Patent Application
20230378863
The invention relates to an apparatus for moving a movable module thereof based on magnetic interactions.
It is a commonly known physical phenomenon that magnetism manifests in a force that exerts a force effect on magnetizable materials in its proximity. Any such materials that generate a magnetic field while retaining their magnetic properties are called permanent magnets.
Providing such apparatuses that can generate continuous motion utilizing the magnetic force of permanent magnets as a power source has been a long-time research interest. Accordingly, many known devices have been built to achieve this goal.
A rotary device having a rotor and a stator provided with permanent magnets is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296. In this approach a shielding member is utilized and a gear connection is inserted between the axis of the rotor and the cylindrical shielding member (this latter encompasses the rotor) to interlock these. Through holes are formed in the cylindrical shielding member which—when the rotary device is operated—rotates in opposite direction compared to the rotor.
In US 2005/225831 A1 a rotator based on magnetic principles is disclosed, the cylindrical shaped rotator comprises an arrangement of permanent magnets on its ends and also a permanent magnet isolator between them.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,431 a permanent magnet motor having different shaped magnets on its stator as well as on its rotating part is disclosed. A motor built with permanent magnets is disclosed in FR 2542144.
Similarly, further magnetic motors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,312,548 B2, WO 2009/016045 A1, WO 2009/019001 A1, WO 2006/045333 A1, US 2007/296284 A1.
From the above documents, in WO 2006/045333 A1 a so-called Perendev-type magnetic motor (in short: Perendev-type arrangement) is disclosed. According to its principle, the Perendev motor consists of two components. One of these components is a stationary outer ring, while the other is an internal rotor. In both components there are arranged magnets at a relative angle, with their identical poles facing each other. The principle is that the repulsive force generated between the magnets disposed at an offset angle urges the internal rotor to move.
Further from the above documents, in WO 2009/019001 A1 a so-called Yildiz-type magnetic motor is disclosed. The developer, Muammer Yildiz, also built his magnet motor based on the Perendev principle. He placed magnets of different arrangement and size opposite each other. The difference from the Perendev principle is that the magnets are arranged on the rotating shaft in a helical arrangement.
Similar magnetic motors having magnets coated with magnetic shielding material are disclosed in CN105991066 and DE 3526806 A1. Similar type shielding material is disclosed in US 2010/156223 A1. Outer shielding is applied in CN 106549539 A.
A magnetic motor performing a complex type of moving when operates is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,867,514 B2.
In view of the known approaches, there is a demand for an apparatus for moving a movable module thereof based on magnetic interactions that is more effective than the known approaches.
The primary object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for moving a movable module thereof based on magnetic interactions which is free of the disadvantages of prior art approaches to the greatest possible extent.
It is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for moving a movable module thereof based on magnetic interactions that is more effective than the known approaches.
The objects of the invention can be achieved by the apparatus for moving a movable module thereof based on magnetic interactions according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.
Primarily, the invention is an apparatus for moving a movable module based on magnetic interactions.
In other words, the invention may be described with other approaches, such that it relates—many times in embodiments—to a magnetic polarizer arrangement adapted to utilize permanent magnets as a power source, a system comprising the magnetic polarizer arrangement (as well as permanent magnets), an arrangement for producing controllable rotational or translational motion applying the system comprising the magnetic polarizer arrangement. Furthermore, the invention may be interpreted as a method for operating the magnetic polarizer arrangement, as a method for producing the magnetic polarizer arrangement as well as the system comprising the magnetic polarizer arrangement. The invention further relates to the application of a system comprising the magnetic polarizer utilizing permanent magnets as a power source.
In the invention, there is a magnetic polarizer arrangement that allows two permanent magnets arranged with their identical poles facing each other to move relative to each other in a controlled manner.
The invention is, furthermore, an apparatus and method utilizing which a controllable rotational or translational movement can be realized applying a permanent magnet power source.
It is essential that in the invention by the pulse-like, controlled sinusoidal polarization of a given magnetic field a controlled translational or rotational motion can brought about, whereby the passive energy of the magnetic field is converted into unidirectional, positive torque energy (i.e. active energy).
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below by way of example with reference to the following drawings, where
To illustrate the operating principle of the invention, basic magnetic principles are introduced herebelow. There is a (magnetic) dipole-dipole interaction between two permanent magnets. The force arising between the magnets can be attractive (attracting) or repulsive. The arrangement (i.e. apparatus as introduced below) according to the invention utilizes the repulsive force arising between two magnets as a power source (giving an appropriate motion to the movable module or movable disc).
According to the principle of the arrangement applied in the invention, stationary (static) and movable (moving) permanent magnets are positioned (arranged) with their identical poles facing each other. Thus, a repulsive interaction occurs between the two magnets. This is illustrated in
By moving the two magnets along a predetermined line (a line 15 in the illustration of
As soon as the longitudinal axes of the two magnets become aligned, the lateral negative repulsive force disappears. At this point, these act on each other by the repulsive force along the axial direction of the magnets situated opposite each other.
The force occurring during the further movement of the movable magnet (after the alignment of the axes) is termed “positive repulsive force” (this a helping type repulsive force from the point of view of the movable magnet which is a shortened name of movable permanent magnet). The negative and positive forces that occur are in balance, so the resultant force is zero (in the arrangement of
To enable the operation of the arrangement (apparatus) according to the invention, the negative force occurring between the two magnets is reduced, or is eliminated for a predetermined period of time, by means of magnetic polarization brought about by a polarizer (a polarizer element 14, with other term: magnetic polarizer) inserted between the two magnets. Unidirectional motion is brought about as a result of eliminating the negative repulsive forces and sustaining the positive forces that arise between the two magnets as shown in
As a result of the arrangement modified compared to
Herebelow, a short introduction is given to the principles of magnetic polarization.
All permanent magnets have a constant magnetic field (as well as constant magnetic induction). The strength of the magnetic field cannot be increased or reduced temporarily. This can be achieved solely by an external influence that permanently affects the properties of the permanent magnet. For example, in the case of neodymium magnets, such an influence is the high external temperature, as a result of which the magnet partially or entirely loses its magnetic field.
Permanent magnets act on various materials by magnetic force. According to the invention, the permanent magnets by which they act on paramagnetic materials were investigated, analyzed, and applied.
Every magnet has two poles, a north and a south pole (dipole) that are in balance with each other. The atoms constituting the material of the magnet consist of charged particles (atomic nucleus and electrons) that are in constant motion. The motion of the charges in the nucleus is negligible, but the electrons undergo significant motion on an atomic scale, which means that electric currents are generated in the atom. These atomic currents generate magnetic dipole moments and a magnetic (force) field.
In the majority of materials, the combined magnetic dipole moment of the atoms is non-zero, and therefore the atoms have a resultant magnetic dipole moment. However, in the absence of an external magnetic field, these dipole moments are distributed in a disordered (non-ordered, unaligned) manner, and their average resultant magnetic force field is zero. Under the effect of an external magnetic force field these atomic dipoles become ordered (aligned), and thus the material will have an own magnetic force field. When the magnetic force field disappears, the majority of the atomic dipoles will again become disordered (unaligned), whereupon the own magnetic force field disappears (see
The polarity of the atomic dipoles of paramagnetic materials is opposite the polarity of the external magnetic force field, so an attraction is produced between the magnetic force field of the paramagnetic material and the external magnetic force field (see
In
This is also illustrated in
The magnetic effect of permanent magnets exerted on other materials can be reduced without the modification or deterioration of the characteristics of the permanent magnet. When a paramagnetic material is placed into the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, the magnet exerts a force on the material placed in the field. The properties of the permanent magnet will not be removed, but the magnetic force of the permanent magnet will be reduced by the extent (polarization) of the force exerted on the paramagnetic material placed in the field (in other words, by the help of a polarizer element, the field of a permanent magnet can be changed and the repulsive effect can be avoided in those stages when it is necessary; i.e. this effect is used in the invention to ensure a preferably continuous motion of the movable module). By further increasing the thickness and surface area of the paramagnetic material, the magnetic force of the permanent magnet can be reduced further, or it can be fully neutralized, i.e. polarized. This is called magnetic polarization.
Herebelow, materials of magnetic polarizers are introduced. The application of magnetic polarizers enables that the negative repulsive force arising between identical-pole magnets approaching each other can be—mostly—eliminated. The required magnetic polarization can be realized utilizing any such paramagnetic material of which material the atomic dipoles become aligned in an external magnetic field, but upon removing the magnetic field the dipoles again become completely or largely unorganized (unaligned). This means that the material does not have a magnetic field in itself, but under the effect of an external magnetic field it will have an own magnetic field, which magnetic field is of opposite polarity with respect to the polarity of the external magnetic field. For realizing and utilizing the magnetic polarization according to the invention, all paramagnetic materials can be applied. There are other materials which are magnetically polarizable, for example some alloys have this property, such as soft iron.
To summarize, the stationary and movable permanent magnets are basically realizable by any permanent magnet (like magnetized ferromagnetic materials). The material of the polarizer is a magnetically polarizable material, like soft iron. As the material of the polarizer, also paramagnetic materials could be utilized, like chrome, platina and wolfram. These aspects are applicable at the operating temperature of the apparatus, which is typically room temperature (approx. 25° C.), i.e. those materials can be applied which constitute at the (selected) operating temperature a permanent magnet (e.g. ferromagnetic at this temperature) as well as constitute at the (selected) operating temperature a magnetically polarizable material (e.g. paramagnetic at this temperature).
In the following results or the magnetic polarization tests and experiments are introduced. For applying the magnetic polarization effect, several experiments and measurements were carried out.
The Perendev-type arrangement was primarily tested (see in the introduction), which lacks polarizers, i.e. only comprises magnets that are arranged in different manners with their identical poles facing each other. In all such cases, in accordance with the laws of physics, a balance state was produced, so the movement of magnets relative to each other is not possible. Further testing of these arrangements was therefore interrupted.
As it was established in the early stages of testing the magnetic polarizer (i.e. in the apparatus according to the invention), the kinetic energy realization based on the interaction between the magnets is possible exclusively by the intermittent (time-to-time) polarization of the magnetic field.
In addition to determining the material of the polarizer, determining the exact dimensions thereof is of predominant importance in order to achieve an adequate level magnetic polarization. For determining the dimensioning of the polarizer, the following series of experiments and measurements was carried out.
For the measurements a HT20 Tesla Meter (https://kenswu.zzvps.com/cjc-fashion/HT20-manual.pdf) was utilized.
The magnet—having a cylindrical shape—may not touch the polarizer (which has a square shape with low thickness), so during the measurements an air gap of 1 mm was maintained between the magnet and the polarizer. The square shaped polarizer was placed to the circle shaped base of the cylindrical magnet symmetrically such that the 8*8 mm polarizer covers totally the circle base having a diameter of 8 mm. When a larger polarizer is applied it also covers the circle end of the magnet symmetrically. For the measurements the probe body of the HT20 Tesla Meter was at 1 mm from the polarizer on its other side than the magnet, also symmetrically.
The results listed in Table 1 has proven our expectations. Applying a larger or thicker polarizer will decrease more and more the strength of the field measurable at the opposite side of the polarizer (see the values in Table 1).
Based on the results of the measurements and verification tests, it is appropriate to apply a polarizer having a surface area that is preferably maximally 10-15%, particularly preferably maximally 15% greater than the working surface area (free surface, see below) of the magnet to be polarized. In the lateral directions (see its interpretation below) in total, the overextension compared to the respective extension of the magnet to be polarized is preferably maximized in 50% and the overextension is typically over 20%, i.e. the overextension is concentrated to the lateral directions. These conclusions are basically applicable to the first and third embodiment, in the second embodiment, other aspects are to be taken into account.
The magnets—as illustrated in the figures—are typically arranged in respective indentations. The indentations are preferably configured so that a permanent magnet is surrounded by (encompassed into) a stationary or movable module having preferably a non-magnetizable material at many of its sizes so that a free surface of the magnet faces outside with a selected magnetic pole which can meet with the same pole of the permanent magnet of the other of stationary module or movable module. The free surface can be clearly identified in many of the drawings; sometimes the indentation surrounds the magnet only from three sides but in this case the other sides except of the free surface are typically covered by covering plates of the stationary module and the movable module.
Since typically the free surface is the “meeting surface” and the magnet is encompassed into an indentation, the polarizer element is to be arranged in front of the free surface, this side of the magnet should be covered by the polarizer element from the point of view of the other magnet. To have a polarizer element with the above specified maximum 10-15% greater than the free surface is typically means a lateral overextension of the polarizer element to the extent as specified above. The lateral direction is typically the direction of the movement of the movable module which is lateral of the free surface. It the directions perpendicular to the lateral direction typically such overextension is applied with which the magnet is securely covered (this is applicable also for the second embodiment).
As also specified above the coverage can be investigated from the point of view of the movable permanent magnet, i.e. when the stationary permanent magnet is seen from front and the polarizer element is fully inserted before it. It is noted that in many case the free surface of the magnet is a circle while the polarizer element may have a rectangular shape (e.g. in the first and third embodiments), thus the overextension can have additional parts around the circle.
Herebelow, there is given some data about N48 magnet applied as the material of the permanent magnet and soft iron applied as the material of the polarizer.
Neodymium magnets are graded according to their maximum energy product, which relates to the magnetic flux output per unit volume. Higher values indicate stronger magnets (accordingly, N48 is a quite strong magnet). For sintered NdFeB (this is an abbreviation, more precisely, it is for Nd2Fe14B alloy) magnets, there is a widely recognized international classification. Their values range from 28 up to 52. The first letter N before the values is short for neodymium, meaning sintered NdFeB magnets. Letters following the values indicate intrinsic coercivity and maximum operating temperatures (positively correlated with the Curie temperature), which range from default (up to 80° C. or 176° F.) to AH (230° C. or 446° F.).
The soft iron and other raw irons are produced from iron ores, e.g. Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeS and FeCO3. The different kinds of irons are differentiated based on their (added) carbon content. The carbon content of the soft iron is the lowest, it has under 0.06% carbon content. Other materials have higher carbon content, the steel has at least 0.1% carbon content, as well as the hardened steel has 0.3-1.72% carbon content. Naturally, there are other kinds of iron ores.
Herebelow, the details of the invention are given.
The invention is an apparatus for moving a movable module thereof based on magnetic interactions. The apparatus can be called alternatively a motion converter apparatus (converting the motion of the polarizer elements into the movement of the movable module) or a motion generator apparatus. Furthermore, it can be considered as a torque generator or torque converter.
The apparatus according to the invention comprises
According to the last part of the previous section, if a first and a second permanent magnet meet (i.e. are moved in front of each other, according to the configuration, these will never collide into each other) during the movement of the movable module, the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet will face each other with their same magnetic poles. As it is illustrated in the figures, the movable permanent magnets will meet with different stationary permanent magnets, these are not always face each other since there are periods when these are not arranged in front of each other but e.g. the movable permanent magnet is somewhere between two stationary permanent magnets on its path. However, when these partially or totally face each other, then their same poles will be directed to each other (i.e. the stationary and movable permanent magnets are brought in front of each other with their same poles, sometimes with polarizer element brought between them). In other words, in the apparatus according to the invention, no such situation occurs during the movement of the movable disc when opposite poles of the first and second permanent magnet would face to each other (which would lead to an attracting force).
The permanent magnets utilized in the invention—as illustrated in
It is clear from the figures and the interpretations how the magnets and the modules (stationary and movable module) are arranged with respect to each other. In case of a translational motion, the magnets can be arranged in a row, as well as in case of rotating motion—as illustrated in many of the figures—the magnets can be arranged on a certain radius (i.e. the radius does not necessarily mean the outer radius) or on the outer periphery of disc, and on the inner periphery of a ring, etc. It is also clear from the figures that the magnets are many times arranged in an indentation, typically with only one facing-out (free) surface.
The apparatus according to the invention further comprises a plurality of polarizer elements (e.g. polarizer element 24 in
In the apparatus according to the invention, the plurality of polarizer elements are arranged movably with respect to the stationary module (and, of course with respect to the movable module, but this is a consequence of the movability of the movable module) so that (i.e. arranged so that) each of the polarizer elements can be moved to be arranged between a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet (i.e. each is movable between a first and a second permanent magnet so that it can select or designate a temporary pair of them by its arrangement).
As it will be shown in the embodiments a polarizer element can be arranged between a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet in several ways. This is also influenced by the fact that the second permanent magnets move together with the movable module (i.e. the second permanent magnet is typically different time to time, or in other words, it is the same only cyclically; this is true if any of the embodiments is considered). The arrangement is typically done in such a way that a corresponding polarizer element (see first and third embodiment) or a cyclically moving polarizer element is arranged between a stationary first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet being just there (to “sandwich” the polarizer element with the first permanent magnet).
Furthermore, the apparatus according to the invention is configured such that during an operation of the apparatus (i.e. when the apparatus is operated) a movement of the movable module is exclusively based on magnetic interactions, wherein continuously during the operation of the apparatus for the movement of the movable module by means of moving of polarizer elements (the polarizer elements are moved in a controlled manner for the movement of the movable module, in many times these are—in some cases, directly—synchronized with each other to this end)
The “and/or” separator means that at least one of the pushing effect and the pulling effect is required continuously during the operation (see above), but also it is possible that the two types of effects emerge at the same time. According to the above a continuous pushing and/or pulling effect is present during the operation of the apparatus (i.e. there are arranged enough first and second permanent magnets to achieve this). If, according to the first option of the “or” is required, i.e. a continuous pushing effect, it means that the overlap is preferably required (see also below). If the other option of the “or” is required, it can correspond to a situation when the movable magnet is far from the stationary magnets, i.e. there is no pushing effect, but it is helped to proceed by a pulling effect. These are the magnetic interactions on which the invention is based, the pulling effect also can be considered as a magnetic interaction between permanent magnets which interaction is “transmitted” by the help of the polarizer element.
As touched upon above the pushing effect (interaction) and pulling effect (interaction) can also be called as a repulsive and attractive effect, respectively, or, in other words, the effect itself can be called repulsion and attraction. This effect is present between the respective components, which can be termed also that the effects act between the components. The terms “pushing/pulling” also show that these effects facilitate the movement of the movable module.
It is noted that it is necessary to have a plurality of magnetic interactions (i.e. different magnetic interactions between different entities) during the operation of the apparatus, since there are arranged a plurality of all the respective components (polarizer elements, first and second permanent magnets). Based on this, it is required that the stationary and movable modules have a rather complex configuration. Furthermore, during the operation of the apparatus, movement of polarizer elements is done. Moreover, during the whole operation preferably all of the plurality of polarizer elements are moved (typically many times, according to a predefined rhythm).
To summarize, during the operation of the apparatus for the movement of the movable module by means of moving of polarizer elements it is achieved that the pushing effect and the pulling effect is manifested in an appropriate manner for establishing the movement of the movable module, or, in some embodiments, the—preferably continuous—rotational motion of the movable disc. As illustrated in the disclosure of the embodiments, this is preferably achieved by controlled moving of polarizer elements.
It is noted that the stationary module may be called simply a first module arranged stationary and the movable module may be called simply a second arranged movably. The movable module can also have the name ‘moving module’ or ‘non-stationary module’. These names can be brought for the discs and ring also. It is also noted that movable module/disc moves passively, while the polarizer elements are actively moved. It can also be said that both are displaced or that the movable module is moved and the polarizer element is displaced (both of them may have rotational and translational motion). In case of rotational motion, the movable disc may also be called a rotation or rotating disc.
It is noted that the various embodiments show particular optional details of the invention within the general features of the invention. The embodiments are connected to each other by the common concept of the invention given above through the features of the invention.
As given above, a movement—which is preferably a continuous translational or rotational motion—of the movable module is exclusively based on magnetic interactions. This means—as detailed for each of the embodiments—that there is no other effect on the movable module to move—in many cases on the movable disc to rotate—than the magnetic interactions. In other words, in the invention the movement of the plurality of polarizer elements is converted to the motion of the movable module based on magnetic interactions, i.e. magnetic principles.
This kind of movement establishing (generation) is detailed at the embodiments. Hereby it is summarized that in the case of the first and third embodiment the cross-direction movement of the polarizer elements leads to a rotational motion of the movable disc, and in the case of the second embodiment the rotational motion of the polarizer elements in a polarizer disc leads also to a rotational motion of the movable disc. Accordingly, in all of the cases the motion of the movable module is generated based on the motion of the polarizer element by the help of attractive effect via a polarizer element or an appropriate repulsive (pushing) effect of a permanent magnet. This can be generalized to a translational type embodiment.
From other point of view, it will be shown in connection with all of the embodiments that no other type effect acts on the movable disc to move (in the direction into where it is designed to move, i.e. to the movement direction), only the—pushing and pulling—effects having magnetic origin, i.e. originating from a magnetic interaction.
As given in the disclosure of the embodiments, the movement of the movable module is typically a continuous motion as far as the appropriate movement of the polarizer elements continues. In other words, a continuous motion of the movable module is achieved via the movement of the polarizer element, more particularly via the synchronized movement of the polarizer element in predetermined stages. The synchronization can be established by a synchronizing mechanism (optical gate or gear synchronization of the first embodiment), by incorporating the polarizer elements into a polarizer disc in the second embodiments, or the synchronized drive of the third embodiment via (elongated) control elements.
In the embodiments illustrated in the figures a continuous rotational motion is described, where the details of the establishing of this motion are shown. In order to establish the rotational motion, a shaft is needed around which the rotation is performed. However, the movable module (movable disc in this case) is not rotated by the help of the shaft, but sometimes it can freely rotate around the shaft or the shaft itself is rotated by the movable disc (this can happen in the second and third embodiments).
As a summary of the above, these is the technical basis of the term of “the movement of the movable module is exclusively based on magnetic interactions”, i.e. this is the background of term.
Preferably, each of the plurality of polarizer elements are adapted for covering a respective first permanent magnet. Furthermore, this means that when the polarizer element is arranged in front of a first permanent magnet it covers the first permanent magnet from the point of view of the movable second permanent magnet which passes in front of it.
Moreover, there are details elsewhere that the first permanent magnet is typically arranged in an indentation which one of its poles facing outside—this is the free (working) surface. In other words, the polarizer element is adapted for covering the free surface of the first permanent magnet (this is in line with the above, since this is the part which can be “seen” from the point of view of the passing movable permanent magnet). The polarizer elements have all typically the same shape, like typically the magnets to be covered (as well as the movable permanent magnets).
The coverage is thus somehow means that the first permanent magnet is separated—for the time while it is located in front of the first permanent magnet—by the polarizer element.
Furthermore, as shown by the figures, the polarizer element is preferably implemented as a polarizer sheet having uniform thickness (having a—mainly —rectangular shape in the first and third embodiments and an arcuate shape in the second embodiment; the thickness specified in some cases can be considered to be uniform; the thickness can also be uniform even in the case of a curved polarizer element).
In the realization apparatus according to the invention, tolerances can be applied. It is relevant to avoid collisions, i.e. gaps are to be applied in some cases. Another tolerance aspect is that from the point of view of the magnetic interaction little distances compared to the relevant components (in particular, permanent magnets, polarizer elements) does not have a relevant influence on the effects, i.e. sometimes, for example, in the coverings, fully insertions, fully removals, tolerances can be applied.
The tolerance—when interpreted to a size, e.g. how much a polarizer element is inserted—can be ±2 mm, preferably ±1 mm, particularly preferably ±0.5 mm. This tolerance can be applied in the size of sides of the polarizer (not in the thickness of it). This can be a tolerance of maximum±5% in the size of the side (in case there is—enough—space to apply the tolerance). The tolerance may be applied sometimes to avoid collisions.
A surface approach can be also applied to the tolerance. In this case it can be required for a coverage that at least 90% of the surface to be covered is covered (e.g. the coverage of the free surface by the polarizer element), more preferably at least 95% of the surface is covered, and particularly preferably at least 98% of the surface is covered.
In an embodiment the movable module is implemented by a movable disc (this is shown in
It is a typical function of the movable module that the movement given to it will be utilized. In the above introduced embodiment rotation is given as a movement to the movable disc, i.e. the output can be yielded from a rotating component. As it will be seen below, the rotating movable disc can be encompassed by a stationary ring (in other words, ring element) as a stationary module (see e.g.
Not only rotational but also linear motion (generally, translational motion with arbitrary path) can be established in an apparatus based on the principles of the inventions. Generally, the movable module is moved. In the embodiments where the movable module is implemented by a movable disc, the apparatus is adapted (suitable) for rotating the movable module (see below for the details). By specifying rotation, the manner of movement is specified, since “rotation” is a specific form of movement.
According to the above introduction, the apparatus according to the invention comprises general stationary and movable modules (as it will be detailed below, the various discs and rings also can be considered as modules in a general level, i.e. a module can have various configuration; the stationary and movable modules may be called also stationary and movable units, or stationary and movable blocks, or stationary and movable parts of the apparatus, respectively; the modules are (holding) structures or assemblies in which magnets are arranged and to which other components can be connected) and these are provided with stationary and movable permanent magnets, respectively. Moreover, according to the general principle, a polarizer element is arranged or assignable for each of the stationary permanent magnets.
Based on this scenario, such a translational or in particular linear motion and an apparatus using this type of motion is achievable, where the stationary module is a base like module, where the stationary permanent magnets are arranged on a surface facing e.g. to above. The movable module will have a path for motion above the stationary permanent magnets (e.g. it is confined in its movement in directions other than the predefined path) and the movable module can be started to move by the help of a movement of the polarizer elements and its motion can be maintained by the help of a predetermined controlled motion of the polarizer elements, i.e. by the help of controlled polarisation of the respective stationary permanent magnets.
Such a movement of a movable module can be a part of the operation of an apparatus just like in other embodiments where the motion of the movable module (or, in particular, movable disc) can be achieved via the—controlled and predetermined—moving operations of the polarizer elements. In other words, those parts which are defined as parts of the invention will be considered as part of the inventive apparatus even if the modules are realized with huge sizes and the motion is especially large-scaled.
In the course of the development process, we have built and tested several experimental arrangements. The description of three of these experimental arrangements (configurations) as embodiments of the apparatus according to the invention is included below.
Firstly, a first example is disclosed herebelow, which can also be considered as an experimental arrangement no. 1. With appropriate generalizations, the present example can be considered as a specific example of an embodiment (first embodiment as cited in the brief description of drawings): in the disclosure below generalization possibilities will be given as well as these are straightforward in many cases (in connection with the present example, as well as the other detailed examples afterwards). All of the experiments were performed at room temperature, i.e. approx. 25° C.
For experimental application of magnetic polarizer, in the present example, an apparatus that has circular arrangement and has two major components: an internal rotating (rotor) disc and a stationary ring (outer ring, stator). According to the experimental arrangement, 18 and 24 neodymium magnets are mounted in the rotation disc and the stationary ring, respectively. The magnets are mounted in a radial direction of the circle, at an equal distance from each other both in the inner disc and in the outer ring. In the example, the inner movable (rotatable, rotation, rotor) disc and the stationary ring are assembled with a 6 mm air gap. The magnetic polarizer is inserted into this air gap (for an air gap 31, see
The magnetic polarizer element applied in the present embodiment is illustrated in
In
Thus, in this embodiment, each of the polarizer elements 24 are fixed to a respective guiding element 27 movable (displaceable) along a respective guiding shaft arrangement 60 adapted for moving the respective polarizer element 24 to the working position and out of the working position (preferably, between the working position and the resting position).
The proportion of the number of magnets arranged on the movable disc and on the stationary ring applied in the experimental arrangement affects the power (torque) output and balanced running of the apparatus, and also the extent of polarization losses.
The power which can be generated by the simultaneously working magnets that are applied in the experimental arrangements and are arranged in the movable disc is summed up, and thus determines the maximum power (output) of the experimental arrangement. By increasing or reducing the number of the simultaneously working magnets, the power of the given apparatus (i.e. of an apparatus built for an experiment: this is an exemplary apparatus) can be increased or reduced. These simultaneously working magnets is termed a “magnet unit”. In
To summarize, the movable permanent magnets being in the same position are always in the same phase compared to stationary permanent magnets and these can be handled together as magnet units (in other words: arrangement of same phase magnets). The common phase can be polarized, repulsive, working or neutral phase (in the latter case, the movable permanent magnet in question is far from the other permanent magnets, if this is the case for a movable permanent magnet, the movement is based on other movable permanent magnet-stationary permanent magnet pair(s)).
In order to achieve a constant, evenly produced torque, multiple magnet units need to be arranged in the movable disc. By applying two or more magnet units, an overlap between successive work stages can be brought about, and thus power output is constant and has a balanced level. By increasing the number of magnet units, the degree of overlap between the work stages also increases, so the utilizable power of the experimental arrangement will also be higher (see also
The number of magnets arranged on the stationary ring is defined as the product of the number of envisaged work stages and the number of magnets in the magnet unit on the movable disc. In the experimental arrangement the number of work stages is four. Accordingly, the number of magnets arranged on the stationary ring of the experimental arrangement is obtained as the product of the envisaged stages and the number of the magnet unit magnets:
4(stages)*6(working magnets)=24
The number of magnets arranged in the stationary ring is 24.
All magnets arranged on the stationary ring is to be equipped with a polarizer. The number of the polarizers affects the amount energy required for operating the system (apparatus), and also the rotational speed (number of rotations) of the experimental arrangement. By adjusting the ratio of the magnets, the amount of the necessary frequency (frequency of moving the polarizers), the magnitude of the torque, and the energy necessary for operating the apparatus can be increased or reduced.
Based on the ratio of the number of magnets arranged on the inner movable disc and on the outer stationary ring, the following magnetic drive was built:
Hereby the data are summarized in an example. Several other sizes can be derived from the—non-schematic—figures on which the different components are proportionally scaled with each other. The outer diameter of the inner rotating disc is 516.7 mm. The inner diameter of the outer ring is 527.8 mm (for the inside facing end of the permanent magnets). The sizes of the polariser 72×33×2 mm. The polariser is moved by pneumatic cylinders by 11.2 Hz in the example. The type and sizes of the magnets placed into the stationary and movable disc are: N48 30 (diameter)×30 (length) mm. The degree of the highest magnetic peak pushing force measured on a magnet pair (on an R=258.35 mm arc) during the experiments is 3.609 kg*f. This value expressed in torque measured on the shaft is 9.15 Nm.
The ratios of magnets arranged in the inner movable disc and in the outer stationary ring were both determined such that the number of magnets that perform work uniformly, at the same time is six. These are called magnet units performing the work and the stages. The energy of the magnets disposed in the magnet unit is combined, so the torque [unit: Nm] of the arrangement can be determined based on the repulsive force (utilizing a dimension: kg*f/m—kilogram-force/meter) arising during the operation of the arrangement.
The operating frequency of the polarizer elements determines the rotational speed of the apparatus, namely its movable module (the movable module moves as a consequence of the movement of the polarizer elements, so the pace of the movement of the polarizer elements has direct consequence on the operation of the overall apparatus). The power of the apparatus depends on the effected torque and the rotational speed at a time instance. Consequently, at a constant torque, the power can be increased by increasing the rotational speed.
The torque can be measured in an experiment, many different components can have a role in the rotation, namely repulsion of a same-pole permanent magnet (these are the so-called working magnets, i.e. magnets performing work, when a stationary permanent magnet pushes a movable permanent magnet), pulling of a polarizer element but losses also occur. Accordingly, the final torque can be increased if the number of magnets working simultaneously is increased.
As touched upon above, a first embodiment is illustrated in
By the help of the apparatus a four-stage arrangement was provided that has three working units and is adapted for rotational motion. The four stages have the following stages (the stages can be interpreted based on the schematic drawing of
In the embodiment illustrated in
The polarizer elements 24 are preferably movable between the working position and a resting (out-of-working) position, wherein the respective polarizer element 24 is removed (pulled away) from in front of the first permanent magnet 21 (in other words: when it is removed from the working position, i.e. the resting position can be a position when the polarizer element is removed from the working position).
Preferably, in the working position the polarizer element 24 is fully inserted to be in front of the magnet, and it is fully removed when it is in the resting position. Preferably, the polarizer element 24 is “overpulled” to a final resting position by the 8-10% of the respective length of the polarizer (this is the direction of the movement), e.g. 2-3 mm in an example (this can be also applied in the third embodiment below, where the final resting position is preferably the working position from the view of the other stationary ring).
In the present embodiment, furthermore, the first permanent magnets 21 are arranged equidistantly on the inner periphery of the stationary ring 30 and the second permanent magnets 23 are arranged equidistantly on the outer periphery of the movable disc 29 (according to the requirement that same magnetic poles of a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnets are directed to each other, the arrangement principles of the magnetic poles are defined here).
Furthermore, preferably, a first magnet number of the plurality of first permanent magnets 21 of the stationary ring 30 is different from a second magnet number of the plurality of second permanent magnets 23 of the movable disc 29 (the first magnet number and the second magnet number are the total number of the first permanent magnets 21 of the stationary ring 30 and of the second permanent magnets 23 of the movable disc 29).
Compared to
In this embodiment, therefore, a circular control element 32 (it may also be called simply as a circular control element or (opto or optical gate) control disc, however, the word ‘circular’ has been inserted to its name for showing that it has a circle base—may be called circle-based control element—in accordance with that it has a cylindrical side wall) is fixed to the movable disc 29, wherein
It is noted that the above embodiment can also be combined with the compensator element, since it can also help the movement of the polarizer and preferably leads to a quieter operation of the (pneumatic) drive. In this case the compensator arrangement is to be arranged in the same way as shown below in
Moving the magnetic polarizer precisely is extremely important for the operation of the arrangement. The magnetic polarizer has a polarized interaction with the magnetic field of the stationary and movable magnets, so the magnetic polarizer is subjected to a large attractive force. For moving the magnetic polarizer, a force has to be exerted against this attractive force such that the magnetic polarizer can be removed from and inserted into the magnetic field at the right moment and with the appropriate speed. The force required for moving the magnetic polarizer has to be determined. In the experimental arrangement, the magnetic polarizer was placed in the magnetic field, and the magnitude of the necessary motive force was determined applying a pull scale. According to the measurement results, the force—based on the repulsive force—is 4.83 kg*f×9.81=47.3823 N.
In light of these results, the technology applicable for moving the polarizers was determined in the course of the experiments such that a moving force of at least 50 N is provided for moving each of the magnetic polarizers of the arrangement. For the entire arrangement this amounts to a combined force of 1200 N.
The revolution ratio is determined by the 18 magnets disposed on the inner movable disc.
According to the arrangement, the revolution ratio means that in a single revolution of the inner movable disc each of the 24 magnetic polarizers arranged on the stationary ring performs 18 cycles. Based on the revolution ratio, the frequency of the movement of the magnetic polarizer required for a prolonged rotational motion can also be calculated (number of cycles—cyclic movement—of the polarizer per second):
The physical (motion) frequency module of the magnetic polarizer can be sinusoidal and modulated (see
In
Firstly, the interpretation of
The meaning of these is detailed in the followings.
The polarizer element is started to be inserted when the centre of the movable permanent magnet reaches the beginning of the section MMI. Before this point the polarizer element had the same sinusoidal path but in front of stationary permanent magnet 41. Accordingly, when the movable permanent magnet has moved between the alignment with the stationary permanent magnet 41 and the beginning of the section MMI, the stationary permanent magnet has pushed it with a repulsion effect, since the polarizer element has been removed in its major part (see for more details below for the section MMI).
At the first part of the section MMI, until the line 43 crosses the horizontal auxiliary line interconnection, there is a pushing effect on the movable permanent magnet moving along the section MMI from the stationary permanent magnet 41, and also the polarizer element starts to be inserted, but in the beginning, only slightly according to the sinusoidal curve.
It is hereby noted that the line 43 illustrates a theoretical end position of the polarizer element but only for illustration to help the interpretation the movement of the polarizer element in comparison with the movement of the movable permanent magnet. The sinusoidal line 43 is to be interpreted as how much the polarizer element is pushed in front of the stationary permanent magnet 42, i.e. it is pushed so much as the sinusoidal curve is projected onto it, so—as it is illustrated as a function of the section MMI—it starts slowly, after that it accelerates and pushed fully at a point, and at the end—symmetrically to the insertion—it is removed. In other words, in
Accordingly, at the middle of the section MMI, the polarizer element is fully inserted in front of the stationary permanent magnet 42 and helps the movable permanent magnet to approach the stationary permanent magnet 42 according to the pulling effect acting between the movable permanent magnet and the polarizer element. It is also illustrated that the polarizer element is started to be removed before the movable permanent magnet and the stationary permanent magnet 42 is aligned. This does not cause a problem because of more reasons. Firstly, the polarizer element will be in front of the stationary permanent magnet in its majority until the alignment, so the pulling effect will be the dominant effect between the middle of the section MMI and the alignment. Secondly, other magnets will preferably also help the movement of the movable permanent magnet (cf. with
After the alignment of the movable permanent magnet and the stationary permanent magnet 42, i.e. at the end of the horizontal line interconnecting the centre of stationary permanent magnets 41 and 42. The polarizer element tends to total removal according to that part of the sinusoidal curve. In this part of the section MMI, the stationary permanent magnet 42 will be able to push forward the movable permanent magnet passed in front of it. When the end of the section MMI is reached, the polarizer element is becomes totally removed and the cycle with the subsequent stationary permanent magnet can continue as it started at the beginning of the section MMI.
As touched upon above, in
According to
In other words, the pulling effect acting by the help of the polarizer element is “switched on” when the movable permanent magnet reaches the starting point of the section MMI′ (if another movable permanent magnet does not “switch on” the polarizer element of movable permanent magnet 41, then it also pushes this movable permanent magnet). Helped by the pulling effect the movable permanent magnet reaches the alignment position with the stationary permanent magnet 42, when the polarizer element is removed from in front of the stationary permanent magnet 42, and, from this point, the stationary permanent magnet 42 pushes the movable permanent magnet. As shown in
The manner of moving the magnetic polarizer was tested in three modes.
Due to known physical limitations (it is suitable rather for holding, fixing, not for continuous work), the possibility of applying an electromagnetic drive was discarded already in the first stage of the experiments.
The sinusoidal pathway is established in case the control is based on a gear system and the polarizer element is moved by a circular motion eccentric disc functioning on a forced path.
The advantage of this design is that the driving may be directly performed by an electric motor. Further advantage is that the rotational speed of the apparatus can be adjusted easily and stable by the rotational speed of the electric motor.
During the sinusoidal movement on the forced path the time and road length of the open (work phase) and the closed (polarized phase) phases are the same. This means that the length of the work phase cannot be changed or increased.
The modulated movement path is generated if all the polarizer elements are moved independently (e.g. by a pneumatic system; compressed air, produced e.g. by an electromotor-driven compressor, is required for the operation of this apparatus. In this case the pneumatic cylinders for moving polarizer elements are operated by an optical gate controlled by a position signal from the main shaft of the apparatus (e.g. by the help of circular control element).
The advantage of this design (first embodiment) is that the movement of polarizer element is of a high speed and a straight line. The length of position signal can be varied freely (in
Starting from the bottom of
Above the movable disc 29 a spacer ring insert 51 is shown (see
In
Preferably, by applying a control using optical gates the movement of the preferably pneumatically driven polarizer elements has a modular system (each is driven independently based on the control signal of an own optical gate).
In the present embodiment, a first polarizer moving arrangement (realized preferably with a working cylinder and components by the help of which a working cylinder is able to move the polarizer element; the first polarizer moving arrangement is a general, summarizing name) adapted for holding and moving independently each of the plurality of polarizer element 24, being controllable by means of a control signal generated by the optical receiver (e.g. optical receiver 38b, see above) adapted based on a receipt of the light emitted by the optical source (e.g. optical source 38a, see above; i.e. whether the emitted light is received or not).
In the inner part of the main disc 50 also third holding blocks 59 are shown; these are arranged around a circle shaped hole. These third holding blocks 59 have similar configuration as the first and second holding blocks 55a, 55b (with a hole in them) and these are for holding the arrangement of optical source and receiver (the optical source and receiver can be positioned so that the blocking portions 33b and the transparent portions 33a of the circular control element 32 fall into the light path between them; it can be freely decided which of the optical source and receiver is arranged on which side of the blocking portions 33b and transparent portions 33a, i.e. in and out of the inner space of the circular control element 32, but it is preferred that all of the optical source and receivers are arranged on the same side).
At the periphery of the circle shaped hole in the main disc 50 bearing housing 48 is formed into which a bearing 47 can be taken and pushed down (fixed) by the help of a bearing pressing-down ring 49 and an inner-upper fixing insert 46 for the bearing 47. The circular control element 32 is fixed to the fixing insert 46. Further details of this configuration are observable in
This configuration is formed in order to facilitate that the optical source and the optical receiver do not rotates together with the movable disc 29 to which the circular control element 32 is fixed (the circular control element 32 is fixed to the movable disc via the inner-upper fixing insert 46, the fixing insert 52 and inner-down fixing insert 53; see
In
In
On the left part of
At the right side of
As illustrated in
In
In
In
On the left side of
It is clear from
The arrangement also shown in
In
In
Comparing
In summary, in this case the polarizer elements have a direct drive and operate in a forced path. The movement of the polarizer elements is preferably sinusoidal (see above). In this configuration all of the polarizer elements are considered to be in connection with each other via a mechanical drive system the main components of which are the central gear disc and the driving shafts 156 connected to it for each polarizer element. The mechanical drive system and, thus, the polarizer elements are preferably driven by an (electrical) auxiliary motor.
The central gear disc 180 is a disc-like part having gear teeth at its upper edge connected to the first driving gear 179 in
A control system connects all the polarizer elements 24 (arranged at a radius of the main disc 50) via the central gear disc 180 and respective driving shafts 156. The driving shaft 156 will drive the first eccentric disc 155a, which will—by means of the eccentric pin (eccentric shaft) 171—move the guiding element 27 as well as the polarizer element 24 connected to it in a straight forced path since the polarizer element 24 is passed through the guiding slot element 27a having a slot for the polarizer element 24 in which it cannot be moved in another directions (this is supported also by the fact that the guiding element 27 is moved along the driving shafts 60a, 60b) and as a result of the rotation of the eccentric discs 155a, 155b the eccentric pin 171 will go up and down while it is moving in the elongated driving opening 157. The guiding element 27 cannot move in other directions only up and down because the polarizer element 24 is guided through the slot of the guiding slot element 27a.
As shown in
The compensator arrangement has two main parts:
This way one of the compensator magnets (namely, the movable compensator magnet 62a) moves together with the polarizer element 24, and, as a consequence of the repulsive interaction between the compensator magnets 62a, 62b the compensating counter force effect.
In this embodiment the apparatus comprises—a rather general form of—a compensator arrangement having
In the following figures we get back to the first embodiment applying the optical control by the help the circular control element 32 and the manner of the rotation is disclosed herebelow.
In
The rotation of the movable disc 29 can be interpreted based on
In other words: the circular control element 32 rotates together with the movable disc, and the blocking portions vis-A-vis the light path of the optical source and optical receiver arranged so that when a permanent magnet 23a-23c is at a position with its centreline in front of an arc 68 of a permanent magnet 21a-21d of the stationary ring 30, then the respective polarizer element 24a-24d is in its resting position, and if the centreline of every permanent magnet 23a-23c is outside of the arc 68 of a permanent magnet 21a-21d then the respective polarizer element 24a-24d is in its working position.
It is noted here that preferably a separate pair of optical source and receiver is arranged for each polarizer element 24a-24d, i.e. for each stationary permanent magnet 21a-21d for detecting whether a blocking portion is in the light path. However, it is also conceivable that only a single pair of optical source and receiver is arranged for detecting—based on the position of the blocking portions—the position of the circular control element 32 and the to-be-set status of each of the polarizer elements 24a-24d is determined based on the single optical control signal of this pair. For this the—preferable equidistant—distribution of the blocking portions has to be known. Moreover, other methods are conceivable to detect the position of the movable disc to set the status of the polarizer elements.
Now, the different stages of the rotation are illustrated by the help of
This alignment of permanent magnet 21a and 23a is the time instance when the movable permanent magnet 23a passes in front of the stationary permanent magnet 21a (in front of which it was driven by the help of the already removed polarizer element 24a, see below the details for the timing of removal of a polarizer element).
It can be observed in
The centreline of permanent magnet 23b is within the arc 68 of the stationary permanent magnet 21b. Thus, it is clear that permanent magnet 23b is not in front of the arc 68 of permanent magnet 21c. This arc 68 has already left by the centreline of movable permanent magnet 23c, accordingly, a polarizer element 24c is in its working position in front of stationary permanent magnet 21c (i.e. the polarizer element 24c is denoted in
In the case of the polarizer element 24d of permanent magnet 21d, the situation is similar to that of polarizer element 24c. The movable permanent magnet 23c have not reached the arc 68 of the stationary permanent magnet 21d (but it has passed in front of the arc 68 of the permanent magnet 21c, so—according to the above—it does not influence at this time instant the placement of polarizer element 24c in its working position). In the illustrated arrangement with the polarizer element 24d in its working position, there will be an attractive interaction between the movable permanent magnet 23c and the polarizer element 24d (the movable permanent magnet 23c does not have a pushing repulsive force—but, instead an attractive force—from the stationary permanent magnet 21c since it has the polarizer element 24c in front of itself).
To summarize, at the time instant illustrated in
Consequently, in summary there are such forces in this set of permanent magnets which help the clockwise rotation of the movable magnet 29. Since—based on symmetrical principles—there will be similar permanent magnet sets (three other) in the apparatus, it can be concluded that the clockwise rotation of the movable disc 29 is facilitated. Note that the position of the aligning permanent magnet pair continuously changing in
Now, let us turn to
The first movable permanent magnet 23a is rotated in the clockwise direction compared to the stationary permanent magnet 21a. The movable permanent magnet 23a is pushed by the stationary permanent magnet 21a when the centreline of the previous left the centreline of the latter. At the same time, the centreline of movable permanent magnet 23b left the arc 68 (or with other name, an arc portion) corresponding to stationary permanent magnet 21b, thus—since the centreline of the movable permanent magnet 23a has not reach this arc 68—the polarizer element 24b becomes into its working position in front of the stationary permanent magnet 21b. The polarizer element 24b facilitates also the movement of the movable permanent magnet 23a, but does not hinder the movement of permanent magnet 23b, since the polarizer element 24b is taken to its working position when the centreline of the permanent magnet 23b left the stationary permanent magnet 21b at a sufficient degree, so at the time instant which is illustrated in
Note that an arc 68 extends over the corresponding stationary permanent magnet in the clockwise direction in a certain extent as well as the centreline of the stationary permanent magnet in the anti-clockwise direction in a certain extent. This is because the removal of the polarizer elements 24a-24d has to be started in time in order that the corresponding stationary permanent magnet 21a-21d can transmit as much as possible pushing effect to the movable magnet 23a-23c passing in front of it (if the polarizer element would be removed too late, then less—and because of the distance between the magnets: weaker—pushing effect could be exerted). The insertion (depending also on the arc 68) should also be started in time based on the same reasons to facilitate the polarization of a stationary permanent magnet with appropriate timing.
The appropriate setting of the arcs 68 can be determined by experiments, however, according to
Because of the configuration at the start of the apparatus, the moving of the movable disc will start by this polarizer management. Moreover, during operation the existing momentum of the movable disc will help to have a continuous motion. It is noted here also, that the movable disc will move as a consequence of the movements of the polarizer element. Accordingly, the above can be summarized as that the movement of the movable disc will develop as it is determined by the movements of the polarizer elements (the movement frequency of them can be varied: e.g. starting from a lower frequency which is increased later; the frequency is independent on whether the movable disc rotates freely or a loading is taken to it; the free or loaded status varies only the energy needed for moving the polarizer element, the status does not, however, varies the frequency). The movable disc can start from any position, since the polarizer elements determine its movement
A further difference between
Summarizing
Now, turning to
In
At the same time, the movable permanent magnet 23c moved—according to the rotation of the movable disc 29—from the alignment with the stationary permanent magnet 21d, thus the latter pushes the former. It is also to be noted in
In
Accordingly, in
By the help of
In the apparatus outlined above, the motion would lay on the same principles as detailed in connection with
Furthermore, as
It is hereby noted that in addition to
In connection with the rotational motion, the situation shown in
1. The first stage magnet (i.e. the movable permanent magnet 21a) aligns with the magnet (i.e. the stationary permanent magnet 23a) of the first magnetic unit. According to the position of the circular control element of the optical gate, the respective polarizer element has been removed, so the two magnets exert a repulsive force to each other.
2. The second stage magnet (permanent magnet 21b) and the magnet of the second magnetic unit (permanent magnet 23b) repel each other due to magnetic interaction. According to the position of the circular control element of the optical gate, the respective polarizer element is in removed state.
3. The third stage magnet (permanent magnet 21c) according to the position of the circular control element of the optical gate is in a totally polarised position, Due to the total polarisation, the polariser attracts the magnet of the second magnetic unit (permanent magnet 23b).
4. The fourth stage magnet (permanent magnet 21d) according to the position of the circular control element of the optical gate is in a totally polarized position. Due to the total polarisation, the polarizer attracts the magnet of the third magnetic unit (permanent magnet 23c).
The above so-called stages happen at the same time and the continuous rotation is generated by their continuous, cyclic repetition.
In
The main parameters of the arrangements of
Tables 2a-2b illustrate that a huge number of different arrangements are conceivable. The number of polarizer elements is always the same to the number of stationary magnets. The number of stages defines how many different phases are needed to describe the movement of the polarizers. For the frequencies in Tables 2a-2b. The examples in the tables are given for one rotation/minute. It can be easily calculated that if 200 rotation/minute is to be achieved, then e.g. for
The different ratios in the arrangement of the permanent magnets affects a number of operating conditions, such as the frequency level, number of polarisers, useful torque rate, the available speed, the amount of operating energy, etc. In a preferred case, the movable module or the movable disc comprises at least three movable second permanent magnets, the stationary first permanent magnets of the stationary module, stationary ring or stationary disc is equal to or more than the number of the movable second permanent magnets. Throughout the description many aspects are given for the number of the permanent magnets, it is clear that it is not preferred to have too small number of permanent magnets in the stationary and movable modules.
It is noted that more working block can be applied (see the third embodiment), the full extension of the arrangement can be relevant, such as also the diameter of the disc and the ring. These parameters are dependent on the space requirements as well as on the specific application.
Movable magnets arranged on the rotating disc determines the operating frequency of the apparatus. For instance, each polariser controlling a rotating disc comprising six magnets has to perform six back and forth stages during each turn (helps to polarize when a movable magnet approaches and after that the polarizer is removed to push the movable magnet away). So, every polariser at 100 rotations/minute performs 600 back and forth stages per minute, which means 10 Hz operating frequency ( 1/60-part of 600). The operating frequency affects the operating rotational speed of the apparatus as well.
The power of the apparatus depends on the torque delivered and the momentary speed. According to this, at constant torque of the apparatus, the power increases proportionately by increasing the speed.
For moving the magnetic polarizer, in an example, a pneumatic system with an operating pressure of e.g. 8 bar (see
As illustrated in
For controlling the movement of the magnetic polarizers 24 a light-sensing optical gate breaker system (operating analogously to a circuit breaker) was applied (having an optical source 38a and an optical receiver 38b schematically illustrated in
According to the schematic drawings of
From the power supply 79 the optical source 38a (light source) operates continuously and emits continuous light towards the optical receiver 38b on the light path 39. In case there is a transparent portion 33c is in the light path, the optical receiver 38b connects the negative pole (−) of the power supply 79 to the circuit of the magnetic switch 71, which activates the air cylinder 76 and takes out the polarizer element 24 from between the permanent magnets 21, 23.
In case a blocking portion 33d is placed into the light path 39, the optical receiver 38b disconnects the negative pole (−) of the power supply 79 from the circuit of the magnetic switch 71, which activates the air cylinder 76 and pushes the polarizer element into between the permanent magnets 21, 23.
In this arrangement (see
In the exemplary experimental arrangement, at a rotational speed of 29.2 rpm (rotations per minute) of the assembled system the magnetic polarizers operate at a frequency of 8.76 Hz. Due to the limitations of the applied pneumatic cylinders (maximum 9 Hz) it was not possible to reach a higher frequency and rotational speed.
State-of-the-art pneumatic technology allows e.g. the application of the so-called “muscle cylinders” (https://www.festo.com/cat/hu_hu/products_010606; developed by Festo) that are capable of performing the necessary work at frequencies as high as 100 Hz, which amounts to a rotational speed greater than 300 rpm according to the arrangement.
In the course of our experiments, we were able to assemble a system undergoing constant rotational motion that has a constant torque irrespective of the rotational speed. This is because since the interacting energy of the magnets is constant, which will not change when the rotational speed increases or decreases.
Therefore, the higher rotational speed we seek, but it has numerous hindering effects, such as the frequency of the polarizers. The rotational speed of the arrangement is determined by the moving frequency of the magnetic polarizer (since with this frequency the movable magnet can be pulled by the polarizer element). By means of this arrangement, controllable rotational motion operating on the principle of magnetic repulsive force, with a permanent magnet power source, was realized (the main components of the assembled apparatus are shown in
The torque achieved by the exemplary experimental apparatus was in total 25.4 Nm in contrast to the pre-calculated 65.00 Nm. The evaluation of the measurement data and the tests of the experimental apparatus have led us to the conclusion that the opposite-direction attractive force acting on the polarizer (which we termed the “polarization loss”, this occurs when the polarizer element is pulled out from the position when it is in front of a stationary permanent magnet) extracts from the apparatus (system) a significantly higher amount of energy than it was previously calculated.
The operation of the experimental apparatus has proven the feasibility of the concept.
Based on the results the configuration of the magnetic polarizer was rethought and additional experiments were performed.
Herebelow, experimental arrangement no. 2 is disclosed. Many details of this arrangement are also disclosed; thus, the disclosure can be considered as an example. However, with appropriate generalizations, the disclosure can be considered as a description of an embodiment (first embodiment as cited in the brief description of drawings).
In this embodiment the magnetic polarizer is circularly arranged inside the experimental working block.
Components of a working block (see
The disclosure of the present embodiment (as well as an example with specific configuration data given below) is started in
According to
Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, neighbouring polarizer elements 84 in the annular arrangement are interconnected with each other by means of polarizer interconnections 85 being made of the same material as the plurality of polarizer elements 84.
Connecting the polarisers with an interconnecting bridge may cause negative or positive effects. The positive effect is that the polariser does not completely break out from the magnetic field, so the movement process is smoother and therefore the necessary kinetic energy is lower. The negative effect might be (in case it is present excessively) that the polarisation would remain continuous, so the interacting energy of the magnets decreases with the level of the residual polarisation. This might result in a decrease in the power of the apparatus.
By implementing such bridges that are narrow enough, the positive effect overcomes, therefore these are preferred to be used. The width of the bridge (polarizer interconnection) is preferably 5-25%, particularly preferably 10-20%, e.g. approximately 15% compared to the width of polarizer element (the width is meant in the radial direction).
Furthermore, preferably in this embodiment (see
Size of
The polarizer elements have an arc-like shape to be able to cover the permanent magnets appropriately. In the radial direction it has a size larger than a permanent magnet i.e. it can cover it. The polarizer elements preferably slightly larger (i.e. have a larger respective width) in the radial direction than the permanent magnets 101, 103 for covering them.
According to the above, to the size of the polarizer element on the first periphery (i.e. in the tangential direction), the minimum is the arc size between two second permanent magnets, this is the magnet distance arc size (if a polarizer element leaves a movable second permanent magnet, it will immediately reach the next). Another preferred minimum can be the magnet arc size plus a second permanent magnet arc size, which means that when the trailing end of the polarizer element just fully covers a second permanent magnet (i.e. is almost leaves the magnet by this end), it does just not reach the next second permanent magnet. As given above and as illustrated in
This is in line with that aspect that in the tangential direction the size of the polarizer element should be chosen so as to when it reaches the next movable permanent magnet it polarizes that before reaching the next stationary magnet (see by comparing
The trailing end (in the direction of the movement) of the polarizer element is provided with a peaked configuration so as to decrease the energy of leaving a magnet (i.e. to break away from it). The front (leading) end in the direction of the movement has a circle end which can properly cover a permanent magnet to be polarized (see also
It is to be noted that—however, in the apparatus, these form a polarizer disc 90—the polarizer elements 84 are to be handled as separate entities also in the present embodiment (similarly to other embodiments; these polarizer elements can also be easily and exactly differentiated). In short, these are the polarizer elements 84 of the polarizer disc 90 having the appropriate arrangement within the polarizer disc 90.
This is substantiated by that every polarizer element have an independent role when the interaction between the permanent magnets is influenced with them and by that the polarizer interconnections—if these are arranged: the embodiment can be realized also without them—play different role than the polarizer elements themselves (i.e. the interconnections do not directly have a role in establishing attractive forces, but in smoothing of the effects occurring when the polarizer elements are moved by the help of rotating the polarizer disc).
In
The working block is configured in a sandwich-like manner according to the following. Support plate, stationary disc, 1 mm air gap, polarizer disc, 1 mm air gap, movable disc, 1 mm air gap, polarizer disc, 1 mm air gap, stationary disc, support plate (see
Accordingly, in
In the embodiment illustrated in
To the inner side of the support plates 88 facing to each other, stationary discs 89 are mounted. Between the stationary discs 89 a—doubled—movable disc 91 is arranged sandwiched between two polarizer discs 90. In this configuration the polarizer elements 84 of a polarizer disc 90 are sandwiched between a stationary disc 89 and a movable disc 91 (accordingly, the polarizer elements 84 are adapted for being arranged in front of stationary permanent magnets of the stationary disc in order to establish an attractive interaction with permanent magnets of the movable disc).
The above disclosed sandwich configuration is illustrated in an assembled state in
In
In
In
In the embodiment illustrated in the previous figures,
Furthermore, it is preferably also holds true that the first permanent magnets 101 are arranged equidistantly at the second periphery of the stationary disc 89 (see
Preferably, a third magnet number (i.e. the total number of) of the first permanent magnets 101 of the stationary disc 89 is half of a fourth magnet number (i.e. the total number of) of the second permanent magnets 103 of the movable disc 91.
In an example realized according to the embodiment of
In summary, these are the data in an example. The (outer) diameter of the stationary disc is 260 mm. The radius of the centreline of the magnets placed on the stationary disc is R 110 mm. The type and sizes of the magnets placed into the stationary disc are N48 30 (diameter)×15 (length) mm. The (outer) diameter of the rotating disc is 260 mm. The radius of the outline of the magnets placed on the rotating disc is R 110 mm. The type and sizes of the magnets placed into the rotating disc are N48 30 (diameter)×30 (length) mm. The radius of the centreline of the polariser elements is R 110 mm. The thickness of the polariser is 4 mm. The distance (gap) within the various discs was 1.5 mm. The degree of the highest magnetic peak pushing force measured on magnet pair (R 110 mm on an arc) during the experiments is 3.6 kg*f. This value expressed in torque measured on the shaft is 4.208 Nm. The applied frequency was 25 Hz in the example.
According to the operating principle of the experimental arrangement, the magnetic polarizer disc and the movable disc have an identical rotational direction, but their speed is different at a ratio of 2:1. This means that in the course of 2 revolutions of the magnetic polarizer disc, the movable disc performs 1 revolution.
In this embodiment by the movement of the polarizer disc the moving disc will assume the movement which is illustrated in
In a single revolution, the movable disc performs ten working stages generating torque (the movable magnets work on both sides with the magnets of the two stationary disc outputting double energy). The power stroke of the magnetic polarizer consists of the following stages (see
The above are interpreted further herebelow. The rotation of the movable disc 91 is facilitated by the help of the rotation of the polarizer disc of which only the polarizer elements 84a and 84b are illustrated. Accordingly, the position illustrated in
Accordingly, when starting from the situation illustrated in
In
As a consequence, the stationary permanent magnet being in the magnet place 101a gets polarized by the polarizer element 84b in
In an embodiment the experimental apparatus consists of five working blocks. In this arrangement of the magnets of the stationary disc is provided such that the stationary disc magnets of each successive working block are arranged rotated by 14.4° (in an example this is the value of the rotation shift; other values for the rotation shift are conceivable) corresponding to the direction of rotation. The stationary disc permanent magnets (the places of the permanent magnets are denoted by magnet places 105 shown in
It can be seen that a part between two stationary permanent magnets is “filled” with the rotatably arranged other stationary discs 89a-89e to have a continuous overlap and thus the working blocks being formed by the stationary discs 89a-89e (preferably all of them are doubled) can help each other during the operation. A single working block can also operate in itself. If there are more working blocks the rotation degree can be a lower value, but when there are less, it can be a larger value.
The stationary discs 89a-89e are arranged on the same main shaft (the shaft through hole for receiving the is observable in the centre of the first stationary disc 89a) for a second main shaft 116 see
Movable disc 91a-91e corresponding to the stationary discs 89a-89e are shown in
In the example illustrated at the stationary discs 89a-89e in
Polarizer discs 90a-90e corresponding the stationary discs 89a-89e of
In this embodiment the discs of the working blocks are connected to the same main shaft (see
The arrangement of the various discs in
Preferably, the arrangement of the stationary disc 89a-89e will be fixed (accordingly these are fixed also with respect to each other) and the polarizer discs 90a-90e will be fixed with respect to each other with the same rotation degree as the stationary discs 89a-89e (they are fixed according to their starting position, since these are driven from outside) to be in the appropriate position when rotated, and the movable discs 91e-91e will assume the appropriate position during the rotation.
As mentioned above, the above detailed embodiment of the apparatus—based on which an experimental apparatus can be realized, see below the results obtained with it—is illustrated in
In the apparatus the polarizer discs 90a-90e are rotated utilizing an auxiliary motor 114 via a gear transmission. By the help of the auxiliary motor 114 (auxiliary driving unit), second driving gears 115 are driven (all of them); a separate driving gear 115 corresponds to each working block 113. The driving gears 115 are adapted for drive respective driving teeth 117 of the working blocks 113. The driving teeth 117 are formed on respective driving rings 117a. Via connector elements 119 two polarizer discs are connected to each driving rings 117a (from these two polarizer discs only one is visible in
Thus, in an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a third polarizer moving arrangement adapted for rotating the polarizer disc 90. The third polarizer moving arrangement can be configured in a general way (i.e. much more general than it is illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment, driving teeth 117 are formed on or connected (in a fixed, non-rotatable manner) to an outer periphery of the polarizer disc 90 (in the illustrated embodiment the driving teeth 117 is formed on driving rings which is arranged at the outer periphery of the polarizer disc 90, namely connected to two of them) and the third polarizer moving arrangement comprises a driving gear 115 fitting to the driving teeth 117 and adapted for rotating the polarizer disc 90 (in the apparatus of
As illustrated in
We measured the torque of the experimental apparatus realized according to the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the exemplary experimental realization, the apparatus (system) was equipped with and was operated utilizing a preferably direct-drive 24-V electro-mechanical auxiliary drive unit applied as the auxiliary motor 114.
The peak torque value measured with the experimental apparatus realized according to the above detailed embodiment was only 87.70 Nm instead of the previously calculated 32.50 Nm. With a prolonged load, a torque of 29.1 Nm was measured. We established that this was caused by the low degree of overlap between the magnets (see below).
With this arrangement we were unable to achieve the 300 revolutions/minute target speed. In the course of the tests, it was found that the maximum speed the apparatus (system) is capable of is 135-140 revolutions/minute. In this revolution range the highest frequency of the polarizer is 22.9 Hz (i.e. the frequency of moving the polarizer is maximized e.g. in approx. 23 Hz). Based on the tests it can be established that magnetic polarization is not particularly effective at high frequencies. Due to the high frequency, the interaction between the polarizer and the work magnets generates an opposite-direction eddy current that has a braking effect on the rotor of the system. The magnetic forces are not dependent on the frequency, so same quantity of energy can be transmitted with a polarization performed at high frequency as at low frequency.
The low-speed operation of the experimental apparatus has proven the feasibility of the concept.
These can be illustrated in
The power of the apparatus is determined by the degree of overlap of consecutive work magnets. The peak torque of the magnets of the apparatus presented as an example was 87.7 Nm, though the continuous torque measured during operation was altogether 29.1 Nm. This is illustrated in
A magnet pair is a pair of magnets consisting of one fixed and one moving magnet in operation. The two ended arrow corresponding the respective magnet pairs indicates the time of the repulsive effect of the pair of magnets. Furthermore, the curve is a scale curve of the torque between the pair of magnets.
The graph of
This cycle can be interpreted e.g. based on
The time of the overlap of the repulsive effect between the two pairs of magnets is called magnetic overlap.
Peak torque (shown by a vertical line 202, it is 87.7 Nm above) is torque measured on the shaft generated by maximal repulsive force between the magnet pair. It is not equal with the utilizable continuous power of the apparatus. The continuous useful power of the apparatus is originated from, based on the overlap of the magnet pairs, the continuous torque measurable on the shaft (shown by a vertical line 204, it is 29.1 Nm above). By increasing the number of magnet pairs, the scale of the overlap can be increased, thus the useful power of the apparatus also increases.
The sizes of the apparatus are adjusted for example to the scale planned and required to be reached of the torque. The size of the necessary magnetic repulsive force, which determines the size of the magnet, can be calculated from this value. The sizing of the polarizer, furthermore the stationary and the movable ring/disc and the ratio of the magnets placed on them, can be determined based on the size of the magnet.
The approach disclosed by the help of
Based on the results the configuration of the magnetic polarizers was rethought and additional experiments were performed. It is also noted that the different embodiments may be utilized for different applications. Accordingly, although the embodiments have been developed in order of appearance in this specification, their applications may be chosen based on their configuration and operability details.
The required modifications of the apparatus (system) and the direction of further development (to have further embodiments) was determined based on the results of the earlier experimental apparatuses. These were primarily the following:
In the course of the research and development process we built an experimental arrangement (and achieved corresponding embodiments) that fulfilled all the target conditions.
Based on our experience with the earlier experimental arrangements (i.e. the other embodiments), the following modified arrangement (having common aspects mostly with the first embodiment detailed above) of a further apparatus is disclosed, which can be referred as experimental arrangement no. 3 (generally, third embodiment as cited in the brief description of drawings).
The arrangement comprises a double-disc working block (see e.g.
Major components of the working block:
Being the components in line with the above list, a further embodiment is shown in
In
The stationary rings 127a and 127b have mainly annular shape to surround the respective movable discs 128a and 128b, but for standing and fitting to the structure, these have standing projections 137 (at the bottom part to stand on) and connections projections 139 (on the top for being connected). See also peripheric flat portions 137a.
The movable disc 128a and 128b have mainly disc shape. Both the stationary rings 127a, 127b and the movable discs 128a, 128b have indentations for placing the permanent magnets. On the inner periphery of the stationary rings 128a, 128b first indentations 121′ are formed to receive the stationary permanent magnets (in the illustrated case eight pieces of these are formed), as well as on the outer periphery of the movable discs second indentations 123′ are formed to receive the movable permanent magnets (in the illustrated case nine of them is formed).
In
The guiding shaft arrangements 130 connect the two stationary ring 127a and 127b in order to guide guiding elements 129. Each or the guiding elements 129 are adapted for moving a polarizer element 134 between the two stationary rings for polarizing the stationary permanent magnets alternately, i.e. once in the first stationary ring 127a and once in the second stationary ring 127b such that it is inserted between the stationary permanent magnets of a stationary ring and the movable permanent magnets of the corresponding movable disc (see below for the details of the operation of the polarizer elements).
It is an important feature of the experimental arrangement is that two stationary rings having a completely identical configuration are arranged at a predetermined distance from each other. This any of the stationary rings 127a, 127b could be in
Each movable disc (rotor disc) of the experimental apparatus comprises nine magnets (the pair of movable discs 128a and 128b is illustrated in
In
In
The guiding element 129 in the illustrated embodiment has an approximate T-shape. It has a stem with a widened connector end 129a (this is a foot for the T-shape) which is adapted for connecting a moving assembly to the guiding element 129 (see e. g.
It is also shown in
As shown in
In
In
An appropriately sized asymmetry can help in the situation, where a polarizer element is to be pulled out of two permanent magnets. At the other stationary ring-movable disc pair where the polarizer element is transferred, only one permanent magnet has an attractive force on the polarizer element since the movable magnet being in late, in accordance with the alignment in the other stationary ring-movable disc pair. If in this case the overextension is large enough, the polarizer element can reach the approaching movable magnet in the receiving pair of stationary ring and movable disc. Thus, the energy needed for transferring the polarizer element can be decreased.
In
The arrangement of each stationary rings 127a, 127b in the row in the apparatus is observable by the help of their projections (legs) 137 and 139 (visible at the basis sheet 141a and the connector sheet 141b). Other parts of the stationary rings 127a being at the beginning of the row are covered by a ring-shaped second covering plate 138. The edges of the covering plates 138 are visible for all of the stationary rings 127a, 127b of the apparatus.
In
It is to be noted in the apparatus shown in
The working blocks 142 are arranged in a row (as also mentioned above) and the arrangement of the guiding elements 129 helps to understand the structure of the working blocks 142. Four guiding elements are visible for top controlling elongated element 136 and three guiding element 129 is visible at the right side of the apparatus for the front working block 142 (the guiding elements 129 are similarly arranged for the other working blocks 142 not arranged at the front and the left part of the apparatus is in coverage, but it has similar structure as it will be shown in other figures below). It can be observed that each guiding elements 129 of the top controlling elongated element 136 are inserted between two stationary ring 127a, 127b of a respective working block 142 (for the peipheric flat portions 137a giving a flat place and somewhat projecting out of the outer periphery of the stationary rings 127a, 127b—see the role of the peripheric flat portions 137a, below in connection with the compensator arrangements—between which the guiding element is arranged, see
Accordingly, by the help of the controlling elongated elements 136 the guiding elements 129 of the working blocks 142 in the row can be operated simultaneously (i.e. parallelly, at the same time by the help of the second polarizer moving arrangement, see below). In line with the above disclosures the guiding elements are operated in such a way that they are moved between the two stationary ring-movable disc pair of a working block 142. Thus, by the help of the controlling elongated elements rows of the guiding elements 129 are operable together, and other guiding elements 129 of a working block 142 operated together with that of other working blocks 142 also in rows.
Thus, in the embodiment illustrated in
In this embodiment, the apparatus comprises a second polarizer moving arrangement adapted for moving independently of each other each of the plurality of polarizer elements 134 via moving each guiding element 129 along the respective guiding shaft arrangement 130 (this is the way how the polarizer elements 134 can move independently).
Furthermore, preferably, each guiding element 129 is movable (displaceable) by means of a respective controlling elongated element 136 (with other name, controlling connection or rod element) connected to the respective guiding element 129, wherein each controlling elongated element 136 is elongated in a moving direction (in order to be able to move the guiding element effectively from a distance) of the respective guiding element 129 (thus, the second polarizer moving arrangement is realized by the controlling elongated elements driven independently by an appropriate driving unit, e.g. a motor).
In
In the center part of
In
In the position illustrated in
In the side view of
It is observable also in
The movement of the polarizer elements 134 can be interpreted based on
As illustrated also in the movable discs 128a, 128b of
In connection with the present embodiment the followings are to be noted. The polarizer elements 134 are moved by the help of the controlling elongated elements 136 (via the guiding elements 129). For all of the polarizer elements 134 an external rhythm is given to each of the polarizer elements 134. In order to make this possible, the controlling elongated elements 136 are arranged in a number as many polarizer elements 134 are arranged in a working block (however, the polarizer elements 134 of the different working blocks can be connected to the same controlling elongated element 136).
It is noted hereby, that in every embodiment the rhythm of the movement is determined by moving the polarizer elements, however, e.g. in the embodiment of
Considering
It is noted, furthermore, that when the phase parameters are fixed then the frequency can be adjusted. Accordingly, the apparatus for example may start with a lower frequency (and, thus, rotating speed of the movable disc) which can be increased continuously or gradually.
The arrangement is also conceivable for the case where the permanent magnets are not arranged equidistantly, but in a less ordered manner. The movement of the respective polarizer element can also be determined even if the arrangement is not equidistant for the embodiments in which the polarizer element should be inserted with appropriate timing.
Let us now consider
Considering the topmost part and the bottommost part of the movable disc 128a, it can be observed that at the topmost part, permanent magnets 121 and 123 face each other (these are in alignment), while at the bottommost part the stationary permanent magnet 121 is just in the halfway of two movable permanent magnets 123. It is clear in these positions (namely in from of these two stationary permanent magnets) the polarizer elements 134 will be in an opposite phase considering the stationary ring 127a and movable disc 128a. Such an opposite situation also happens at the same time with the stationary ring 127b and movable disc 128b, however, the positions of the polarizer elements 134 for these is naturally determined by the positions of the polarizer elements 134 for the front —namely, for this figure, stationary ring 127a and movable disc 128a.
According to the arrangement shown in
Furthermore, it is given, that for the arrangement shown in
Thus, the polarizer elements 134 will be such a position for the right-side stationary permanent magnets 121 that a full or part polarization of them can be established for them to help the pulling of the respective movable permanent magnets 123. At the same time, for the left-side stationary permanent magnets the polarizer elements 134 will be more or less removed from between the permanent magnets 121, 123 to facilitate pushing (to a larger or smaller extent) of the movable permanent magnets 123 at this side. The phase of the polarizer elements 134 will be gradually different value compared to the neighbouring stationary permanent magnets 121 (i.e. for the case illustrated in
It is added to the above, that in the embodiment illustrated in
To summarize, in connection with these movement aspects it has to be once again noted, that an alternating movement with different phases (gradually changing phases) will be given to the polarizer elements 134 and the rotation of the movable disc 128a will be established as a consequence of this. Thus, in this respect,
Furthermore, the above principles for the phase can be generalized for other ratios where the permanent magnets are arranged equidistantly (it is observable that the permanent magnets are arranged at equal distances on a periphery, i.e. these are arranged in a symmetric way on a given radius; there is the same distance between all neighbouring permanent magnet on the same module, e.g. on a stationary ring or a movable disc).
Let us now consider
However, there are some cases where more than one pairs of stationary and movable permanent magnets, such as
From the point of view of stages this means the following e.g. for
Similarly, the number of stages is two in the case of
Similarly to the case illustrated in
To summarize the above description, the arrangements for all of the ratios can be interpreted, i.e. the movement of the respective polarizer elements can be determined based on the parameters of the arrangements. It is noted also that the situation can be projected to the stationary ring of the pair (if there is a pair, like in case of
The length of the movable disc (rotor disc) assembly—i.e. that of the assembly connected by the tubular shaft 131—has to be determined based on the relative distance of the two stationary rings 127a, 127b such that the length of the movable disc assembly is the same as the relative distance of the outside faces of the stationary rings (to have the same width, cf.
The relative distance of the stationary rings is determined by the dimensions of the included polarizer movable module (polarizer driving block, guiding element 129, see
The inner diameter of the outer ring is 280 mm. The type and sizes of the magnets placed into the outer ring are N52 30 (width)×30 (length)×30 (height) mm. It is preferred to use the same type of magnet for the compensator that we want to compensate. In this case N52. The diameter of the rotating disc is 264 mm. The type and sizes of the magnets placed into the rotating disc are N52 30 (width)×30 (length)×30 (height) mm. The sizes of the polarizer element are 105 (length)×50 (width)×4 (thickness) mm. According to the above sizes, there is 70 mm distance between the two outer rings. Based on the sizes of the polarizer, the 105 mm size is in the direction of the distance, so the polarizer extends between the moving disc and the outer ring with 17.5 mm. Since it can move a further 15 mm, it is able to cover the cube magnet having 30 mm edge sizes. The degree of the highest magnetic peak thrust measured on magnet pair (R 132 mm on an arc) during the experiments is 6.935 kg*f. This value expressed in torque measured on the shaft is 8.9875 Nm. The applied frequency was 15 Hz. In the example a compensator arrangement is also applied, N52 30×30×10 mm permanent magnets were applied on the movable compensator arrangement part (the length of it in the example was 80 mm; in this case the distance of the two stationary rings was 70 mm), and N52 30×30×20 mm were applied in the stationary compensator arrangement part.
In our experiments, we have experienced factors hindering functioning as well as efficiency which caused energy loss in the analysation of every experimental equipment. Such as for example friction, internal air resistance, magnetic force field collision, generation of eddy currents in certain configurations, polarisation pulling counterforce, etc. When designing the experimental apparatuses, we focused on eliminating or reducing these factors causing loss of energy and we utilised these solutions in the disclosed experimental apparatuses.
The polarizer movable module (see
The predetermined distance between the two stationary rings of the working block is provided by a linear bearing shaft that is to be built into the apparatus. The built-in linear bearing shaft has preferably ground surface, high wear resistance, and high load-bearing capacity. The arrangement of holes 132 (see
Preferably, at each end of the linear bearing shaft there are disposed two seats (shown by a peripheric line on the shafts 130a, 130b: these go to the two side of a stationary ring 127a, 127b) for receiving Seeger rings (see
In the exemplary experimental apparatus, eight pieces of polarizers (polarizer elements) with a thickness of 4 mm, made of soft iron, were built into the working block (see
The magnetic working stages of the double-disc working block arrangement (i.e. the present embodiment) are identical (i.e. are on similar principles) to the stages of the experimental apparatuses no. 1 and no. 2 described above. In this arrangement, the direction of movement of the polarizer is perpendicular to the direction of travel of the movable disc magnets (see
By providing the double-disc arrangement, a four-stage (four-stroke) arrangement has been provided that has two work units (i.e. two magnets working at the same time on the two discs) and is adapted for rotational motion (see
Advantageously, in the case of the double-disc working block, moving the polarizers is also assisted by the attractive forces of the magnets arranged in stationary rings and of the movable disc acting on the polarizer, so the external energy input required for moving the polarizer is significantly lower.
In the double-disc arrangement (see
Due to the angular displacement (difference) between the movable discs as mentioned above (it can be considered a 180° angular difference if the difference in the arrangement of the movable discs is taken into consideration), at this point the stationary ring 127a acts with a repulsive force on the permanent magnet of the movable disc.
Because the arrangement of the stationary ring comprises an even number of magnets, the opposite-laying magnet of each stationary ring performs an opposite stage. During the operation of the double-disc arrangement, a respective magnet of each stationary disc situated diagonally with respect to each other performs a working stage in the course of the same stage. Based on the above, in each stage of each double-disc working block two magnet pairs perform a power stage (see the arrangement illustrated e.g. in
Each double-disc working block operates as a standalone (independent) drive unit. The configuration of the working block allows for connecting more working blocks, whereby its power output can be increased.
Therefore, in the present embodiment, a first stationary ring 127a and a second stationary ring 127b arranged around a first movable disc 128a and a second movable disc 128b, respectively, are arranged for the plurality of polarizer elements 134, wherein
Furthermore, as it has been touched upon above, it is also holds true in the present embodiment that each of the polarizer elements 134 are fixed to a respective guiding element 129 (this was illustrated by the polarizer elements 134 and the guiding elements 129) movable along a respective guiding shaft arrangement (here, guiding shaft arrangement 130) adapted for moving the respective polarizer element 134 to the working position and out of the working position (preferably, between the working position and the resting position).
It is noted hereby, that although the guiding elements 27 and 129 have different configuration, these have the same role in connection with the moving: these are adapted for moving the respective polarizer element along a respective guiding shaft arrangement.
In the present embodiment, furthermore, the guiding shaft arrangements 130 corresponding to the plurality of polarizer elements 134 connect the first stationary ring 127a and the second stationary ring 127b so that each of the polarizer elements 134 are moveable to a first polarizer working position and a second polarizer working position, wherein in the first polarizer working position the respective polarizer element 134 is inserted between the first stationary ring 127a and the first movable disc 128a (i.e. into its working position to be arranged in front of a stationary permanent magnet 121, the first polarizer working position is a resting position with respect of the second polarizer working position and vice versa), as well as in the second polarizer working position the respective polarizer element 134 is inserted between the second stationary ring 127b and the second movable disc 128b.
It is noted that the resting position is assumed when the polarizer element is removed from the working position, i.e. it preferably “starts” earlier then the polarizer gets into the other working position. In other words, the apparatus is preferably configured in such a way that when the polarizer element is fully inserted into a working position it is fully removed from the other working position. Moreover, preferably, when it is already totally removed from one of the working positions (i.e. when it is already in the resting position from the view of this working position), a further movement of the polarizer element is needed to be fully inserted into the other working position.
Accordingly, the first stationary ring 127a and the second stationary ring 127b are arranged as stationary rings, i.e. in this embodiment two stationary rings—and corresponding movable discs—are arranged (in a working block as will be illustrated in
In summary, similarly to the embodiment shown e.g. in
Furthermore, it also holds true preferably in the present embodiment that the first permanent magnets 121 are arranged equidistantly on the inner periphery of the stationary ring (in this case, stationary rings 127a, 127b) and the second permanent magnets 123 are arranged equidistantly on the outer periphery of the movable disc (in this case, movable discs 128a, 128b). This aspect has been touched upon in connection with
Furthermore, preferably, a first magnet number of the first permanent magnets 121 of the stationary ring (in this case, of stationary ring 127a, 127b) is different from a second magnet number of the second permanent magnets 123 of the movable disc (in this case, of the movable disc 128a, 128b; the first and second permanent magnet numbers are to be compared for a pair of a stationary ring and a movable disc, i.e. for the pair of stationary ring 127a-movable disc 128a or the pair of stationary ring 127b-movable disc 128b).
It is particularly preferred, when the difference between the first magnet number and the second magnet number is one (this is advantageous on its own since the movements of the polarizer elements can be easily designed). If, however, furthermore, on the top of the difference of one between the first magnet number and the second magnet number also compensator arrangement is also comprised for the polarizer elements (preferably for all of the guiding elements), then that embodiment is particularly preferred. Such an embodiment is illustrated in
A final configuration of the experimental apparatus realized according to the present embodiment is assembled from four independent working blocks applying a common principal shaft (see a main shaft 166 which has preferably two functions: firstly, it holds the movable discs and fixes their positions, secondly, summarizes the power output on a shaft and makes possible the utilization of it), i.e. the experimental apparatus is realized according to
The four-working-block apparatus (system) was tested with a pneumatic and also with an electromechanical drive. With a pneumatic drive, the pneumatic unit performed as expected at low rotational speeds (25-30 revolutions/minute—3.75-4.5 Hz). At higher speeds (60-65 revolutions/minute—9-9.75 Hz) the pneumatic drive was unable to provide full movement of the polarizer, so the efficiency of the system was reduced significantly, approximately by 45-48%.
By way of the control arms (controlling elongated elements), the electromechanical drive provides a firm connection between the drive unit and the polarizers, resulting in that the polarizers—moving along a constrained path—had 100% polarization and 100% power output at a speed of 100 revolutions/minute and a polarizer frequency of 15 Hz.
The torque of the four-working-block apparatus (system), measured in the stationary state, is 70.8 Nm (it is like a starting torque reaching the maximum torque). In the case of a pneumatic drive, the torque value measured at low rotational speeds was 69 Nm. At higher speeds, the output torque decreased to 31.5 Nm.
By applying an electromechanical drive unit, the value of output torque measured in the stationary state and in operation was equally 71.9 Nm. A power increase of 1.53% was demonstrated by multiple repeated measurements (compared to the results obtained by the pneumatic drive).
The increase of output power is explained by the polarizers moving along a constrained path determined by the firm connection between the electromechanical system, the drive and the polarizer block can provide a 100% polarization and capability of outputting power.
In the following the role of the magnetic compensator arrangement (in short: compensator) is disclosed in the above detailed embodiment.
In the course of magnetic polarization, the stationary magnets exert a pull force on the polarizer constantly, while the movable magnets exert a pull force thereon cyclically. The amount of energy required for operating the system is determined by the magnetic pull force acting on the polarizer. In order to reduce the operating energy demand, it became necessary to apply—e.g. a repulsive—magnetic compensator to counteract the magnetic pull force acting on the polarizer.
It is an essential aspect of the magnetic compensator is that a pair of magnets with a repulsive force nearly equals the magnetic pull force acting on the polarizer is built in the given polarizer assembly, such that the opposite-direction repulsive energy reduces or compensates the energy of the magnetic pull forces acting on the polarizer.
The possibility of application and integration of the compensators in a particular apparatus is dependent on the given arrangement, so several different configurations are possible.
As an example, a magnetic compensator provided for experimental arrangement no. 3 will be described below.
An embodiment of the magnetic compensator arrangement has two major components as illustrated in
The movable compensator arrangement part 147 is illustrated in details in
Moreover, in the basic part 147c through holes 151 are formed for fixing the movable unit with screws led to the through holes 151.
In
Under the cover element 154a, a magnet holder block 152 is arranged (fixed preferably by screws to the two side walls of the first stationary compensator element 148a) in which a magnet holder nest 153 (having cuboid shape having rectangular base) is formed for arranging a first auxiliary permanent magnet. The first stationary compensator element can be fixed to basement by the help of through holes 175 formed on a base plate of the first stationary compensator element. The second stationary compensator element 148b is formed in an analogous way (but symmetrically) as the first stationary compensator element 148a.
As shown in
In an example, the compensator arrangement is formed so as to comprise:
In the movable compensator arrangement part 147, the third and fourth auxiliary permanent magnets 149a, 149b are attached to the respective magnet holder blocks (first and second wedge-shaped block 147a, 147b) of the movable unit by screws, such that the magnets 149a, 149b are arranged with their identical poles facing the magnets (first and second auxiliary permanent magnets to be arranged in the magnet holder nests 153) arranged in the stationary unit (module, in this embodiment stationary rings), but with an exemplary angular separation of 30° with respect to the base of the stationary compensator elements 148a, 148b. The movable part 147 is attached with screws to the polarizer connector and drive rail (to the controlling elongated element 136), and the stator unit is attached with screws to an attachment location formed on the stationary rings 127a, 127b.
The screw retaining location (through holes 175) of the magnet holder block of the stationary unit is configured in a manner that the magnetic compensator unit can be calibrated to the polarizer unit of the system such that the magnetic pull forces acting on the polarizer can be compensated with the highest possible efficiency.
During the tests, by the help of the compensator arrangement (an embodiment of which is illustrated in
In
It is also shown that the movable compensator arrangement part 147 is fixed to the guiding element 129 (namely to its projecting widened connector end 129a) and thus the movable compensator arrangement part 147 and the stationary compensator elements 148a, 148b are arranged vis-A-vis each other that their respective auxiliary magnets can approach each other. The movable compensator arrangement part 147 is also fixed to the controlling elongated element 136 with the help of which the moving thereof can be managed. First, the controlling elongated element 136 is fixed to the connector end 129a, and after that the movable compensator arrangement part 147, this is clear if the connection of the upper controlling elongated element 136 and the guiding element 129 is considered.
It is to be noted that it is enough to arrange only one compensator arrangement along a single controlling elongated element 136 (it also helps the movement of the other guiding elements 129 connected to the controlling elongated element 136). It is preferred to arrange a respective compensator arrangement to each of the controlling elongated elements 136. In this case, all of these can be driven by the same driving force.
It is also clear from
In
According to the above disclosures, in the present embodiment the apparatus comprises a compensator arrangement (e.g. the compensator arrangement 150 and its components are illustrated in
It is noted that these last two points give a certain level specialization; however, as illustrated by the compensator arrangements of
The compensator can be configured to be operable based attraction or repulsion. These configurations are similar, but the compensator parts are to be applied for an apparatus configuration that they perform their effect against the forces emerging on the polarizer elements. In the case illustrated in
In an equilibrium state, the stationary and movable permanent magnets exert (the same) attractive force on the polarizer element. At the same time, the stationary magnets of the compensator exert the same repulsive force to the movable magnet of the compensator fixed to the guiding element of the polarizer element.
A compensated work stage (i.e. when the compensator is effective) is that when a movable permanent magnet becomes aligned with a stationary permanent magnet in a polarized state (i.e. the polarizer element is inserted into between these). At this time instance the movable and stationary permanent magnets both exert an attractive force on the polarizer element, i.e. the polarizer element is forced into between the permanent magnets. The polarizer element moves together with the movable magnet of the compensator, thus at this stage as a consequence of the movement of the polarizer element, the distance between the stationary and movable magnets of the compensator also decreases. By the decreasing of the distance, the repulsive force between the stationary and movable magnets of the compensator increases. This force has thus an opposite direction compared to the attractive force acting between the polarizer element and the stationary and movable permanent magnets. Thus, by this repulsive force the total force on the polarizer element decreases and, consequently, the energy consumption necessary for moving the polarizer element also decreases.
In
It is also clear from
The working block provided with the compensator arrangement is shown in
In
In
It can be observed that in this base state, the ends of the movable compensator arrangement part 147 are projecting into the stationary compensator elements 148a, 148b. With moving the movable compensator arrangement part 147 by means of the controlling elongated element 136 further into the receiving spaces 195a, 195b of the stationary compensator elements 148a, 148b.
At the same time, i.e. when the movable compensator arrangement part 147 is moved by means of the controlling elongated element 136, also the guiding element 129 provided with the movable compensator arrangement part 147 as well as other guiding elements 129 connected to other respective controlling elongated elements 136 are moved.
In line with the above, it is thus noted that
A further assembled state is illustrated of a working block provided with the compensator arrangement, here in a spatial view.
In
In
In
Since during the operation of this embodiment, the polarizer element has to be moved between a polarizing (working) position with the stationary permanent magnet 161a as well as that of auxiliary permanent magnet 161b, this repulsive effect can help the driving of the polarizer element 164 between the stages of the operation.
In the following a comparison is given between the invention and the prior art rotary device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296 listed also in the introduction of the description. As given in the introduction, the prior art rotary device comprises a shielding member arranged between the rotor and the stator of rotary device. In the prior art apparatus, a gear connection is applied which interlock the driving shaft fixed to the rotor and the shielding member. In other words, it is mechanically provided that the rotation of the rotor and the shielding member to be dependent on each other.
In contrast, in the invention no ring-like shielding member with some through holes is utilized but a plurality of polarizer elements which can be exactly differentiated. In the invention the polarizer elements are arranged in a number that a single polarizer element can be ordered (or—in some embodiments—strictly corresponds) to each stationary permanent magnets of a stationary module (for the case of the double stationary ring, see the respective embodiment).
It is noted that the stationary module is preferably implemented by a stationary disc or a stationary ring. Sometimes (e.g. in the embodiment the illustration of which is started in
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296 the shielding member is a continuous ring interrupted only by some through holes arranged in the number of the permanent magnets of the rotor, the stator has much more magnets (cf. FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296). According to the configuration the shielding member has a continuous attracting effect between the rotor and stator permanent magnets and the shielding member having a braking effect on the movement.
In contrast, in the invention, the polarizer elements are controlled to be arranged in front of a stationary permanent magnet or to be removed from this position. In other words, it is controlled in the invention in what stages a polarizer element is applied to a stationary permanent magnet and when it is not applied (preferably in pulse like stages—modulated as well as sinusoidal movement may be called pulse like —, i.e. the polarizer element is applied time to time).
Moreover, in the comparison it is to be noted that in contrast with the interlocked rotor and shielding member of U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296, in the invention the movement of the permanent magnets of the movable module is exclusively based on magnetic interactions which means
It is noted that in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296 according to the description based on the configuration the permanent magnets of the rotor and the stator have a continuous attracting effect on the shielding member which leads to a continuous braking of its rotating capability. It is noted, furthermore, that in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,296 the rotation direction of the rotor and the shielding member is opposite.
Herebelow, establishing of controlled rotational or translational motion by means of magnetic polarization is disclosed: the details are given above, additionally, some aspects are summarized here.
Controlled rotational or linear (generally, translational) motion can be established (generated) in a proven manner based on the experimental apparatuses and arrangements disclosed and described in detail hereinabove and also on several other experiments, utilizing the energy of permanent magnets, by applying magnetic polarizer.
For establishing rotational motion, the following factors can be taken into consideration:
Herebelow, some further information is given about the magnetic polarizer, for example in connection with the definition thereof.
The material of the polarizer can be polarized only to a certain extent, because under the effect of a strong external magnetic field saturation occurs. There are no calculations for dimensioning the polarizer, so the magnetization or hysteresis curve of a given polarizer can only be determined by testing. However, by testing the applicable dimensions can be determined so these effects can be avoided.
For determining the realization of the polarizer, four factors must be considered:
Herebelow, considerations are given in connection with the exact dimensioning of the magnetic polarizer.
The dimensions of the magnetic polarizer must always be determined in relation to the applied magnets. In line with the above details, based on our experiments, it is appropriate to apply a polarizer having a surface area that is at least 20% greater (preferably meant in the lateral direction, see above) than the working surface area of the magnet to be polarized. The length of the polarizer must always be adapted to the system to be produced, in relation to the ratio of the stationary and movable magnets and the relative distance of the magnets.
The thickness of the magnetic polarizer is always determined by the material, dimensions, and magnetic field strength of the given magnet to be polarized.
Polarizer materials can be polarized by the external magnetic field only to a certain extent. No calculations or equations exist for determining the exact material thickness of the polarizer. The required material thickness can only be determined through experiments and measurements, by methods adapted to the parameters of the particular system. The required material thickness can be determined only after the surface area and the geometric configuration of the polarizer have been determined based on the particular system to be utilized.
The configuration and geometry of the polarizer must always be determined according to the system to be applied. Accordingly, the polarizer types utilized in the course of our experiments are the following:
Herebelow, some information is given about the application of the magnetic polarizer.
The magnetic polarizer can be applied for establishing any type of motion between magnets, be it along a circular or linear trajectory. Based on the experiments and tests we have performed, the practical applicability of the magnetic polarizer can be realized fulfilling the conditions below:
Herebelow, some information is given about the applicability of the arrangement comprising a magnetic polarizer.
The application of the magnetic polarizer allows the production of kinetic energy utilizing the interaction between permanent magnets. The kinetic energy produced in such a manner is suitable for directly driving and operating machines and apparatuses. The arrangements provided applying magnetic polarizers are systems that can be operated without any harmful effects on the environment.
The present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments presented above, and further variants, modifications, changes, and improvements may also be conceived within the scope defined by the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026680 | Oct 2020 | NL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NL2021/050617 | 10/12/2021 | WO |
