Patent Application
20140368956
The present application is directed to the field of motor protection for industrial automation systems, HVAC systems, pumping systems, and similar implementations, and, in particular, to motor starters and related electronics offering substantially automatically available protection and/or control of such motors.
In building automation systems, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) installations, pumping systems, and other industrial implementations, it is common to use starters or starter mechanisms to control and protect motors. Starters for motors and the like are generally well known in the art. Typical starters comprise thermal trip elements combined with contactors to disconnect a motor from line power in the event of an undesirable operating condition. In the United States, The National Electric Code (NEC) classifies combination starters as devices that provide thermal overload protection and motor disconnect functionality.
Key components of a traditional starter include an electromagnetic contactor and an overload relay. The circuitry of such traditional starters offers both motor control and motor protection functionality via a single device that is ideally specifically selected or calibrated for the particular motor being controlled. Operation of the motor (e.g., starting and stopping the motor, etc.) can be controlled through modulation of the contactor, which includes separable contacts that are electromechanically/electromagnetically operated by an energized or de-energized coil. Closing the contacts allows line power to energize the motor, while opening the contacts cuts of power from the motor.
As mentioned above, starters also are able to provide thermal protection (i.e., overload protection) to a motor to protect it against unfavorable operating conditions. Traditional starters typically include an overload relay provided for this purpose. Overload conditions occur when equipment is operated in an electrically undamaged circuit in excess of the normal full load current rating (e.g., the conductors carry current in excess of the rated amperage for the equipment or conductors). The overload is detected by the overload relay with reference to the applicable current trip point (expressed as a trip curve, which designates trip points as a function of current and time for a given motor classification). Overload conditions persisting for a sufficient amount of time can damage the motor, conductors, or other equipment. In the United States, and as used throughout this application, the terms “overload”, “overload protection” and “overload relay” are defined by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standard ICS2, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In the past, typical overload relays were implemented using heater/detector elements, such as using bimetallic relays or thermal heater elements. More recently, however, electronic overloads have been increasingly used. Electronic overloads may include a current transformer or other current sensor to detect and monitor current supplied to the motor.
For simple electromechanical motors, a traditional starter apparatus with control and overload protection functionality generally provides adequate motor protection if it is property calibrated to the specific motor it is protecting. Each classification of motor has its own applicable overload tolerances and operating parameters. Accordingly, starters that operate motors are required to employ overload relays and corresponding overload trip circuits that are specifically selected and calibrated in order to ensure that the proper level of thermal protection is afforded to the specific motor (or class of motor) being protected. Traditional calibration procedures require an installer to set a trip point manually by dialing one or more potentiometers on an electronic overload relay to a known parameter value, such as the full-load-amperage (“FLA”) rating of the motor, as specified on the motor nameplate and/or on system schematics.
The requirement for properly calibrated protective equipment can pose a problem in situations where several starters are shipped in bulk to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), and the OEM ships numerous starters in bulk to a job site. Often, the starters arriving at the job site may not be marked or labeled. Installers frequently install the unlabeled starters inappropriately, and then attempt to start attached motors without ensuring proper calibration of the starter. Such procedures are dangerous and can result in damage to equipment, personal injury, or worse. A similar problem can develop if system demands or equipment change, such as when a fan or other equipment is added or ductwork is changed in an HVAC system, or when a motor or pump, etc. is added, removed, or changed out of an installation. Failure to ensure that the starter is, or remains, properly calibrated for the new load it is protecting and/or controlling can result in unintended and/or undesirable consequences.
While starters, overload relays, and/or other thermal or electronic protection devices are well known in the art, present embodiments provide novel and nonobvious improvements to solve problems Applicants have discovered with conventional product offerings and traditional installations. Present embodiments can provide integrated novel and nonobvious functionality, either as a stand-alone overload relay device, or consolidated into a unitary starter housing, thus offering improved protection with significant cost savings, facilitated installation/operation, and other advantages and/or improvements over conventional starters.
In particular, improved overloads and starters can be provided to offer enhanced and substantially automatically applied motor protection functionality, regardless of whether the overload or starter was initially calibrated or calibrated properly. Substantially automatic protection can be offered as embodied in a safety starter, smart starter, and/or other intelligent protective and/or control equipment consistent with the present application. Such a safety starter can be designed to protect and control the motor even if someone has not set up a trip point based on full load running current/amperage (FLA), or otherwise not calibrated the starter. Starters can be designed to protect the motor automatically against an overload condition by measuring, among other possible parameters, the starting current and power factor characteristics and comparing them to known acceptable and/or expected motor starting condition values. Measured parameters, such as inrush peak current and current measurements over time can be used, at least in part, to determine if the motor's running current falls (or stays) within one or more predefined ratios or ranges of acceptable current values. If so, then the motor can be assumed to be running properly. If the running current is outside of the predefined range, the starter can provide a fault and/or warning annunciation/message to indicate that it is out of calibration and needs to be recalibrated, and/or it can trip and a relay can cut off power to the motor, thus reducing the risk of equipment damage. An end user can be offered a jumper switch, programmable input, and/or other input interface to select if the starter will annunciate and/or trip if a problem is detected. Additionally, monitoring voltage values can facilitate present embodiments in determining and using true power values, such as power factor, to provide improved protection and/or control.
Electronic overload components or overload components integrated into smart starters, as described herein, can be configured to provide various advantageous motor-protection features including, without limitation, locked rotor protection, cycle fault protection, out-of-calibration protection, stall protection, and maximum start time protection, etc. This functionality can be built into and automatically available with overload relays and/or starters employing such overload devices. By installing a safety starter automatically offering such motor protection features, one can be substantially assured that the starter can offer at least an initial level of motor protection and control functionality on first start, regardless of whether the starter was calibrated or calibrated properly. Starters as disclosed herein can also substantially enable one or more motor-protection features as a substantially automatic, ongoing level of protection during motor operation. A suitable microcontroller and/or microcontroller-based control board can be used, along with suitable memory storage known in the art, such as programmable nonvolatile or substantially nonvolatile memory, at least in part, to monitor the specified parameters and initiate proper procedures for error handling, fault annunciation, and modulation of electronic components to protect the motor and/or related equipment.
Consistent with the present application, starter embodiments can also include additional and/or alternatively desirable functionality, depending on the given installation. For example, such functionality, embodied in an overload, motor starter, and/or other motor protection and/or control device can be configured to accommodate substantially universal voltage input, true power characteristic sensing for status output/annunciation, integrated damper control, and substantially automated trip point selection and/or protective parameter implementation based, at least in part, on startup or running values of current, voltage, power factor, and/or other values characteristic of a load, and which can be appropriately implemented consistent with applicable system parameters (e.g., full load amperage (FLA), motor classification, motor horse power, power factor values, etc.).
Additional aspects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The following description discloses various embodiments and functionality associated with the starter apparatuses, systems, and methods for use, at least in part, in applications such as building automation, industrial systems automation, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) installations, and applications including the control and protection of motors and electro-mechanical devices driven by motors, such as pumps, fans, conveyor belts, etc., to name but a few illustrative examples of systems, presented for purposes of illustration and not by way of limitation.
In particular, the subject matter of the present application and the detailed starter embodiments described herein are preferably adapted for providing substantially automatic control and/or protection for motors regardless of whether the protective equipment was initially calibrated, or calibrated correctly. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the advantageous functionality presently described can be embodied as a standalone overload apparatus embodiment (such as an electronic overload relay), or as a starter or combination starter embodiment including such overload protection as a component, along with the contactor and/or other starter components.
In one aspect, consistent with the present subject matter, starter functionality can be enabled, at least in part, through one or more embodiments of a starter control module (SCM) embodiment and related technology. One embodiment of a SCM can include components such as a meter base and a custom interface printed circuit board assembly to cooperatively facilitate motor control and/or protection. The specific electronics comprising the SCM can be further adapted, selected, and/or configured so as to facilitate optimization for an particular intended operating environment/application, such as to substantially represent an energy management starter (e.g., for HVAC implementations, etc.), a building automation starter (e.g., for industrial control applications, etc.), or an intelligent pump starter (e.g., for pump control applications, etc.). As used here, the term “starter control module” or “SCM” refers to the actual printed circuit board and related control board electronics and mechanical interfaces, rather than an entire integrated starter controller. For example, one SCM embodiment can be integrated into a single unitary enclosure along with an integrated overload relay and any required electromagnetic contactors to comprise a motor starter. However, a SCM embodiment can also be offered and/or employed modularly, such that it can be used as a standalone component to work with third-party supplied contactors, overload relays, and/or external current sensors, etc.
For further illustration, and to facilitate discussion,
Continuing with the starter embodiment illustrated in
Consistent with the present subject matter, motor control board 102 can be employed to control and protect motor 200 via coordinated operation of contactor 202, including separable contacts 228. As illustrated in the starter embodiment of
Continuing with
In applications such as HVAC control and protection, if an undesirable situation happened, such as a belt breaking, and the current correspondingly drops, status output can be provided to indicate the condition. This can happen with or without a corresponding trip command being given, as desired.
Control board 102 can also offer energy management functionality. Monitored current 222 via current sensor 106 and voltage via voltage sensor 232 can substantially allow for power metering at meter base 104. Because voltage can be monitored via voltage sensor 232, run status indications 222 can also be based on true power (not just current). By monitoring both voltage and current a truer sense of power to the load can be achieved. This allows for tighter tolerances more precise control and can do a better job in detecting undesirable occurrences such as belt loss on a motor drive, etc. For an additional advantageous aspect, one or more starter embodiments can employ manual and/or substantially self-calibrating overloads to provide both status indications and overload protection in a combined device, which can be combined with a contactor as well. The functionality of such embodiments can also include auto sensing for status annunciation based on the monitored current 222 being at least a pre-specified percentage of full-load amperage (FLA), for implementation in proof-of-flow or loss-of-flow/belt-loss monitoring, etc. The FLA can be initially provided to control board 102, obtained as a lookup value from operating memory 240 for each motor winding, and/or automatically determined via a self-calibrating overload circuit/relay, to illustrate but a few examples.
Memory storage 240 can be available to control board 102 as any of several programmable nonvolatile or other suitable memory devices. Memory storage 240 can be provisioned integral to the control board 102 or accessed via a communication link to a remote storage location. Memory link 242 indicates that memory may be accessed by control board 102, as well as data written to memory storage 240. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate the advantages such a system architecture would provide. In particular, and consistent with the methodologies illustrated in more detail below, memory storage 240 can be pre-populated with one or more lookup tables, databases, and/or other storage embodiments substantially suitable for providing appropriate known and/or empirically determined electronic device protection and/or control parameters (e.g., such as thermal inverse trip curve values, etc.) to the control board for reference when implementing a control and/or protection methodology as indicated below. Such embodiments can allow for convenient lookup of known appropriate control parameter values for a known or identified motor being, or to be, protected and/or controlled. Similarly, one or more present embodiments are also capable of contextual learning from values sensed, calculated, and/or determined for one or more motors being controlled and/or protected within the system. Newly obtained data can also be written to memory storage 240 such that the data set is built out over time to include more robust or broader coverage, as well as to substantially facilitate the system in more finely tuning and/or tailoring its control and/or protection methodology to the specific environment and/or application in which it is being operated (e.g., to substantially appropriately protect and/or control the specific type, size, efficiency, and/or class of motor or motors coupled to the system).
As previously mentioned, electronic overload devices (e.g., overload protection relays, etc.) and starter embodiments as described herein are preferably adapted for providing substantially automatic protection for motors regardless of whether the protective equipment was initially calibrated, or calibrated correctly. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the advantageous functionality presently described can be embodied as a standalone overload protection device (such as an electronic overload relay), or as a starter or combination starter embodiment including such overload protection as a component. Motor-protection features including, without limitation, locked rotor protection, cycle fault protection, out-of-calibration protection, stall protection, and maximum start time protection, etc., can be enabled, at least in part, through cooperation between hardware, software, and/or firmware components of embodiments as described herein. The methodologies, heuristics, and procedures embodiments can use to detect and protect against each expected and/or potential fault condition can be programmed directly into firmware and/or into machine-executable instructions (e.g., represented, at a high-level, by the state machine procedures and/or logic disclosed in more detail below) stored in memory on or accessible by a microprocessor-based control board, or other suitable location within the relevant electronics. Monitoring the input current, voltage, the current response over time, as well as calculated true power characteristics such as power factor, as well as being provided with a FLA setting, known or determined for purposes of overload protection, present embodiments can automatically provide the desired additional levels of motor protection and/or control by executing the stored instructions.
In order to, at least in part, enable the protective functionality described herein, overload protection devices and/or starters (hereinafter “protection and control equipment”), can monitor current and voltage applied to the motor during startup and/or operation. Current transformers or other current sensing components of the protection and control equipment can be used to monitor the current. Voltage sensors may similarly be employed. The monitored current, voltage, and/or calculated power values can then be compared to known, expected characteristics for the particular motor being controlled/protected. For example, a motor classified as a trip-class 10 motor will exhibit certain expected current and/or power characteristics at startup and displayed over time in a proper operating condition. Similarly, expected and/or potential fault conditions will display varying current response characteristics and/or power factor response characteristics that are substantially consistent, and thus identifiable, for motors of that classification. Similarly, trip-class 20 motors also substantially exhibit consistent current and power characteristic behavior and/or response characteristics depending on the operating conditions affecting the motor.
With particular reference to
To illustrate this concept with reference to
Continuing with specific reference to
One example of the maximum-time-to-start fault 304 is also illustrated in
One example of an out-of-calibration fault 306 is also illustrated in
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that additional, and/or alternative protective functionality can be employed using embodiments configured as described herein. For example, similar to locked rotor fault protection, stall protection can be afforded to motors through present embodiments. In a stall condition, even if occurring after the startup mode of the motor has completed, the current would be expected to spike outside of the normal acceptable operating range and remain at and/or near the spiked value (i.e., remain outside of the normal acceptable operating range). As such, present embodiments can substantially help ensure that motors operate within a safe operating range, whether at startup, or subsequently during operation. Other levels of protection, such as cycle fault protection can also be provided consistent with present embodiments. For cycle fault protection, a starter embodiment, or an overload relay embodiment cooperatively working with a starter control board that operates a contactor supplying current to the motor, the number of contactor start signals being detected can indicate a cycle fault. For example, if the contactor is being operated at a rate of over 1200 starts per hour, a cycle fault can be indicated through fault indication and/or a trip.
Additionally, those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that by sensing voltage, in addition to current, more useful information regarding true power can be obtained and implemented consistent with the present methodologies. For example,
The behavior of the current and power factor graphs in
Those skilled in the relevant art will readily appreciate that present embodiments can substantially provide for a broad array of motor protection and/or control methodologies. By measuring voltage, in addition to current, and employing true power characteristics, such as power factor, additional advantageous functionality can be substantially enabled and/or facilitated. While the prior disclosed embodiment simply monitored current to provide motor protection functionality, using current values alone does not provide as full of a representation of the motor performance as does using true power. In particular, calculating monitoring the response of the power factor graph 408 over time provides a more complete picture of the motor performance, which can be advantageous for fault detection. For example, at startup, the current value might stay near its peak inrush value. By only considering current one would expect that the motor is in a locked rotor condition. However, there may be other factors involved, and the current may be appropriately high, given these other factors. However, if the power factor does not increase or approach 1.0, a locked rotor condition can be concluded. Similarly, if after a motor has been operating, the current increases with the power factor decreases, a stall condition can be concluded.
In order to implement the protective functionality discussed above, present embodiments can include a control board with a microprocessor executing programmable instructions implemented in firmware, or via other suitable programming and memory, to implement the current and voltage sampling, conduct power factor calculations, compare the results to expected values, and implement the appropriate protection and/or control functionality in response. In order to facilitate discussion, and not by way of limitation, the protection and control functionality discussed above is illustrated in the following sections as one or more software subroutines comprising or implementing more motor protection state machine embodiments.
The first example set forth below represents one illustrative embodiment of a state machine for a safety start embodiment using current monitoring, consistent with the present subject matter. Such embodiment can offer a baseline level of protection as described above. However, the second illustrative example set forth below monitors both current and voltage, and indicates additional protection and/or control methodologies that can be substantially enabled and/or facilitated by employing true power characteristics, such as the power factor of the system. Additionally, the second illustrative example below illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a state machine for a safety calibration embodiment. As indicated in the second illustrative example, more robust, precise, and finely tuned protection and/or control methodologies can be advantageously employed. Of course, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that fewer, additional, and/or alternative state machine components could be employed, compared to those indicated in the two illustrative examples below, without departing from the scope of the present subject matter.
A first illustrative embodiment can be described as a “safety starter” embodiment. Subject matter consistent with the present application can be provided as a safety starter. Such a safety starter can be designed to protect the motor even if someone has not set up the trip point based on full load running current/amperage (FLA). It can be designed to protect the motor in the event of an overload or other undesirable condition based, at least in part, on the starting current characteristics. For example, it can measure the inrush current and then determine if the motor's running current falls within a predefined ratio or range of values. If so, then operation is considered to be running properly. If the running current is outside the range, the starter can indicate that it is out of calibration and needs to be recalibrated, and/or it can trip. A PCB jumper selector can be provided to allow an end user to select if the starter will annunciate or trip if a problem is detected.
Such embodiments can be advantageous in situations in which several starters are shipped in bulk to an OEM and the OEM ships in bulk to job sites where the starters may not be marked or labeled and installers install them and start motors without calibrating the starter. In such situations, the safety starter will still protect the motor. Once it has been calibrated, the safety starter embodiment can operate substantially similarly to other known starters or other novel starters consistent with the present application.
Electronic overload components in starters can provide various types of protection: e.g., stall protection, locked rotor fault, etc. Preferably, this functionality can be built into starters with electronic overloads. The safety starter can facilitate the offering of such motor protection features and work on first start regardless of whether calibration has been performed or performed correctly. It will be able to detect and appropriately annunciate or trip if the motor has a locked rotor, is in stall, or if the current is still decreasing and hasn't reached running current in the maximum time allowed at startup per motor class (e.g., 10 seconds for class 10 motor, or 20 seconds for class 20 motor, etc.). As used herein, the term “Max start” refers to the maximum time to let the system operate in a starting condition. For example, it typically takes 3-4 seconds to drop from inrush peak current to running current, especially for a fan, because fans have substantially constant loads. If the current is still decreasing after the maximum allowed time for allowing the motor to start (e.g., 10 seconds for class 10, 20 seconds for class 20, etc.), the safety starter will react. Also, once it's running, if the motor is running outside of a predefined “safe range” the safety starter can be programmed to annunciate and/or after a set period of time, trip.
The following sections details a first illustrative embodiment of firmware subroutines and programming logic representing a machine state code embodiment consistent with one embodiment of a safety starter, such as the one described above.
Summary of Safety Start Code Embodiment
This subroutine below schedules all subroutines that run in the low level priority Interrupt Service Routine (ISR), including those listed.
This following subroutine contains the Motor Protection State Machine which allows the program to transition thru the necessary startup states to determine if a starter's FLA is out of an acceptable calibration range. The Motor Protection state is also used by other subroutines to make the decision on when to run. This subroutine is called at the completion of every 5 ms. The Motor Protection State is global.
The preceding description provides one illustrative example, describing information for one or more safety starter embodiments consistent with the present application. Of course, the information and example embodiments described within this application are presented for illustrative purposes only. They are not meant or intended to limit the scope of the present subject matter to the specific embodiments presented. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that additional, fewer, or alternative embodiments could also be employed consistent with the present application. Thus, the scope of the present application should only be limited by the claims made thereto.
The following description provides a second illustrative example, which represents a “Safety Calibration” embodiment. The following section details a machine state code embodiment consistent with one such safety calibration embodiment, providing protection and control functionality such as described above.
Summary of Safety Calibration Code Embodiment
The following sample subroutine can schedule other subroutines that run in the low level priority Interrupt Service Routine (ISR), including those specifically listed listed.
For sampling purposes, embodiments can measure instantaneous current and voltage, and use these to calculate a power factor value. In one such illustrative embodiment three math operations occur. First, square current measurement and accumulate for current RMS calculation (Irms). Second, square voltage measurement and accumulate for voltage RMS calculation (Vrms). Third, multiply current measurement by voltage measurement and accumulate for power RMS calculation (Prms)
Once a full cycle is complete (128 samples for example), RMS calculations can be completed from accumulated data. Power factor can be calculated using real power divided by apparent power (Prms/(Irms*Vrms)). RMS values and power factor calculation can then be used in the disclosed motor protection state machine determinations to identify and select appropriate protective behavior.
The following example subroutine contains the Motor Protection State Machine which allows the program to transition thru the necessary states to calculate a valid Safety Calibration FLA to be used for motor protection. The Motor Protection state is also used by other subroutines to make the decision on when to run. This subroutine is called at the completion of every cycle (128 samples). The Motor Protection State can be global. Cycle Fault protection as well as many other protective features can take place in all states.
[The averaging (over 4 or less samples, etc., as but one embodiment) can facilitate filtering of noise to make sure the substantially accurate appropriate value is determined without being undesirably affected by any noise]
The preceding description provides one illustrative example, describing information for one or more safety starter embodiments consistent with the present application. Of course, the information and example embodiments described within this application are presented for illustrative purposes only. They are not meant or intended to limit the scope of the present subject matter to the specific embodiments presented. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that additional, fewer, or alternative embodiments could also be employed consistent with the present application. Thus, the scope of the present application should only be limited by the claims made thereto.
For example, as opposed to Lookup Table Embodiment 1 disclosed above, an alternate lookup table could be referenced, such as, as but one alternative embodiment, the following table. In either instance, the locked rotor multiplier K can be empirically determined, or obtained from manufacturers data available for various motor classifications and/or sizes.
Similarly, additional embodiments may have additional, fewer, or alternative states to those depicted in the preceding embodiments. For example, rather than a machine state embodiment being configured to have a consolidated fault state, such as “Wait_For_Fault_Reset_State” for any monitored fault being detected, a machine state embodiment could accommodate separate, discrete states for different types of faults, such as a state such as “Wait_For_Locked_Rotor_Fault_Reset_State”, or state such as “Wait_For_Safety_Cal_Overload_Fault_Reset_State” etc. Such embodiments may, at least in part, allow for executable firmware programming instructions to apply more specifically tailored fault handling or status annunciation depending on the type of fault encountered.
As the disclosure contained herein is presented for illustrative purposes, and by way facilitating discussion, it will be obvious to those having skill in the art that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the invention. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined only with reference to the following claims.
This application is a nonprovisional of, and claims the benefit of priority from, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/780,971, filed Mar. 13, 2013, entitled “Apparatus, System, and/or Method for Intelligent Motor Protection and/or Control”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. © 2014 Franklin Control Systems, Inc. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 37 CFR §1.71(d), (e).
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61780971 | Mar 2013 | US |
