Apparatus for interrupting an electrical circuit

Abstract

An electrical circuit interrupter includes a primary or normal current carrying path and a transient or alternative current carrying path. The normal current carrying path is established by a movable spanner extending between stationary contacts during normal operation. The transient current carrying path includes at least one variable resistance element which transitions from a lower resistance to a higher resistance during interruption. The transient current carrying path forms an open circuit in parallel with the normal current carrying path during normal operation. Upon interruption, the transient current carrying path is favored for the fault current, completely interrupting the normal current carrying path. The variable resistance elements increase their resistivity during this phase of operation to aid in providing high levels of back-EMF for complete interruption of fault current through the device and limitation of let-through energy.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of electrical circuit interrupting devices adapted to complete and interrupt electrical current carrying paths between a source of electrical power and a load. More particularly, the invention relates to a novel technique for rapidly interrupting an electrical circuit and dissipating energy in a circuit interrupter upon interruption of a current carrying path.

2. Description of the Related Art

A great number of applications exist for circuit interrupting devices which selectively complete and interrupt current carrying paths between a source of electrical power and a load. In most conventional devices of this type, such as circuit breakers, a movable member carries a contact and is biased into a normal operating position against a stationary member which carries a similar contact. A current carrying path is thereby defined between the movable and stationary members. Such devices may be configured as single-phase structures, or may include several parallel mechanisms, such as for use in three-phase circuits.

Actuating assemblies in circuit interrupters have been developed to provide for extremely rapid circuit interruption in response to overload conditions, over current conditions, heating, and other interrupt-triggering events. A variety of such triggering mechanisms are known. For example, in conventional circuit breakers, bi-metallic structures may be employed in conjunction with toggling mechanisms to rapidly displace the movable contacts from the stationary contacts upon sufficient differential heating between the bi-metallic members. Electromechanical operator structures are also known which may initiate displacement of a movable contact member upon the application of sufficient current to the operator. These may also be used in conjunction with rapid-response mechanical structures such as toggle mechanisms, to increase the rapidity of the interrupter response.

In such circuit interrupters, a general goal is to interrupt at current close to zero as rapidly as possible. Certain conventional structures have made use of natural zero crossings in the input power source to effectively interrupt the current through the interrupter device. However, the total let-through energy in such devices may be entirely unacceptable in many applications and can lead to excessive heating or failure of the device or damage to devices coupled downstream from the interrupter in a power distribution circuit. Other techniques have been devised which force the current through the interrupter to a zero level more rapidly. In one known device, for example, a light-weight conductive spanner is displaced extremely rapidly under the influence of an electromagnetic field generated by a core and winding arrangement. The rapid displacement of the spanner causes significant investment in the expanding arcs and effectively extinguishes the arcs through the intermediary of a stack of conductive splitter plates. A device of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,861, issued on Dec. 24, 1996 to Wieloch et al.

While currently known devices are generally successful at interrupting current upon demand, further improvement is still needed. For example, in devices that do not depend upon a natural zero crossing in the incoming power, back-EMF is generally relied upon to extinguish the arcs generated upon opening, which, themselves, define a transient current carrying path. The provision of spaced-apart splitter plates establishes a portion of this transient current carrying path and represents resistance to flow of the transient current, producing needed back-EMF. However, depending upon the level of power applied to the device, such sources of back-EMF may be insufficient to provide sufficient resistance to current flow to limit the let-through energy to desired levels. In particular, splitter plates, as one of the sources of back-EMF, may fail at higher voltage levels (current tending to shunt around the plates, for example), imposing a limitation to the back-EMF achievable by conventional structures. As a result, depending upon the nature of the event triggering the circuit interruption, the excessive let through energy can degrade or even render inoperative the interrupter device.

There is a need, therefore, for an improved circuit interrupting device which can provide efficient current carrying capabilities during normal operation, and which can rapidly interrupt current carrying paths, while limiting let through energy to reduced levels by virtue of rapid arc extinction. There is a particular need for a new device structure which is economical to manufacture and can be packaged in various sizes and ratings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a novel technique for interrupting an electrical circuit and for dissipating energy in a circuit interrupter designed to respond to these needs. The technique may be employed in a wide variety of circuit interrupting devices, such as circuit breakers, motor controllers, switch gear, and so forth. Moreover, the technique may be incorporated with various interrupter structures, such as interrupters employing a light-weight spanner displaced under the influence of an electromagnetic field generated by a core, as well as various other triggering mechanisms which initiate circuit interruption.

In accordance with the technique, a transient current carrying path includes at least one variable or controllable resistance element. The element establishes a preferred current path during an initial phase of circuit interruption to cause current flow through the transient current carrying path and thereby to interrupt flow through a normal or main path through the interrupter. The element then changes a conductive state to enhance the energy-dissipating capabilities of the transient current carrying path. In a preferred configuration, a variable resistance structure is positioned adjacent to incoming and outgoing conductors, and is in a relatively conductive state during the initial phase of circuit interruption. Current through arcs during this initial phase of interruption is conveyed into the transient current carrying path by virtue of the resistance of the element. A rapid change in the resistive state of the element then ensues, contributing to rapid interruption of the transient current by contributing additionally to the back-EMF through the device. The change in resistive state may be a function of heating by the transient current. The novel structure may be employed in both single and multi-phase circuit interrupters. The elements which establish the transient current carrying path, and which change their resistive state, may be static components, such as a polymer in which a dispersion of conductive material is doped, or what may be referred to as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials. The transient or alternative current carrying path may include a series of splitter plates separated by air gaps and electrically in series with the variable resistance element. The transient current carrying path may thus present an essentially open circuit during normal operation of the device, and may comprise only mechanically static elements electrically in parallel with the normal current path through the interrupter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a circuit interrupter in accordance with the present technique for selectively interrupting an electrical current carrying path between a load and a source;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view through the assembly of FIG. 1 , illustrating functional components of the assembly in a normal or biased position wherein a first current carrying path is established between the source and load;

FIG. 3 is a transverse sectional view through a portion of the device of FIG. 1 , illustrating the position of a movable conductive element in the device adjacent to a stationary conductive element;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged detailed view of a portion of the device as shown in FIG. 2 , including a variable resistance assembly for aiding in interrupting current through the device in accordance with certain aspects of the present technique;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatical representation of certain functional components illustrated in the previous figures, showing a normal or first current carrying path through the device as well as a transient or alternative current carrying path through the variable-resistance structures;

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatical representation of the functional components shown in FIG. 5 during a first phase of interruption of the normal current carrying path through the device;

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatical representation of the functional components shown in FIG. 6 at a subsequent stage of interruption;

FIGS. 8 a , 8 b , 8 c , 8 d and 8 e are schematic diagrams of equivalent circuits for the device in the stages of operation shown in FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 ;

FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of voltage and current traces during interruption of an exemplary conventional circuit interrupter; and

FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of exemplary voltage and current traces during interruption of a device in accordance with the present technique.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to the drawings, and referring first to FIG. 1 , a modular circuit interrupter is represented and designated generally by the reference numeral 10 . The circuit interrupter is designed to be coupled to an incoming or source conductor 12 and to an outgoing or load conductor 14 , and to selectively complete and interrupt current carrying paths between the conductors. The interrupter module as illustrated in FIG. 1 generally includes an outer housing 16 and an inner housing 18 in which the functional components of the module are disposed as described in greater detail below. Outer housing 16 is covered by a cap 20 .

It should be noted that the circuit interrupter module 10 , shown in FIG. 1 , is subject to various adaptations for incorporation into a wide variety of devices. For example, the interrupter module, and variants on the structure described below, may be incorporated into single phase or multi-phase interrupting devices such as circuit breakers, motor protectors, contactors, and so on. Accordingly, the module may be associated with a variety of triggering devices for initiating interruption, as well as with devices for preventing closure of the current carrying path following interruption. A range of such devices are well known in the art and may be adapted to function in cooperation with the module in accordance with the techniques described herein. Similarly, while in the embodiment described below a movable conductive element in the form of a spanner extends between a pair of stationary conductive elements or contacts, adaptations to the structure may include a movable element which contacts a single stationary element, or multiple movable elements which contact one another.

Returning to FIG. 1 , also visible in this view is an interrupt initiator assembly, designated generally by the reference numeral 22 . As described below, in the illustrated embodiment the initiator assembly causes initial interruption of a normal or first current carrying path through the device under the influence of an electromagnetic field. On either side of the interrupter assembly a series of splitter plates 24 are positioned and separated from one another by air gaps 26 . Below each stack of splitter plates, a variable or controllable resistance assembly 28 is positioned for directing current through an alternative current carrying path during interruption of the normal current carrying path, and for aiding in rapidly causing complete interruption of current through the device.

FIG. 2 represents a longitudinal section through the device shown in FIG. 1 . As illustrated in FIG. 2 , initiator assembly 22 is formed of a unitary core having a lower core portion 30 and an upper core portion 32 . Lower core portion 30 extends generally through the device, while upper core portion 32 includes a pair of upwardly-projecting elements or panels extending from the lower core portion 30 . These upwardly-projecting elements are best illustrated in FIG. 3 . In the illustrated embodiment, one of the conductors, such as conductor 14 , is wrapped around lower core portion 30 to form at least one turn 34 around the lower core portion, as illustrated in FIG. 2 . The turn or wrap around the core enhances an electromagnetic field generated during overload, overcurrent, and other interrupt-triggering events for initiating interruption. Lower and upper core portions 30 and 32 are preferably formed of a series of conductive plates 36 stacked and bound to one another to form a unitary structure. The individual plates in the core may be separated at desired locations by insulating members (not shown).

Conductors 12 and 14 are electrically coupled to respective stationary conductors 38 and 40 on either side of the initiator assembly. A variety of connection structures may be employed, such as bonding, soldering, and so forth. Each stationary conductor includes an upper surface which forms an arc runner, indicated respectively by reference numerals 42 and 44 in FIG. 2 . Stationary contacts 46 and 48 are bonded to each stationary conductor 38 and 40 , respectively, adjacent to the arc runners. In the embodiment illustrated in the Figures, the stationary conductors, the arc runners, and the stationary contacts are therefore at the electrical potential of the respective conductor to which they are coupled. A movable conductive element or spanner 50 extends between the stationary conductors and carries a pair of movable contacts 52 and 54 . In a normal or biased position, the movable conductive spanner is urged into contact with the stationary conductors to bring the stationary and movable contacts into physical contact with one another and thereby to complete the normal or first current carrying path through the device.

Each stationary conductor 38 and 40 extends from the arc runner to form a lateral extension 56 . Each extension 56 is electrically coupled to a respective variable resistance assembly 28 to establish a portion of the alternative current carrying path through the device. In the illustrated embodiment, each variable resistance assembly includes a spacer 58 , a series of variable or controllable resistance elements 60 , a conductor block 62 , a biasing member 64 , and a conductive member 66 . The presently preferred structure and operation of these components of the assemblies will be described in greater detail below. In general, however, each assembly offers an alternative path for electrical current during interruption of the normal current carrying path, and permits rapid interruption of all current through the device by transition of resistance characteristics of the alternative path. Splitter plates 24 , separated by air gaps 26 , are positioned above conductive member 66 , and a conductive shunt plate 68 extends between the stacks of splitter plates.

Certain of the foregoing elements are illustrated in the transverse sectional view of FIG. 3 . As shown in FIG. 3 , the plates 36 of the lower and upper core portions 30 and 32 form a generally H-shaped structure. An insulating liner 70 may extend between the upper core portions 32 and turns 34 , and the stationary and movable contacts, to protect the core and turns from the arc. Liner 70 may include an extension of an internal peripheral wall of inner housing 18 shown in FIG. 1. A biasing member, such as a compression spring 72 , is provided for urging the movable conductive spanner 50 into its normal or biased engaged position to complete the normal current carrying path. As mentioned above, in this orientation, movable and stationary contacts (see contacts 54 and 48 in FIG. 3 ) are physically joined to complete the normal current carrying path. In the illustrated embodiment lower core portion 30 also forms a trough 74 in which conductor 14 and at least one extension of turn 34 of the conductor are disposed.

The foregoing functional components of interrupter module 10 may be formed of any suitable material. For example, plates 36 of the core portions may be formed of a ferromagnetic material, such as steel. Stationary conductors 38 and 40 may be formed of a conductive material such as copper, and may be plated in desired locations. Similarly, movable conductive element 50 is made of an electrically conductive material such as copper. The stationary and movable contacts provided on the stationary and movable conductive elements are also made of a conductive material, preferably a material which provides some resistance to degradation during opening and closing of the device. For example, the contacts may be made of a durable material such as copper-tungsten alloy bonded to the respective conductive element. Finally, conductive members 66 , splitter plates 24 and shunt plate 68 may be made of any suitable electrically conductive material, such as steel.

The components of the variable resistance assemblies 28 are illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 4 . In the illustrated embodiment, each stationary conductor, such as stationary conductor 38 , includes a lower corner 76 formed between the arc runner (see FIG. 2 ) and the lateral extension 56 . The lateral extension is generally supported by the inner housing 16 . One or more variable resistance elements 60 are electrically coupled between each extension 56 and a respective conductive member 66 , through the intermediary of a conductor block 62 , if necessary. That is, where the spacing in the device requires electrical continuity to be assisted by such a conductive member, one is provided. Alternative configurations may be envisaged, however, where a conductor block 62 is not needed and electrical continuity between the stationary conductor and conductive member 66 is provided by the variable resistance elements alone. Moreover, in the illustrated embodiment, spacer 58 , which is made of a non-conductive material, is positioned within the lower corner 76 between the lateral extension and a side or end surface of the variable resistance elements. In general, such spacers may be positioned in the device to reduce free volumes 78 , or to change the geometry of such volumes, and thereby to limit or direct flow of gasses and plasma in the device during interruption. Again, where the geometry of the device sufficiently controls such gas or plasma flow, spacers of this type may be eliminated.

Electrical continuity between extensions 56 and conductive members 60 is further enhanced by biasing member 64 . A variety of such biasing members may be envisaged. In the illustrated embodiment, however, the biasing member consists of a roll pin positioned between a lower face of lateral extension 56 and a trough formed in the inner housing. The biasing member forces the extension upwardly, thereby insuring good electrical connection between the extension, the variable resistance elements, and conductive member 66 .

In the illustrated embodiment, a group of three variable resistance elements is disposed on either side of the initiator assembly. The variable resistance elements are electrically coupled to one another in series, and the groups of elements form a portion of the transient or alternative current carrying path through the device as discussed below. Depending upon the desired resistance in each of these assemblies, more or fewer such elements may be employed. Moreover, various types of elements 60 may be used for implementing the present technique. In the illustrated embodiment, each element 60 comprises a conductive polymer such as polyethylene doped with a dispersion of carbon black. Such materials are commercially available in various forms, such as from Raychem of Menlo Park, Calif., under the designation PolySwitch. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the series of three such elements has a thickness of approximately 1 mm. and contact surface dimensions of approximately 8 mm.×8 mm. In addition, to provide good termination and electrical continuity between the series of elements 60 , each element body 80 may be covered on its respective faces 82 by a conductive terminal layer 84 . Terminal layer 84 may be formed of any of a variety of materials, such as copper. Moreover, such terminal layers may be bonded to the faces of the element body by any suitable process, such as by electroplating.

While the conductive polymer material mentioned above is presently preferred, other suitable materials may be employed in the variable resistance structures in accordance with the present technique. Such materials may include metallic and ceramic materials, such as BaTiO 3 ceramics and so forth. In general, variable resistance elements such as elements 60 change their resistance or resistive state during operation from a relatively low resistance level to a relatively high resistance level. Commercially available materials, for example, change state in a relatively narrow band of operating temperatures, and are thus sometimes referred to as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors. By way of example, such materials may increase their resistivity from on the order of 10 mΩcm at room temperature to on the order of 10 MΩcm at 120°-130° C. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, each element transitions during interruption of the device from a resistance of approximately less than 1 mΩ to a resistance of approximately 100 mΩ.

The voltage provided by these elements during fault interruption is a function of time that also depends on external circuit parameters which may vary. For example, under a typical 480 volt AC, 5 kA available conditions with 70% power factor, each element generates a back-EMF that rises smoothly from zero to approximately 12 volts at 1.5 ms after fault initiation and holds relatively constant thereafter until the fault current is terminated. As discussed more fully below, in the present technique, the elements do not pass current during normal operation, that is, as current is passed through a normal current carrying path in the device. Thus, during normal operation the elements do not offer voltage drop with normal load currents.

FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 illustrate current carrying paths through the device described above, both prior to and during interruption. As illustrated diagramatically in FIG. 5 , a normal or first current carrying path through the device, represented generally by reference numeral 86 , includes segments A, B and C. Segment A includes conductor 12 extending up to and partially through stationary conductor 38 . Similarly, section B includes conductor 14 and a portion of stationary conductor 40 . It should be noted that the turn around the interrupt initiator assembly described above is not illustrated in FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 for the sake of simplicity. Section C of the normal current carrying path 86 is established by the stationary conductors 38 and 40 , by movable conductive spanner 50 , and the stationary and movable contacts disposed therebetween. Thus, during normal operation, current may flow freely between the source and load. The normal current carrying path is maintained by biasing of the movable conductive spanner against the stationary conductors.

A transient or alternative current carrying path is defined through the variable resistance assemblies described above. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , this transient current carrying path, designated generally by the reference numeral 88 , includes section A described above, as well as a section D extending through the extension 56 of stationary conductor 38 , the variable resistance elements 60 associated therewith, the conductor block 62 , if provided, and conductive member 66 . The transient current carrying path then extends through the series of air gaps and splitter plates, and therefrom through shunt plate 68 . Moreover, the transient current carrying path also is defined by section B described above, through conductor 14 , and through extension 56 of stationary conductor 40 , as well as through the variable resistance elements, conductor block and conductive member 66 associated therewith, as indicated by the letter E in FIG. 5 . Thus, the alternative or transient current carrying path through the device extends between the source and load conductors, through the variable resistance assemblies, the splitter plates, air gaps, and shunt plate, these various components being electrically connected in series. It should be noted, however, that during normal operation, the resistance offered by the transient current carrying path, particularly by the air gaps between the splitter plates, forms an open circuit preventing current flow through the transient current carrying path, and forcing all current through the device to be channeled via the normal current carrying path 86 .

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7 , interruption of current flow through the device is illustrated in subsequent phases. From the normal or biased position of FIG. 5 , interruption is initiated as shown in FIG. 6 by repulsion of the conductive spanner 50 from the stationary conductors. In the illustrated embodiment, this repulsion results from a strong electromagnetic field generated by the initiator assembly. Other types of interruption initiation may, of course, be provided. As the conductive spanner 50 is moved from its normal or biased position, as indicated by arrow 90 in FIG. 6 , arcs 92 form between the movable and stationary contacts of the spanner and stationary conductors. These arcs migrate from the contacts outwardly along the arc runners and contact conductive members 66 of each variable resistance assembly. At this initial phase of interruption, variable resistance elements 60 are placed electrically in parallel with a respective arc 92 and, following sufficient movement of the conductive spanner, offer a lower resistance to current flow between a respective stationary conductor and conductive member 66 . Current flow then transitions from the arc path through the variable resistance assemblies, extinguishing the arc at the location illustrated in FIG. 6 , and directing current through the transient or alternative current carrying path. As illustrated in FIG. 7 , further movement of the conductive spanner may then proceed with complete interruption of the normal current carrying path, and current flow only through the transient current carrying path.

The interruption sequence described above is illustrated schematically in FIGS. 8 a - 8 e through equivalent circuit diagrams. As shown first in FIG. 8 a , with conductive spanner 50 in its biased position, the normal current carrying path is establish between conductors 12 and 14 . The variable resistance assemblies, represented by variable resistors 96 in FIG. 8 a , in combination with air gaps between conductive members 66 and splitter plates 24 , represented by resistors 98 in the Figure, offer sufficient resistance to current flow to establish an open circuit through the transient current carrying path.

Upon initial interruption of the normal current carrying path, arcs established between the movable and stationary conductive elements define resistances 100 a between the stationary conductors and spanner 50 as shown in FIG. 8 b . At this stage of operation, resistors 96 defined by the variable resistance assemblies, remain at their relatively low resistivity levels. Subsequently, a shown in FIG. 8 c , expanding arcs established between the stationary conductors 38 and 40 , and spanner 50 , extend to contact conductive members 66 , to establish equivalent resistances 100 b and 100 c on each side of the device. It will be noted that equivalent resistances 100 b established by the arcs are electrically in parallel with variable resistors 96 . When the resistance offered by these assemblies, balanced with the resistance offered by the expanding and migrating arcs, favors transfer of current flow through the transient current carrying path, the transient current carrying path begins conducting all current through the device, extinguishing the arcs at the initial locations and resulting in heating of the variable resistance assemblies. Thus, in a subsequent phase of interruption, illustrated schematically in FIG. 8 d , all current flows through the transient current carrying path. During this intermediate stage of interruption, the transient current carrying path extends through the variable resistors 96 , through arcs 100 c and through spanner 50 . As the spanner is displaced further in its movement, as indicated by arrow 90 , interruption is eventually completed, terminating all current flow through the device, as indicated in FIG. 8 e.

With heating during these progressive phases of interruption, the variable resistance assemblies transition to their higher resistivity level. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, each variable resistance assembly provides, in the subsequent phase of interruption, a voltage drop of approximately 75 volts. Each air gap between the splitter plates, indicated at reference numeral 98 in FIGS. 8 a ,- 8 e , provides an additional 17 volts of back-EMF. A total back-EMF is provided in an exemplary structure, therefore, of approximately 900 volts, of which approximately 150 volts is provided by the variable resistance elements. It is believed that in the current structure, certain of the upper splitter plates and shunt plate 68 may contribute little additional back-EMF for interruption of current through the device. However, it is currently contemplated that one or more variable resistors comprising one or more layers of material, such as that defining assemblies 28 , may be added at upper levels in the transient current-carrying path to provide additional assistance in establishing back-EMF and interrupting current flow.

It has been found that the present technique offers superior circuit interruption, reducing times required for driving current to a zero level, and thereby substantially reducing let-through energy. Moreover, it has been found that the technique is particularly useful for high voltage (e.g. 480 volts) single phase applications. FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate a contrast between the performance of conventional circuit interrupters and performance of the exemplary structure described above.

As shown in FIG. 9 , where circuit interruption begins at a time to, a back-EMF voltage trace 102 in a conventional device rises sharply, as does a trace of current 104 through a splitter plate and shunt bar arrangement. The back-EMF voltage reaches a peak 106 , then declines and oscillates as shown at reference numeral 108 . In exemplary tests of a single phase device, with a 480 volt source, an available current of approximately 8,000 Amps, and a power factor of approximately 60%, a clearing time (t 0 to t f ) of approximately 3.8 ms was obtained. A peak back-EMF was realized at a level of approximately 913 volts. Let-through energy, represented generally at reference numeral 112 in FIG. 9 was approximately 10.7×10 4 A 2 s.

As illustrated in FIG. 10 , a back-ENF voltage trace 114 for an interrupter of the type described above exhibits a similar rise following initiation of interruption at time t 0 , while a trace of current 116 rises significantly more slowly than in the conventional case. Moreover, the voltage trace reaches an initial level 118 , followed by a further rise to a higher sustained peak, as indicated at reference numeral 120 , before falling off with the decline of current to a zero level at time t f , as indicated at reference numeral 122 . In exemplary tests, with similar conditions to those set forth above, a clearing time of approximately 2.72 ms was obtained, with a peak back-EMF of 1010 volts. Let-through energy, represented generally at reference numeral 124 , was approximately 7.60×10 3 A 2 s.

In addition to establishing a transient or alternative current carrying path for rapidly interrupting current through the device as described above, the present technique serves to reduce or eliminate arc retrogression during interruption. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, arc retrogression is a common and problematic failure mode in circuit breakers and other circuit interrupters, particularly under high voltage, single-phase conditions. In this failure mode, parasitic arcs external to the splitter plate stack provide parallel paths to arcs within the splitter plate stacks. Arc retrogression is believed to be caused by residual ionization resulting from prior arcing, and from strong electric fields due to high back-EMF concentrations. When new arcs are initiated, back-EMF drops precipitously and older arcs in the splitter plate stack are extinguished as volt current transfers to the new lower voltage, lower resistance arc. The new arc then folds into the splitter plate stack, increasing its back-EMF until the retrogression threshold is reached again and the process is repeated, giving rise to a characteristic high frequency voltage oscillation. As a result of such oscillations, the average back-EMF through the successive retrogression cycles is lower than it would be without such cycles, prolonging the process of driving the current to a zero level, and permitting additional let-through energy.

Through the present technique, such retrogression is significantly reduced or eliminated. In particular, the use of the variable or controlled resistance material in the transient current carrying path, provides additional back-EMF, removing some of the load from the splitter plate stack which can then operate below the retrogression threshold and circumvent the retrogression-related voltage oscillations. The use of the material adjacent to the core in the preferred embodiment also redistributes the back-EMF within the device, shifting an additional portion of the back-EMF to a location adjacent the core where magnetic field density is greater and aids in opposing retrogression by raising its threshold.

As noted above, additional variable resistance material may be provided at elevated levels in the transient current carrying path. Such additional structures are believed to enable further reduction in the occurrence of retrogression. In particular, prior to transition of the materials to an elevated resistance level, they provide a short circuit or lower resistance path, preventing the retrogression effects. Upon heating and transition to a higher resistance level, such structures would provide additional sources of back-EMF to assist in driving the fault current to a zero level. It is also noted that because a time delay is inherent in conversion of the additional structures from one resistance level to another by heating, such delays would permit residual ionization (associated with arc commutation to the splitter plates adjacent to such variable resistance structures) to decay somewhat before the electric field subsequently appears. As the level of residual ionization decreases, the electric field or voltage per unit length required to initiate retrogression increases. Thus, the delay in transition of the material to a higher resistance level permits a higher back-EMF to be eventually applied to more rapidly bring the fault current to a zero level without initiating unstable arc retrogression.

While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown and described herein by way of example only. It should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims. For example, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the foregoing innovations may be incorporated into various forms of switching devices and circuit interrupters. Similarly, certain of the present teachings may be used in single-phase devices as well as multi-phase devices, and in devices having different numbers of poles, and various arrangements for initiating circuit interruption. Moreover, the present technique may be equally well employed in interrupters having a single movable contact element or multiple movable elements. As mentioned above, the variable resistance elements and assemblies may be placed in different locations of the transient current carrying path described, including in locations above the stationary conductors, such as adjacent to or in place of the shunt bar, for example.

Claims

1. An apparatus for interrupting an electrical current carrying path between two conductors, the apparatus comprising:a primary current carrying path electrically in series between incoming and outgoing conductors, the primary current carrying path including first and second conductive elements electrically coupled to one another to establish the primary current carrying path during a first phase of operation, at least one of the first and second conductive elements being displaceable with respect to the other conductive element to form an expanding arc therebetween and to interrupt the primary current carrying path during a second phase of operation; and a static transient current carrying path disposed electrically in parallel with the primary current carrying path and electrically in series between the incoming and outgoing conductors, the static transient current carrying path defining an open circuit section and carrying no current during the first phase of operation and contributing to interruption of current through both the primary and static transient current carrying paths of the apparatus during the second phase of operation, the transient current carrying path including a controllable resistance element electrically in series with and upstream of the open circuit section and providing a first electrical resistance during the first phase of operation of the apparatus to facilitate transition of current into the transient current carrying path and a second electrical resistance during the second phase of operation to facilitate interruption of current through the apparatus, the open circuit section including a plurality of spaced-apart conductors, at least one of the conductors contacting the expanding arc between the first and second conductive elements electrically around the resistance element during transition from the first phase of operation to the second phase of operation, whereby current is transitioned from the primary current carrying path to the transient current carrying path.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first conductive element is one of a pair of stationary conductive elements and the second conductive element is a movable conductive element.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an interruption initiation module for causing displacement of at least one of the first and second conductive elements.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the interruption initiation module includes an electromagnetic element which initiates movement of the second conductive element under the influence of an electromagnetic field.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transient current carrying path includes a pair of controllable resistance elements.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controllable resistance element transitions from the first electrical resistance to the second electrical resistance in response to heating.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the heating results at least in part from an arc produced during interruption of the primary current carrying path.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controllable resistance element is disposed electrically in series between the first conductive element and the spaced-apart conductors, and wherein the spaced-apart conductors are energy dissipating elements.

9. A circuit interrupter comprising:a first current carrying path, electrically in series between incoming and outgoing conductors, including first and second stationary conductive elements and a movable conductive element, the movable conductive element being displaceable between a closed position wherein the first current carrying path is established and an open position wherein an expanding arc is formed with a stationary conductive element and the first current carrying path is interrupted; and a static second current carrying path electrically in series between the incoming and outgoing conductors, and electrically in parallel with the first current carrying path, the second current carrying path defining an open circuit section through which no current flows during normal operation of the interrupter when the conductive element is in the closed position, and including at least one variable resistance element electrically in series with and upstream of the open circuit section, the variable resistance element having a first resistance during normal operation when the first current carrying path is established, and the variable resistance element transitioning to a second, higher resistance in response to interruption of the first current carrying path to interrupt current through the first and second current carrying paths of the interrupter, the open circuit section including a plurality of spaced-apart conductors, at least one of the conductors contacting the expanding arc between the stationary and movable conductive elements electrically around the resistance element during transition from normal operation in response to interruption of the first current carrying path, whereby current is transitioned from the first current carrying path to the second current carrying path.

10. The circuit interrupter of claim 9, wherein the variable resistance element includes a polymeric positive temperature coefficient material.

11. The circuit interrupter of claim 9, wherein the variable resistance element includes a plurality of fuse elements electrically coupled to one another in series.

12. The circuit interrupter of claim 9, wherein the variable resistance element includes a bonded terminal layer.

13. The circuit interrupter of claim 9, wherein the variable resistance element transitions from the first resistance to the second resistance in response to heating resulting from interruption of the first current carrying path.

14. The circuit interrupter of claim 9, wherein the second current carrying path includes a pair of variable resistance elements.

15. The circuit interrupter of claim 14, wherein the second current carrying path includes the spaced-apart conductors, and wherein the spaced-apart conductors are energy dissipating elements electrically in series with the pair of variable resistance elements.

16. The circuit interrupter of claim 15, wherein the spaced-apart conductors are energy dissipating plates spaced from one another by an air gap.

17. The circuit interrupter of claim 16, comprising first and second groups of spaced-apart conductors disposed adjacent to each of the first and second stationary conductive elements, respectively, and wherein *a variable resistance element is disposed adjacent to each group of spaced-apart conductors.

18. A circuit interrupter comprising:a pair of stationary conductive elements; a movable conductive element displaceable between a closed position wherein a first current carrying path electrically in series between incoming and outgoing conductors is established between the stationary conductive elements and an open position wherein an expanding arc is formed with the stationary conductive elements and the first current carrying path is interrupted; and at least one variable resistance element electrically coupled in a static second current carrying path electrically in series between the incoming and outgoing conductors, the static second current carrying path electrically in parallel with the first current carrying path, the second current carrying path forming an open circuit section and transmitting no current when the first current carrying path is established, the variable resistance element being disposed electrically in series with and upstream of the open circuit section and having a first electrical resistance to favor migration of current flow from the first current carrying path to the second current carrying path during an initial phase of interruption of the first current carrying path, and a second, higher electrical resistance during a subsequent phase of interruption to interrupt current through both the first and second current carrying paths of the interrupter, the open circuit section including a plurality of spaced-apart conductors, at least one of the conductors contacting the expanding arc between the movable conductive element and a stationary conductive element electrically around the resistance element during transition from the initial phase of operation to the subsequent phase of operation, whereby current is transitioned from the first current carrying path to the second current carrying path.

19. The circuit interrupter of claim 18, wherein the second current carrying path includes the spaced-apart conductors in series with the at least one variable resistance element.

20. The circuit interrupter of claim 19, wherein the spaced-apart conductors are conductive plates spaced from one another by respective air gaps.

21. The circuit interrupter of claim 18, comprising first and second variable resistance elements, the first variable resistance element being electrically coupled to a first of the stationary conductive elements and the second variable resistance element being electrically coupled to a second of the stationary conductive elements.

22. The circuit interrupter of claim 18, wherein the at least one variable resistance element includes a plurality of resistance elements stacked adjacent to one another in electrical series.

23. A circuit interrupter module for completing and interrupting an electrical current carrying path between a source and a load, the module comprising:a support assembly; first and second stationary conductive elements within the support assembly; a movable conductive element disposed within the support assembly, the movable conductive element being displaceable between a first position in contact between the stationary conductive elements and a second position spaced from the conductive elements to form an expanding arc therebetween; and a static transient current carrying path electrically in series between incoming and outgoing conductors, and defined at least partially within the support assembly, the static transient current carrying path being disposed electrically in parallel with the movable conductive element and forming an open circuit section, the transient current carrying path including at least one variable resistance element disposed electrically in series with and upstream of the open circuit section and in contact with either the first or the second stationary conductive element, the transient current carrying path conducting no current when the movable conductive element is in the first position and contributing to interruption of current through both the first and second current carrying paths of the module upon movement of the movable conductive element to the second position, the open circuit section including a plurality of spaced apart conductors, at least one of the conductors contacting the expanding arc between the movable conductive element and a stationary conductive element electrically around the resistance element during movement of the movable conductive element, whereby current is transitioned from the movable element to the transient current carrying path.

24. The module of claim 23, further including an interruption initiator for initiating movement of the movable conductive element from the first position to the second position.

25. The module of claim 24, wherein the interruption initiator includes an electromagnetic device configured to initiate displacement of the movable conductive element by magnetic flux.

26. The module of claim 23, comprising first and second variable resistance elements electrically coupled to the first and second stationary conductive elements, respectively.

27. The module of claim 23, wherein the at least one variable resistance element changes resistance in response to movement of the movable conductive element from the first to the second position.

28. The module of claim 23, wherein the at least one variable resistance element changes resistance as a function of temperature.

29. A modular circuit interrupter comprising:a normal current carrying path electrically in series between incoming and outgoing conductors, and having a movable element for completing and interrupting flow of electrical current, an expanding arc being formed in the normal current carrying path during movement of the movable element; and a static transient current carrying path electrically in series between the incoming and outgoing conductors, and electrically in parallel with the normal current carrying path and forming an open circuit section, and including a variable resistance element disposed electrically in series with and upstream of the open circuit section and configured to change a resistive state to dissipate energy upon interruption of flow of electrical current through the normal current carrying path, to conduct current through the static current carrying path and thereby to interrupt current through both the normal and static transient current carrying paths of the interrupter, the open circuit section including a plurality of spaced-apart conductors at least one of the conductors contacting the expanding arc from the normal current carrying path electrically around the resistance element for transition of current from the normal current carrying path to the transient current carrying path.

30. The interrupter of claim 29, wherein the transient current carrying path includes a pair of resistance elements.

31. The interrupter of claim 29, wherein the variable resistance element has a first resistance when the normal current carrying path is completed and transitions to a second, higher resistance in response to interruption of the normal current carrying path.

32. The interrupter of claim 31, wherein the transition from the first resistance to the second resistance is a function of temperature.

33. The interrupter of claim 29, wherein the spaced-apart conductors are spaced from one another by respective air gaps, and electrically in series with the variable resistance element.

34. The interrupter of claim 29, wherein the variable resistance element includes a polymer body doped with a conductive material.

35. The interrupter of claim 29, wherein the variable resistance element includes a plurality of variable resistive layers stacked electrically in series with one another.