Patent Grant
11754119
The present invention relates, generally, to methods and apparatus for preloading antifriction bearings in drive trains, particularly, to preloading and adjusting bearings while monitoring the preload being applied.
Various means have been devised to simplify the adjustment of axle bearings, specifically, truck axle bearings. It is generally accepted that in some bearing installations, for example, axle bearings, the life of the bearing will be optimized if the adjustment is made for a slight axial compressive deflection, for example, about 0.003 inches (where this amount is the compressive deflection of the two bearings combined), which is often referred to as “a three thousandths preload.” Typical prior art methods of creating these preloads are obtained by applying specified torques to the bearing assembly, for example, by tightening the nut that retains the bearings. However, for several reasons, it is typically extremely difficult to achieve such preload settings under actual in-field conditions, as in a mechanic shop. For example, the assembly of a heavy truck wheel onto a wheel hub assembly is a relatively cumbersome procedure that hinders the mechanic. Moreover, the wheel hub assembly always includes at least one inner seal, usually a lip type of seal, which can impose a resistive drag torque component to the preload torque, particularly when the seal is new.
One of the popular means of adjusting bearing preload by means of an applied torque is described in the literature provided by the Stemco Company, of Longview, Tex. (for example, Stemco form 571-2970) and further in instructions provided by Stemco (for example, Stemco part number 09-571-0006). These instructions are typically packaged with Stemco's axle spindle nuts. The accuracy of this and other prior art preloading methods is limited because they rely on the relationship between assembly torque and axial preload of the bearings, which will vary with variations in torsional resistance or friction of the nut against the face of the bearing and will also vary with variations in torsional resistance or friction of the nut against the spindle thread, the nut against the bearing face, and the aforementioned lip seal present in the assembly.
Due to the limitations and disadvantages of these and other prior art bearing preloading methods and devices, there is a need to provide accurate and repeatable procedures and devices for providing and adjusting bearing preload. Aspects of the present invention overcome the limitations and disadvantages of the prior art and provide methods and apparatus for creating known, monitorable, uniform preload that is not subject to the inaccuracies of prior art methods and devices. Moreover, aspects of the present invention are easier to apply by a mechanic.
The present invention provides improved methods and apparatus for preloading bearings. In particular, the methods and apparatus of the present invention permit the mechanic to monitor the preload during the preloading procedure to more accurately determine the actual preload provided. One aspect of the invention is an apparatus for providing a preload to a bearing within a wheel hub assembly. The apparatus comprising a frame supporting a member to allow said frame to move relative to said member and in an axial direction, a plurality of extensions extending from said frame towards a wheel hub assembly, said extensions being configured to contact at least one of a wheel hub or a bearing of said wheel hub assembly when said member is attached to said threaded shaft, and an adjustment mechanism configured to move said frame and said plurality of extensions axially towards said wheel hub assembly to apply a preload form to a bearing within said wheel hub assembly. The plurality of extensions may be configured to contact said bearing of said wheel hub assembly. The adjustment mechanism may comprise an automated adjustment mechanism configured to automatically regulate the preload supplied to said bearing.
An apparatus for providing a preload on a bearing, the bearing having an inner race mounted to a shaft and an outer race mounted in a hub, the apparatus including a rod having a first end and a second end adapted to be removably mounted to the shaft; means for compressing the hub against the outer race of the bearing to provide the preload to the bearing, the means for compressing mounted to the rod; and a cylindrical frame positioned between the means for compressing the hub and the hub, the cylindrical frame having a first end adapted to receive a load from the means of compressing the hub and a second end adapted to transmit the load to the hub. In one aspect, the second end of the cylindrical frame contacts the hub. In another aspect, the second end of the cylindrical frame contacts an inner race of a bearing. In another aspect, the apparatus further comprises means for monitoring the preload on the bearing.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for providing a preload on a bearing having an inner race mounted to a shaft and an outer race mounted in a hub, the method including mounting a rod to an end of the shaft; mounting a means for compressing the hub against the outer race of the bearing to the rod; and actuating the means for compressing the hub to compress the hub against the outer race of the bearing to provide the preload to the bearing. In one aspect, the method further comprises monitoring the preload on the bearing.
Another aspect of the invention is an apparatus for providing a preload to an inboard bearing having an inner race mounted to a shaft and an outer race mounted in a hub and for providing a preload to an outboard bearing having an inner race mounted to the shaft and an outer race mounted in the hub, the outboard bearing spaced from the inboard bearing, the apparatus including an outboard bearing retaining nut adapted to engage a threaded end of the shaft and contact the inner race of the outboard bearing to retain the preload on the outboard bearing; a rod having a first end and a second end adapted to be removably mounted to the shaft; a fluid-containing cylinder mounted to the rod, the cylinder having a cylinder housing mounted to the rod and a piston adapted to compress the hub against the outer race of the inboard bearing to provide the preload to the inboard bearing; an actuating nut threaded to the rod and adapted to compress the cylinder housing toward the piston; and a cylindrical frame positioned between the piston and the hub having a first end adapted to receive a load from the piston and a second end adapted to transmit the load to the hub and compress the hub against the inner race of the inboard bearing to provide the preload to the inboard bearing. In one aspect, the apparatus further comprises means for monitoring the pressure of the fluid in the fluid-containing cylinder.
A further aspect of the invention is an apparatus for precisely rotating a nut, the apparatus including a guide frame comprising a support ring having a first side adapted to contact a support and a second side opposite the first side; and a plurality of posts having first ends mounted to the second side of the support ring and second ends opposite the first ends; and a tool comprising a set of opposed tines adapted to engage flats on the nut; means for rotating the tines to rotate the nut; and at least two spaced stops adapted to engage at least one of the posts of the guide frame and limit the rotation of the nut to the predetermined angle defined by the two spaced stops.
A still further aspect of the invention is a method for precisely rotating a nut, the method including determining a desired precise rotation for the nut; providing a guide frame comprising: a support plate having a first side adapted to contact a support and a second side opposite the first side; and a plurality of spaced stops positioned on the support plate; providing a tool comprising: at least one set of opposed tines adapted to engage flats on the nut; and a plurality of spaced stops adapted to engage at least one of the spaced stops of the guide frame, the spaced stops positioned to limit the rotation of the tool to the desired precise rotation for the nut; mounting the tool to the nut wherein the plurality of tines engage flats on the nut and wherein the at least one stop on the tool engages at least one stop on the guide frame; and rotating the nut with the tool wherein at least one stop on the tool engages at least one stop on the guide frame wherein the nut is rotated the desired precise rotation.
A further aspect of the invention is a tool for precisely rotating a nut, the tool including: at least one set of opposed tines adapted to engage flats on the nut; means for rotating the plurality of tines to rotate the nut; at least one stop adapted to engage at least corresponding stop on a fixture mounted adjacent the nut to limit the rotation of the nut to a predetermined angle. In one aspect, the at least one stop on the tool comprises at least one of a post, pin, and recess.
A further aspect of the invention is an axle nut comprising a cylindrical body having a first end, a second end having a face adapted to bear against a surface, a longitudinal axis, and an outer surface engageable by a tool; a threaded through-hole directed substantially along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body; and at least one recess in the face of the second end of the cylindrical body, the at least one recess adapted to expose at least a portion of the surface the face bears against. In one aspect, the at least one recess comprises at least one arcuate recess, for example, a plurality of arcuate recesses equally spaced about the perimeter of the face.
Another aspect of the invention is an apparatus for providing a load on a bearing, the bearing having an inner race mounted to a shaft and the bearing retained on the shaft by a nut, the apparatus comprising a rod having a first end and a second end adapted to be removably mounted to the shaft; an adapter comprising a plate having a hole through which the rod passes and a plurality of extensions mounted to the plate and adapted to engage the inner race of the bearing with the nut in place; and means for providing a compressive load to the plate of the adapter whereby the load is provided to the inner race of the bearing with the nut in place. In one aspect, the plurality of extensions is pivotally mounted to the plate. In another aspect, the apparatus further comprises means for monitoring the load on the bearing.
A further aspect of the invention is a method for providing a load on a bearing having an inner race mounted to a shaft and the bearing retained on the shaft by a nut, the method comprising mounting a rod to an end of the shaft; without removing the nut, mounting a means for compressing the inner race of the bearing to the shaft; and actuating the means for compressing the inner race to compress the inner race to provide the load to the bearing. In one aspect, the means for compressing the inner race comprises an adapter having a plate and a plurality of extensions mounted to the plate, wherein mounting the means of compressing comprises mounting the adapter to the rod and the inner race.
A still further aspect of the invention is a fastener arrangement for retaining a bearing on a shaft, the bearing having an inner bearing race having an outer diameter, the fastener arrangement adapted to permit a bearing loading device to contact the inner bearing race, the fastener arrangement comprising a first threaded ring adapted to threadably mount to the shaft and engage the inner bearing race, the first threaded ring having an outer diameter less than the outer diameter of the inner bearing race and an outer surface engageable by a tool; a second ring adapted to mount to the shaft and engage the first ring and engage the shaft to prohibit relative movement between first ring and the shaft; and a third threaded ring adapted to threadably mount to the shaft and to contact the second ring, the third ring having an outer surface engageable by a tool; wherein when the first ring, second ring, and third ring are mounted to the shaft, the bearing is retained on the shaft and the inner bearing race is exposed and can be contacted by the bearing loading device. In one aspect, at least one of the first threaded ring and the third threaded ring comprises a threaded nut.
An even further aspect of the invention is a method for providing a load to a bearing having an inner race mounted to a threaded shaft, the inner race having an outer diameter, the method comprising threading a first threaded ring onto the threaded shaft whereby the threaded ring contacts the inner bearing race, the first threaded ring having an outer diameter less than the outer diameter of the inner; mounting a second ring to the shaft, the second ring adapted engage the first ring and engage the shaft to prohibit relative movement between first ring and the shaft; and threading a third threaded ring on to the shaft, the third threaded ring adapted to engage the second ring; and engaging the inner race with an apparatus adapted to provide the load to the inner race. In one aspect, the method further comprises monitoring the load on the inner race. In another aspect, the method further comprises, when the load on the inner race reaches about a predetermined load, tightening the first threaded ring against the inner race, for example, to maintain the predetermined load on the inner race.
These and other aspects, features, and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
The subject matter, which is regarded as the invention, is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be readily understood from the following detailed description of aspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
The wheel hub assembly 10 shown in
As shown in
As shown in
According to some teachings in the art, outboard bearing 16 and inboard bearing 18 can be provided with at least some preload to enhance the performance or bearing life and the performance or life of wheel hub assembly 10. For example, as described in the Timken Tech Tip, Volume 6, Issue 3 (copyrighted 2001) entitled “Preload in Wheel Bearings” [http://www.timken.com/products/bearings/techtips/PDFs/Vol6No3.pdf#search=‘Bearing%20Preload’],
As shown in
In one aspect, nut 48 may be adapted to be rotated by an automated tool, for example, a drill or stepper motor. For instance, nut 48 may be fashioned with a hex head or threads to engage an automated tool, for example, a torque motor. One such automated tool is disclosed in
Means 44 may be any means that is adapted to transfer the compressive load provided by nut 48 to hub 12 and outer bearing race 21 of bearing 18. In one aspect, means 44 may simply comprise an extension of housing 42 whereby nut 48 contacts and compresses housing 42 against hub 12, though, absent a means to monitor the load transmitted, such a system would not be as advantageous as other aspects of the invention. In another aspect of the invention, means 44 is not only adapted to transfer a load from but 48 to outer race 21, but means 44 also provides a means for monitoring the compressive load transferred, for example, some means of direct or indirect indication of the load transferred to outer race 21, that is, the preload on bearing 18.
In one aspect of the invention, the indication of the compressive load transferred through means 44 may be provided mechanically, for example, by means of compression springs having a known spring constant, for example, coil springs or disc springs, and a deflection indicator, for example, a dial indicator, as is known in the art. In this aspect, the dial indicator may be mounted to detect and indicate the compression of one or more springs positioned in means 44 due to the advancement of nut 48, and the compression load calculated from the deflection indicated and the known spring constant of the springs used. This aspect of the invention may provide a reliable and repeatable means for monitoring the preload provided to bearing 18.
In another aspect of the invention, means 44 may provide an indication of the compression load transferred by nut 48 electronically, for example, by means of a load or pressure sensor, for instance, one or more strain gages or load cells positioned in means 44. In this aspect of the invention, the load sensor may be wired to an appropriate processor and display to, for example, provide a digital readout of the compressive load to the mechanic operating preload device 20. The transmission of signals from the sensor may also be practiced wirelessly, for example, by means of an RF signal. This aspect of the invention may also provide a reliable and repeatable means for monitoring the preload provided to bearing 18.
In another aspect of the invention, means 44 may include at least one fluid, for example, a gas, such as air; or a liquid, such as, water, oil, or hydraulic fluid, the pressure of which can be detected and monitored, for example, by means of a pressure gage, pressure sensor, or a mechanical indicator. In one aspect, the fluid pressure may comprise the source of compressive load on bearing 18. One apparatus that may be used to effect this aspect of the invention is shown in
When air is used as the fluid, the air may be provided by conventional “shop air” at a pressure of about 100 psig. The pressure of the fluid in the deformable cavity may be monitored by means of senor or pressure gage, for example, a pressure gas mounted to a nozzle inserted the wall of the deformable or non-deformable cavity. In one aspect, a mechanical indicator may be activated, for example, a lever deflected when the desired fluid pressure in means 44 is reached advising the mechanic. One aspect of the invention having a means 44 having a fluid is illustrated in
In the aspect of the invention shown in
As shown in
In one aspect, the pressure P in cavity 56 may be monitored, for example, continuously, by means of a pressure sensor or pressure gage. As shown in
According to aspects of the invention, the pressure P and the corresponding geometry (for example, the inside and outside diameters of cavity 56) may be used by a mechanic to determine the preload on bearing 18. For example, for a desired preload L (in pounds, Newtons) and a given area of piston 54 exposed to pressure P (in square inches, square meters), the desired pressure of the fluid in cavity 56 may be determined by the equation P=L/A, for example, in psi or Pascal. For example, when a preload of 6000 pounds lbs. (L) is desired to provide a compressive deflection of 0.003 inches on bearing 18, and the outside diameter of annular cavity 56 is 3 inches and the inside diameter of cavity 56 is 1 inch, the target pressure, P, is calculated by
P=L/A=(6000 lbs)/((π/4)(32−12))=6000 lbs/(2π in2)=955 psig. Equation 1
This pressure may now be used as the target pressure in cavity 56 and detected by pressure indicator 60 to provide the desired 0.003-inch compressive deflection for bearing 18. According to aspects of the present invention, the pressure of the fluid in cavity 56 may be monitored to determine when the desired pressure P is achieved wherein the desired preload is provided to bearing 18.
In one aspect of the invention, one or more antifriction bearings may be provided for means 44. For example, in one aspect, one antifriction bearing 62 may be positioned between nut 48 and housing 52 and another antifriction bearing 64 may be located between piston 54 and housing 42. Bearings 62 and 64 may be roller-type bearings or reduced friction material bearings. For example, bearings 62 and 64 may comprise needle bearings or a material containing at least some PTFE, for example, DuPont's Teflon® PTFE or Saint-Gobain's Rulon® PTFE, or their equivalent. Bearings 62 and 64 may be retained by one or more retaining devices 65 and 66, for example, one or more snap rings.
As shown in
In one aspect of the invention, housing or frame 42 may be adapted to contact the inner race of outboard bearing 16, that is, instead of contacting hub 12, and transmit a preload to bearing 18. For example, with reference to
According to aspects of the invention, the compressive load transmitted to the bearing 18 is transmitted through hub 12. Therefore, at least some of the compressive deflection provided by the present invention will comprise deflection of hub 12. Therefore, in some aspects of the present invention, when determining the compressive deflection of bearing 18 under preload, the deflection of hub 12 may also be considered. For example, a dial indicator mounted on, for example, housing 42 to detect the compression deflection of bearing 18 may also detect the deflection of hub 12, depending upon the magnitude of the load and the stiffness of hub 12. In one aspect of the invention, when deflection of hub 12 may effect the compressive deflection, the deflection measured can be normalized to or compensated for the hub stiffness, that is, hubs of varying stiffness may have varying deflections though the corresponding compressive deflection of bearing 18 will be substantially the same. However, any deflection of hub 12 will likely have little effect upon the compressive force transmitted to bearing 18.
It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the design of housing 42 may be modified whereby housing 42 may contact inner race 15. For example, flange 70 and ring 72 may be reduced in diameter whereby ring 72 may contact inner race 15. This alternative aspect of the invention is shown
As discussed previously, rod 40 is adapted to attach to the exposed end 13 of spindle 14. Though this may be effected by many conventional means, including welding and mechanical fasteners, in the aspect of the invention shown in
Rod 40, housing 42, collar 46, nut 48, arms 50, housing 52, piston 54, and housing 42 may be fabricated from any conventional structural metal, for example, iron, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, nickel, magnesium, brass, or bronze, among others.
In one aspect of the invention, apparatus 20 may be used to apply and monitor a preload to inboard bearing 18. In a typical procedure, the wheel (not shown) mounted to hub assembly 10, for example, mounted to studs on hub 10, as exemplified by stud 100 in
The loading of bearing 18 is initiated by advancing, that, is tightening, nut 48, against housing 52 via bearing 62, for example, by means of arms 50. The buildup of pressure in cavity 56 as indicated by pressure indicator 60 may be monitored by the mechanic. The tightening of nut 48 continues until the target pressure is achieved. The hub assembly may be rotated at least once to provide proper seating of the rollers in bearing 18. Once the target pressure is achieved in cavity 56, and the desire preload is applied to bearing 18, nut 11 may be tightened against inner race 15 to maintain the preload after apparatus 20 is removed. The desired tightening of nut 11 may be determined by monitoring the pressure in cavity 56 on pressure indicator 60. For example, should the pressure begin to decrease during tightening of nut 11, the nut may be tightened too much. The reduction in pressure means that the preload on bearing 18 is being relieved and transferred to nut 11 by the tightening of nut 11. In one aspect of the invention the tightening of nut 11 can proceed until a decrease in pressure is observed. At that point, the tightening of nut 11 may be stopped, or nut 11 may be untightened slightly, for example, about ⅛ turn. Again, the hub assembly may be rotated at least once to provide proper seating of the rollers in bearings 16 and 18. Upon completion of the preloading, apparatus 20 may be removed from wheel hub assembly 10 and, for example, the wheel remounted. Variations on this procedure while not deviating from the desired results may be apparent to those of skill in the art.
In another aspect of the invention, apparatus 20 may be used to adjust the endplay of a bearing. For example, in some bearing installations it is desirable to create an endplay for a bearing assembly, for example, an endplay of between about 0.001 inches and about 0.003 inches. For instance, see undated instructions entitled “ProTorq® Advanced Axle Spindle Nuts” flyer by Stemco, of Longview, Tex. Although procedures such as these which apply specified torques to the nut are intended to provide the specified endplay in the bearing, the inventor has found that the actual endplay provided by such procedures may vary dramatically. For example, the actual axial deflection of the bearings that results from the applied torque may vary due to, among other things, differences in torque resistance (or friction) between mating surface, for example, between nut 11 and the axle threads 15 and between the face of nut 11 and the surface of bearing 16, among others. Further errors may be introduced by such torque-based procedures by misalignment of the bearing rollers that may occur in between steps in the specified procedures. Therefore, there is a need in the art to provide an accurate and repeatable means of providing bearing endplay. One aspect of the invention addresses this need.
Aspects of the present invention eliminate the inaccuracies that are inherent in prior art endplay adjustment procedures and can be used to provide accurate end play settings of as fine as 0.001 inches and 0.002 inches. With reference to the cross section shown in
The wheel hub assembly 10 is then rotated about spindle 14 at least one complete revolution, typically, at least three complete revolutions, to seat the rollers in inboard bearing 18. (See Timken Tech Tip Volume 1, Number 6 entitled “Why oscillate or rotate a bearing” http:://www.Timken.com/products/bearings/techtips/tip6.asp, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.) The pressure indicated by the pressure indicator 60 (that is, about 1000 psig) may vary as rollers 26 of inboard bearing 18 are seated by the rotation. If the pressure in cavity 56 deviates from the desired target pressure, the pressure in cavity 56 may be re-established by rotating nut 48, for example, by means of arms 50. The rotation of wheel assembly 10 about spindle 14 and the repressurization step may be repeated until rollers 26 of inboard bearing 18 are properly seated and the pressure indicted by pressure indicator 60 stabilizes to about the target pressure. It is understood that there may be slight variation in the pressure in cavity 56 due to slight misalignments (that is, the out of “squareness”) of the installed bearing, among other things. The rollers 26 of inboard bearing 18 are then substantially seated in inner race 19.
Next, with the inboard bearing 18 properly seated by the above procedure, the endplay in outboard bearing 16 may be adjusted. While the target pressure (again, for example, about 1000 psig) is maintained in housing 52, nut 11 is rotated and tightened, for example, with a hand held wrench, on spindle 14, for example, slowly. During or after the tightening of nut 11, wheel assembly 10 is rotated about spindle 14 whereby rollers 22 of outboard bearing 16 are seated in inner race 15. The nut 11 is continued to be tightened until the pressure indicted by pressure indicator 60 just begins to drop. This drop in pressure indicates that the preload on inboard bearing 18 is being relieved by the compression of nut 11 against inner race 15 of outboard bearing 16. Nut 11 is then loosened slightly to so that the target pressure is regained, and thus the preload on inboard bearing 18 is reestablished, that is, typically, without retightening nut 48. This condition of adjustment, where the desired preload is established in the inboard bearing 18 and the compression of nut 11 on inner race 15 is such that any further tightening will unload the preload on inboard bearing 18, according to one aspect of the invention, is referred to as “the load reference point.” Practicing aspects of the present invention, this load reference point can be fairly easily identified by feel by a mechanic. According to the invention, at this load reference point, the rollers in both outboard bearing 16 and inboard bearing 18 are properly seated and desired preload (that is, due to the 1000 psig pressure in housing 52) is applied to outer race 21 of inboard bearing 18.
According to aspects of the invention, a method and an apparatus are provided by which the mechanic can accurately determine the load reference point for a bearing assembly. Aspects of the present invention are not prone to the variability of the preload due to the unknown and unpredictable frictional forces between mating surfaces, regardless of what the desired bearing preload and/or endplay setting. According to aspects of the invention, after establishing the neutral point position, the mechanic may relatively easily provide the desired adjustment of nut 11 that accurately achieves the desired bearing preload and/or endplay setting.
As is known in the art, a known preload, for example, the 6000 pounds in the example above, results in a known value of axial compression of a bearing, for example, an axial compression of 0.004 inches. According to aspects of the invention, in the load reference point position, where both bearings are correctly aligned and at zero preload on nut 11, the preload on inboard bearing 18 will be captured by or transferred to nut 11 if nut 11 is loosened, for example, precisely 0.004″ from the load reference point. Therefore, according to aspects of the invention, the preload may be varied, or the endplay provided by precisely controlling the rotation of nut 11. One aspect of the present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the rotation of nut 11 to provide a desired preload or endplay.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method and an apparatus is provided of employing a calibrated wrench that can be used to accurately control the rotation of nut 11 to provide a desired preload or endplay. This method and apparatus are illustrated in
According to one aspect of invention, wrench 90 includes a handle 89 and two opposing tines 92 spaced to engage the opposite flats on nut 11. Wrench 90 also includes at least one recess 94 positioned between tines 92. Recess 94 includes two opposing end surfaces 91, 93 adapted to contact a post 74 and function as stops to the movement of wrench 90. In one aspect, stops 91, 93 may be provided by one or more projections or bosses between tines 92 instead of one or more recesses 94. In another aspect, the stopping surfaces may be provided by the closed ends of one or more slots 95 (shown in phantom) in ring 72 that are adapted to receive one or more pins 97 (also shown in phantom) projecting from beneath wrench 90. The one or more slots 95 may vary in length to correspond to one or more angular rotations. Other adaptations of wrench 90 and/or ring 72 and posts 74 may be provided to provide the desired limitations in the rotation of nut 11. Wrench 90 may have a thickness ranging from about 0.50 inches to about 1 inch or more.
As shown in
In this example, the size of the recess 94 in handle 90, that is, the arc length between the ends 91, 93 of recess 94, is provided whereby the rotation of wrench 90 provides a predetermined angular displacement, a. (As will be discussed below, this angular displacement, a, may be determined from the desired preload or endplay and the pitch of the threads on spindle 14.) As shown in
Now, as shown in
It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the desired angular rotation a of nut 11 is not the arcuate length between ends 91 and 93 of recess 94, but, due to the diameter of posts 74, the desired angular rotation a corresponds to the arcuate length between the center of posts 74 before and after rotation.
One example of the use of the method and apparatus described with respect to
The aspect of the invention shown in
In one aspect, the fluid provided by hose 200 may be provided by pressure increasing device, for example, a pressure intensifier, that is, a device that converts one pressure to a higher pressure. For example, the pressure-increasing device may be provided with a pressure supply of, for example, 100 psig (for instance, shop air) and increased to, for example, 2000 psig hydraulic fluid, which is then supplied to hose 200. Other sources of high-pressure fluid may be provided according to aspects of the invention.
It will also be understood that due to the variations in angle α that may be desired, for different bearings, different spindle pitches, and different endplays and preloads, among other things, many different wrenches 90 having recesses 94 of varying width may be provided. In one aspect of the invention, a plurality of recesses 94 of varying width or angle α may be provided in handle 90. In another aspect of the invention, recess 94 in handle 90 may be adjustable by the operator, for example, the position of at least one end of recess 94 may be variable to provide for varying angles α. In another aspect, the width between tines 92 if wrench 90 may be variable to permit use of wrench 90 on nuts 11 of varying diameter. According to aspects of the invention, an adjustable wrench may be provided that can be calibrated for a desired preload and/or endplay values for a specific spindle and hub design.
Aspects of the invention may also be used to evaluate the preload or endplay on an existing bearing or bearing assembly. For example, an existing truck hub assembly may be evaluated for its existing preload and compared to the desired preload, and, if necessary, adjusted accordingly. First, the truck may be jacked up, if needed. (The hub may be allowed to cool, if necessary). Apparatus 20 may then be mounted to hub 12 and spindle 14 (with reference to
While one aspect of the present invention, in which the inboard bearing 18 is loaded through hub 12, can provide a useful indication of the preload present in bearings 16 and 18, for example, by assuming a predetermined distribution of load between bearing 16 and 18 and distributing the preload measured on bearing 18 accordingly, other aspects of the invention can provide an more accurate indication of the preload on bearings 16 and 18. For example, the aspect of the invention illustrated and described with respect to
As also shown in
According the aspect of the invention shown in
In contrast to other aspects of the invention, for example, those illustrated in
Arms or extensions 212, 213 may include projections 225, 226, respectively, for example, arcuate projections adapted to engage the arcuate shape of inner race 15 of bearing 16. Arcuate projections 225, 226 may be radiused to provide the same curvature of inner race 15, for example, a radius of between about 1¼ inches and about 3 inches. Projections 225, 226 may include shoulders 227, 228, respectively, to assist in engaging race 15. In one aspect, since pins 222 (which transmit the load from plate 211 to extensions 212, 213) may be located at a greater radial distance from the center of shaft 14 than the radial distance to the point of contact on inner race 15 (see
Although only two extensions 212, 213 are illustrated in
Second end 242 includes a face 248 adapted to contact the face of inner race 15 (see
According to aspects of the present invention, second end 242 of body 240 may include at least one recess 252 in face 248. As described above, recess 252 in the face 248 exposes at least a portion of the mating surface against which nut 220 bears whereby a compressive load may be applied, for example, to apply a compressive load to the face of inner race 15 of bearing 16 (see
In the aspect of the invention shown in
As shown in
Body 240 may also be adapted to be engagable by a tool, for example, a crescent wrench, spanner wrench, or socket, among other tools, whereby body 240 may be rotated as desired. In one aspect, as shown in
Nut or fastener 220 may be fabricated from any one or more the structural metals mentioned above, for example, carbon steel or stainless steel. Nut 220 may be fabricated by machining from a billet or plate, by forging or casting and then finished machining, or fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy techniques. In one aspect, when formed by powder metallurgy, the material may be FC 0208, or its equivalent. Nut 220 may also be surface hardened for example, induction hardened, carburized, or nitrided, among other surface hardening methods; in one aspect, the exposed surfaces on end 241 of nut 220 may be hardened, for example, induction hardened.
One method of providing a preload to an axle bearing and minimizing the likelihood of losing the preload is to provide a nut arrangement including a first load adjusting nut, a lock washer that prevents the load adjusting nut from loosening, and a second jam nut that bears against the lock washer to secure the lock washer in place. Such a hardware arrangement can be found in most conventional original equipment truck and trailer axles. However, in this prior art arrangement, the first load adjusting nut is typically at least as large in diameter as the inner race of the bearing to which it applied. Therefore, when employing such prior art nut arrangements, the inner race is typically not accessible by a bearing loading or verification device, such as aspects of the invention. However, the aspect of the invention shown in
Ring or nut 272 includes internal threads 273 adapted to threadably mount to shaft 14 and engage the inner bearing race 15 (see
Second ring 274 is also adapted to mount to shaft 14 (see
Third threaded ring or nut 276 includes internal threads 277 adapted to threadably mount to shaft 14 and engage second ring 274 (see
Ring 272, ring 274, and ring 276 may be fabricated from any one or more the structural metals mentioned above, for example, carbon steel or stainless steel. Ring 272, ring 274, and ring 276 may be fabricated by machining from a billet or plate, by forging or casting and then finished machining, or fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy techniques. In one aspect, when formed by powder metallurgy, the material may be FC 0208, or its equivalent. Ring 272, ring 274, and ring 276 may also be surface hardened for example, induction hardened, carburized, or nitrided, among other surface hardening methods.
As shown in
In one aspect, the rollers in bearings 16 and 18 may be properly seated by applying a roller-seating load to the inner race 15, that is, a load sufficient to seat the rollers in bearings 16 and 18. For example, a roller-seating load may correspond to a hydraulic pressure in housing 52 of between about 900 psig and about 1000 psig, as detected by gauge 60. (In one aspect, this hydraulic pressure may correspond to a bearing load of between about 5000 pounds to about 6000 pounds, for example, as computed by Equation 1.) Again, hub 12 may be rotated one or more times while this seating load is applied to ensure proper seating of all the rollers. After proper seating of the rollers, the applied load may be reduced to a load corresponding to the desired preload on the bearings, for example, a load providing a few thousand inches preload. This desired preloading may be provided by between about 50 psig and 100 psig hydraulic pressure in housing 52 of means 244. (In one aspect, this hydraulic pressure may correspond to a bearing load of between about 300 pounds to about 600 pounds, for example, as computed by Equation 1.) Once the desired preload is provided, ring or nut 272 may be tightened, for example, by hand or with a tool, to maintain the desired preload.
Apparatus 244 is then removed, and ring 274 can be mounted to shaft 14 whereby at least one through hole 282 engages one or more pins 280 on ring 272 and key 284 engages keyway 285 in shaft 14. These interferences of ring 274 with ring 272 and shaft 14 substantially prohibit relative rotational motion between ring 272 and shaft 14 whereby the preload on inner race 15 is substantially maintained. Then, ring or jam nut 276 is threaded onto shaft 14 and tightened against ring 274 to secure ring 274 to shaft 14. Other procedures and procedural modifications of this method will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
In another aspect, the preloading on a bearing of an existing hub assembly may be verified or evaluated with the wheel in place or removed. In this aspect of the invention, nut arrangement 270 may be mounted to shaft 14 whereby a preload may or may not be present on inner race 15 of bearing 16. Third ring 276 and second ring 274 may be removed to obtain access to ring 272 whereby ring 272 may be rotated about shaft 14, if necessary. In one aspect, where sufficient play between hardware is provided, third ring 276 and second ring 274 need not be removed. Also, when a nut such as nut 220 in
Apparatus 244 having rod 40, adapter 210, housing 52, and nut 48 may then be mounted whereby adapter 210 engages inner race 15. According to aspects of the invention, inner race 15 may be contacted by adapter 210 since the outer diameter of ring 272 is less than the outer diameter of inner race 15. The loading on inner race 15 is then gradually increased, either mechanically or hydraulically. At the same time or alternating with the increase in load, the tightness of ring 272 against inner race 15 may be checked, for example, manually, to determine when the preload on inner race 15 is relieved by the applied load via adapter 210. If nut or ring 272 becomes loose prior to achieving the desired preload for the specific bearing, the preload can be increased to the desired value, for example, as indicted by gauge 60, and then ring 272 tightened to maintain the desired preload. If the preload on inner race 15 is satisfactory, that is, nut or ring 272 does not loosen until about the desired preload is achieved, nut or ring 272 can be tightened to maintain the desired preload. Should the actual preload exceed the desired preload, the load applied by apparatus 244 can be increased until ring or nut 272 becomes loose, and then the load reduced to the desired preload, and nut or ring 272 retightened to maintain the desired preload. Apparatus 244 may then be removed and rings 274 and 276 remounted according to the invention to ensure the desired preload is provided.
Again, the inventor underscores that though aspects of the present invention were described above with respect to their application to wheel hub assemblies, for example, truck wheel hub assemblies, it is understood that aspects of the present invention may be applied to any vehicle, machine, or component having at least one bearing.
While several aspects of the present invention have been described and depicted herein, alternative aspects may be effected by those skilled in the art to accomplish the same objectives. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such alternative aspects as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/785,119 filed on Feb. 7, 2020, and entitled “APPARATUS FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 10,590,986 issued Mar. 17, 2020 (U.S. Ser. No. 15/714,145, filed on Sep. 25, 2017), and entitled “APPARATUS FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/441,520 filed on Feb. 24, 2017, and entitled “METHOD FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 9,618,049 issued Apr. 11, 2017 (U.S. Ser. No. 14/814,086, filed Jul. 30, 2015), and entitled “APPARATUS FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 9,200,672 issued Dec. 1, 2015 (U.S. Ser. No. 14/305,673, filed Jun. 16, 2014), and entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND NUT FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 8,961,090 issued Feb. 25, 2015 (U.S. Ser. No. 12/033,548, filed Feb. 19, 2008), and entitled “AXLE NUT”, which is a divisional Appl. of U.S. Pat. No. 7,389,579 issued on Jun. 24, 2008 (U.S. Ser. No. 11/354,513, filed Feb. 15, 2006), entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND NUT FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. No. 8,359,733 issued Jan. 29, 2013 (U.S. Ser. No. 12/492,926 filed Jun. 26, 2009), entitled “METHODS FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. No. 7,303,367 issued Dec. 4, 2007, (U.S. Ser. No. 11/029,531, filed Jan. 5, 2005, entitled “LOCK NUT SYSTEM” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. No. 7,625,164 issued Dec. 1, 2009 (U.S. Ser. No. 11/738,041, filed Apr. 20, 2007, entitled “LOCK NUT SYSTEM”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. No. 7,559,135 issued Jul. 14, 2009 (U.S. Ser. No. 11/341,948, filed on Jan. 27, 2006), entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRELOADING A BEARING”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. This application is also related to U.S. Pat. No. 9,200,673 issued Dec. 1, 2015 (U.S. Ser. No. 14/305,830 filed on Jun. 16, 2014, filed Jun. 16, 2014), entitled “LOCK NUT SYSTEM”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220074448 A1 | Mar 2022 | US |
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| Parent | 11354513 | Feb 2006 | US |
| Child | 12033548 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 16785119 | Feb 2020 | US |
| Child | 17455776 | US | |
| Parent | 15714145 | Sep 2017 | US |
| Child | 16785119 | US | |
| Parent | 15441520 | Feb 2017 | US |
| Child | 15714145 | US | |
| Parent | 14814086 | Jul 2015 | US |
| Child | 15441520 | US | |
| Parent | 14305673 | Jun 2014 | US |
| Child | 14814086 | US | |
| Parent | 12033548 | Feb 2008 | US |
| Child | 14305673 | US |
