APPARATUS FOR MITIGATING WANDERING SPURS IN A FRACTIONAL-N FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

Abstract

The present invention provides a fractional-N frequency synthesizer comprising a divider controller comprising a multistage noise Shaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising L stages, wherein the jth stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the preceding stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from the error of the kth stage, where 1≤j≤k≤L.

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates to fractional-N frequency synthesizers. More particularly, this disclosure relates to mitigating wandering spurs in such synthesizers.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Fractional-N frequency synthesizers have been widely used to generate programmable carrier frequencies for several decades. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of one conventional fractional-N frequency synthesizer. A phase 15 frequency detector (PFD) receives a reference frequency f_PD. The output signal from the phase frequency detector is passed through a charge pump (CP) and onto a loop filter. The output of the loop filter is then fed to a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The output frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator, f_vco, is fed to a multimodulus divider, which counts an integer number of cycles of the output frequency and generates the divided frequency f_DIV as an input to the phase frequency detector, thus forming the synthesizer's phase-locked loop. A divider controller provides as an output the control signal y[n], to which a constant N₀ is added. This sum is applied to the input of the multi modulus divider to control the instantaneous divide ratio. The output frequency f_vco is related to the reference frequency f_PD by an integer N₀ plus a rational fraction (x/M), where M is called the modulus and x is the input signal to the divider controller.

One divider controller commonly used in a frequency synthesizer is a Digital Delta-Sigma Modulator (DDSM). FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a DDSM comprising a MultistAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator. This MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a cascade of L number error feedback modulator (EFM) stages (denoted EFM_i, i=1, 2, . . . , L in FIG. 2). Each EFM stage has an input xi, a first output y_i and a second output e_i, which is called the error, as shown in FIG. 3. The first output y_i of each error feedback modulator stage in FIG. 2 is combined in an error cancellation network. In the case of all but the last stage, the second output e_i is passed to the next error feedback modulator stage in the cascade.

The frequency spectrum of the output of a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is characterized by phase noise and spurious tones (spurs). In addition to the so-called reference spur, which is due to the periodic update of the synthesizer at the reference frequency f_PD, the frequency spectrum contains so-called fractional spurs. These fractional spurs have their origins in the divider controller signal y which is injected into the phase-locked loop. One known technique for breaking the periodicity of the output of the divider controller is to introduce an additive random or pseudorandom dither signal d at the input of the DDSM. The dither signal can be spectrally masked at the output of the DDSM by shaping it using a filter having a transfer function V(z), as is illustrated in FIG. 2.

A typical third-order MASH 1-1-1 digital delta-sigma modulator with first-order shaped dither is illustrated in FIG. 4. The cascade comprises three first-order error feedback modulators (denoted EFM_i, i=1, 2, 3) and an error cancellation network. A pseudorandom binary dither signal d₁ is input to the second EFM stage. In the z domain,

Y(z)=(1/M)*[X(z)+(1−z⁻¹)D₁(z)−(1−z⁻¹)³E₃(z)],

where Y, X, D₁ and E₃ are the Z-transforms of y, x, the dither signal d₁, and the error e₃ of the third EFM stage in FIG. 4.

In the past, synthesizers operated at lower resolution (that is at smaller values of modulus M). At such a resolution, the synthesizer operated without any significant issues. However, one problem has become apparent as higher resolution fractional-N frequency synthesizers have become more frequently used, such as for example with a 20-bit fractional input. This relates to the phenomenon commonly known as “wandering spurs”. This phenomenon concerns the fact that at certain carrier frequencies, equivalently for certain values of the input x, one or more spurs move back and forth in the frequency spectrum, wandering to and from the carrier at a relatively low frequency.

FIG. 5 shows a typical manifestation of such wandering spurs in the frequency domain. The main spectral peak associated with the output frequency of the synthesizer appears as a straight line down the center of the spectrogram. The wandering tones form characteristic vee-shaped patterns to the left and right of the output frequency's main spectral peak.

The vee-shaped pattern to the left of the centerline corresponds to a wandering spur first increasing in frequency towards the output frequency and then reducing in frequency away from it. Similarly, the vee-shaped pattern to the right of the centerline corresponds to a wandering spur first decreasing in frequency towards the output frequency and then increasing in frequency away from it. The pattern is symmetrical about the centerline.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of one known architecture for reducing wandering spurs in a third-order MASH 1-1-1 divider controller. In this architecture, two dither inputs are provided. The first dither signal corresponds to a pseudorandom binary dither signal d₁ which is input to the second EFM stage, as is the case for the dither signal shown in FIG. 4. The second dither signal corresponds to an externally sourced high amplitude pseudorandom dither signal d₂ which is added to the input of the last error feedback modulator.

Wandering spurs are caused by interaction between the accumulated error signal e_acc, and nonlinearity in the frequency synthesizer. e_acc denotes the accumulated sum of the difference between the output y and the ratio x/M, i.e.

$e_{acc}\left[n\right]=\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(y\left[k\right]-x\left[k\right]/M\right),$

where x and y are the input and output of the divider controller in FIG. 1 and M is the modulus of the divider controller.

FIG. 7A shows the simulated spectrogram of e_acc in respect of a frequency synthesizer with a DDSM comprising a first-order LSB dithered third-order Multi stAge noise SHaping (MASH) 1-1-1, such as that shown in FIG. 4, with first-order EFM stages, M=2²⁰ and x=1. The spectrogram in FIG. 7A exhibits the characteristic vee-shaped pattern which is associated with a manifestation of wandering spurs in the divider controller of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7B shows the simulated spectrogram of e_acc in respect of a frequency synthesizer with a DDSM comprising a first-order LSB dithered third-order MASH 1-1-1 with an additional externally sourced additive high amplitude dither signal d₂, such as that shown in FIG. 6, with first-order EFM stages, M=2²⁰ and x=1, and where d₂ is a uniformly distributed integer in the range [0, M−1]. It can be seen that the high amplitude dither signal d₂ introduced in the architecture shown in FIG. 6 has reduced the wandering spur phenomenon to such an extent that no vee-shaped pattern is present in FIG. 7B. The wandering spur has been suppressed through the addition of the externally sourced high amplitude dither signal d₂.

Compared to the MASH 1-1-1 digital delta-sigma modulator in FIG. 4, additional hardware is required to generate the externally sourced high amplitude dither signal d₂ shown in FIG. 6. It would be advantageous to be able to mitigate wandering spurs without having to use additional hardware to generate such a high amplitude dither signal.

It will be appreciated that wandering spurs degrade the performance of the overall system in which the synthesizer is being used. This has been found to have a particular detrimental effect when the system is being used in applications such as communications, radar, and instrumentation.

SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Various embodiments of a fractional-N frequency synthesizer are disclosed. Broadly speaking, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is disclosed, comprising a divider controller comprising a MultistAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising L stages, wherein the jth stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the preceding stage and a high amplitude dither signal wherein the high amplitude dither signal comprises an integer dither signal derived from the error of the kth stage, where 1≤j≤k≤L.

In one embodiment, the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH digital delta-sigma modulator with additive first-order dither.

In one embodiment, the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH 1-1-1 architecture.

In one embodiment, each of the L stages comprises a first-order error feedback modulator (EFM).

In one embodiment, the high amplitude dither signal is produced by filtering the error signal e_k of the kth stage with a dither transfer function DT(z), i.e. D₂(z)=DT(z) E_k(z).

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z) is a polynomial in z⁻¹ of the form

$DT\left(z\right)=\sum _{k=1}^P{a}_k{z}^{-k},$

where each coefficient a_k is a real number and P≥1 is an integer.

In another embodiment, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is disclosed, comprising a divider controller comprising a MultistAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising L stages, wherein the third stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the second stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from the error of the kth stage where 3≤k≤L.

In yet another embodiment, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is disclosed, comprising a divider controller comprising a MultistAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising L stages, wherein the jth stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the preceding stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from the error of the kth stage, where 1≤j≤k≤L, wherein the high amplitude dither signal comprises a dither signal which is obtained by passing the error of the kth stage through a filter block with a dither transfer function DT(z).

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function is

$DT\left(z\right)=\sum _{k=1}^P{a}_k{z}^{-k},$

where each coefficient a_k is a real number and P≥1 is an integer.

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=z⁻².

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=−z⁻¹+2z⁻².

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=−2z⁻¹+2z⁻².

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=2z⁻²−2z⁻³.

In one embodiment, the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH digital delta-sigma modulator with additive first-order dither.

In one embodiment, the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH 1-1-1 architecture.

In one embodiment, each of the L stages comprises a first-order error feedback modulator (EFM).

In one embodiment, j=3.

In another embodiment, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is disclosed, comprising a divider controller comprising a MultistAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising three stages, wherein the third stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the second stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from the error of the third stage.

In yet another embodiment, a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is disclosed, comprising a divider controller comprising a MultistAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising a MASH 1-1-1 architecture with additive first-order dither comprises a first stage, a second stage and a third stage, and wherein the third stage of the MASH architecture is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the second stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from passing the error of the third stage through a filter block.

In one embodiment, the high amplitude dither signal is filtered in accordance with the equation:

Y(z)=(1/M)*[X(z)+(1−z⁻¹)D₁(z)−(1−z⁻¹)³E₃(z)+(1−z⁻¹)²D₂(z)]

where Y corresponds to the Z-transform of the output signal of the MASH 1-1-1 architecture; X corresponds to the Z-transform of the input signal to the MASH 1-1-1 architecture; D₁ corresponds to the Z-transform of the additive first-order dither signal; E₃ corresponds to the Z-transform of the error of the third stage of the MASH 1-1-1 architecture; and D₂ corresponds to the Z-transform of the high amplitude dither signal.

In one embodiment, the high amplitude dither signal is filtered in accordance with the equation:

Y(z)=(1/M)*[X(z)+(1−z⁻¹)D₁(z)−(1−z⁻¹)³E₃(z)+(1−z⁻¹)²DT(z)E₃(z)]

where Y corresponds to the Z-transform of the output signal of the MASH 1-1-1 architecture; X corresponds to the Z-transform of the input signal to the MASH 1-1-1 architecture; D₁ corresponds to the Z-transform of the additive first-order dither signal; E₃ corresponds to the Z-transform of the error of the third stage of the MASH 1-1-1 architecture; and DT(z) corresponds to the Z-transform of the filter block.

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function is

$DT\left(z\right)=\sum _{k-1}^P{a}_k{z}^{-k},$

where each coefficient a_k is a real number and P≥1 is an integer.

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=z⁻².

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=−z⁻¹+2z⁻².

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=−2z⁻¹+2z⁻².

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=2z⁻²−2z⁻³.

In one embodiment, the second stage of the MASH architecture is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the first stage and a binary dither signal.

In one embodiment, each of the L stages comprises a first-order error feedback modulator (EFM).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following description of an embodiment thereof, given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:—

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a conventional fractional-N frequency synthesizer;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a conventional divider controller based on a Multi stAge noise SHaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator with shaped additive dither;

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a conventional Error Feedback Modulator (EFM);

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a conventional additive LSB-dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller with first-order shaped additive dither;

FIG. 5 is a spectrogram showing a typical manifestation of wandering spurs in the frequency domain in a fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a MASH 1-1-1 divider controller architecture;

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a MASH 1-1-1 divider controller with first-order shaped dither and externally sourced additive high amplitude dither;

FIG. 7A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4;

FIG. 7B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller with externally sourced additive high amplitude dither of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a high amplitude dithered MASH divider controller in accordance with the present disclosure, where the high amplitude dither signal is derived from the error of the kth stage and is added to the input of the jth stage;

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller in accordance with the present disclosure, where the high amplitude dither signal is derived from the error of the third stage;

FIG. 10A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4;

FIG. 10B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of a first embodiment of a high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 11A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4;

FIG. 11B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of a third embodiment of a high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 12A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4;

FIG. 12B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of a fourth embodiment of a high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 13A shows simulated spectra of the accumulated error signal for the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4 and three described embodiments of the high amplitude dithered divider controller of the present disclosure with second-order noise shaping; and

FIG. 13B shows simulated spectra of the accumulated error signal for the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4 and three described embodiments of the high amplitude dithered divider controller of the present disclosure with third-order noise shaping.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides a fractional-N frequency synthesizer which reduces the effect of wandering spurs exhibited by the synthesizer when operating with a higher resolution DDSM-based divider controller. The present disclosure will now be described in conjunction with FIG. 8 onwards.

Wandering spurs are caused by interaction between the signal injected by a DDSM-based divider controller and a synthesizer's phase-locked loop.

FIG. 8 shows one embodiment of the present disclosure where the DDSM incorporated into the synthesizer comprises a modified MASH divider controller. The MASH divider controller comprises a cascade of L number of first-order Error Feedback Modulators (EFM). The MASH is known to suffer from limit cycles. Therefore, a binary dither signal, denoted d₁, is added to the input of the second stage to prevent limit cycle behavior. The MASH divider controller is further modified by adding a high-amplitude dither to the input of the jth stage of the MASH architecture, where j≥1. The high amplitude dither signal is produced by passing the error signal from the kth stage through a filter with transfer function DT(z), where j≤k≤L.

FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of the present disclosure where the DDSM incorporated into the synthesizer comprises a modified MASH 1-1-1 divider controller. The MASH 1-1-1 divider controller comprises a cascade of three first-order Error Feedback Modulators (EFM). Firstly, a binary dither signal, denoted d₁, is added to the input of the second stage to prevent limit cycle behavior.

The MASH 1-1-1 divider controller is further modified by adding a high-amplitude dither to the input of the third stage of the MASH architecture.

The dither signal d₂ is obtained by passing the error of the third EFM stage e₃ through a filter block with a dither transfer function DT(z), as shown in FIG. 9, where

D ₂(z)=DT(z)E₃(z).

In one embodiment, the dither transfer function is DT(z) is a polynomial in z⁻¹ of the form

$DT\left(z\right)=\sum _{k-1}^P{a}_k{z}^{-k},$

where each coefficient a_k is a real number and P≥1 is an integer.

This dither signal is second-order high pass filtered when it appears at the output.

In the z domain,

$\begin{array}{c}Y\left(z\right)={\left(1/M\right)}^{*}\left[X\left(z\right)+\left(1-z^{-1}\right)D_1\left(z\right)-{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^3{E}_3\left(z\right)+{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^2{D}_2\left(z\right)\right]\\ ={\left(1/M\right)}^{*}\left[X\left(z\right)+\left(1-z^{-1}\right)D_1\left(z\right)-{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^3{E}_3\left(z\right)+{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^2\mathrm{DT}\left(z\right)E_3\left(z\right)\right]\\ ={\left(1/M\right)}^{*}\left[X\left(z\right)+\left(1-z^{-1}\right)D_1\left(z\right)+{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^2\left(-1+z^{-1}+\mathrm{DT}\left(z\right)\right)E_3\left(z\right)\right],\end{array}$

where Y, X, D₁, D₂ and E₃ are the Z-transforms of y, x, the dither signals d₁ and d₂, and the error of the third EFM stage, and DT(z) is the transfer function of the filter block in FIG. 9.

The dither transfer function can be chosen to shape the additional noise introduced by adding DT(z)E₃(z) to the input of the third EFM stage. In a first embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=z⁻².

In a second embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=−z⁻¹+2z⁻².

In a third embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=−2z⁻¹+2z⁻².

In a fourth embodiment, the dither transfer function DT(z)=2z⁻²−2z⁻³.

When DT(z)=z⁻² and DT(z)=−z⁻¹+2z⁻², the additional noise is second-order shaped. When DT(z)=−2z⁻¹+2z⁻² and DT(z)=2z⁻²−2z⁻³ the additional noise is third-order shaped. Choosing coefficients a_k of the dither transfer function that are positive or negative powers of two simplifies the realization of DT(z) in hardware.

The wandering spur phenomenon is caused by a chirp signal which is produced at the input to the VCO. This chirp has its origin in the DDSM. By adding high amplitude dither to the input of the jth stage of the MASH divider controller where j 1, it swamps the chirp signal and eliminates the wandering spur.

FIG. 10A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4 and FIG. 10B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 9 for the first embodiment of the dither transfer function where DT(z)=z⁻² after passing through a piecewise-linear nonlinearity with 8% mismatch (x=2 and M=2²⁰). By comparison with FIG. 10A, it can be seen from FIG. 10B that the addition of the dither signal D₂(z)=z⁻²E₃(z) results in the elimination of wandering spurs in the spectrogram of the distorted signal.

FIG. 11A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4 and FIG. 11B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 9 for the third embodiment of the dither transfer function where DT(z)=−2z⁻¹(1−z⁻¹) after passing through a piecewise-linear nonlinearity with 8% mismatch (x=1 and M=2²⁰). By comparison with FIG. 11A, it can be seen from FIG. 11B that the addition of the dither signal D₂(z)=−2z⁻¹(1−z⁻¹) E₃(z) results in the elimination of wandering spurs in the spectrogram of the distorted signal.

FIG. 12A shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 4 and FIG. 12B shows simulated spectrograms of the distorted accumulated error signal of the high amplitude dithered MASH 1-1-1 divider controller of FIG. 9 for the fourth embodiment of the dither transfer function where with DT(z)=2z⁻²(1−z⁻¹) after passing through a piecewise-linear nonlinearity with 8% mismatch (M=2²⁰ and x=M/2). By comparison with FIG. 12A, it can be seen from FIG. 12B that the addition of the dither signal D₂(z)=2z⁻²(1−z⁻¹) E₃(z) results in the elimination of wandering spurs in the spectrogram of the distorted signal.

The addition of a high amplitude dither signal d₂ increases the spectral envelope of the noise introduced into a frequency synthesizer by the DDSM. FIG. 13A shows spectra for the MASH 1-1-1 of FIG. 4 and the high amplitude dithered divider controller of the present disclosure of FIG. 9 for the first embodiment where DT(z)=z⁻² and for the second embodiment where DT(z)=−z⁻¹+2z⁻². FIG. 13B shows spectra for the MASH 1-1-1 of FIG. 4 and the high amplitude dithered divider controller of the present disclosure of FIG. 9 for the third embodiment where DT(z)=−2z⁻¹(1−z⁻¹), and for the fourth embodiment where DT(z)=2z⁻²(1−z⁻¹).

When incorporated in a frequency synthesizer with nonlinear distortion, the modified MASH 1-1-1 divider controller does not exhibit wandering spurs. Furthermore, the dither signal d₂ is produced by scaling and combining current and past samples of the error signal. This obviates the need for an additional random signal source to provide the dither signal d₂ and thus represents a saving in hardware and power.

Thus, it will be appreciated that the fractional-N frequency synthesizer of the present disclosure provides a divider controller signal which is less prone to produce wandering spurs than a frequency synthesizer which uses a conventional dithered digital delta-sigma modulator. Through the mitigation of wandering spurs, it enables the frequency synthesizer to generate cleaner carriers for a range of applications including communications, radar and instrumentation.

In the specification the terms “comprise, comprises, comprised and comprising” or any variation thereof and the terms include, includes, included and including” or any variation thereof are considered to be totally interchangeable and they should all be afforded the widest possible interpretation and vice versa.

The present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described but may be varied in both construction and detail.

Claims

1. A fractional-N frequency synthesizer comprising a divider controller comprising a multistage noise Shaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising L stages, wherein the jth stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the preceding stage and a high amplitude dither signal, wherein the high amplitude dither signal comprises an integer dither signal derived from the error of the kth stage, where 1≤j≤k≤L.

2. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 1, wherein the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH digital delta-sigma modulator with additive first-order dither.

3. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 1, wherein the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH 1-1-1 architecture.

4. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 1, wherein each of the L stages comprises a first-order error feedback modulator (EFM).

5. A fractional-N frequency synthesizer comprising a divider controller comprising a multistage noise Shaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising L stages, wherein the jth stage is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the preceding stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from the error of the kth stage, where 1≤j≤k≤L, wherein the high amplitude dither signal comprises a dither signal which is obtained by passing the error of the kth stage through a filter block with a dither transfer function DT(z).

6. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=z−2.

7. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=−z−1+2z−2.

8. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=−2z−1+2z−2.

9. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=2z−2−2z−3.

10. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH digital delta-sigma modulator with additive first-order dither.

11. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein the MASH digital delta-sigma modulator comprises a MASH 1-1-1 architecture, and wherein each of the L stages comprises a first-order error feedback modulator (EFM).

12. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 5, wherein j=3.

13. A fractional-N frequency synthesizer comprising a divider controller comprising a multistage noise Shaping (MASH) digital delta-sigma modulator comprising a MASH 1-1-1 architecture with additive first-order dither comprising a first stage, a second stage and a third stage, and wherein the third stage of the MASH architecture is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the second stage and a high amplitude dither signal derived from passing the error of the third stage through a filter block.

14. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 13, wherein the high amplitude dither signal is filtered in accordance with the equation: Y(z)=(1/M)*[X(z)+(1−z−1)D1(z)−(1−z−1)3E3(z)+(1−z−1)2DT(z)E3(z)]

15. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 14, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=z−2.

16. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 14, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=−z−1+2z−2.

17. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 14, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=−2z−1+2z−2.

18. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 14, wherein the dither transfer function DT(z)=2z−2−2z−3.

19. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 13, wherein the second stage of the MASH 1-1-1 architecture is configured to receive as an input the sum of the error of the first stage and a binary dither signal.

20. The fractional-N frequency synthesizer of claim 13, wherein each of the L stages comprises a first-order error feedback modulator (EFM).