A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for determining or laying out a grid of spatially separated lines or points across a relatively large area, and in particular, to an apparatus and method which, with sufficient accuracy, is cost-effective and efficient for such purpose in terms of labor, time, and resources.
B. Problems in the Art
A variety of situations call for determining a grid of spatially separated lines or points across an area. One example is a grid of stakes in the ground for grading or surveying an area of ground. Another example is determining a grid of test locations across an area to be illuminated. The test locations are used to take light intensity and uniformity readings. Two examples are sports lighting and parking light lighting. Specifications or regulations set intensity and uniformity requirements for the area. There is a need to check if a lighting design actually meets those requirements. A conventional method is to take discrete measurements at uniformly spaced apart test points throughout the area.
A number of other applications for determining a grid of points throughout an area exist. However, the ability to cost-effectively and efficiently determine the grid and mark the points of such a grid, with a sufficient relatively high accuracy, is neither trivial nor easy to accomplish, especially for relatively large areas such as construction sites, sports fields, and parking lots.
A long-used, and still used, economical technique used for laying out test grids to check illumination levels across an area is tape measures. Open reel tape measures available from a variety of manufacturers can extend substantial distances (for example, several hundreds of feet). The equipment is portable and inexpensive. However, it is difficult to obtain high accuracy. Laying a long flexible tape along the ground may not result in a straight line, even when the tape is pulled taut. Wind, other forces or disturbances, undulations, or objects can affect accuracy. It is difficult for the human eye to verify a straight line. One attempted solution for large areas is to use three to four long tapes and geometric principles to check if a tape is in a straight line along the ground. As can be appreciated, however, this takes well-trained and experienced workers (normally more than two) and is relatively slow. It still is difficult to maintain high accuracy, especially outside in a windy environment. Checking and re-checking by repeated measurements with multiple long tapes is tedious and also subject to human error. As can be further appreciated, analogous issues exist with any application that desires a grid of accurately spaced apart locations to be identified across a relatively wide area.
But accuracy is critical in many of these applications. Consider, for example, laying out a grading pattern for a construction site. A grid of stakes is laid out correlated to a precise grading plan to contour to top of the ground for controlling water runoff. If the grid locations are not accurate, the grading plan can be erroneously applied to the ground and result in water runoff problems that cannot be reversible after construction on the site. Similarly, a grid of surveying stakes must accurately be laid out on a construction site. A building plan is correlated to the surveying points in the grid. If the grid points are inaccurate, architectural plans to the area may be inaccurately designed or applied. This could be expensive to correct or change.
Consider the case of sports lighting. Standards of uniformity and intensity across the field are normally imposed. See, e.g., the IESNA Lighting Manual (2000 9th Edition) for information on uniformity and intensity standards for various sports and fields. The lighting designer, many times with the help of a computer program, selects the number and type of lights to meet the standards that are applicable for a field. The lighting company or installer many times has to demonstrate those standards have been met. A grid of test locations is set out in the field and light uniformity and intensity measurements obtained for those test locations. If the grid of test points is inaccurately laid out, it may not validate that the company or installer has met the requirements and could subject it to expensive penalties or additional work. Conversely, results taken at erroneous test points may falsely indicate a problem with the design or installation, causing the company or installer to needlessly, expensively, and erroneously re-aim the fixtures.
Use of measuring tapes uses cheap and easily portable tools, but the risk of error in laying out such grids leaves much room for improvement. Land survey equipment could be used, but it is expensive and requires highly trained and qualified technicians to operate. For example, laser transits are very accurate, but costly and usually require more than one trained operator. They are also relatively slow to use. They must also be calibrated and handled carefully.
GPS and other similar geographic location technology has evolved quickly in the past decades. The cost of hand-held units is not cheap, but has come down in recent years. However, they remain relatively expensive to obtain high accuracy. Also, to determine and mark a number of discrete test points across a relatively large area, such methods are relatively slow.
It can therefore be seen that there is room for improvement in the art for tools and methods of laying out grids of points across a relatively large area that is relatively easy to implement, inexpensive, and quick but achieves relatively high accuracy for a variety of situations, including out-of-doors.
It is therefore a principal object, feature, aspect or advantage of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method which improves over or solves problems and deficiencies in the state of the art. Further objects, features, aspects, or advantages of the invention involve a method or apparatus which includes one or more of:
a) can achieve sufficient accuracy or improve accuracy of grid layout;
b) can improve speed of grid layout;
c) can reduce resources needed for grid layout, including labor and time;
d) is applicable to a variety of applications;
e) is adaptable to different sized and shaped areas;
f) is adjustable as to spacing of the points in the grid pattern;
g) is portable;
h) is efficient and economical.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method of laying out a grid of points across an area comprises designating a first reference point; projecting with a laser beam a first reference line intersecting the first reference point and extending in a direction relative to a first dimension of the area; designating a set of first line reference points along the first reference line using an open reel tape or other measuring device or means; projecting with a laser beam a transverse reference lines from each of the set of first reference line points in a direction relative to a second dimension of and at least partially across the area; designating a set of transverse line reference points along each of the transverse reference lines using an open reel tape or other measuring device or means. A grid of points across the area is thus correlated to at least one laser beam projection. In this manner, the laser provides a quick and accurate straight line for referencing and setting all points in the grid. The laser also can provide a way to periodically re-check alignment while laying out the grid.
An apparatus according to one aspect of the invention comprises a portable base, a relatively small, inexpensive laser in the base adapted to project a laser beam in a line or plane, and a means to identify measured points from the base. The measured points can be relative to a projected straight line from the laser. The portable base can be moved to different reference points relative to the area to quickly set up a grid of accurate points across or in the area that is referenced from a laser-projected straight line. The means to identify measured points can be, for example, a measuring tape.
In another aspect of the invention, an apparatus includes a portable base, a first laser adapted to project a laser beam in a line in a first direction relative the base, a second laser adapted to project the laser beam in a line in a second direction of predetermined offset from the first direction, and an optical sight comprising an aiming axis correlated to the laser beam of the first laser. The known offset of the two lasers and the ability to optically sight relative one laser allows quick and efficient setup of a grid of points across an area.
These and other objects, features, advantages, and/or aspects of the invention will become more apparent with reference to the accompanying specification and claims.
A. Overview
For a better understanding of the invention, several examples of forms or aspects the invention can take will now be described in detail. It is to be understood that these are non-limiting examples of just a few of the forms and aspects the invention can take and are not inclusive or exclusive.
Frequent reference will be taken to the drawings. Reference numbers or letters will be used to indicate certain parts and locations in the drawings. The same reference numbers or letters will be used to indicate the same parts or locations throughout the drawings unless otherwise indicated.
These exemplary embodiments will be discussed in the context of laying out a grid of equally spaced apart test points across a sports field for the purposes of measuring intensity and uniformity at each point relative to specified minimum intensity and uniformity illumination requirements for a lighting system which is pre-designed for that field. However, as will be appreciated, these examples illustrate the plotting or laying out of spatially distributed physical lines or points across an area regardless of the nature of the area or the purpose of laying out the grid of lines or points.
B. Apparatus
1. Turntable/Tripod
A rotatable turntable 12 is mounted to the top of a tripod 14 or other device to position, support, and stabilize. As illustrated in
Many or most tripods have some mechanism in its head that allows it to rotate in at least two directions. For example, the Manfrotto™ brand Model 410 head from Gruppo Manfrotto Srl, Via Sasso Rosso, 19, 36061 Bassano del Grappa (VI), ITALY, allows for movement. Because it has a geared movement, it allows for fine-tune adjustment. The movement is independent of the indexed movement described below. A geared rotatable head could be included with the tripod. Another example is a Checkpoint™ brand Model R2-D2 Rotary Base commercially available from a variety of vendors, including at ContractorsTools.com.
2. Tape Measure
A means to measure distance, and specifically incremental distances, is used with tool 10. As indicated in
3. Optical Sight
An optical sight 20, for example a sighting scope such as would be used on a rifle, is mounted on top of turntable 12. Sight 20 includes a mounting structure 22 which allows it to be removably fixed to turntable mounting structures 90 and 92 (see
Sight 20 can be any of a variety of commercially available products. One example is a Famous Maker™ brand Model FM 2628 (2-6×28 mm, duplex reticle, compact rifle scope) commercially available from FM Optics & Accessories and DKG Trading, Evansville, Ill. USA and Zander Sporting Goods, Baldwin, Ill. USA.
Scope or sight 20 has some type of visually perceivable aiming indicia. An example of such indicia is cross-hairs, the intersection of which indicates a longitudinal aiming axis through scope 20. Scope 20 is mounted to turntable 12 so that the cross-hairs are aligned in horizontal and vertical planes respectively. The intersection of the cross-hairs indicates longitudinal aiming axis 28 through scope sight 20.
Sight 20 is conventional and can be selectable according to the amount of magnification, accuracy, cost, durability, and adjustment desired. For example, sight 20 can include adjustment knobs 94 and 96 to precisely adjust its horizontal and vertical aiming axes relative its mount to turntable 12.
As can be appreciated, the user can look through eye piece 24 to view the cross-hairs. The optics of sight 20 would magnify the image coming through the opposite end 26 that is within the field of view of the user. The intersection of the cross-hairs would indicate a line that is parallel with the top plane of turntable 12 and, thus, horizontal.
4. Laser(s)
Laser devices L1, L2 and L3 are mounted at orthogonal positions on the top surface of turntable 12 (see
As indicated in the Figures, each laser L1, L2, and L3 is mounted to the top of turntable 12 in a housing 30, 32, or 34, respectively, at the positions indicated in
As indicated in
As indicated diagrammatically at
By referring to
Lasers L1, L2, and L3 are relatively inexpensive (e.g. around $2.30 each) and relatively low power (around 3 mW). Accordingly, they can operate by battery power. Laser L1, L2, and L3 generate Class 2M beams by the relatively large angle of divergence of beam B.
As indicated in
5. Indexing Mechanism for Turntable
Additionally, turntable 12 has what will be called an indexing mechanism. The indexing mechanism provides eight positive-stop rotational positions for turntable 12. Each position is 45 degrees in rotation from the next. Turntable basically “clicks” into place at each position by spring-loaded plunger balls seating into corresponding indents.
By referring to
A bearing 56, with washers 54 and 58 on opposite sides, is sandwiched between upper and bottom turntable plates 60 and 52 (see
Furthermore, bottom turntable plate 52 has eight detents, notches, or indentions 68 at 45° spaced-apart radial positions from its center (see also
Just one ball plunger 66 is shown, for simplicity, in
Thus, when top turntable plate 60 is rotated relative to bottom turntable plate 52 so that the set of four ball bearings of ball plungers 66 line up with four indentions 68, the ball bearings will be forced into the corresponding four indentions 68 and create a positive stop or indexed position. Upper turntable plate will be held in that rotational position. If the user wants a different rotational position, the user simply uses enough manual force to turn upper turntable plate 60 until the downward spring force on the ball bearings is overcome and the ball bearings move out of those indentions. Because each indention is at a precise 45 degree offset relative to adjacent indentions 68, the user has seven other positively indexed rotational positions to choose from. For example, if the user wants a 45 degree reorientation of upper turntable plate 60, the user simply turns plate 60 until the ball bearings of ball plungers 66 “click” into the next corresponding set of detents 68. If the user wants to reposition plate 60 at 90 degrees from a present rotational position, the user simply turns plate 60 until the second “click” stop for ball plungers 66. The user also has the options of 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, and 360 degrees “click stop” or positive indexed stop reorientations. As can be appreciated, this combination allows eight 45° rotational positions. Because of the preset orientation of sight 20 and laser L1 relative to a first indexed position, and the preset orientations of lasers L2 and L3 to laser L1, the user can rotate turntable 12 to any of the different 45° rotational positions desired without having to hunt, seek or measure. Of course, these indexed positions could be placed in any arrangement or angular relationship according to need or desire. For example, some applications might use 30 degree offsets instead of 45 degree. They could vary in number (could be just one, two, three, or more) and do not have to be equally spaced.
6. Calibration/Operational Set-Up
As can be appreciated from the foregoing description of tool 10 and its components, certain orientations and calibrations can be completed during manufacturing and assembly of tool 10.
For example, scope 20 is calibrated to be level to mounting plate 50 as part of the fabrication/assembly process of tool 10. The horizontal cross-hair of sight 20 is calibrated to be level with the top plane of turntable 12 (i.e., horizontal to the world once tripod 14 is level and plumb).
The lasers are calibrated during assembly into housings 30, 32, and 34 to be vertical and aligned with the vertical cross-hair of scope 20 by rotating the lasers in their housings (as previously described). Angular laser calibration is done by pivoting housings 30, 32, or 34 of the lasers (as previously described). Micro adjustment is with screw 82 for each laser housing. Laser and scope cross-hair alignment can be checked and field calibrated if necessary. A vertical reference line from an object in the field or at or near the field could be used.
Operational setup, after calibration, is quick and easy. Tool 10 can be taken to the area to be gridded. Plugs 38 and 48 are connected to provide power to the lasers. The operator can sight through sight 20 to a landmark or reference point and establish an accurate reference direction for the vertical beam of laser L1. Laser L1 can be turned on by manually operating the appropriate switch 44. Any of lasers L2 and L3 can also be operated and would issue laser beams in orthogonal directions. As indicated in
Specifically, the beams of each laser L1, L2, L3 would expand both down to the ground or floor, but also expand or spread upward at an approximately 30 degree angle. The beam B would thus have intensity in its entire vertical plane. As will be discussed further, each laser L1, L2, and L3 essentially issues a relatively thin beam spread in a vertical plane, and which has a pre-set and known relationship with each other as well as sight 20, and turntable 12. This provides the worker with three vertically planar straight reference beams at orthogonal relationships with one another.
Also, turntable 12 can rotate to various 45° indexed positions from an initial position. This provides other known relationships and flexibility when using tool 10.
Tape measure 18 can be used to measure from the center of tool 10 (indicated by plumb bob 16) in any direction, including along the line or plane of any of lasers L1, L2 and L3. A worker could thus accurately measure spaced apart points along a laser-projected line.
Tool 10 is portable for easy and quick transport and set up, and is self-contained. Tool 10 is relatively inexpensive in the use of low-cost line lasers that can be mounted in calibrated orientation in housings 30, 32, and 34, and in the use of a relatively low cost rifle or optical sight (as compared to a survey transit). The other components are relatively non-complex and inexpensive.
C. Method
Several examples of utilization of tool 10 for plotting or laying out grids of points across an area will now be described.
The application is to locate and mark equally spaced-apart test points across and around baseball field 100. In this example, the test points are in a grid of 30 ft by 30 ft squares. As indicated, the tests are distributed across field 100, but some points straddle the first and third base lines and extend slightly outside the outfield margin of baseball field 10 (see first base line 104 and third base line 105). These points are to be marked so that light readings can be subsequently taken at night from each point while the lighting system (not shown) for field 100) is operated.
The specific locations and spacing of test points can be selected according to accepted practices. For example, test points for measuring light uniformity and intensity for sports lighting are generally established by IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America), an organization that provides recommendations for sports lighting. However, a different grid spacing and location can be specified or arbitrarily set according to need or desire.
One conventional way of plotting these 30 by 30 foot test points is to measure 15 feet to the side of each of the first and third base lines with a tape measure and then try to lay the tape measure 15 feet outside first and third base lines all the way to the outfield perimeter 106. Test points would be marked at 30 ft intervals along each tape measures. The tape measures would also be extended back to where they intersect behind home plate 101 to mark the test point behind home plate. The tape measure then would be moved down the foul line 30 feet at a time and locations 30 feet apiece along the tape measure marked. This would be repeated and the workers would move across the field filling in the grid. In this way, the grid of 30 foot by 30 foot spacing test points would be plotted or developed across the field. However, this conventional method is subject to substantial error. As indicated in
Therefore, in an improved method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the grid of test points is created as follows.
Tool 10, with turntable 12 in a level or horizontal and a rotationally indexed position, is set up on the ground so that plumb bob 16 hangs directly over the tip of home base 101 (at the intersection of first base and third base lines 104 and 105 with home base 101). A worker looks through eye piece 24 of sight 20 and adjusts tripod 14 so that its vertical cross-hair is aligned through the landmarks of (a) the center of pitching mound 102 and (b) the center of second base 103. In this manner, the landmark(s) of home base 101, pitchers mound 102, and second base 103 are used as three points to create an initial reference line 110 that bisects field 100 (see
Once center reference line 110 is established through the landmarks, upper plate 60 of turntable 12 of tool 10 is rotated 45° (to preset detent settings) in opposite directions to locate first and third base lines 104 and 105, respectively. It is to be understood that many times the actual marked base lines are not perfectly 90° from each other, or 45° from the home-to-second-base-line 110. This is a way to check if those base lines are correct. However, as can be appreciated by viewing
On the other hand, if it is desirable to reference the grid at least in part on the first and third base lines, and if second base does not bisect the first and third base lines 104 and 105, adjustments to the position of tool 10 can be made if desired. For example, fairly quick measurements can be made and reference line 110 can be set to more accurately bisect field 100. One adjustment or compensation could be as follows. Reference line 112 would not be exactly 45 degrees from line 110. Rather it will be directly on top of the first base foul line. The method described later would be followed, moving the tool 10 down line 112 and establishing transverse grid lines perpendicular to line 112. These transverse lines would not be parallel to the third base foul line, however.
Tool 10 is then rotated 135° from either first or third base lines 104 or 105 (or 180° from home to second base line 110) to locate the first or starting grid point (what will also be sometimes called test station 0,0), which is located behind home plate 101. The free or distal end of the tape of tape measure 18 is positioned right under plumb bob 16 at home plate 101. For example, it can be fixed in position by a screw driver or stake in the ground right next to the pointed end of home plate 101. Many measuring tapes have a ring or opening at their distal end. A screw driver or other member could pushed into the ground through such ring or opening in that end and the tape.
The measuring tape is then unreeled and pulled backwards from home plate 101 as close along line 110 as possible until its 21.2 foot mark is exposed. This distance will change if the grid spacing changes. Based on the straight-forward geometrical calculation a2+b2=c2 relative the hypotenuse of an isosceles triangle (e.g. a hypotenuse of 21 feet 2 inches correlates to an isosceles triangle having 15 foot sides). Toggle switch 44 for laser L1 can be turned on. A worker can stand behind home 101 more than 21.2 feet away, with tape measure pulled backward as close in line with home 101, pitchers mound 102, and second base 103, as the worker deems correct. The worker would look at laser L1 and move his/her head side to side relatively quickly to try to put the worker's eye in the vertical plane of laser beam B of laser L1. By known principles of physics and light, when a worker's eye enters the plane of the laser beam B, there will be a perceived higher intensity or “flash” or “star burst” of light, even though the beam may not be seen by the worker. This phenomenon occurs when the eye is directly in the plane of light in its highest intensity portion. It is a similar effect as occurs when a person's eye comes directly in line with the center (highest) intensity portion of a flashlight beam. Even though you can see intensity from the flashlight when off-axis with your eye, when the center intensity axis crosses the eye, there is a perceived “flash”. Thus, by the worker aligning his or her eye in the vertical plane of laser L1, the worker identifies and can then establish the location of line 110 and can place the measuring tape directly along that line and 21.2 feet can be measured and marked. The ability to perceive the “flash” of laser light has been found to work even in daylight conditions and when beam B from laser L1 can not be seen with the human eye.
In these ways, the tape can accurately be pulled back behind home plate 101 and 21.2 feet measured. This would be starting reference point or test station 0,0 for the grid. This would be the intersection of grid lines that are offset from the first and third base lines 15 feet (for a 30 ft by 30 ft pattern grid). Its intersection point, namely test station 0,0, can be marked with a flag or other physical or visible marker. A few non-limiting examples include a small plate, a patch of paint, a stake, a ring, or a flag. Other types of markers or human or machine-perceivable indicia could be used by a worker to establish a precise location on the ground for that test point.
Alternatively, to mark the test point behind home plate, a worker can sight through scope 20 to make sure the measuring tape is directly on the vertical cross-hair, which would correspond with line 110. The worker then measures 21.2 feet.
Once test station 0,0 is established, tool 10 is moved from home base 101 to test station 0,0 (to the position shown in
Turntable 12 is then rotated to a right hand 45° indexed position (see
This first base side reference line 112 is essentially a grid reference line for one dimension of field 100. It is a straight line that extends 15 feet outside but along the entire one side of field 100. Thus, an accurate straight reference line for one side of field 100 is quickly established, and it is based or referenced from the landmark reference line 110.
As indicated diagrammatically in
With tool 10 at test station 0,0 and sight 20 indexed 45 degrees to the right as shown in
The worker can work back to tool 10 by locating markers or flags at 30 ft (or whatever other spacing is used) increments at the appropriate distances marked along the tape. At each 30 ft increment, the worker could simply quickly confirm the laser flash in the eye to ensure correct alignment along line 112 is maintained.
As indicated diagrammatically in
In this manner, a straight line from test station 0,0 at a 45° angle from center reference line 110 can be quickly and efficiently established. The worker can then quickly and efficiently use the tape measure to mark the 30 ft increments and continuously double check alignment of the tape measure.
The worker then simply turns on laser L3 to establish a third base side reference line 114 (see
Similarly to described for the first base side, tape measure 18 is moved over to the third base side and pulled taut to the end of the field generally parallel to the third base line 105. The worker looks back at laser L3 to perceive the “flash”. Once the flash is perceived, the worker lays down the stretched tape measure in line with that flash and marks off points at 30 ft increments relative to test station 0,0. This establishes a beginning reference line in a second dimension relative to field 100.
At this stage, as indicated diagrammatically at
Tool 10 is picked up and moved thirty feet to the test point marked location 30,0 (
As with previously described steps, the worker at the end of the field who has pulled the tape taut looks for the flash from laser L3 and establishes an accurate line for marking test locations at 30 ft increments along this next line 116. The worker then uses the tape measure to mark the thirty foot intervals along new line 116 and periodically (or continuously) checks to make sure the tape measure is along an accurate line from laser L3 by confirming so by confirming the tape is laid out along a vertical plane in line with the “flash”. As can be appreciated, the worker can also periodically sight through sight 20 to make sure that tool 10 is accurately aligned with the marked flags along the first base line reference 112 as a double check of positioning of tool 10. When the markers have been laid out along line 116, a second row of markers of the grid will have been completed in a second or transverse direction across the field relative to reference line 112, which extends in a first direction relative to field 100.
This can then be repeated in a left-to-right direction for each of the marked reference points along first base line reference line 112 (i.e., 30,0; 60,0; 90,0; . . . ; 300,0). Tool 10 is moved successively downline (or toward the outfield fence) in
Once the grid has been completed more than half way to the right side of field 100 going along the first reference direction (line 112), turntable can be rotated 180 degrees so that the sight 20 and laser L1 are directed back towards home plate 101 along first base reference line 112 (see
With an area shaped like baseball field 100, not all transverse rows will have the same number of reference points to mark. The workers will normally have some idea of what area to cover with marked points.
It can therefore be appreciated that portable tool 10, with relatively inexpensive lasers, optical sight, and tape measure (which can be extended at least most of the way to the far margins of the field or area to be gridded), facilitates marking of the points of the grid relatively quickly and efficiently, with a relatively high accuracy. The accuracy has been found to be normally better than using only measuring tapes when properly used. The worker has a number of ways to quickly, efficiently, and effectively re-check the accuracy of the layout as the grid is being marked out. It has been found that the method can save substantial time, at least relative to conventional tape measure based methods. In many cases, time savings can be on the order of one-half of using just tape measures.
A rectangular sports field such as football field 200 (
The method of Example 2 is, however, somewhat simpler because the starting reference that is used is an already marked yard line across football field 200. In this Example 2, tool 10 is placed (see
As diagrammatically illustrated in
For example, a regulation professional, college, or high school football field in the United States is 360 feet long and 160 feet wide. For a grid with 30-by-30 foot spacing of test points in the two dimensions or directions, there would be six test points (spanning 150 feet) between sidelines 202 and 203, with test points nearest each sideline 202 and 203 being spaced inside its respective side line by 5 feet (to account for the other 10 feet of the 160 foot width of the field). There would be twelve test points (accounting for 330 feet) between end zone lines 204 and 205, with test points closest to the end zone lines being spaced inside those lines fifteen feet (accounting for the other 30 feet of the 360 foot length of the field).
Tool 10 can therefore be initially positioned (with plumb bob) by placing tool 10 a measured five feet inside sideline 202 along the chosen initial 45 yard line. That point can be marked with a flag or other marker. Sight 20 can be used to sight down that 45 yard line as a starting reference (see
Lasers L2 and L3 can be turned on to establish line 212 (see
Tape measure 18 can be pulled first in the direction of the lower half of field 200 in
The same can be done for the upper half of field 200 by then pulling tape measure 18 taut generally along line 212 from tool 10 to or past end zone line 204. The worker would ensure tape 18 is along that line be using the “flash” technique with laser L2. This would complete one row of marked test points by marking points 0,210; 0,240; 0,270; 0; 300; and 0,330 with tape measure 18.
The remainder of grid across field 200 can be marked by moving tool 10 sequentially across the field from line 212 (and point 0,180) near right sideline 200 to left sideline 203 (i.e. to point 30,180; then point 60,180; then point 90,180; then point 120,180; and then point 150,180) and using lasers L2 and L3 and tape measure 18 to mark out the test points at each point, as was done to create the marked points along line 212. The correct orientation of lasers L2 and L3 can be checked at each point along line 210 by using sight 20 to sight down the marked points along line 210. This ensures the beams B from lasers L2 and L3 are perpendicular to line 212. Using the “flash” technique and the tape measure 18, the worker checks accuracy of the test point locations above and below line 212 in
Similar to described in Example 1, and as indicated in
Once the final row of markers has been laid out along line 214, the complete grid for field 200 would be finished.
It can be seen that this can be somewhat simpler than the baseball field. It may be possible to use landmarks such as goal posts, in-ground markers, or objects on or around the field as the starting reference, similar to baseball fields. It can be seen, however, that this is quick, efficient and can be quite accurate and done with minimum labor resources.
Conventionally, the markers would be placed at the grid locations on either the baseball field 100 or football field 200 during daylight because the methods of Examples 1 and 2 can be conducted in daylight. Light intensity and uniformity measurements would normally be taken at night time, while the lighting system is operating, to confirm whether sufficient uniformity and intensity standards are met at the accurately located test points across the field.
In this case, similar procedures to Example 2 can be followed to set up a grid of perpendicular lines extending across area 400. Once a straight line 412 is established using, e.g., laser L1 of tool 10 in what is indicated as the “Y” direction in
The lines could be partially across area 400. An example would be to mark parking space lines for a plurality of parking spaces in area 400. Chalk lines or markers could be used to indicate where the painted lines would be positioned in the area. Area 400 could be a paved or concrete area.
It is to be appreciated that the area that is to be gridded could be marked with points or lines or both. The grid does not have to comprise equally spaced points or lines. They could also be at other than 90 degrees to the reference axes or reference line.
A further example can be explained with reference to any of Examples 1-4. If X and Y axes are established with tool 10 and a tape measure or other measuring method, essentially a two-dimensional coordinate system has been established relative to an area. Instead of a grid across the area, any shape of known X-Y coordinates could be marked on or near the area by using the X-Y axes and measuring to the coordinates from those axes. For example, a non-regular shape could be marked out on area 400 of
For example, all types of shapes could be marked on an area. The shapes could have straight lines or curved lines, or both. For example, the methods and apparatus described above could be used to lay out the baseball field of
D. Options and Alternatives
The foregoing exemplary embodiments are by way of example only and not by limitation. Variations obvious to those skilled in the art will be included within the invention which is defined solely by its claims. Some non-limiting examples of options and alternatives are set forth below.
As can be appreciated, the laying out of an accurate grid in an efficient manner can be applied to a variety of areas other than sports fields. Some have been previously mentioned, such as parking lots, construction sites, and the like. Another example of an application would be soil testing where soil samples are taken at test locations across a grid to map soil characteristics for an area. Another is ground water test locations. A further example is to layout a grid of strings or ropes at an archeological dig site.
The grid, so to speak, does not have to have equally spaced apart test location or cover an entire area. For example, methods similar to aspects of the invention described above could be used to lay out the boundaries, base paths, yard lines, and the like of athletic fields. The accuracy and efficiency of these aspects of the invention allows it/them to be used as almost a surveying method and tool. Others applications and variations are possible.
The precise nature of the equipment used for tool 10 can vary according to need or desire. In one embodiment, it may not even be necessary to use sight 20. The flash technique, described above, can be used with one or more lasers to establish a first reference line, and then transverse reference lines to the first reference line. Only one laser may be needed. It simply can be rotated or the tool repositioned to the desired direction(s). The pre-calibrated indexing could be advantageously used in this respect. As indicated in
As can be appreciated, the test points can be established by specifications or convention, or by design. For the example of sports lighting, as well as other wide area lighting testing, reference can be taken to the IESNA Lighting Reference Handbook with respect to lighting uniformity and intensity minimums for a variety of sports fields. Similar authorities or reference works are available for other applications.
Lasers similar to those described above can be added to a surveyor's theodolite or transit. While more expensive, this would allow for accurate angle measurement. This would be useful for verifying exact field shape and size. Also, the lasers on preset 90 degree increments along with the method described above would allow quick and accurate grid point layout.
Other methods for measuring distance may be utilized. Rather than utilizing a tape measure, a rangefinder (similar to Model TruPulse™ 200 from Laser Technology, Centennial, Colo. USA) provides relatively good accuracy (within ½ foot) at a distance of several hundred feet. A solid plate or other flat reflective surface would be mounted on the tripod. The user would place flags or other markers as described above at the appropriate grid point locations, aligning him/herself with the laser “flash” and using the rangefinder to find the correct distance.
Instead of having a worker visually sensing the “flash” of the laser beam, a laser sensor could be used to sense if the worker is aligned with the laser. An example is a Model 54 or 56 Thunder laser detector from Apache Technologies, Dayton, Ohio USA (+/−45 degree reception angle, accurate to within ⅛ inch, and truth at up to 500 feet whether laser beam is visible or not). It detects laser energy and responds with lights, a display, or sound to indicate closeness of proximity to the beam, and then when the detector is dead on the beam.
Visible lasers are not necessarily required. For example, an infrared (IR) laser could be used. An IR detector could be used at a position away from the IR laser to detect when in alignment with the non-visible IR laser.
This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/850,540 filed Sep. 5, 2007 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11850540 | Sep 2007 | US |
Child | 12834285 | US |