The present invention is related to an apparatus for irradiating a target volume with a beam of charged particles such as protons or heavy ions and to a method for implementing said apparatus.
The present invention is also related to an apparatus for monitoring said beam.
A possible application of such apparatus is for the treatment of tumors in patients.
Many types of irradiation systems are used for the treatment of tumors in patients. It is important to precisely deliver the required dose to the tumor region, and as little dose as possible to the environing healthy tissues. It has been known to use X-rays or gamma rays for this purpose. High-energy electrons have also been used. However, heavier charged particles have the property that they deposit energy in matter according to the so-called “Bragg-peak”, i.e. a dose-depth curve having a plateau, a peak, and a sharp fall-off beyond the peak. The height of the peak corresponding to the depth of penetration of the beam in the tissues depends on energy. It is therefore possible to direct a beam to a precise volume in a patient.
Many techniques have been devised for delivering the dose according to a required pattern. The double scattering method combines the use of a first and a second scatterers for producing a beam having a width larger than the tumor to be treated, and a collimator for delimiting the beam to the exact tumor shape (CHU W. T. et al.:“Instrumentation for treatment of cancer using proton and light-ion beams” Rev.Sci. Instrum. 64(8), August 1993, pages 2080-2081).
In the so-called “voxel scanning method”, the target volume is divided in volume elements called “voxels”. The beam is directed to a first voxel, and when the prescribed dose is reached, the irradiation is stopped by diverting the beam in another direction with a fast kicker magnet. A sweeper magnet is then instructed to direct the beam to a next voxel, and the irradiation of this voxel is performed (PEDRONI E. et al.: “200 MeV proton therapy project at the Paul Scherrer Institute: Conceptual design and practical realization”, Med. Phys. 22(1), January 1995, pages 39-42).
The international application WO00/40064 in the name of the applicant discloses an improved technique, called “Pencil Beam Scanning” (hereafter named PBS) wherein the beam is not interrupted between the irradiation of successive individual voxels. Said method will be described hereafter in details. In the PBS method, as shown on
In the PBS method, as shown on
When the beam traverses matter, a scattering occurs, and the width of the beam is increased. For PBS, it is necessary that the beam be as narrow as possible.
In the above scheme, however, no certainty is given that the actual dose applied is equal to the required dose map. Many sources of noise, drift and errors may result in a discrepancy between actual and required dose. Moreover, for safety reasons, it is of the utmost importance that, in case of equipment failure, the irradiation apparatus reacts safely. Means for monitoring beam position and current in real-time, with good precision, over a large area, and that do not increase the beam width, and thereby allowing a fast control, have heretofore not been available.
The present invention aims to provide a PBS irradiation apparatus wherein the difference between the actual and required dose is minimised.
Another aim of the present invention is to provide an apparatus having an improved safety, in case of equipment failure.
The present invention also aims to provide an irradiation apparatus having means for monitoring the beam position and current in a precise and rapid way, and that do not increase the beam width.
In particular, the present invention aims to provide an irradiation apparatus and process, which allow optimal 3d conformation of the dose, with improved precision and safety.
A first object of the present invention is related to an irradiation apparatus for irradiating by scanning a target volume according to a predetermined dose profile with a scanning beam of charged particles forming an irradiation spot on said target volume, said apparatus comprising:
Preferably, the monitor device further comprises means for measuring the total instantaneous dose deposited by the beam in the target volume, and means for correcting this dose deposition or for pausing the beam and informing an external operator when said instantaneous dose is outside of an expected range. The term “total instantaneous dose” refers to the dose deposited in a short time interval (of the order of 100 microseconds) during the scanning. It is proportional to the instantaneous beam current divided by the scanning speed.
Preferably, the irradiation apparatus according to the present invention is arranged so as to generate a beam in one direction and so as to irradiate with said beam the target volume in layers perpendicular to said direction, said layers being irradiated in one or more irradiation frames, said apparatus being characterised in that the monitor device comprises in addition means for determining the dose distribution in a plane perpendicular to the beam direction, for each successive irradiation frame, and means for pausing the beam and informing the external operator when said dose distribution is outside of an expected range.
A second object of the present invention is related to an apparatus for monitoring a beam of charged particles comprising:
The apparatus for monitoring the beam may also comprise a third ionisation chamber having an integral anode and an integral corresponding cathode, and a fourth ionisation chamber having an anode, said anode being made of an array of pads, and a corresponding cathode.
In said ionisation chambers, the gap between the anode and the corresponding cathode is preferably comprised between 3 mm and 15 mm.
In addition, in said ionisation chambers, the electric field between the plates defining the anode and the cathode may be comprised between 1 and 8 kV/cm.
Preferably, the gap in the first and second ionisation chambers is 5 mm, the electric field in said ionisation chambers is 2 kV/cm or higher, while the gap in the third ionisation chamber is 10 mm, and the electric field in said third chamber is 4 kV/cm or higher.
The invention is also related to a process for irradiation of a target volume with a beam of charged particles forming an irradiation spot on said target volume, said process comprising the steps of
Finally, the invention is also related to the use of said irradiation apparatus or process for irradiating a target.
A first embodiment of the present invention is illustrated on
Using the treatment planning system, the therapist generates a dose map D(x,y,z) representing the dose for each point x,y,z in the target. The reference generator computes the trajectories, comprising the required speed vx(t), vy(t),the required beam current I(t), and, in addition, the required position x(t), y(t). The speed data are sent to a scanning magnet power supply (SMPS). The coil of a scanning magnet being, in first approximation, a pure inductance, the current through the coil is proportional to the time integral of the applied voltage. The displacement of the beam is proportional to the field, and hence to the current. Therefore, by applying to the coils of the scanning magnets a voltage proportional to the required speed vx(t) or vy(t), one obtains the required beam spot speed.
According to the invention, an outer control loop for controlling the dose comprises the following elements: a monitor device performs the function of determining the x and y position of the beam, at a sampling rate of 5 to 10 kHz. This is performed by two orthogonal strip planes. The strips are 0.6 cm wide. The first strip plane comprises 38 strips, and the second strip plane comprises 48 strips, in a direction orthogonal to the first strips. Due to the gaussian-like shape of the beam, one can reconstruct the mean position x, y of the beam with a precision better than a fraction of a mm, by applying the speed correction as described hereafter. These measured values are subtracted from the required positions given by the reference generator. The differences are fed into a soft gain controller, which may be a classical PID controller, and the output of it is added, as a correction, to the required speeds vx(t), and vy(t). This selection of acquisition resolution and frequency is attainable with the monitor described hereafter, and allows the outer control loop to correct efficiently any discrepancy between the required and actual dose.
The strip ionisation chambers acquire the charge collected for each of the strips at a rate of 10 kHz. The acquired position of the beam may be determined by computing the centroid of the set of acquired values. This would give an excellent precision if the beam were static, or moving slowly with respect to the acquisition period. However, at a speed of 20 m/s, the beam moves 2 mm during the 100 μs acquisition period, giving a too large error. Therefore, a speed correction is applied by (i) determining the instantaneous beam speed in the successive acquired positions, and (ii) applying a position correction on the actual position, corresponding to the displacement as calculated from the instantaneous beam speed. This achieves the above-quoted precision.
Referring to
Referring to
As described above, the monitor comprises two strip planes. In addition to these strip planes, the monitor may comprise an integral plane, measuring the instantaneous beam current, and hence the total instantaneous dose. This data is acquired at the same rate as the strip data.
The monitor also comprises a plane made of individual square pads. The pads have a size of 0.7 cm×0.7 cm.
Referring to
In contrast to other beam delivery methods, like the double scattering method, in the PBS method, one can keep the beam in the vacuum tube almost up to the patient. The only equipment in line with the beam is the monitor, and this one is located at the end of a prolonged vacuum tube. The length of travel of the beam in air, which cause beam scattering, is thereby minimised. The distance between the monitor and isocenter is less than 60 cm.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
02447101.3 | May 2002 | EP | regional |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCT/BE02/00180 | 11/29/2002 | WO | 5/23/2005 |