083 Å) of the mixed oxide 416 XRD pattern indicates a homogeneous distribution of europium and ytterbium.

B. Fe—Co—Ni Mixed Oxide Ternary Libraries

[0109] PAA is used to make a thin film catalyst array and bulk samples of Fe—Co—Ni mixed oxides. One hundred fifty ml of an aqueous poly(acrylic acid) stock solution is prepared by dissolving 50 ml of a 35 wt. % aqueous PAA solution (MW 250,000) in about 100 ml of water. Stock solutions comprising 1.0 M Co and 1.0 M Ni are prepared by dissolving, respectively, 14.55 g of Co(NO3)2.6H2O and 14.54 g of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O in two, 40 ml aliquots of the poly(acrylic acid) stock solution. A small amount of the PAA stock solution is added to the cobalt and nickel solutions so that each comprises about 50 ml. Because iron precipitates in aqueous iron nitrate solutions at pH greater than about 1.0, a 1.0 M Fe stock solution is prepared by dissolving 20.20 g of Fe(NO3)3.9H2O in 24 ml of a 0.5 N nitric acid solution with stirring. The PAA stock solution is added drop-wise to the nitric acid-iron solution so that its total volume is 50 ml.

[0110] A CAVRO automated liquid dispensing system is used to deliver aliquots of the metal stock solutions into sixty six vessels which comprise an 11-by-11 triangular array of solutions. Vessels at the vertices of the triangular array—defined by row and column ordered pairs (1,1), (11,1), and (11,11)—contain only cobalt, nickel, and iron, respectively. Each vessel contains 600 μl of stock solutions and 400 μl of a 0.5 M zirconium solution. The molar concentrations of the metal ions in the vessels are given by expressions: 7$\begin{array}{cc}{\left[\mathrm{Co}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{\left[600-60\left(i-1\right)\right]}{1000}& \mathrm{IX}\\ {\left[\mathrm{Fe}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{60\left(j-1\right)}{1000}& X\\ {\left[\mathrm{Ni}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{60\left(i-j\right)}{1000}& \mathrm{XI}\end{array}$

[0111] In expressions, IX-XI, subscript i and subscript j are row and column indices, respectively, and i≧j, i=1, . . . , 11, and j=1, . . . , 11. Dry ethylene glycol is added to each vessel to improve wetting characteristics of the solution, and the vessels are placed on a rocker table to agitate the mixtures.

[0112] A thin film catalyst array is made by first preparing a daughter array from the original 11-by-11 triangular (parent) array of solution. The daughter array is prepared by transferring 50 ml of each of the parent array solutions to a second set of sixty six vessels. Each of the solutions in the daughter array is diluted with water to 1000 μl. Next, the thin film catalyst array is prepared by transferring about 2 μl of each of the daughter array solutions to discrete locations on a surface of a 3-inch diameter quartz wafer. Array elements comprise approximately 3 mm-by-3 mm films with adjacent films separated by about 2 mm. Following deposition, the array is dried at room temperature for about a day. Next, the thin film array is placed in an oven and heated to a temperature of about 500° C. for about 4 hours to calcine or oxidize the metal precursors. Table 4 lists mole fractions of a constituent metals that comprise each of the Fe—Co—Ni oxide array (library) members.

[0113] Bulk samples of the Fe—Co—Ni oxides are prepared from the parent array by drying each of the members at 100° C. for about an hour. After drying, the samples are heated in a muffle furnace to a temperature of about 500° C. for approximately 4 hours to calcine the samples. The resulting Fe—Co—Ni oxide mixtures are free flowing, fine powders.

C. Preparation of PAA Solutions Containing Cr, Mn, In, Zn, Cd, Ca, Pb, Mg, Bi, Ba, Sr, Sn or V

[0114] PAA is used to make numerous aqueous metal solutions. One M or 0.5 M solutions of chromium, manganese, indium, zinc, cadmium, calcium, lead, magnesium, bismuth, barium, strontium, tin and vanadium are prepared by dissolving an appropriate water soluble salt in an aqueous poly(acrylic acid) stock solution. In some cases, nitric acid is added to prevent precipitation of the metal. The PAA stock solution is a 1:3 dilution of a 35 wt. % aqueous poly(acrylic acid) solution (MW 250,000) with water. The metal-rich stock solutions can be used to prepare thin film catalyst arrays or to prepare bulk mixed oxides, which are screened using the apparatus depicted schematically in FIG. 1.

[0115] One molar metal-rich aqueous solutions of Cr, Mn, In, Zn, Cd, Ca, Pb or Mg are prepared by dissolving, respectively, 10.0 g of Cr(NO3)3.9H2O, 4.92 g of Mn(NO3)2.H2O, 9.77 g of In(NO3)3.5H2O, 7.44 g of Zn(NO3)2.6H2O, 7.71 g of Cd(NO3)2.4H2O, 5.90 g of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 8.28 g of Pb(NO3)2 and 6.41 g of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O in 5 ml aliquots of the poly(acrylic acid) stock solution. The metal-rich solutions are diluted with PAA stock solution to 25 ml; the resulting solutions are viscous liquids with no visible particulate.

[0116] Bismuth, barium, strontium, tin and vanadium solutions are prepared by first dissolving the metal precursors in nitric acid to prevent precipitation. One molar Bi, Ba and Sr solutions are prepared by dissolving, respectively, 12.12 g of Bi(NO3)2.5H2O, 6.56 g of Ba(NO3)2 and 5.26 g of Sr(NO3)2 in 12 ml of 0.5 N HNO3. Although bismuth(III) nitrate and barium nitrate dissolve quickly in nitric acid at room temperature, strontium nitrate does not; the Sr(NO3)2 solution is stirred, with heating, until the solution clears after about 45 minutes. The bismuth, barium and strontium solutions are diluted with PAA stock solution to 25 ml. The resulting solutions are viscous liquids with no visible particulate.

[0117] A 1.0 M tin solution is prepared by first adding 5.18 g of Tin(II) oxalate in 5 ml H2O. Next, 4.7 ml of concentrated nitric acid is added, drop-wise, to prevent rapid heating of the solution. Following acid addition, the tin solution is diluted with PAA stock solution to 25 ml, resulting in a clear viscous liquid.

[0118] A 0.5 M vanadium solution is prepared by dissolving 1.46 g of ammonium(meta) vanadate in 10 ml of 0.5 N HNO3. The vanadium solution is diluted with poly(acrylic acid) stock solution to 25 ml. The resulting solution is a viscous liquid with visible particulate.

Example 5

In-Situ Synthesis and Analysis of Mixed Inorganic Oxides

[0119] This example describes a method for in-situ synthesis and analysis of mixed inorganic oxides using the fluid contacting apparatus of the present invention. The method includes the step of providing vessels with aliquots of stock solutions, each comprised of a metal precursor dissolved in solvent. The various stock solutions are combined in proper volumetric ratios to achieve the requisite metal composition in each of the vessels. Usually, a CAVRO automated dispensing system is used to transfer stock solutions into the vessels. However, one can manually pipette the stock solutions as well. The mixtures of metal precursors are dried, usually by evaporization or lyophilization, and then calcined at elevated temperature to fully oxidize the metal precursors.

[0120] The resulting mixed inorganic oxides are analyzed or screened by contacting each mixture with a test fluid. One can relate changes detected in the test fluid following contact with the samples to one or more properties of the mixed inorganic oxides. For example, the ability of a mixed inorganic oxide to catalyze a given reaction can be evaluated by detecting the disappearance or appearance, respectively, of a reactant or product in the test fluid. As discussed above, changes in composition can be detected by gas-chromatography, mass spectrometry, visible spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and the like.

[0121] An advantage of the present method is that preparation and analysis of the inorganic oxides occur in the same vessels, which results in significant time and labor savings in comparison to conventional practice. For example, in traditional catalyst research, after a mixed inorganic oxide is synthesized, it is crushed or ground, sieved to a particular size, measured by weight or volume, and then loaded in a reactor. These steps are usually done manually and hence especially time-consuming. In addition, hand operations, such as grinding, are often technique-dependant and therefore are sources of systematic error. The present method helps avoid these problems.

[0122] An important aspect of in-situ preparation and analysis is that the vessels must allow test fluid to flow through the mixed oxides during the contacting step, but must prevent the out-flow of the liquid metal precursors during the initial loading and subsequent drying of the liquid-phase metal precursors. One way to accomplish this objective is to seal the vessel outlets before the vessels are loaded and then to unseal the vessel outlets prior to the contacting step. A useful system for sealing the vessel outlets is shown in FIG. 18.

[0123] FIG. 18 shows cross sectional side view of a vessel assembly 440 that can be used to make and screen inorganic oxides. The vessel assembly 440 comprises a first block 442 having a top surface 444 and a generally planar bottom surface 446 and holes 448 extending from the top surface 444 to the bottom surface 446 of the first block 442. The holes 448 define lateral walls 450 of vessels 452. The vessels 452 contain metal precursors 454 prior to calcination and mixed inorganic oxides (not shown) during contact with a test fluid. The vessel assembly 440 includes a fluid permeable barrier 456 having generally planar top 458 and bottom 460 surfaces. The top surface 458 of the barrier 456 is disposed on the bottom surface 446 of the first block 442 and prevents the passage of the mixed inorganic oxides through the bottom surface 446 of the first block 442 during contact with the test fluid. The fluid permeable barrier 456 typically comprises one or more layers of a glass frit (quartz paper). Other suitable barrier 456 structures include a wire mesh or a perforated plate. As shown in FIG. 18, the vessel assembly 440 also includes a second block 462 having a bottom surface 464, a generally planar top surface 466 disposed on the bottom surface 460 of the barrier 456, and holes 468 extending from the top surface 466 to the bottom surface 464 of the second block 462. The holes 468 of the second block 462 are substantially aligned with the holes 448 of the first block 442 so that test fluid entering holes 448 of the first block 442 contacts the mixed inorganic oxides and exits through the holes 468 in the second block 462. Clamps, threaded fasteners, tie-rods and the like can be used to attach the first block 442 to the second block 462.

[0124] A removable seal 470 is located adjacent to the fluid permeable barrier 456 for preventing the passage of the liquid-phase metal precursors through the bottom surface 446 of the first block 442 prior to converting the liquid-phase metal precursors into the mixed inorganic oxides. The removable seal 470 is ordinarily a heat labile material that is disposed on the fluid permeable barrier 456. In the present invention, heat labile materials are stable at temperatures associated with the loading and drying steps, but decompose at calcining temperatures. Heat labile materials thus include, but are not limited to, cellulose, low molecular weight polyolefins, and paraffin (wax). Heat labile materials may comprise one or more sheets interposed between the bottom surface 460 of the first block 442 and the top surface 458 of the fluid permeable barrier 456. In another embodiment, the heat labile material is dissolved in a carrier solvent that is applied to the fluid permeable barrier 456. After vaporizing the carrier solvent, the heat labile material solidifies, preventing the passage of the liquid-phase metal precursors through the fluid permeable barrier 456. With reference to FIG. 10, the carrier solvent can be used to apply a heat labile material to the quartz paper frit 192 located in the lower end 190 of each of the vessels 12.

A. Preparation and Analysis of an Unsupported Mo—V-—b Mixed Oxide Catalyst

[0125] A Mo—V-—b mixed oxide catalyst is prepared and tested using in-situ synthesis and analysis.

[0126] Preparation of stock solutions. A 1.5 M Mo stock solution is prepared by dissolving 29.403 g of (NH4)2MoO4 and 15.0 g of aqueous poly(acrylic acid) (MW 2,000) in 80 ml water with stirring and heating at about 80° C. After a clear solution is obtained, the solution is transferred to a 100 ml flask and allowed to cool to room temperature. De-ionized water is added to make a total volume of 100 ml. The Mo stock solution is warmed prior to use to dissolve any crystals that may form over time.

[0127] A 2.0 M V stock solution is prepared by dissolving 18.188 g of V2O5 and 37.821 g of oxalic acid dihydrate in 90 ml water with stirring and heating at about 80° C. for about 4 hours. The de-ionized water is added as needed to keep the volume of the mixture between 85 ml and 90 ml. The solution is transferred to a 100 ml flask and is allowed to cool to room temperature. De-ionized water is added to make a total volume of 100 ml. The vanadium stock solution is stable for several months.

[0128] A 1.0 M Nb stock solution is prepared by first dissolving 31.518 g of oxalic acid dihydrate in 50 ml de-ionized water with stirring and heating at about 80° C. After a clear solution is obtained, 31.821 g of niobium(V),ethoxide is added drop-wise to the oxalic acid solution. The niobium-oxalic acid solution is stirred and heated at about 80° C. for about 4 hours, resulting in an opaque, but stable solution. The solution is transferred to a 100 ml flask, and allowed to cool to room temperature. De-ionized water is added to make a total volume of 100 ml.

[0129] Reactor Vessel Sealing. Referring to FIGS. 8-10, the Mo—V—Nb oxide catalysts are prepared in six vessels 12 and a single base segment 154 of the vessel assembly 150. Two plies of quartz paper, which serve as a fluid permeable barrier, are placed in the lower end 190 of the six vessels 12. Thirty μl of a saturated paraffin wax (mp 73-80° C., CAS 64742-43-4) and diethyl ether is deposited in each of the vessels 12, wetting the quartz paper. After the quartz paper is allowed to dry at room temperature, another thirty μl of saturated wax-ether solution is deposited in each of the vessels 12.

[0130] Preparation of Unsupported Catalyst. Six replicates of a mixed inorganic oxide catalyst having the empirical formula Mo0.73V0.18Nb0.09 are prepared by adding, with stirring, 1.8 ml of the 2.0 M V stock solution to 9.734 ml of the 1.5 M Mo stock solution. After a uniform mixture is obtained, 1.8 ml of the 1.0 M Nb stock solution is added, again with stirring. One hundred μl of the resulting Mo—V—Nb solution is delivered to each of the six wax-sealed vessels. The liquid-phase metal precursors are dried by freeze-drying (lyophilization); that is, each of the samples are frozen in liquid nitrogen and then placed in a vacuum, which vaporizes (sublimes) the ice phase. Following drying, the samples are calcined at 450° C. for about 4 hours, and then compressed to about 80% of their original volume. Each vessel contains about 20 mg of Mo—V—Nb oxide.

[0131] To gauge sample variability, the six Mo—V—Nb oxide samples are screened based on their ability to catalyze the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. The samples are screened using the method and apparatus described in Example 3. Product selectivity and ethane conversion resulting from contacting the six Mo—V—Nb oxide samples with an O2/N2/C2H6 gas mixture at 300° C. are listed in Table 5. Variations in ethane conversion and ethylene selectivity are within 5%.

TABLE 5
Ethane conversion and product selectivity at 300° C. following
contact with an unsupported Mo—V—Nb mixed oxide (average of five
measurements over a one hour period)
Reaction Vessel	1	2	3	4	5	6
Ethane Conversion, %	7.1	7.1	7.3	6.8	7.1	7.3
C2H4 Selectivity, %	85.6	86.6	86.5	86.4	85.7	86.4
CO Selectivity, %	4.2	3.0	4.8	3.9	2.2	4.1
CO2 Selectivity, %	10.2	10.4	8.6	9.7	12.0	9.4

B. Preparation and Analysis of a Supported Mo—V—Nb Mixed Oxide Catalyst

[0132] Six samples of a supported Mo—V—Nb oxide catalyst are prepared and tested in a manner similar to the process described in Section A of this example. Ninety mg of Al2O3-SiO2 (CERAC A-1226, 98%) is loaded into each of six wax-sealed vessels. Next, the stock solutions of Section A are used to prepare the liquid-phase metal precursor solution. 24.867 ml of the 1.5 M Mo stock solution is added to 0.900 ml of the 2.0 M V stock solution, with stirring. After stirring for about 2 minutes, 0.900 ml of the 1.0 M Nb stock solution is added. The resulting solution is stirred for an additional 2 minutes, and then 50 μl of the liquid-phase metal precursor solution is transferred into each of the six wax-sealed vessels. The samples are lyophilized and then calcined at 450° C. for about 4 hours. The samples are not compressed after calcination.

[0133] To examine sample variability the six Mo—V—Nb oxide samples are screened based on their ability to catalyze the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. The samples are screened using the method and apparatus described in Example 3. Product selectivity and ethane conversion, which results from contacting the Mo—V—Nb oxide samples with an O2/N2/C2H6 gas mixture at 300° C. are listed in Table 6.

TABLE 6
Ethane conversion and product selectivity at 300° C. following
contact with a supported Mo—V—Nb mixed oxide (average of five
measurements over a one hour period)
Reaction Vessel	1	2	3	4	5	6
Ethane Conversion, %	6.0	6.2	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.8
C2H4 Selectivity, %	85.6	87.2	86.8	85.3	84.9	82.0
CO Selectivity, %	2.6	2.3	3.8	3.0	3.5	4.9
CO2 Selectivity, %	11.8	10.5	9.4	11.7	11.6	13.1

C. Preparation and Analysis of a Library of Mo—V—Nb Mixed Oxides

[0134] A library of unsupported Mo—V—Nb mixed oxide catalysts are prepared and tested using in-situ synthesis and analysis. Molybdenum, vanadium and niobium aqueous stock solutions are prepared using procedures similar to those described in Section A of this example. The stock solutions comprise 0.695 M Mo (6.8091 g of (NH4)2MoO4, 5.000 g of aqueous poly(acrylic acid) (MW 2,000), diluted to 50 ml with de-ionized water), 1.1 M V (10.000 g of V2O5 and 34.658 g of oxalic acid dihydrate diluted to 100 ml with de-ionized water) and 0.60 M Nb (19.154 g of niobium(V) ethoxide and 19.339 g of oxalic dehydrate, diluted with de-ionized water to 100 ml). Aliquots of the stock solutions are pipetted into twenty four vials. Each vial contains 1000 μl of solution, and the molar concentrations of the metal ions in each vial are given by expressions: 8$\begin{array}{cc}{\left[\mathrm{Mo}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{\left[1000-100\left(i-1\right)\right]}{1000}\left(0.695\right)& \mathrm{XII}\\ {\left[\mathrm{Nb}\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{100\left(j-1\right)}{1000}\left(0.6\right)& \mathrm{XII}\\ {\left[V\right]}_{i,j}=\frac{100\left(i-j\right)}{1000}\left(1.1\right)& \mathrm{XIV}\end{array}$

[0135] In expressions XII-XIV, subscripts i and j represent row and column indices of a 7-by-7 triangular array, respectively, and i≧j, i=1, . . . , 7, and j=1, . . . , 7; when i=7, j≦3. The vials are shaken to mix the solutions. Next, 100 μl of each of the solutions are transferred to twenty four wax-sealed vessels. Once in the vessels, the liquid-phase metal precursors are lyophilized and then calcined at 450° C. for about 4 hours. The resulting mixed inorganic oxides are not compressed.

[0136] Following calcination, the twenty four Mo—V-—b mixed oxide samples are screened based on their ability to catalyze the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene. The samples are screened using the method and apparatus described in Example 3, except, with reference to FIGS. 8-10, the twenty four vessels 12 are contained in four base segments 154 of the vessel assembly 150. Table 7 lists mole fractions of constituent metals that comprise each of the Mo—V—Nb oxide library members. Ethylene selectivity and ethane conversion resulting from contacting the Mo—V—Nb oxide samples with an O2/N2/C2H6 gas mixture at 300° C. are listed in Table 8 and 9, respectively.

TABLE 7
Composition of Mo-V-Nb oxide mixtures
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
	Mole Fraction
1	Mo	1.00
	Nb	0.00
	V	0.00
2	Mo	0.90	0.90
	Nb	0.00	0.10
	V	0.10	0.00
3	Mo	0.80	0.80	0.80
	Nb	0.00	0.10	0.20
	V	0.20	0.10	0.00
4	Mo	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.70
	Nb	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30
	V	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
5	Mo	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60
	Nb	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40
	V	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
6	Mo	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
	Nb	0.00	0.10	0.20	0.30	0.40	0.50
	V	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.20	0.10	0.00
7	Mo	0.40	0.40	0.40
	Nb	0.00	0.10	0.20
	V	0.60	0.50	0.40

[0137]

TABLE 8
Ethane conversion of Mo-V-Nb oxide mixtures listed in Table 7
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
	Ethane Conversion, %
	1	1
	2	1	0.4
	3	1	5	1
	4	2	6	3	1
	5	2	3	5	1	0.3
	6	2	4	3	3	1	0.3
	7	2	2	2

[0138]

TABLE 9
Ethylene selectivity of Mo-V-Nb oxide mixtures listed in Table 7
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
	Ethylene Selectivity, %
	1	0
	2	32	26
	3	38	85	7
	4	33	85	80	23
	5	43	76	81	62	21
	6	41	68	69	51	55	20
	7	40	49	53

[0139] It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Claims

1. An apparatus for screening members of a library comprising: a plurality of vessels for receiving library members, each of the vessels having an inlet and an outlet; a detector for analyzing vessel effluent; and a fluid handling system comprising: an entrance control volume in fluid communication with the inlet of each of the vessels; an exit control volume in fluid communication with the outlet of each of the vessels; and a plurality of flow restrictors providing fluid communication between each of the vessels and one of the entrance control volume and the exit control volume; wherein resistance to fluid flow in the fluid handling system is greatest in the flow restrictors and resistance to fluid flow in each of the flow restrictors is approximately the same, so that maintaining a higher pressure in the entrance control volume than in the exit control volume results in fluid flow through the vessels that is apportioned approximately equally between each of the vessels.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pressure regulator in the entrance control volume.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a pressure regulator in the exit control volume.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a hollow sampling probe selectively positioned in the exit control volume to sample fluid flowing from a single flow restrictor and adapted to transport sample fluid to the detector.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a sampling valve and a return line, the sampling valve providing selective fluid communication between the sampling probe and the return line, and between the sampling probe and the detector; wherein the return line vents fluid into the exit control volume.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of outlet conduits and a selection valve, the outlet conduits providing fluid communication between the outlet of each of the vessels and the selection valve; a sample bypass and a sampling valve, the sample bypass providing fluid communication between the selection valve and the sampling valve; and a return line, the return line providing fluid communication between the sampling valve and the exit control volume; wherein the selection valve is adapted to divert fluid from a selected vessel to the sample bypass while allowing fluid from non-selected vessels to flow to the exit control volume, and the sampling valve is adapted to provide selective fluid communication between the sample bypass and the return line and between the sample bypass and the detector.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fluid handling system further comprises a fluid distribution valve having a first valve portion and a second valve portion, and a plurality of exhaust conduits providing fluid communication between the fluid distribution valve and the exit control volume; wherein the first valve portion provides selective fluid communication between a test fluid source and the flow restrictors and between the test fluid source and the exhaust conduits; the second valve portion provides selective fluid communication between an inert fluid source and the flow restrictors and between the inert fluid source and the exhaust conduits; and the resistance to fluid flow in each of the exhaust conduits is approximately the same and is about equal to the resistance to fluid flow in each of the flow restrictors, so that fluid flow is apportioned approximately equally between each of the vessels and exhaust conduits.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the flow restrictors are one of capillary tubes, micromachined channels, and pin holes.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: flow regulators located along flow paths between the flow restrictors and one of the entrance control volume, the exit control volume and the vessels.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein each of the flow regulators comprise: a flow sensor in communication with a flow controller; wherein the flow sensor determines flow rate by detecting a temperature difference between sensor elements located upstream of the flow controller; and the flow controller adjusts fluid flow rate in response to a signal from the flow sensor by changing fluid temperature in the flow path.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a system for regulating temperature of each of the vessels.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the system for regulating temperature of each of the vessels comprises a heating element and a temperature sensor, the heating element and temperature sensor in thermal contact with the vessels and in communication with a processor; wherein the processor adjusts the temperature of the vessels in response to a signal from the temperature sensor by changing heat output of the heating element.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of elongated heating elements, wherein all of the elongated heating elements in thermal contact with a particular row of vessels are in approximate axial alignment and are about parallel to the particular row of vessels.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector is one of a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, a visible spectrometer, an ultraviolet spectrometer, and an infrared spectrometer.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an assembly for containing the vessels, the assembly comprised of: a base block having a planar top surface, and a bottom surface, the top surface of the base block having a plurality of wells formed thereon; and a cover block having a planar bottom surface, the bottom surface of the cover block disposed on the top surface of the base block, and the bottom surface of the cover block having a plurality of depressions formed thereon; wherein the cover block is removably attached to the base block, and each of the depressions is in substantial alignment with one of the wells, such that the aligned depressions and wells form cavities for containing the vessels.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the assembly further comprises vessel inlet ports and vessel outlet ports located on the bottom surface of the base cover; wherein each of the vessel inlet ports provides fluid communication with the inlet of only one of the vessels, and each of the vessel outlet ports provides fluid communication with the outlet of only one of the vessels.

17. An apparatus for screening members of a library comprising: a plurality of vessels for receiving library members, each of the vessels having an inlet and an outlet; a detector for analyzing vessel effluent; a fluid handling system comprising: an entrance control volume and a plurality of flow restrictors, the flow restrictors providing fluid communication between the entrance control volume and the inlet of each of the vessels; a plurality of outlet conduits and a selection valve, the outlet conduits providing fluid communication between the outlet of each of the vessels and the selection valve; a sample bypass and a sampling valve, the sample bypass providing fluid communication between the selection valve and the sampling valve; a return line and an exit control volume, the return line providing fluid communication between the sampling valve and the exit control volume, wherein the selection valve is adapted to divert fluid from a selected vessel to the sample bypass while allowing fluid from non-selected vessels to flow to the exit control volume via a common exhaust port, and the sampling valve provides selective fluid communication between the sample bypass and the detector, and between the sample bypass and the exit control volume; wherein resistance to fluid flow in the fluid handling system is greatest in the flow restrictors and resistance to fluid flow in each of the flow restrictors is approximately the same, so that maintaining a higher pressure in the entrance control volume than in the exit control volume results in fluid flow from the entrance control volume to the exit control volume that is apportioned approximately equally between each of the vessels.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a pressure regulator in the entrance control volume.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising a pressure regulator in the exit control volume.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the fluid handling system further comprises a fluid distribution valve having a first valve portion and a second valve portion, and a plurality of exhaust conduits providing fluid communication between the fluid distribution valve and the exit control volume; wherein the first valve portion provides selective fluid communication between a test fluid source and the flow restrictors and between the test fluid source and the exhaust conduits; the second valve portion provides selective fluid communication between an inert fluid source and the flow restrictors and between the inert fluid source and the exhaust conduits; and the resistance to fluid flow in each of the exhaust conduits is approximately the same and is about equal to the resistance to fluid flow in each of the flow restrictors so that fluid flow is apportioned approximately equally between each of the vessels and exhaust conduits.

21. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: a first metering tube and a second metering tube in fluid communication with the sampling valve, the first metering tube and the second metering tube having substantially the same volume, and the sampling valve adapted to switch between a first flow network and a second flow network; wherein the first flow network provides fluid communication between the sample bypass, the first metering tube and the exit control volume, and between a carrier gas source, the second metering tube, and the detector; the second flow network provides fluid communication between the sample bypass, the second metering tube and the exit control volume, and between the carrier gas source, the first metering tube and the detector; so that switching from the first flow network to the second flow network results in transport of sample fluid within the first metering tube to the detector, and switching from the second flow network to the first flow network results in transport of sample fluid within the second metering tube to the detector.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the overall resistance to fluid flow in each flow path between the vessel outlets and the exit control volume is approximately the same.

23. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the flow restrictors are one of capillary tubes, micromachined channels, and pin holes.

24. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: flow regulators located along flow paths between the flow restrictors and one of the entrance control volume, the exit control volume and the vessels.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein each of the flow regulators comprise: a flow sensor in communication with a flow controller; wherein the flow sensor determines flow rate by detecting a temperature difference between sensor elements located upstream of the flow controller; and the flow controller adjusts fluid flow rate in response to a signal from the flow sensor by changing fluid temperature in the flow path.

26. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a system for regulating temperature of each of the vessels.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the system for regulating temperature of each of the vessels comprises a heating element and a temperature sensor, the heating element and temperature sensor in thermal contact with the vessels and in communication with a processor; wherein the processor adjusts the temperature of the vessels in response to a signal from the temperature sensor by changing heat output of the heating element.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising a plurality of elongated heating elements, wherein all of the elongated heating elements in thermal contact with a particular row of vessels are in approximate axial alignment and are about parallel to the particular row of vessels.

29. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the detector is one of a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, a visible spectrometer, an ultraviolet spectrometer, and an infrared spectrometer.

30. The apparatus of claim 17 further comprising an assembly for containing the vessels, the assembly comprised of: a base block having a planar top surface, and a bottom surface, the top surface of the base block having a plurality of wells formed thereon; and a cover block having a planar bottom surface, the bottom surface of the cover block disposed on the top surface of the base block, and the bottom surface of the cover block having a plurality of depressions formed thereon; wherein the cover block is removably attached to the base block, and each of the depressions is in substantial alignment with one of the wells, such that the aligned depressions and wells form cavities for containing the vessels.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the assembly further comprises vessel inlet ports and vessel outlet ports located on the bottom surface of the base cover; wherein each of the vessel inlet ports provides fluid communication with the inlet of only one of the vessels, and each of the vessel outlet ports provides fluid communication with the outlet of only one of the vessels.

32. A reactor for evaluating catalytic performance of members of a combinatorial library by contacting library members with a reactive fluid, the reactor comprising: a plurality of vessels for receiving library members, each of the vessels having an inlet and an outlet; a fluid handling system comprising: an entrance control volume in fluid communication with the inlet of each of the vessels; an exit control volume in fluid communication with the outlet of each of the vessels; and a plurality of flow restrictors providing fluid communication between each of the vessels and one of the entrance control volume and the exit control volume; wherein resistance to fluid flow in the fluid handling system is greatest in the flow restrictors and resistance to fluid flow in each of the flow restrictors is approximately the same, so that maintaining a higher pressure in the entrance control volume than in the exit control volume results in fluid flow through the vessels that is apportioned approximately equally between each of the vessels.

33. The reactor of claim 32 further comprising a pressure regulator in the entrance control volume.

34. The reactor of claim 33 further comprising a pressure regulator in the exit control volume.

35. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a sampling probe selectively positioned in the exit control volume to sample fluid flowing from a single flow restrictor and adapted to transport sample fluid to a detector.

36. The apparatus of claim 35, further comprising a sampling valve and a return line, the sampling valve providing selective fluid communication between the sampling probe and the return line, and between the sampling probe and the detector; wherein the return line vents fluid into the exit control volume.

37. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising: a plurality of outlet conduits and a selection valve, the outlet conduits providing fluid communication between the outlet of each of the vessels and the selection valve; a sample bypass and a sampling valve, the sample bypass providing fluid communication between the selection valve and the sampling valve; and a return line, the return line providing fluid communication between the sampling valve and the exit control volume; wherein the selection valve is adapted to divert fluid from a selected vessel to the sample bypass while allowing fluid from non-selected vessels to flow to the exit control volume, and the sampling valve is adapted to provide selective fluid communication between the sample bypass and the return line and between the sample bypass and a detector.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising: a first metering tube and a second metering tube in fluid communication with the sampling valve, the first metering tube and the second metering tube having substantially the same volume, and the sampling valve adapted to switch between a first flow network and a second flow network; wherein the first flow network provides fluid communication between the sample bypass, the first metering tube and the exit control volume, and between a carrier gas source, the second metering tube, and the detector; the second flow network provides fluid communication between the sample bypass, the second metering tube and the exit control volume, and between the carrier gas source, the first metering tube and the detector; so that switching from the first flow network to the second flow network results in transport of sample fluid within the first metering tube to the detector, and switching from the second flow network to the first flow network results in transport of sample fluid within the second metering tube to the detector.

39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the overall resistance to fluid flow in each flow path between the vessel outlets and the exit control volume is approximately the same.

40. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the fluid handling system further comprises a fluid distribution valve having a first valve portion and a second valve portion, and a plurality of exhaust conduits providing fluid communication between the fluid distribution valve and the exit control volume; wherein the first valve portion provides selective fluid communication between a reactive fluid source and the flow restrictors and between the reactive fluid source and the exhaust conduits; the second valve portion provides selective fluid communication between an inert fluid source and the flow restrictors and between the inert fluid source and the exhaust conduits; and the resistance to fluid flow in each of the exhaust conduits is approximately the same and is about equal to the resistance to fluid flow in each of the flow restrictors, so that fluid flow is apportioned approximately equally between each of the vessels and exhaust conduits.

41. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the flow restrictors are one of capillary tubes, micromachined channels, and pin holes.

42. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising: flow regulators located along flow paths between the flow restrictors and one of the entrance control volume, the exit control volume and the vessels.

43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein each of the flow regulators comprise: a flow sensor in communication with a flow controller; wherein the flow sensor determines flow rate by detecting a temperature difference between sensor elements located upstream of the flow controller; and the flow controller adjusts fluid flow rate in response to a signal from the flow sensor by changing fluid temperature in the flow path.

44. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a system for regulating temperature of each of the vessels.

45. The apparatus of claim 44, wherein the system for regulating temperature of each of the vessels comprises a heating element and a temperature sensor, the heating element and temperature sensor in thermal contact with the vessels and in communication with a processor; wherein the processor adjusts the temperature of the vessels in response to a signal from the temperature sensor by changing heat output of the heating element.

46. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising a plurality of elongated heating elements, wherein all of the elongated heating elements in thermal contact with a particular row of vessels are in approximate axial alignment and are about parallel to the particular row of vessels.

47. The apparatus of claim 32 further comprising an assembly for containing the vessels, the assembly comprised of: a base block having a planar top surface, and a bottom surface, the top surface of the base block having a plurality of wells formed thereon; and a cover block having a planar bottom surface, the bottom surface of the cover block disposed on the top surface of the base block, and the bottom surface of the cover block having a plurality of depressions formed thereon; wherein the cover block is removably attached to the base block, and each of the depressions is in substantial alignment with one of the wells, such that the aligned depressions and wells form cavities for containing the vessels.

48. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the assembly further comprises vessel inlet ports and vessel outlet ports located on the bottom surface of the base cover; wherein each of the vessel inlet ports provides fluid communication with the inlet of only one of the vessels, and each of the vessel outlet ports provides fluid communication with the outlet of only one of the vessels.

49. A method of screening members of a combinatorial library comprising the steps of: confining a group of library members in a plurality of vessels, each of the confined library members present in about the same amount within each of the vessels; contacting each of the confined library members with a test fluid by flowing the test fluid through each of the vessels; detecting changes in the test fluid following contact with each of the confined library members; and relating changes in the test fluid to a property of each of the library members; wherein the contacting step is carried out simultaneously for at least two of the confined library members, the detecting step is carried out simultaneously for the at least two of the confined library members, and the amount of test fluid flowing through each of the vessels per unit time is about the same.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the time from initial contact with the test fluid to detection of changes in the test fluid is approximately the same for each of the confined library members.

51. The method of claim 49, wherein changes in the composition of the test fluid are measured in the detecting step.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein changes in the composition of the test fluid are measured by one of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, visible spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry, and infrared spectrometry.

53. The method of claim 49, wherein the test fluid can undergo chemical reaction in the contacting step.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the property of each of the library members is catalysis of the chemical reaction.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein changes in the composition of the test fluid are measured in the detecting step.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the total time to screen at least six library members is less than about six minutes.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein the total time to screen at least six library members is less than about three minutes.

58. The method of claim 55, wherein the total time to screen at least 48 library members is less than about 48 minutes.

59. The method of claim 55, wherein the total time to screen at least 48 library members is less than about 24 minutes.

60. The method of claim 49, wherein the confined library members are exposed to one of a uniform temperature, and a linear temperature gradient.

61. A method of making a mixed inorganic oxide comprising the steps of: dissolving metal precursors and a polymer in a solvent so as to form a metal-rich solution, the polymer having polar functionalities that bind to metal or metalloid ions and prevent the ions from precipitating out of the metal rich solution; drying the metal-rich solution so as to form a dry metal-rich solution; and calcining the dry metal-rich solution.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the metal precursors of the dissolving step are salts of transition metals, alkaline earth metals or lanthanide series metals, alone or in combination.

63. The method of claim 61, wherein the metal precursors of the dissolving step are salts of Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cd, V, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ce, Eu, In, Pb, Sn, or Bi, alone or in combination.

64. The method of claim 61, wherein at least one of the metal precursors of the dissolving step is present in the aqueous metal-rich solution at a concentration of at least about 0.5 M.

65. The method of claim 61, wherein at least one of the metal precursors of the dissolving step is present in the aqueous metal-rich solution at a concentration of at least about 1 M.

66. The method of claim 61, wherein the polymer of the dissolving step is poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, or ethylene vinyl acetate, alone or in combination.

67. The method of claim 61, wherein the polymer of the dissolving step is poly(acrylic acid).

68. The method of claim 61, wherein the solvent of the dissolving step is water.

69. The method of claim 61, wherein the drying step comprises lyophilizing the aqueous metal-rich solution.

70. The method of claim 61, wherein the drying step comprises heating the aqueous metal-rich solution.

71. The method of claim 61, wherein the calcining step comprises heating the dry metal-rich solution at a temperature sufficient to fully oxidize the dry metal-rich solution in less than about four hours.

72. The method of claim 61, further comprising the step of applying the aqueous metal-rich solution on a substrate.

73. A method of making and analyzing a mixed inorganic oxide comprising the steps of: loading a vessel with liquid-phase metal precursors; drying the liquid-phase metal precursors so as to form a mixture of dry metal precursors; calcining the mixture of dry metal precursors so as to form a mixed inorganic oxide; and contacting the mixed inorganic oxide with a test fluid; wherein the liquid-phase metal precursors, the mixture of dry metal precursors and the mixed inorganic oxide are contained within the vessel of the loading step during the drying step, the calcining step and the contacting step, respectively.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the liquid-phase metal precursors of the loading step are metal salts dissolved in a solvent.

75. The method of claim 73, wherein the liquid-phase metal precursors of the loading step are metal salts dissolved in water.

76. The method of claim 73, wherein the drying step comprises lyophilizing the liquid-phase metal precursors.

77. The method of claim 73, wherein the drying step comprises heating the liquid-phase metal precursors.

78. The method of claim 73, wherein the calcining step comprises heating the mixture of dry metal precursors at a temperature sufficient to fully oxidize the dry metal precursors in less than about four hours.

79. The method of claim 73, wherein the test fluid undergoes chemical reaction in the contacting step.

80. The method of claim 73, further comprising the steps of: detecting changes in the test fluid following contact with the mixed inorganic oxide; and relating changes in the test fluid to a property of the mixed inorganic oxide.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein changes in composition of the test fluid are measured in the detecting step.

82. The method of claim 80, wherein the property of the mixed inorganic oxide of the relating step is catalytic performance.

83. A method of making and analyzing a mixed inorganic oxide comprising the steps of: loading a vessel with metal precursors, a polymer, and a solvent so as to form a metal-rich solution, the polymer having polar functionalities that bind to metal or metalloid ions and prevent the ions from precipitating out of the metal-rich solution; drying the metal-rich solution so as to form a dry metal-rich solution; and calcining the dry metal-rich solution so as to form a mixed inorganic oxide; and contacting the mixed inorganic oxide with a test fluid; wherein the metal-rich solution, the dry metal-rich solution and the mixed inorganic oxide are contained within the vessel of the loading step during the drying step, the calcining step and the contacting step, respectively.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein the metal precursors of the loading step are salts of transition metals, alkaline earth metals or lanthanide series metals, alone or in combination.

85. The method of claim 83, wherein the metal precursors of the loading step are salts of Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cd, V, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ce, Eu, In, Pb, Sn, or Bi, alone or in combination.

86. The method of claim 83, wherein at least one of the metal precursors of the loading step is present in the metal-rich solution at a concentration of at least about 0.5 M.

87. The method of claim 83, wherein at least one of the metal precursors of the loading step is present in the metal-rich solution at a concentration of at least about 1 M.

88. The method of claim 83, wherein the polymer of the loading step is poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, or ethylene vinyl acetate, alone or in combination.

89. The method of claim 83, wherein the polymer of the loading step is poly(acrylic acid).

90. The method of claim 83, wherein the solvent of the loading step is water.

91. The method of claim 83, wherein the drying step comprises lyophilizing the metal-rich solution.

92. The method of claim 83, wherein the drying step comprises heating the metal-rich solution.

93. The method of claim 83, wherein the calcining step comprises heating the dry metal-rich solution at a temperature sufficient to fully oxidize the dry metal-rich solution in less than about four hours.

94. The method of claim 83, further comprising the steps of: detecting changes in the test fluid following contact with the mixed inorganic oxide; and relating changes in the test fluid to a property of the mixed inorganic oxide.

95. The method of claim 94, wherein changes in composition of the test fluid are measured in the detecting step.

96. The method of claim 94, wherein the property of the mixed inorganic oxide of the relating step is catalytic performance.

97. An apparatus for converting liquid-phase metal precursors into mixed inorganic oxides and for analyzing the mixed inorganic oxides through contact with a test fluid, the apparatus comprising: vessels for containing the liquid-phase metal precursors and the mixed inorganic oxides, each of the vessels having an inlet and an outlet arranged so that the test fluid enters each of the vessels through the inlet, contacts the mixed inorganic oxides, and exits each of the vessels through the outlet; a removable seal at the outlet of each of the vessels for preventing the passage of the liquid-phase metal precursors through the outlet prior to converting the liquid-phase metal precursors into the mixed inorganic oxides; and fluid-permeable barrier adjacent the outlet of each of the vessels for preventing passage of the mixed inorganic oxides through the outlet during contact with the test fluid.

98. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein the fluid-permeable barrier is one of quartz paper, glass frit, wire mesh and perforated plate.

99. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein the fluid-permeable barrier is quartz paper.

100. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein the removable seal is heat labile.

101. The apparatus of claim 100, wherein the removable seal is a wax.

102. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein the removable seal is a heat labile material disposed on the fluid-permeable barrier.

103. The apparatus of claim 97, further comprising an assembly for holding the vessels.

104. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein each of the vessels are wells formed in a block.

105. An apparatus for converting liquid-phase metal precursors into mixed inorganic oxides and for analyzing the mixed inorganic oxides through contact with a test fluid, the apparatus comprising: a first block having a top surface and a generally planar bottom surface and holes extending from the top surface to the bottom surface of the first block, the holes defining lateral walls of vessels for containing the liquid-phase metal precursors and the mixed inorganic oxides; a fluid permeable barrier having generally planar top and bottom surfaces, the top surface of the barrier disposed on the bottom surface of the first block for preventing passage of the mixed inorganic oxides through the bottom surface of the first block during contact with the test fluid; a second block having a bottom surface, a generally planar top surface disposed on the bottom surface of the barrier, and holes extending from the top surface to the bottom surface of the second block, the holes of the second block substantially aligned with the holes of the first block so that test fluid entering holes of the first block contacts the mixed inorganic oxides and exits through the holes in the second block; and a removable seal located adjacent to the barrier for preventing the passage of the liquid-phase metal precursors through the bottom surface of the bottom surface of the first block prior to converting the liquid-phase metal precursors into the mixed inorganic oxides.

106. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the fluid-permeable barrier is one of glass frit, wire mesh and perforated plate.

107. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the fluid-permeable barrier is quartz paper.

108. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the removable seal is heat labile.

109. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the removable seal is a wax.

110. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the removable seal is a heat labile material disposed on the fluid-permeable barrier.