Patent Grant
6984202
This invention concerns a method of relaxing and reducing stress in a patient and a device suitable for use therewith. More particularly, this invention concerns a method of relaxing and reducing stress in a patient through the use of music and voiceover.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,263 discloses a method of reducing anxiety and the recovery time of a patient during for the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative phases of surgery. The method includes the steps of providing music in each phase of the surgery in combination with voice-over information relating to each phase of the surgery that the patient experiences at the time, with information, reassurance and suggestions to help the patient relax and feel comfortable during the three phases of surgery. The method relies upon utilization of an audio cassette tape player to play the music and voiceover to the patient. The recorder has a mechanical device that enables the tape player to reverse the tape automatically and play the other side in order to give the patient continuous music and voiceover instructions and suggestions for the length of each perioperative period. The voiceover information is particularly directed to the period of surgery which the patient is experiencing at the time. In addition to this information, repetitious voice suggestions are made to the patient to relax. The suggestions provide reassurance in order to reduce the tension, anxiety, stress and discomfort but most patients usually experience with surgery. The music of the system is anxiolytic, in that it is composed, without recognizable melody, familiar rhythm or harmony that can be anticipated, to reduce anxiety and to facilitate relaxation, and includes an opening theme, a middle section and closing theme, with the opening and closing themes being the same for each period the surgery.
The combination of anxiolytic music and voiceover has also been used successfully by individuals wishing to reduce anxiety and stress in their everyday lives. Typically, an individual will set aside a short period of time during their working day, for example 30 minutes during their lunch break, to listen to an audio cassette tape player playing a combination of anxiolytic music and voiceover. The music and voiceover are directed such that, as the individual listens to the tape, the individual may be caused to drift into a form of shallow sleep and then, as time progresses, the individual is slowly aroused, to awaken feeling relaxed and less stressed.
As an alternative to using an audio cassette tape player to listen to a pre-recorded cassette tape, the listener can use a CD or minidisk player to listen to an appropriately pre-recorded CD or minidisk.
Users, however, have noted that the relaxing and stress reducing effect they believe they derive from practicing this method tends to reduce as they expose themselves to repeated performances of the audiocassette tape. Further, they feel they do not receive the full benefit of a performance when, knowing that they do not have time to receive a full performance, they have to interrupt the performance and wake themselves up to go back to work rather than being woken up slowly by the tape. Various solutions which address these problems individually have been employed, such as using different tapes with different music and voiceover content and tapes with different performance lengths, but none of the prior art appears to address these problems together.
It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an improved method of relaxing and for reducing stress in an individual. In another aspect, it is the object of the present invention to provide a method of relaxing and for reducing stress in an individual which does not suffer the problems of the prior art method, which employs pre-recorded cassette tapes, CDs or minidisks.
It should be understood that an inherently deterministic machine, such as a computer, cannot of itself, produce an output that is truly random. In the context of this specification, “random” and related phrases such as “randomly selected” should be understood as including (but is not limited to) “pseudo-random”. The concept of functions that provide a pseudo-random output is well known to those knowledgeable in the field of computer programming, and are discussed in detail in Knuth, D. E.: The Art of Computer Programming, volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 3rd edition, 1997.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of relaxing and for reducing stress in an individual, which method comprises exposing said individual to a performance of music, preferably anxiolytic music, and randomly selected voiceover, and wherein the length of the overall performance is pre-determined by the individual. Preferably, the performance of music and randomly selected voiceover comprises at least the following sequential phases:
Individuals using the method of the present invention on several occasions over a period of time may experience a feeling of improved relaxation and reduced stress, in comparison to the prior art method. Whilst it is not the intention of the inventors to be restricted by this theory, the inventors believe that the advantages of the present invention are achieved by:
Preferably, prior to the first phase a), the individual is exposed to an introduction phase of combined music, preferably anxiolytic music, and voiceover, preferably randomly selected voiceover, including a description of the nature of the method to follow.
The overall performance time is preferably from 10 to 60 minutes. Performance times longer than 60 minutes may be selected, but it is not recommended to select a performance time longer than 90 minutes.
The first phase a) and the third phase c) are preferably of the same or similar length in time, for example from 3 to 10 minutes each, whereas the second phase b) is preferably from 4 to 50 minutes.
As well as the voiceover being randomly selected, it is preferred that the anxiolytic music comprises randomly selected pieces of anxiolytic music.
In order to implement the first aspect of the invention, a system must be provided that is capable of reproducing a wide variety of different audio programmes that comprises several phases, the content of each phase not being predictable in advance. In practice, such a system will most typically include hardware that can execute a suitable software program. In principle it would be possible to make a large number of recordings for each of the phases, store them, and for the system select one of them at random for reproduction. However, to implement a system that can generate a reasonably large number of alternative audio programmes for each phase would require use of hardware having an unpractically large memory capacity.
From a second aspect, this invention provides a method for generating an audio programme, optionally in pursuance of a method embodying the first aspect of the invention, the programme having a plurality of phases, in which each phase is generated by selecting a plurality of audio sequences selected at random from a repertoire of audio sequences, and reproducing the selected audio sequences in succession. An entire phase is made up from several audio samples selected at random, so the audio programme that the phase represents has random content. A very large number of possible combinations, each representing a different audio program, can arise from such random selection, without the need to store multiple large audio programme files.
Each phase may comprise several phrases. Each phrase may comprise a predetermined number of audio sequences selected at random from a repertoire of one or more sequences specific to that phrase. For example, that repertoire of files may be associated with a so-called “bin” that is specific to a particular phrase of a phase of the programme. Where the bin for a particular phrase includes just one sequence, that sequence will be chosen each time an audio programme is generated with a probability of 1.
In some embodiments of the invention, it may be advantageous to ensure that one of more of the phases always lasts a predetermined length of time. Such phases are most typically formed from a predetermined and invariable number of sequences. This can be achieved by padding the phase with intervals of silence or an unobtrusive noise between successive audio sequences.
Moreover, some phases may have a variable length, for example, in order to ensure that the overall length of the programme in as near as possible to a target length (which may be variable). The sequences that can be selected to construct such phases may themselves be of different lengths, and the number of sequences used may be variable. In such embodiments, the selection of audio segments may be determined at least partially randomly and at least partly in accordance with a timing algorithm, with the aim being to produce a phase of a desired length.
Advantageously, no single audio sequence is selected more than once for inclusion in a single programme. Moreover, where the number of available audio sequences is sufficiently large, having once been selected, an audio sequence may be excluded from the repertoire available for selection until a predetermined number of programmes have been generated.
Each audio sequence is typically constituted by a digitally encoded audio signal. For example, each may be an audio media file, encoded in a recognised format, for instance that identified as MPEG layer 3 (MP3).
A method according to this aspect of the invention may be performed by hardware that has been designed specifically for reproduction of audio signals. Alternatively, it may be performed by a general-purpose computer having suitable audio reproduction hardware.
From a third aspect, this invention provides computer hardware having a program memory, a processor for executing a program stored in the program memory, a sequence memory in which is stored a plurality of audio sequences, and audio reproduction hardware, there being stored in the program memory a program which, when executed by the processor, causes the audio reproduction hardware to reproduce audio sequences stored in the sequence memory by a method according to the last-preceding aspect of the invention.
Computer hardware embodying this aspect of the invention may be designed specifically for reproduction of audio signals. It may, for example, be a portable or hand-holdable audio player. Alternatively, computer hardware embodying this aspect of the invention may be a general-purpose computer, such as a desktop personal computer, a notebook computer, a portable or handheld computer or a personal digital assistant.
The program memory (or some of the program memory) and/or the sequence memory (or some of the sequence memory) may be constituted within a non-volatile memory device, such as a ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, CMOS, Flash or other suitable device known or yet to be developed (for convenience referred to generally within this specification as a “ROM”). The ROM may be provided in a configuration that can be readily exchanged by a user, such as in a cartridge or a card. There may additionally be program memory and/or sequence memory that is permanently or semi-permanently installed within the hardware.
From yet a further aspect, the invention provides a computer program product executable by computer hardware to perform a method according to the last-but-one preceding aspect of the invention. Typically, such a computer program product is executable by hardware embodying the last preceding aspect of the invention.
A computer program product embodying this aspect of the invention may be provided stored in a memory device such as a ROM or a machine-readable data carrier such as a disc (e.g. a magnetic or optical disc). A memory device containing a computer program product embodying this aspect of the invention may also contain data representing one or more audio sequences. In such cases, the computer program product may be executable by computer hardware to reproduce a plurality of such audio sequences to perform a method according to the last-but-one preceding aspect of the invention.
An embodiment of the invention shall now be further described by way of exemplification and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
With reference first to
The player comprises a microprocessor 10 that is connected to a program memory 12 and a sequence memory 14. In addition, the player includes an audio output stage that includes a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) 16, and amplifier 18, and a transducer 20. The transducer may, for example, by a loudspeaker or a component part of a headphone.
The program memory 12 contains a software program that can be executed by the microprocessor. The program memory may include a kernel 22 that contains a basic operating system for the computing device and an application program that provides the desired fuctionality for the device. While the kernel will typically be stored on a ROM device permanently installed in the player, the application program and the sequence memory 14 is contained within a memory device that can readily be removed from the player by a user; for example, in the form of a memory card. In this way, the detailed function and programme repertoire of the player can be changed by a user by changing one memory card for another.
The sequence memory 14 contains a multiplicity of data files, each being an audio signal encoded (in this embodiment) in MP3 format. The purpose and content of these sequences will be described in detail below.
The microprocessor 10 executes the program stored in the program memory 12. Under control of that program, the microprocessor can retrieve a file from the sequence memory 14, decode the file, and instruct the DAC 16 to convert the decoded file to an analogue audio signal. The analogue audio signal is then reproduced by the transducer 20 as sound audible to a user.
The application program operates to create an audio programme by sequential reproduction of many of the audio files. The entire programme is, on a detailed level, apparently random, but has a closely defined large-scale structure. Specifically, the programme has four phases: an introduction phase, a first phase, a second phase and a third phase. Each phase is formed from a plurality of series, each series including one or more audio files.
Each of the audio files in the sequence memory is associated with one or more file group referred to as a “bin”. Each bin is associated with one of the phrases. In order to generate a phase, the application program selects at random a file from each of the bins associated with that phase in turn. In this typical embodiment, the random selection is based upon the output value of a pseudo-random function. Such a function can give an appearance of randomness that is sufficient for this application. While it will be recognise that hardware systems can be provided to give a truly random output, this is unlikely to be necessary for the purposes of embodying this invention. Note that some bins may contain just one file, in which case it is selected for reproduction in each programme. Once a file is selected, it is reproduced using the audio output stage of the player. In some cases, a phrase is included more than once in a phase. In this instance, multiple files are selected in turn from the one bin.
In order to enhance the programme output, the processor may maintain a table of selected files. In that case, once a file is selected in any programme, it will not be eligible for subsequent selection within that programme. Optionally, it may be excluded from selection from one or more further programmes.
In
During the introduction phase, if present, the individual is exposed to a combination of anxiolytic music and randomly selected voiceover, including a description of the nature of the method to follow. In one particular embodiment of this phase, the individual is exposed to a sequential series of phrases which, when combined, collectively form a logical description of the nature of the method to follow. Each phrase within the series is randomly selected from a group comprising one or more phrases.
For example, the voiceover description of an introduction phase may comprise the sequential combination of phrases I.A, I.B, I.C, I.D, I.E, I.D, I.F, and I.G, each phrase being randomly selected from the groups of phrases listed below:
During the first phase the individual is exposed to a combination of anxiolytic music and randomly selected voiceover comprising instructions to lower said individual from a conscious state to a subconscious state. In one particular embodiment of this phase, the individual is exposed to a sequential series of phrases which, when combined, collectively form a logical set of instructions to follow. Each phrase within the series is randomly selected from a group comprising one or more phrases.
For example, the voiceover instructions of a first phase may comprise the sequential combination of phrases II.A, II.B, II.C, II.D, II.E, II.D and II.F, each phrase being randomly selected from the groups of phrases listed below:
During the second phase the individual is exposed to a combination of anxiolytic music and randomly selected voiceover comprising suggestions to maintain the individual in subconscious state. In one particular embodiment of this phase, the individual is exposed to a sequential series of phrases which, when combined, collectively form a logical set of suggestions. Each phrase within the series is randomly selected from a group comprising one or more phrases.
For example, the voiceover instructions of a second phase may comprise the sequential combination of phrases III.A, III.B, III.C and III.D, each phrase being randomly selected from the groups of phrases listed below:
During the third phase the individual is exposed to a combination of anxiolytic music and randomly selected voiceover comprising instructions to lift the individual from said subconscious state to a conscious state. In one particular embodiment of this phase, the individual is exposed to a sequential series of phrases which, when combined, collectively form a logical set of instructions to follow. Each phrase within the series is randomly selected from a group comprising one or more phrases.
For example, the voiceover instructions of a first phase may comprise the sequential combination of phrases IV.A, IV.B, IV.C, IV.D, IV.E, IV.D and IV.F, each phrase being randomly selected from the groups of phrases listed below:
During each of the above phases, the individual is exposed to anxiolytic music, which music is composed to reduce anxiety and to facilitate relaxation, having no recognizable melody, familiar rhythm or harmony that can be anticipated.
The method of the present invention may be used in the manner described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,263 or it may be used by individuals wishing to relax and reduce their stress levels during the working day.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0118342 | Jul 2001 | GB | national |
This is a divisional of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 09/999,882, filed Oct. 31, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,641,523.
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| 5425699 | Spiegel | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5634939 | Kuster et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5681259 | August | Oct 1997 | A |
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| 42422568 | Apr 1994 | DE |
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| 9806022 | Apr 1999 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050261911 A1 | Nov 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09999882 | Oct 2001 | US |
| Child | 10645252 | US |
