Patent Application
20240021780
The field of this disclosure relates generally to energy storage technology, such as battery technology. More specifically, the field of this disclosure relates to systems and methods for the production of energy storage systems, such as electrodes for use in batteries, including lithium based batteries.
Lithium based secondary batteries have become desirable energy sources due to their comparatively high energy density, power and shelf life. Examples of lithium secondary batteries include non-aqueous batteries such as lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries.
Known energy storage devices, such as batteries, fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors, typically have two-dimensional laminar architectures, such as planar or spirally wound (i.e., jellyroll) laminate structures, where a surface area of each laminate is approximately equal to its geometric footprint (ignoring porosity and surface roughness).
Three-dimensional secondary batteries may provide increased capacity and longevity compared to laminar secondary batteries. The production of such three-dimensional secondary batteries, however, presents manufacturing and cost challenges. Precision manufacturing techniques used, to-date, can yield secondary batteries having improved cycle life but at the expense of productivity and cost of manufacturing. When known manufacturing techniques are sped up, however, an increased number of defects, loss of capacity and reduced longevity of the batteries can result.
In rocking-chair battery cells, both a positive electrode and a negative electrode of a secondary battery comprises materials into which carrier ions, such as lithium, inserts and extracts. As the battery is discharged, carrier ions are extracted from the negative electrode and inserted into the positive electrode. As the battery is charged, the carrier ions are extracted from the positive electrode and inserted into the negative electrode.
Silicon has become a promising candidate to replace carbonaceous materials as the anode because of its high specific capacity. For instance, graphite anodes formed from LiC6 may have a specific capacity of about 370 milli-amp hours per gram (mAh/g), while crystalline silicon anodes formed from Li15Si4 may have a specific capacity of about 3600 mAh/g, a nearly 10 fold increase over graphite anodes. However, the use of silicon anodes has been limited, due to the large volumetric changes (e.g., 300%) in silicon when Li carrier ions are inserted into silicon anodes. This volumetric increase along with the cracking and pulverization associated with the charge and discharge cycles has limited the use of silicon anodes in practice. In addition, the use of silicon anodes has been limited due to its poor initial columbic efficiency (ICE), which leads to a capacity loss during the initial formation of secondary batteries that utilize silicon anodes.
It is therefore desirable to improve the performance of secondary batteries that utilize silicon-based anodes, and more specifically, to mitigate the issues that silicon anodes exhibit with respect to their poor ICE.
In one embodiment, a process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web is disclosed. The web has a down-web direction, a cross-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer. The process includes laser machining the web in at least the cross-web direction to delineate members of the population of electrode structure in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web and forming an alignment feature in the web that is adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure population in the web.
In another embodiment, another process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web is disclosed. The web has a down-web direction, a cross-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer. The process includes feeding the web to a cutting station and cutting the web in at least the cross-web direction at the cutting station to delineate members of the electrode structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web. The process also includes cutting alignment features in the web that are adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure population in the web.
In another embodiment, another process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web is disclosed. The web has a down-web direction, a cross-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer. The process includes feeding the web to a laser cutting system, cutting alignment features into the web using the laser cutting system and establishing a location of the web using at least one of the alignment features. The process further includes performing at least one of a cut action and an ablate action on the web based on the established location.
In another embodiment, a web comprising an electrochemically active layer and an electrically conductive layer is disclosed. The web has a delineated population of electrode structures, each electrode structure of the delineated population of electrode structures being spaced from an adjacent electrode structure by a cross-web cut in the web. The web further includes alignment features adapted for locating each delineated electrode structure of the electrode structure population in the web.
In another embodiment, a web has a delineated population of separator structures. Each separator of the delineated population of separators is spaced from an adjacent separator by a cross-web cut in the web. The web further includes alignment features adapted for locating each delineated separator of the separator population in the web.
In another embodiment, another process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web is disclosed. The web includes an electrically conductive layer having opposing front and back surfaces and an electrochemically active material layer on the front surface, the back surface, or on both of the front and back surfaces. The web has a down-web direction and a cross-web direction, the down-web and cross-web directions being orthogonal to each other. The process includes laser ablating the web to form a series of ablations in the web that are disposed in the down-web direction or the cross-web direction, each ablation being formed by removing a portion of the electrochemically active layer to thereby expose a portion of the electrically conductive layer. The process also includes forming a series of alignment features in the web that are disposed in the cross-web or down-web direction, the series of alignment features being formed at predetermined locations on the web. The process also includes laser machining the web to form a series of weakened tear patterns in the web in the down-web direction, the cross-web direction, or each of the cross-web direction and down-web direction that delineate members of the electrode structure population, each of the delineated members being individually bounded, at least in part, by a member of the series of weakened tear patterns that is adapted to facilitate separation of delineated members, individually, from the web by an application of a force, the series of alignment features being used to aid in the formation of the series of weakened tear patterns.
In another embodiment, another process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web is disclosed. The web includes an electrically conductive layer having opposing front and back surfaces and an electrochemically active material layer on the front surface, the back surface, or on both of the front and back surfaces. The web has a down-web direction and a cross-web direction, the down-web and cross-web directions being orthogonal to each other. The process includes moving the web over a support surface, the support surface comprising a thermally conductive material and forming a series of alignment features in the web that are disposed in the cross-web or down-web direction. The process also includes laser machining the web to form a series of weakened tear patterns in the web in the down-web direction, the cross-web direction, or each of the cross-web direction and down-web direction that delineate members of the electrode structure population, each of the delineated members being individually bounded, at least in part, by a member of the series of weakened tear patterns that is adapted to facilitate separation of delineated members, individually, from the web by an application of a force, the series of alignment features being used to aid in the formation of the series of weakened tear patterns. The process also includes dissipating thermal energy from the laser machining using the support surface.
In another embodiment, another process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web is disclosed. The web includes an electrically conductive layer having opposing front and back surfaces and an electrochemically active material layer on the front surface, the back surface, or on both of the front and back surfaces. The web has a down-web direction and a cross-web direction, the down-web and cross-web directions being orthogonal to each other. The process includes forming a series of fiducial through-holes in the web that are disposed in the cross-web or down-web direction. The process also includes laser machining the web form a series of weakened tear patterns in the web in the down-web direction, the cross-web direction, or each of the cross-web direction and down-web direction that delineate members of the electrode structure population, wherein the delineated members are individually bounded, at least in part, by a member of the series of weakened tear patterns that is adapted to facilitate separation of delineated members, individually, from the web by an application of a force, the series of fiducial through-holes being formed prior to the laser machining and used to aid in the formation of the series of weakened tear patterns. The process also includes controlling a tension in the web in the down-web direction during the laser machining and conveying the web in the down-web direction after the laser machining without releasing the delineated members from the web.
“A,” “an,” and “the” (i.e., singular forms) as used herein refer to plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, in one instance, reference to “an electrode” includes both a single electrode and a plurality of similar electrodes.
“About” and “approximately” as used herein refers to plus or minus 10%, 5%, or 1% of the value stated. For example, in one instance, about 250 μm would include 225 μm to 275 μm. By way of further example, in one instance, about 1,000 μm would include 900 μm to 1,100 μm. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities (e.g., measurements, and the like) and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations. Each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
“Anode” as used herein in the context of a secondary battery refers to the negative electrode in the secondary battery.
“Anode material” or “Anodically active” as used herein means material suitable for use as the negative electrode of a secondary battery.
“Capacity” or “C” as used herein refers to an amount of electric charge that a battery (or a sub-portion of a battery comprising one or more pairs of electrode structures and counter-electrode structures that form a bilayer) can deliver at a pre-defined voltage unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Cathode” as used herein in the context of a secondary battery refers to the positive electrode in the secondary battery.
“Cathode material” or “Cathodically active” as used herein means material suitable for use as the positive electrode of a secondary battery.
“Charged state” as used herein in the context of the state of a secondary battery refers to a state where the secondary battery is charged to at least 75% of its rated capacity unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, the battery may be charged to at least 80% of its rated capacity, at least 90% of its rated capacity, and even at least 95% of its rated capacity, such as 100% of its rated capacity.
“Composite material” or “Composite” as used herein refers to a material which comprises two or more constituent materials unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Conversion chemistry active material” or “Conversion chemistry material” refers to a material that undergoes a chemical reaction during the charging and discharging cycles of a secondary battery.
“Counter-electrode” as used herein may refer to the negative or positive electrode (anode or cathode), opposite of the Electrode, of a secondary battery unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Counter-electrode current collector” as used herein may refer to the negative or positive (anode or cathode) current collector, opposite of the Electrode current connector, of a secondary battery unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Cycle” as used herein in the context of cycling of a secondary battery between charged and discharged states refers to charging and/or discharging a battery to move the battery in a cycle from a first state that is either a charged or discharged state, to a second state that is the opposite of the first state (i.e., a charged state if the first state was discharged, or a discharged state if the first state was charged), and then moving the battery back to the first state to complete the cycle. For example, a single cycle of the secondary battery between charged and discharged states can include, as in a charge cycle, charging the battery from a discharged state to a charged state, and then discharging back to the discharged state, to complete the cycle. The single cycle can also include, as in a discharge cycle, discharging the battery from the charged state to the discharged state, and then charging back to a charged state, to complete the cycle.
“Discharge capacity” as used herein in connection with a negative electrode means the quantity of carrier ions available for extraction from the negative electrode and insertion into the positive electrode during a discharge operation of the battery between a predetermined set of cell end of charge and end of discharge voltage limits unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Discharged state” as used herein in the context of the state of a secondary battery refers to a state where the secondary battery is discharged to less than 25% of its rated capacity unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, the battery may be discharged to less than 20% of its rated capacity, such as less than 10% of its rated capacity, and even less than 5% of its rated capacity, such as 0% of its rated capacity.
“Electrochemically active material” as used herein means anodically active or cathodically active material.
“Electrode” as used herein may refer to the negative or positive electrode of a secondary battery unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Electrode current collector” as used herein may refer to an anode (e.g., negative) current collector or a cathode (e.g., positive) current collector.
“Electrode material” as used herein may refer to anode material or cathode material unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Electrode structure” as used herein may refer to an anode structure (e.g., negative electrode structure) or a cathode structure (e.g., positive electrode structure) adapted for use in a battery unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Electrolyte” as used herein refers to a non-metallic liquid, gel, or solid material in which current is carried by the movement of ions adapted for use in a battery unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Longitudinal axis,” “transverse axis,” and “vertical axis,” as used herein refer to mutually perpendicular axes (i.e., each are orthogonal to one another). For example, the “longitudinal axis,” “transverse axis,” and the “vertical axis” as used herein are akin to a Cartesian coordinate system used to define three-dimensional aspects or orientations. As such, the descriptions of elements of the disclosed subject matter herein are not limited to the particular axis or axes used to describe three-dimensional orientations of the elements. Alternatively stated, the axes may be interchangeable when referring to three-dimensional aspects of the disclosed subject matter.
“Microstructure” as used herein may refer to the structure of a surface of a material revealed by an optical microscope above about 25× magnification unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Microporous” as used herein may refer to a material containing pores with diameters less than about 2 nanometers unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Macroporous” as used herein may refer to a material containing pores with diameters greater than about 50 nanometers unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Nanoscale” or “Nanoscopic scale” as used herein may refer to structures with a length scale in the range of about 1 nanometer to about 100 nanometers.
“Polymer” as used herein may refer to a substance or material consisting of repeating subunits of macromolecules unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Reversible coulombic capacity” as used herein in connection with an electrode (i.e., a positive electrode, a negative electrode or an auxiliary electrode) means the total capacity of the electrode for carrier ions available for reversible exchange with a counter electrode.
“Void fraction” or “Porosity” or “Void volume fraction” as used herein refers to a measurement of the voids (i.e., empty) spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume of the material, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.
“Weakened region” refers to a portion of the web that has undergone a processing operation such as scoring, cutting, perforation or the like such that the local rupture strength of the weakened region is lower than the rupture strength of a non-weakened region.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to apparatuses, systems and methods for the production of electrode components for batteries, such as three-dimensional secondary batteries that improve the speed of manufacture of the electrode components, while retaining or improving battery capacity and battery longevity, and reducing the occurrences of defects during the manufacturing process.
An exemplary system for the production of electrode components, including electrodes and separators, for use in batteries will be described with reference to
In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the production system 100 includes a base unwind roller 102 for holding and unwinding a web of base material 104. The web of base material 104 may be a web of electrode material (i.e., a web of anode material 502 or a web of cathode material 504), separator material or the like suitable for the production of an electrode assembly for a secondary battery. The web of base material 104 is a thin sheet of material that has been wound into the form of a roll, having a center through hole sized for placement on the base unwind roller 102. In some embodiments, the web of base material 104 is a multi-layer material including, for example, an electrode current collector layer (i.e., an anode current collector layer 506 or a cathode current collector layer 510), and an electrochemically active material layer (i.e., an anodically active material layer 508 or a cathodically active material layer 512) on at least one major surface thereof, and in other embodiments the web of base material 104 may be a single layer (e.g., a web of separator material). The base unwind roller 102 may be formed from metal, metal alloy, composite, plastic or any other material that allows the production system 100 to function as described herein. In one embodiment, the base unwind roller 102 is made of stainless steel and has a diameter of 3 inches (76.2 mm).
As seen in the embodiment of
The splicing station 110 is configured to facilitate splicing (e.g., connecting) two separate webs together. In one suitable embodiment, as a first web of base material 104 is unwound, such that a trailing edge (not shown) of the web of base material 104 is stopped within the splicing station 110, a leading edge (not shown) of a second web of base material 104 is unwound into the splicing station 110 such that the trailing edge of the first web of base material 104 and the leading edge of the second web of base material 104 are adjacent one another. The user may then apply an adhesive, such as an adhesive tape, to join the leading edge of the second web of base material 104 to the trailing edge of the first web of base material 104 to form a seam between the two webs and create a continuous web of base material 104. Such process may be repeated for numerous webs of base material 104, as dictated by a user. Thus, the splicing station 110 allows for the possibility of having multiple webs of base material being spliced together to form one continuous web. It should be appreciated that in other embodiments, a user may splice webs of the same, or different, materials together if desired.
In one suitable embodiment, upon exiting the splicing station 110, the web of base material 104 is then conveyed in the down-web direction WD such that it may enter a nip roller 112. The nip roller 112 is configured to facilitate controlling the speed at which the web of base material 104 is conveyed through the production system 100. In one embodiment, the nip roller 112 includes at least two adjacent rollers 114 having a space therebetween defining a nip. The nip is sized such that the web of base material 104 is pressed against each of the two adjacent rollers 114, with enough pressure to allow friction of the rollers to move the web of base material 104, but a low enough pressure to avoid any significant deformation or damage to the web of base material 104. In some suitable embodiments, the pressure exerted against the web of base material 104 by the at least two adjacent rollers 114 is set between 0 to 210 pounds of force across the cross-web span of the web SW (i.e., the edge to edge distance of the web in the cross-web direction XWD) (
In one suitable embodiment, at least one of the adjacent rollers 114 is a compliant roller which may be a high friction roller driven by an electric motor, and another of the adjacent rollers 114 is a low friction passive roller. The compliant roller may have at least an exterior surface made from rubber or polymer capable of providing sufficient grip on the web of base material 104 to provide a pushing or pulling force on the web of base material 104 to convey it through the production system 100. In one embodiment, at least one of the adjacent rollers 114 is a steel roller having a diameter of about 3.8 inches, such as 3.863 inches (98.12 mm). In another embodiment, at least one of the adjacent rollers 114 is a rubber roller having a diameter of about 2.5 inches, such as 2.54 inches (64.51 mm). In yet another embodiment, one or more of the adjacent rollers 114 include a rubber ring placed thereon which may be adjusted for placement at any location along the width of the roller, each ring having an outer diameter of about 3.90 inches (99.06 mm). It should be appreciated that the diameters of the rollers may be less than or greater than such amounts so long as the rollers function as described herein. In one embodiment, the rubber rings are placed on the rollers to contact the web of base material 104 at a continuous outer edge thereof to drive the web of base material 104 in the down-web direction WD. Accordingly, the speed of the web of base material 104 is controlled by controlling the rate of rotation of the high friction roller via user interface 116. In other embodiments, each of the adjacent rollers 114 may be made from any high friction or low friction material, that allows the production system 100 to function as described herein. It should be appreciated that one or a plurality of the adjacent rollers 114 may be connected to a motor (not shown) for controlling the speed of the web of base material 104 passing through the nip. The production system 100 may include one or more additional nip rollers 122, 132 to facilitate control of the speed of the web of base material 104 conveyed through the production system 100, which may be controlled via user interface 116. When multiple nip rollers 112, 122, and 132 are used, each of the nip rollers 112, 122, and 132 may be set via user interface 116 to the same speed such that the web of base material 104 is conveyed smoothly through production system 100.
The production system 100 may also include a dancer 118. As seen in
The production system 100 includes one or more laser systems 120a, 120b, and 120c. The embodiment shown in
The exemplary production system 100 illustrated in
The production system 100 of
In one suitable embodiment, the web of base material 104 is rewound via a rewind roller 134 together with a web of interleaf material 138, which is unwound via interleaf roller 136 to create a roll of electrodes 140 with layers of the electrodes separated by a web of interleaf material 138. In some embodiments, the web of base material 104 can be rewound via the rewind roller 134 without the web of interleaf material 138.
It should be noted that the series of nip rollers 112, 122, and 132, idlers 108a-x, and dancers 118 may be together referred to as a conveying system for conveying the web of base material 104 through the production system 100. As used herein, a conveying system or conveying of the web of base material 104 refers to intended movement of the web of base material 104 through the production system 100 in the down-web direction WD.
With reference to
In another suitable embodiment, the web of base material 104 is a web of anode material 502, which may include an anode current collector layer 506 and an anodically active material layer 508. In one embodiment, the anode current collector layer 506 comprises a conductive metal such as copper, copper alloys or any other material suitable as an anode current collector layer. The anodically active material layer 508 may be formed as a first layer on a first surface of the anode current collector layer 506 and a second layer on a second opposing surface of the anode current collector layer 506. In another embodiment, the anode current collector layer 506 and anodically active material layer 508 may be intermixed. The first surface and the second opposing surface may be referred to as major surfaces, or front and back surfaces, of the web of base material 104. A major surface, as used herein, refers to the surfaces defined by the plane formed by the length of the web of base material 104 in the down-web direction WD and the span of the web of base material 104 in the cross web direction XWD.
In general, when the web of base material 104 is a web of anode material 502, the anodically active material layer(s) 508 thereof will (each) have a thickness of at least about 10 μm. For example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer(s) 508 will (each) have a thickness of at least about 40 μm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the anodically active material layer(s) 508 will (each) have a thickness of at least about 80 μm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the anodically active material layers 508 will (each) have a thickness of at least about 120 μm. Typically, however, the anodically active material layer(s) 508 will (each) have a thickness of less than about 60 μm or even less than about 30 μm.
Exemplary anodically active materials for use as the anodically active material layer(s) 508 include carbon materials such as graphite, soft or hard carbons, or graphene (e.g., single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes), or any of a range of metals, semi-metals, alloys, oxides, nitrides and compounds capable of intercalating lithium or forming an alloy with lithium. Specific examples of the metals or semi-metals capable of constituting the anode material 502 include graphite, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, boron, gallium, silicon, Si/C composites, Si/graphite blends, silicon oxide (SiOx), porous Si, intermetallic Si alloys, indium, zirconium, germanium, bismuth, cadmium, antimony, silver, zinc, arsenic, hafnium, yttrium, lithium, sodium, graphite, carbon, lithium titanate, palladium, and mixtures thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises aluminum, tin, or silicon, or an oxide thereof, a nitride thereof, a fluoride thereof, or other alloy thereof. In another exemplary embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises silicon or an alloy or oxide thereof.
In one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 is microstructured to provide a significant void volume fraction to accommodate volume expansion and contraction as lithium ions (or other carrier ions) are incorporated into or leave the anodically active material layer 508 during charging and discharging processes. In general, the void volume fraction of (each of) the anodically active material layer(s) 508 is at least 0.1. Typically, however, the void volume fraction of (each of) the anodically active material layer(s) 508 is not greater than 0.8. For example, in one embodiment, the void volume fraction of (each of) the anodically active material layer(s) 508 is about 0.15 to about 0.75. By way of the further example, in one embodiment, the void volume fraction of (each of) the anodically active material layer(s) 508 is about 0.2 to about 0.7. By way of the further example, in one embodiment, the void volume fraction of (each of) the anodically active material layer(s) 508 is about 0.25 to about 0.6.
Depending upon the composition of the microstructured anodically active material layer 508 and the method of its formation, the microstructured anodically active material layer 508 may comprise macroporous, microporous, or mesoporous material layers or a combination thereof, such as a combination of microporous and mesoporous, or a combination of mesoporous and macroporous. Microporous material is typically characterized by a pore dimension of less than 10 nm, a wall dimension of less than 10 nm, a pore depth of 1-50 micrometers, and a pore morphology that is generally characterized by a “spongy” and irregular appearance, walls that are not smooth, and branched pores. Mesoporous material is typically characterized by a pore dimension of 10-50 nm, a wall dimension of 10-50 nm, a pore depth of 1-100 micrometers, and a pore morphology that is generally characterized by branched pores that are somewhat well defined or dendritic pores. Macroporous material is typically characterized by a pore dimension of greater than 50 nm, a wall dimension of greater than 50 nm, a pore depth of 1-500 micrometers, and a pore morphology that may be varied, straight, branched, or dendritic, and smooth or rough-walled. Additionally, the void volume may comprise open or closed voids, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the void volume comprises open voids, that is, the anodically active material layer 508 contains voids having openings at the lateral surface of the anodically active material layer 508 through which lithium ions (or other carrier ions) can enter or leave the anodically active material layer 508; for example, lithium ions may enter the anodically active material layer 508 through the void openings after leaving the cathodically active material layer 512. In another embodiment, the void volume comprises closed voids, that is, the anodically active material layer 508 contains voids that are enclosed within the anodically active material layer 508. In general, open voids can provide greater interfacial surface area for the carrier ions whereas closed voids tend to be less susceptible to solid electrolyte interface while each provides room for expansion of the anodically active material layer 508 upon the entry of carrier ions. In certain embodiments, therefore, it is preferred that the anodically active material layer 508 comprise a combination of open and closed voids.
In one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises porous aluminum, tin or silicon or an alloy, an oxide, or a nitride thereof. Porous silicon layers may be formed, for example, by anodization, by etching (e.g., by depositing precious metals such as gold, platinum, silver or gold/palladium on the surface of single crystal silicon and etching the surface with a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide), or by other methods known in the art such as patterned chemical etching. Additionally, the porous anodically active material layer 508 will generally have a porosity fraction of at least about 0.1, but less than 0.8 and have a thickness of about 1 to about 100 micrometers. For example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises porous silicon, has a thickness of about 5 to about 100 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.15 to about 0.75. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises porous silicon, has a thickness of about 10 to about 80 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.15 to about 0.7. By way of further example, in one such embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises porous silicon, has a thickness of about 20 to about 50 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.25 to about 0.6. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises a porous silicon alloy (such as nickel silicide), has a thickness of about 5 to about 100 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.15 to about 0.75.
In another embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises fibers of aluminum, tin or silicon, or an alloy thereof. Individual fibers may have a diameter (thickness dimension) of about 5 nm to about 10,000 nm and a length generally corresponding to the thickness of the anodically active material layer 508. Fibers (nanowires) of silicon may be formed, for example, by chemical vapor deposition or other techniques known in the art such as vapor liquid solid (VLS) growth and solid liquid solid (SLS) growth. Additionally, the anodically active material layer 508 will generally have a porosity fraction of at least about 0.1, but less than 0.8 and have a thickness of about 1 to about 200 micrometers. For example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises silicon nanowires, has a thickness of about 5 to about 100 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.15 to about 0.75. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises silicon nanowires, has a thickness of about 10 to about 80 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.15 to about 0.7. By way of further example, in one such embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises silicon nanowires, has a thickness of about 20 to about 50 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.25 to about 0.6. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the anodically active material layer 508 comprises nanowires of a silicon alloy (such as nickel silicide), has a thickness of about 5 to about 100 micrometers, and has a porosity fraction of about 0.15 to about 0.75.
In general, the anode current collector layer 506 will have an electrical conductivity of at least about 103 Siemens/cm. For example, in one such embodiment, the anode current collector layer 506 will have a conductivity of at least about 104 Siemens/cm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment, the anode current collector layer 506 will have a conductivity of at least about 105 Siemens/cm. Exemplary electrically conductive materials suitable for use as anode current collector layers 506 include metals, such as, copper, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and tungsten, and alloys thereof.
Referring again to
In general, when the web of base material 104 is a web of cathode material 504, the cathodically active material layer(s) 512 thereof will (each) have a thickness of at least about 20 μm. For example, in one embodiment, the cathodically active material layer(s) 512 will (each) have a thickness of at least about 40 μm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the cathodically active material layer(s) 512 will (each) have a thickness of at least about 60 μm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the cathodically active material layer(s) 512 will (each) have a thickness of at least about 100 μm. Typically, however, the cathodically active material layer(s) 512 will (each) have a thickness of less than about 90 μm or even less than about 70 μm.
Exemplary cathodically active materials include any of a wide range of cathodically active materials. For example, for a lithium-ion battery, the cathodically active material layer 512 may comprise a cathodically active material selected from transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metal sulfides, and lithium-transition metal nitrides may be selectively used. The transition metal elements of these transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, and transition metal nitrides can include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. Specific examples of such metal element are Sc, Y, lanthanoids, actinoids, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. Additional cathodically active materials include LiCoO2, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, LiFePO4, Li2Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and combinations thereof.
In general, the cathode current conductor layer 510 will have an electrical conductivity of at least about 103 Siemens/cm. For example, in one such embodiment, the cathode current conductor layer 510 will have a conductivity of at least about 104 Siemens/cm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment, the cathode current conductor layer 510 will have a conductivity of at least about 105 Siemens/cm. Exemplary cathode current conductor layers 510 include metals, such as aluminum, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and tungsten, and alloys thereof.
Referring again to
In general, when the web of base material 104 is a web of electrically insulating separator material 500, the electrically insulating separator material 500 will have a thickness of at least about 4 μm. For example, in one embodiment, the electrically insulating separator material 500 will have a thickness of at least about 8 μm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the electrically insulating separator material 500 will have a thickness of at least about 12 μm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the electrically insulating separator material 500 will have a thickness of at least about 15 μm. Typically, however, the electrically insulating separator material 500 will have a thickness of less than about 12 μm or even less than about 10 μm.
In one embodiment, the microporous separator material comprises a particulate material and a binder, and has a porosity (void fraction) of at least about 20 vol. % The pores of the microporous separator material will have a diameter of at least 50 Å and will typically fall within the range of about 250 to 2,500 Å. The microporous separator material will typically have a porosity of less than about 75 vol %. In one embodiment, the microporous separator material has a porosity (void fraction) of at least about 25 vol %. In one embodiment, the microporous separator material will have a porosity of about 35-55 vol %.
The binder for the microporous separator material may be selected from a wide range of inorganic or polymeric materials. For example, in one embodiment, the binder is an organic material selected from the group consisting of silicates, phosphates, aluminates, aluminosilicates, and hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc. For example, in one embodiment, the binder is a fluoropolymer derived from monomers containing vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoropropene, and the like. In another embodiment, the binder is a polyolefin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or polybutene, having any of a range of varying molecular weights and densities. In another embodiment, the binder is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-diene-propene terpolymer, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyacetal, and polyethyleneglycol diacrylate. In another embodiment, the binder is selected from the group consisting of methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl ether, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and polyethylene oxide. In another embodiment, the binder is selected from the group consisting of acrylates, styrenes, epoxies, and silicones. In another embodiment, the binder is a copolymer or blend of two or more of the aforementioned polymers.
The particulate material comprised by the microporous separator material may also be selected from a wide range of materials. In general, such materials have a relatively low electronic and ionic conductivity at operating temperatures and do not corrode under the operating voltages of the battery electrode or current collector contacting the microporous separator material. For example, in one embodiment, the particulate material has a conductivity for carrier ions (e.g., lithium) of less than 1×10−4 S/cm. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the particulate material has a conductivity for carrier ions of less than 1×10−5 S/cm. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the particulate material has a conductivity for carrier ions of less than 1×10−6 S/cm. Exemplary particulate materials include particulate polyethylene, polypropylene, a TiO2-polymer composite, silica aerogel, fumed silica, silica gel, silica hydrogel, silica xerogel, silica sol, colloidal silica, alumina, titania, magnesia, kaolin, talc, diatomaceous earth, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, or a combination thereof. For example, in one embodiment, the particulate material comprises a particulate oxide or nitride such as TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, GeO2, B2O3, Bi2O3, BaO, ZnO, ZrO2, BN, Si3N4, Ge3N4. See, for example, P. Arora and J. Zhang, “Battery Separators” Chemical Reviews 2004, 104, 4419-4462. In one embodiment, the particulate material will have an average particle size of about 20 nm to 2 micrometers, more typically 200 nm to 1.5 micrometers. In one embodiment, the particulate material will have an average particle size of about 500 nm to 1 micrometer.
In an alternative embodiment, the particulate material comprised by the microporous separator material may be bound by techniques such as sintering, binding, curing, etc. while maintaining the void fraction desired for electrolyte ingress to provide the ionic conductivity for the functioning of the battery.
In an assembled energy storage device, the microporous separator material is permeated with a non-aqueous electrolyte suitable for use as a secondary battery electrolyte. Typically, the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt and/or mixture of salts dissolved in an organic solvent and/or solvent mixture. Exemplary lithium salts include inorganic lithium salts such as LiClO4, LiBF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiCl, and LiBr; and organic lithium salts such as LiB(C6Hs)4, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiN(SO2CF3)3, LiNSO2CF3, LiNSO2CF5, LiNSO2C4F9, LiNSO2C5F11, LiNSO2C6F13, and LiNSO2C7F15. Exemplary organic solvents to dissolve the lithium salt include cyclic esters, chain esters, cyclic ethers, and chain ethers. Specific examples of the cyclic esters include propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, vinylene carbonate, 2-methyl-γ-butyrolactone, acetyl-γ-butyrolactone, and γ-valerolactone. Specific examples of the chain esters include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, butyl propyl carbonate, alkyl propionates, dialkyl malonates, and alkyl acetates. Specific examples of the cyclic ethers include tetrahydrofuran, alkyltetrahydrofurans, dialkyltetrahydrofurans, alkoxytetrahydrofurans, dialkoxytetrahydrofurans, 1,3-dioxolane, alkyl-1,3-dioxolanes, and 1,4-dioxolane. Specific examples of the chain ethers include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxythane, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, diethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, triethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, and tetraethylene glycol dialkyl ethers.
In yet other embodiments, the web of base material 104 may be any material suitable for the production of electrode components for use in solid state secondary batteries, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,553,332, issued Jan. 24, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, in some embodiments, the web of base material 104 may comprise an electrode current collector material, such as a negative electrode current collector or positive electrode current collector material. The electrode current collector material, in some embodiments, may comprise copper, nickel, nickel-coated copper, iron-coated copper, copper-coated aluminum, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, or other materials known not to alloy with lithium and configured to function as an anode current collector. In another embodiment, the web of base material 104 is a positive electrode current collector material comprising aluminum, aluminum foil, carbon-coated aluminum foil. In such embodiments, the electrode current collector material may be a metal coating as opposed to being a foil, created with standard routes such as electroplating, electroless plating, PVD, metal nanoparticle sintering, and/or sol-gel with post-reduction.
In another embodiment, for example for solid state secondary batteries, the web of base material 104 may comprise a solid state electrolyte material, such as those described in such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,553,332, referenced above. In this embodiment, the web of base material 104 may comprise a fast lithium ion conductor with a conductivity of greater than 10−5 S/cm, such as garnet, LiPON, antiperovskite, LISICON, thio-LISICON, sulfide, oxysulfide, polymer, composite polymer, ionic liquid, gel, or organic liquid. The electrolyte has a thickness ranging from about 0.1 μm to about 40 μm, but includes variations. In some examples, the electrolyte thickness is 25 μm, i.e., 25 microns. In some examples, the electrolyte thickness is 25 μm or less, i.e., 25 microns or less.
In another embodiment, for example for solid state secondary batteries, the web of base material 104 may comprise a catholyte material, such as those described in such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,553,332, referenced above. In this embodiment, the web of base material 104 comprises a catholyte material comprising a lithium, germanium, phosphorous, and sulfur (“LGPS”) containing material or a lithium, silicon, phosphorous, and sulfur (“LSPS”) containing material, each of which is configured in a polycrystalline or amorphous state. In this embodiment, the catholyte material has an ion conductivity greater than 10-45/cm and preferably greater than 10−3 S/cm. In one embodiment, the catholyte material has a particle size that is smaller than an active region particle size. For example, the median catholyte particle in some embodiments has a diameter three times or more smaller than the median active particle size. The catholyte material may alternately be configured in a core-shell structure as a coating around the cathode active material. In a further variation, the catholyte material may be configured as nanorods or nanowires. In this embodiment, the web of base material 104 may also include a cathode electronically conducting species such as carbon, activated carbon, carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, metal nanowires, super P, and other materials known in the art. The cathode region further comprises a binder material to improve the adhesion of the cathode to the substrate and the cohesion of the cathode to itself during cycling. In an embodiment, the catholyte material has an oxygen species configured within the LGPS or LSPS containing material. In another embodiment, the oxygen species has a ratio to the sulfur species of 1:2 and less to form a LGPSO material or LSPSO material. In an example, the oxygen species is less than 20 percent of the LGPSO material.
In yet other embodiments, the web of base material 104 may be suitable for the production of electrode components for use in solid state secondary batteries, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 955,333, referenced above wherein the catholyte material is characterized as a solid. In this embodiment, the catholyte material has a substantially fixed compound structure, which behaves like a solid rather than a fluid. In one embodiment, the solid catholyte material is fabricated by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and solid state reaction of powders, mechanical milling of powders, solution synthesis, evaporation, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the catholyte material is mixed with the active material in a mixer or mill or with different configurations of physical vapor deposition, optionally mixed with carbon, and coated onto a substrate by gravure, comma coating, meyer rod coating, doctor blading, slot die coating, or with a conventional technique. In another embodiment, the catholyte material is coated directly on cathode active material with a vapor phase growth, mechanofusion, liquid phase growth, deposition on particles in a fluidized bed or rotary reactor, or combinations thereof, or the like. In another embodiment, the web of base material 104 comprises a polymer material comprising a lithium species. The polymer material may be formed overlying the catholyte material. The polymer material in some embodiments is polyacrylonitrile, poly-ethylene oxide, PvDF, PvDF-HFP, rubbers like butadiene rubber and styrene butadiene rubber, among others.
In one embodiment, web of base material 104 may have an adhesive tape layer (not shown) adhered to one or both surfaces of the anodically active material layer 508, or cathodically active material layer 512, respectively. The adhesive layer may then later be removed subsequent to ablation and cutting (described below) to remove unwanted material or debris.
Embodiments of the laser systems 120a-c are further described with reference to
As seen in
In one suitable embodiment, the chuck 306 is formed from aluminum. However, the chuck 306 may be formed from aluminum alloy, composites, metals or metal alloys or any other suitable material that allows chuck 306 to function as described herein. In one embodiment, the material of the chuck 306, such as aluminum, facilitates heat dissipation from the web during laser machining.
In one suitable embodiment, the web of base material 104 is first ablated by laser beam 302 (
With further reference to
The laser system 120a is configured to cut one or more patterns (such as individual electrode patterns 800 (
It should be appreciated that, although the laser processing operations as described herein such that the lengthwise edge cuts 600 are defined in the cross-web direction XWD, such that repeating patterns of individual electrode patterns 800 are aligned in the cross-web direction XWD, in other embodiments, the laser processing operations described herein can be controlled such that the lengthwise edge cuts 600, and all associated cuts, perforations and ablation operations are oriented respectively perpendicular. For example, lengthwise edge cuts 600 can be aligned in the down-web direction WD, such that populations of individual electrode patterns 800 are aligned in the down-web direction WD, rather than the cross-web direction XWD.
In one embodiment, laser system 120a cuts a tie bar 614 between one or more of the individual electrode patterns 800. The tie bar 614 may be used to delineate between groups of the individual electrode patterns 800. For example, in the embodiment shown in
In addition, in one suitable embodiment, the laser system 120a cuts one or more of the repeating alignment features such as a plurality of the fiducial features 602 in the web of base material 104. In one embodiment, the fiducial features 602 are fiducial through-holes. The fiducial features 602 are cut at a known location on the web of base material 104. The fiducial features 602 are shown as circular in
With reference to
Similarly, with further reference to
With reference to
In one suitable embodiment, the laser system 120a is configured as a first ablation station. In this embodiment, the laser system 120a forms the ablations 404, as described above on a first surface of the web of base material 104. Upon exiting laser system 120a, the web of base material 104 passes over idler 108d which flips the web of base material 104 in a manner such that a second surface (opposing the first surface) of the web of base material 104 is positioned for processing by the laser system 120b, which is configured as a second ablation station in this embodiment. In this embodiment, the laser system 120b is configured to use the fiducial features 602 to ensure alignment in the down-web direction WD and cross-web direction XWD. Accordingly, the laser system 120b performs a second ablation process on the opposing surface of the web of base material 104, such that ablations 404 on each surface of the web of base material 104 are aligned in the down-web direction WD and the cross-web direction XWD. In one embodiment, the ablations 404 are configured as current collector tabs of the electrodes.
In one embodiment, the laser system 120c seen in
In one suitable embodiment, one or more of the laser devices 300 of the laser systems 120a-c is a 20-watt fiber laser. In embodiments, suitable laser devices 300 of the laser systems 120a-c have a laser power within the range of from 10 watts to 5,000 watts, such as from 10 W to 100 W, 100 W to 250 W, 250 W to 1 kW, 1 kW to 2.5 kW, 2.5 kW to 5 kW. Suitable laser devices 300 will include a laser beam 302 having a wavelength of from 150 nm to 10.6 μm, for example such as from 150 nm to 375 nm, 375 nm to 750 nm, 750 nm to 1,500 nm, and 1,500 nm to 10.6 μm. In embodiments, the laser devices 300 will be capable of laser pulse width types of one or more of continuous wave (cw), microsecond (μs), nanosecond (ns), picosecond (μs) and femtosecond (fs) pulse types. Any of these types of lasers may be used alone or in combination as laser devices 300 of laser systems 120a-c. In other suitable embodiments, the laser device 300 is any other laser capable of allowing laser systems 120a-c to perform as described herein.
In some embodiments, the web of base material 104 may include fiducial features 602 that have been machine punched, or laser cut, prior to being loaded into production system 100. In another suitable embodiment, the fiducial features 602 may be mechanically machine punched subsequently to forming ablations 404 on a first surface of the web of base material 104. In other suitable embodiments, the production system 100 may include one or more additional mechanical punches which may be used to form one or more of the lengthwise edge cuts 600, and/or the first and second perforation 608, 610.
In one embodiment, one or more of the rollers of the conveyor system may not be perfectly round, such that the roller has an eccentricity. In such case, especially if the eccentric roller is a nip roller 112, 123, 132, the web of base material 104 may be conveyed in a manner such that a position of the web of base material 104 advances in a manner differently depending upon which portion of the eccentric roller is in contact with the web. For example, if the eccentric roller has a portion of the radius that exceeds the expected radius of the roller, the web may advance further in the down-web direction WD than expected, when the larger radius portion of the roller is pushing/pulling the web. Likewise, if the eccentric roller has a reduced radius portion, the web may advance a reduced distance in the down-web direction WD than expected. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the eccentric roller(s) may be mapped to determine the radius versus radial position. The laser system 120a-c may then be controlled to adjust the laser beam 302 position to account for the eccentricity based upon the mapping of the roller(s). In one embodiment, the mapping of the rollers may be stored in the memory of the user interface 116.
Upon having exited one or more of laser systems 120a-c, the web of base material 104 may be conveyed to one or more cleaning stations such as brushing station 124 and air knife 126. In one suitable embodiment, the brushing station 124 includes a brush 1000 (
In one embodiment, the length of the bristles 1002 is % inch (19.05 mm). In one embodiment, the bristles 1002 are inserted or clamped within bristle holder 1004 by approximately ⅛ inch. The diameter of the bristles 1002 may be from 0.003 inch (0.076 mm) to 0.010 inch (0.254 mm), such as 0.003 inch (0.076), 0.004 inch (0.101 mm), 0.005 inch (0.127 mm), 0.006 inch (0.152 mm), 0.007 inch (0.177 mm), 0.008 inch (0.203 mm), 0.009 inch (0.228 mm) and 0.010 inch (0.254 mm). In one suitable embodiment, the bristles 1002 are nylon bristles. However, in other embodiments the bristles 1002 may be any other natural or synthetic material that allows the brush 1000 to function as described herein.
With further reference to
In one suitable embodiment, a second brush (not shown) is located in a position to contact the opposing surface of the web of base material 104. In this embodiment, the second brush, which may be substantially the same as the first brush 1000 is configured to travel in a direction opposite to the first brush, and suitably 180 degrees out of phase with the first brush. The phase of the first brush and the second brush may be determined via the position sensor 1016, and an equivalent position sensor of the second brush. In this embodiment, the contact pressure of the bristles 1002 of the first brush 1000 and the second brush, together, must be low enough that it does not break, rupture or otherwise cause defects in the individual electrode patterns 800, and maintains the individual electrode patterns 800 as attached to the web of base material 104.
In one embodiment, the brush 1000 has a brush width 1022 that is wider in the cross-web direction XWD than the width of web of base material 104 in the cross-web direction XWD. For example, in one embodiment, the brush width 1022 is of sufficient width that as the brush 1000 oscillates in the cross-web direction XWD, the bristles 1002 remain in contact with the full width of the surface of the web of base material 104 throughout the entire range of motion of the brush 1000. The rate of oscillation of the brush 1000 and the pressure exerted by the bristles 1002 against the surface of the web of base material 104 may be controlled by the user using the user interface 116.
The brushing station 124 may be equipped with a vacuum system configured to create a vacuum through brush station orifices 1020 to evacuate debris that has been brushed from one or more surfaces of the web of base material 104. In this embodiment, the debris may be brushed from the web of base material 104 and fall, or be suctioned through the brush station orifices 1020. The brush station orifices 1020 are illustrated as being round, but may be any shape that allows brushing station 124 to function as described herein. Further, the upper edges of the brush station orifices 1020 may be chamfered, and/or staggered in position to allow the web of base material 104 to more easily pass over them without having an edge of the web of base material 104 get snagged thereon. In one embodiment, the vacuum level may be controlled to be from 0 to 140 inches H2O, such as 0 in H2O, 10 in H2O, 20 in H2O, 30 in H2O, 40 in H2O, 50 in H2O, 60 in H2O, 70 in H2O, 80 in H2O, 90 in H2O, 100 in H2O, 110 in H2O, 120 in H2O, 130 in H2O, and 140 in H2O. In some embodiments, the flow rate of the vacuum is controlled to be from about 0 to 425 cubic feet per minute (“cfm”), such as 0 cfm, 25 cfm, 50 cfm, 75 cfm, 100 cfm, 125 cfm, 150 cfm, 175 cfm, 200 cfm, 225 cfm, 250 cfm, 275 cfm, 300 cfm, 325 cfm, 350 cfm, 375 cfm, 400 cfm and 425 cfm. In other embodiments, the vacuum level and flow rate may be greater than 140 in H2O and 425 cfm, respectively. The vacuum level and flow rate are controlled to be within a range such that debris is pulled away from the web of base material 104 without creating unnecessary friction between the web of base material 104 and the conveying system components. Such vacuum levels and flow rates are, in some embodiments, applicable to all other components of the system using a vacuum.
In another suitable embodiment, one or more of the first brush and the second brush may include a load sensor that measures or monitors the pressure the brush is exerting upon the web of electrode material 802. As shown in
In another suitable embodiment, one or more of the first brush and the second brush are configured to move at least partially in the down-web direction WD at a rate of speed substantially equivalent to the rate of speed of the web of electrode material 802, thus maintaining a substantially zero speed differential between the brush 1000 and the web of electrode material 802 in the down-web direction WD.
In yet another suitable embodiment, the brushing station 124 may be equipped with a position sensor 1016 to determine the phase of the first brush and the second brush. In one such embodiment, the position sensor 1016 may measure the location of a brush position marker 1018 of the first brush and the second brush. In this embodiment, the position sensor 1016 determines whether the first and second brushes are within a range of predetermined phase difference, such as 180 degrees out of phase, 90 degrees out of phase or zero degrees out of phase or any other suitable phase difference that allows the production system 100 to function as described herein. As used herein, the “phase” of a brush refers to an angular position of a brush, such that the bristles of two separate brushes would be aligned when “in phase.”
In still another embodiment, an ultrasonic transducer (not shown) may be configured to impart ultrasonic vibrations to one or more of the first and second brushes to facilitate debris removal from the web of electrode material 802.
With further reference to
With reference to
With further reference to
With continued reference to
In one embodiment, the web of electrode material 802 is held substantially flat during analysis by the inspection station 128, such as by use of application of balanced vacuum or fluid (e.g., air) flow over the opposing sides of the web of electrode material 802. In this embodiment, by having the web of electrode material 802 be flat during inspection, more precise imaging and analysis may be conducted on the web of electrode material 802, and thus higher quality error and defect detection is enabled.
In one embodiment, the inspection station 128 may be configured to provide in-line metrology of the web of base material 104 and/or web of electrode material 802. For example, the inspection station 128 may be configured to measure metrics such as web thickness, sizes and shapes of the individual electrode patterns 800, and the like while the web is being conveyed in the down-web direction WD. These metrics may be transmitted to the user interface 116 for viewing or memory storage, or otherwise used to adjust production parameters of the production system 100.
In one embodiment, in the event the inspection station 128 determines a defect is present on the web of electrode material 802 (
Upon the processing (also referred to as machining) of the web of base material 104 into the web of electrode material 802, the web of electrode material 802 has a web strength reduction in the down-web direction WD of from 25 percent to 90 percent as compared to the unprocessed (also referred to as unmachined) web of base material 104. With reference to
In an exemplary embodiment, the cross-web span of the web SW is 3X mm in the cross-web direction and a width WEP of each individual electrode pattern 800 in the down-web direction WD is X mm. In this embodiment, the reduction in web strength of the web of electrode material 802 in the down-web direction WD is 33 percent as compared to the unprocessed web of base material 104. The reduction in web strength is calculated as the width WEP divided by the cross-web span SW (i.e., X mm/3X mm=0.33).
In another exemplary embodiment, the cross-web span of the web SW is 1.5X mm in the cross-web direction and a width WEP of each individual electrode pattern 800 in the down-web direction WD is 1.3X mm. In this embodiment, the reduction in web strength of the web of electrode material 802 in the down-web direction WD is 87 percent as compared to the unprocessed web of base material 104. The reduction in web strength is calculated as WEP/SW (i.e., 1.3×/1.5×=0.87). Web strength of the web of electrode material 802 in the down-web direction WD is verified and measured as a breaking strength of the web of electrode material 802 using an electromechanical or hydraulic material tester with at least force feedback, and may include displacement feedback, such as an Instron brand testing machine.
In another exemplary embodiment, there is a strength reduction in the cross-web direction XWD of the web of electrode material 802 as compared to the web of base material 104. In a first exemplary embodiment, the electrode cluster width WEC is 6X mm in the down-web direction WD, the width WTB of the tie bar 614 is X mm in the down-web direction WD and the width WEP of the individual electrode pattern 800 is X mm in the down-web direction WD and the length LE of the individual electrode pattern 800 is 1.7X mm in the cross-web direction XWD. In this embodiment, the reduction in strength of the web of electrode material 802 in the cross-web direction XWD is about 77 percent as compared to the unprocessed web of base material 104. In another exemplary embodiment, the electrode cluster width WEC is 10X mm, the width Wm of the tie bar 614 is 0X mm (i.e., no tie bar 614) and the width WEP of the individual electrode patterns 800 is 2X mm and the length LE of the individual electrode pattern 800 is 1.7X mm. In this embodiment, the reduction in strength of the web of electrode material 802 in the cross-web direction XWD is about 92 percent as compared to the unprocessed web of base material 104. Web strength in the cross-web direction XWD is verified and measured as a breaking strength of the web of electrode material 802 using an electromechanical or hydraulic material tester with at least force feedback, and may include displacement feedback, such as an Instron brand testing machine.
With further reference to
In one suitable embodiment, the user interface 116 may include a processor and memory configured to store and execute instructions causing the production system 100 to function as described herein. The user interface 116 may further include a display device, such as a LCD or LED display and a set of controls, or virtual controls, that allow a user to control and adjust parameters of the production system 100, as well as view metrics such as web conveyance speed, tension, number of defects, and any other parameters that allow production system 100 to function as described herein.
In use, with reference to
In one embodiment, the splicing station 110 is used to splice two separate webs together. In this embodiment, a first web of base material 104 is unwound, such that a trailing edge (not shown) of the first web of base material 104 is stopped within the splicing station 110, and a leading edge (not shown) of a second web of base material 104 is unwound into the splicing station 110 such that the trailing edge of the first web and the leading edge of the second web are adjacent one another. The user then applies an adhesive, such as an adhesive tape, glue, or other suitable adhesive to join the leading edge of the second web to the trailing edge of the first web to form a seam between the two webs and create a continuous web of base material 104. Such process may be repeated for numerous webs of base material 104, as dictated by a user.
In one suitable embodiment, upon exiting the splicing station 110, the web of base material 104 is conveyed in the down-web direction WD to the nip roller 112. The nip roller 112 is controlled via user interface 116 to adjust/maintain the speed at which the web of base material 104 is conveyed through the production system 100. The web of base material 104 is pressed against each of the two adjacent rollers 114 of nip roller 112, with enough pressure to allow friction of the rollers to move the web of base material 104, but a low enough pressure to avoid any significant deformation or damage to the web of base material 104.
In one embodiment, during use, the speed of the web of base material 104 is controlled by controlling the rate of rotation of the high friction roller of nip roller 112 via user interface 116. In other embodiments, the production system 100 may include one or more additional nip rollers 122, 132 to facilitate control of the speed of the web of base material 104, and the web of base material 104 is conveyed therethrough. In this embodiment, the speed of the additional nip rollers 122, 132 may be controlled via user interface 116. In use, when multiple nip rollers 112, 122, 132 are used, each of the speed of each of the nip rollers 112, 122, 132 may be set via user interface 116 to the same speed, or different speeds as required, such that the web of base material 104 is conveyed smoothly through production system 100.
In use, in one embodiment, the web of base material 104 is unwound through the dancer 118. In this embodiment, the pair of rollers of the dancer 118 rotates about the central axis thereof, to passively adjust the tension on the web of base material 104.
With further reference to
Use of the production system 100 is further described with additional reference to
With reference to
With further reference to
During use, when using the laser system 120a to make the ablations 404 in the web of base material 104, the power of the laser beam 302 is controlled via user interface 116 to a level that is capable of substantially completely, or completely, removing the coating layer, but will not damage or cut through the current collector layer. In use, the laser beam 302 is controlled, for example via user interface 116, to create the ablations 404 while the web of base material 104 is in motion and being conveyed in down-web direction WD. The laser beam 302 is controlled such that ablations 404 are created on each lateral side of the web of base material 104, as best shown in
With further reference to
In one embodiment of use, the laser system 120a is controlled to cut one or more patterns in the web of base material 104 while the web of base material 104 is over the opening 410. With reference to
With further reference to
With reference to
With further reference to
In use, with reference to
In one suitable embodiment of use, the laser system 120a is configured as a first ablation station. In this embodiment, the laser system 120a is controlled to form the ablations 404, as described above on a first surface of the web of base material 104. Upon exiting laser system 120a, the web of base material 104 is conveyed over idler 108d to flip the web of base material 104 in a manner such that a second surface (opposing the first surface) of the web of base material 104 is positioned for processing by the laser system 120b. In this embodiment, laser system 120b is configured as a second ablation station and uses the fiducial features 602 to ensure alignment of the ablations 404 in the down-web direction WD and cross-web direction XWD. Accordingly, the laser system 120b is controlled to perform a second ablation process on the opposing surface of the web of base material 104, such that ablations 404 on each surface of the web of base material 104 are aligned in the down-web direction WD and the cross-web direction XWD.
In one embodiment of use, the laser system 120c shown in
With further reference to
With further reference to
In one suitable embodiment of use, a second brush (not shown) is controlled to contact the opposing surface of the web of base material 104. In this embodiment, the second brush, which may be substantially the same as the first brush 1000 is controlled to travel in a direction opposite to the first brush 1000, and suitably 180 degrees out of phase with the first brush 1000. The phase of the first brush 1000 and the second brush may be monitored via the position sensor 1016, and an equivalent position sensor of the second brush. In this embodiment, the contact pressure of the bristles 1002 of the first brush 1000 and the second brush, together, is controlled to be low enough that it does not break, rupture or otherwise cause defects in the individual electrode patterns 800, and maintains the individual electrode patterns 800 as attached to the web of base material 104.
In use, the rate of oscillation of the brush 1000 and the pressure exerted by the bristles 1002 against the surface of the web of base material 104 may be controlled by the user using the user interface 116.
In one embodiment of use, the brushing station 124 is equipped with a vacuum system and controlled to create a vacuum through brush station orifices 1020 to evacuate debris that has been brushed from one or more surfaces of the web of base material 104. In this embodiment, the debris is brushed from the web of base material 104 and falls, or is suctioned through the brush station orifices 1020.
In another suitable embodiment of use, one or more of the first brush 1000 and the second brush include a load sensor that is measured or monitored to determine the pressure the brush 1000 is exerting upon the web of electrode material 802. In this embodiment, the first brush 1000 and the second brush are controlled, via the user interface 116, to maintain a substantially uniform brushing pressure on the web of electrode material 802 based upon variations in brush bristle wear or electrode thickness or surface roughness.
In another suitable embodiment of use, one or more of the first brush 1000 and the second brush are controlled to move at least partially in the down-web direction WD at a rate of speed substantially equivalent to the rate of speed of the web of electrode material 802, to maintain a substantially zero speed differential between the brush 1000 and the web of electrode material 802 in the down-web direction WD.
In yet another suitable embodiment of use, the brushing station 124 is equipped with a position sensor 1016 that determines the phase of the first brush 1000 and the second brush. In this embodiment, the position sensor 1016 measures the location of the brush position marker 1018 of the first brush 1000 and the second brush. In this embodiment, the position sensor 1016 determines whether the first and second brushes are within a range of predetermined phase difference, such as 180 degrees out of phase, 90 degrees out of phase or zero degrees out of phase or any other suitable phase difference that allows the production system 100 to function as described herein, and allows for correction thereof or provides an alert to the user via user interface 116 or other alert device that the brushes are not properly phased.
In still another embodiment of use, an ultrasonic transducer (not shown) is activated to impart ultrasonic vibrations to one or more of the first and second brushes to facilitate debris removal from the web of electrode material 802.
With further reference to
With reference to
With further reference to
With additional reference to
In one embodiment of use, the inspection station 128 is used to provide in-line metrology of the web of base material 104 and/or web of electrode material 802. In this embodiment, the inspection station 128 is controlled to measure metrics such as web thickness, sizes and shapes of the individual electrode patterns 800, and the like while the web is being conveyed in the down-web direction WD. These metrics are transmitted to the user interface 116 for viewing or memory storage, or otherwise used to adjust production parameters of the production system 100.
In one embodiment of use, if the inspection station 128 determines a defect is present on the web of electrode material 802 (
With further reference to
In one suitable embodiment of use, the web of electrode material 802 is rewound via a rewind roller 134 together with a web of interleaf material 138, which is unwound via interleaf roller 136 to create a roll of electrodes 140 with layers of webs of electrode material 802 separated by webs of interleaf material 138. In some embodiments, the web of electrode material 802 is rewound via the rewind roller 134 without the web of interleaf material 138.
In one embodiment of use, web of base material 104 has an adhesive tape layer (not shown) adhered to one or both surfaces of the anodically active material layer 508, or cathodically active material layer 512, respectively. In this embodiment, in use, the adhesive layer is removed subsequent to the ablation and cutting (described above) to remove unwanted material or debris.
In one embodiment of use, one or more of the rollers of the conveyor system is not perfectly round, such that the roller has an eccentricity. In such embodiment, the eccentric roller(s) are mapped to determine the radius versus radial position. The laser system 120a-c is then controlled to adjust the laser beam 302 position to account for the eccentricity based upon the mapping of the roller(s).
With reference to
In another embodiment, for example for a solid state secondary battery, components of the solid state battery may be stacked (after processing as described herein) in a manner including, in order, a positive electrode current collector, an electrode layer comprising an positive active electrode material, ionic conductor, binder and electronic conductor), a solid state electrolyte and a negative electrode current collector, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,553,332, referenced above.
In one embodiment, the multi-layer stack 1500 is then placed in a pressurized constraint 1602 having pressure plates 1604, 1606 which apply pressure to the multi-layer stack 1500 in the directions shown by pressure arrows P. The pressure applied to the multi-layer stack 1500 may be adjustable using the user interface 116 to control the pressure P applied by the pressure plates 1604, 1606 to the multi-layer stack 1500. Once a sufficient pressure P has been applied to the multi-layer stack 1500, alignment pins 1600 may be moved in a removal direction R, which causes second perforation 610 to rupture along its length, such that the ablations 404 (electrode tabs) become the outer edges of multi-layer stack 1500, as shown in
After the second perforations 610 have ruptured, the multi-layer stack 1500 proceeds to a tab welding station to weld bus bars 1700 and 1702 to the ablations 404 to form stacked cell 1704. Prior to welding, the bus bars 1700, 1702 are placed through the bus bar openings 1608 of the respective electrode. In one embodiment, once the bus bars 1700, 1702 have been placed through the bus bar openings 1608, the ablations 404 are folded down toward bus bars 1700, 1702 respectively, prior to welding. In this embodiment, bus bar 1700 is a copper bus bar and is welded to the ablations 404 (anode tabs) of the anode current collector layer 506, and bus bar 1702 is an aluminum bus bar and is welded to the ablations 404 (cathode tabs) of the cathode current collector layer 510. However, in other embodiments, the bus bars 1700 and 1702 may be any suitable conductive material to allow battery 1804 to function as described herein. The welds may be made using a laser welder, friction welding, ultrasonic welding or any suitable welding method for welding bus bars 1700, 1702 to the ablations 404. In one embodiment, each of the bus bars 1700 and 1702 are in electrical contact with all of the ablations 404 for the anode and cathode, respectively.
Upon formation of the stacked cell 1704, the stacked cell 1704 proceeds to a packaging station 1800. At the packaging station 1800, the stacked cell 1704 is coated with an insulating packaging material, such as a multi-layer aluminum polymer material, plastic, or the like, to form a battery package 1802. In one embodiment, the battery package 1802 is evacuated using a vacuum and filled through an opening (not shown) with an electrolyte material. The insulating packaging material may be sealed around stacked cell 1704 using a heat seal, laser weld, adhesive or any suitable sealing method. The bus bars 1700 and 1702 remain exposed, and are not covered by battery package 1802 to allow a user to connect the bus bars 1700 and 1702 to a device to be powered, or to a battery charger. Once the battery package 1802 is placed on stacked cell 1704, it defines a completed battery 1804. In this embodiment, the completed battery 1804 is a 3-D lithium ion type battery. In other embodiments, the completed battery 1804 may be any battery type suitable for production using the devices and methods described herein.
In one embodiment, each member of the anode population has a bottom, a top, and a longitudinal axis AE (
The length (LE) of the members of the anode population members will vary depending upon the energy storage device and its intended use. In general, however, the members of the anode populations will typically have a length (LE) in the range of about 5 mm to about 500 mm. For example, in one such embodiment, the members of the anode population have a length (LE) of about 10 mm to about 250 mm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment the members of the anode population have a length (LE) of about 25 mm to about 100 mm.
The width (WE) of the members of the anode population will also vary depending upon the energy storage device and its intended use. In general, however, each member of the anode population will typically have a width (WE) within the range of about 0.01 mm to 2.5 mm. For example, in one embodiment, the width (WE) of each member of the anode population will be in the range of about 0.025 mm to about 2 mm. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the width (WE) of each member of the anode population will be in the range of about 0.05 mm to about 1 mm.
The height (HE) of the members of the anode population will also vary depending upon the energy storage device and its intended use. In general, however, members of the anode population will typically have a height (HE) within the range of about 0.05 mm to about 10 mm. For example, in one embodiment, the height (HE) of each member of the anode population will be in the range of about 0.05 mm to about 5 mm. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the height (HE) of each member of the anode population will be in the range of about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. According to one embodiment, the members of the anode population include one or more first electrode members having a first height, and one or more second electrode members having a second height that is other than the first. In yet another embodiment, the different heights for the one or more first electrode members and one or more second electrode members may be selected to accommodate a predetermined shape for an electrode assembly (e.g., multi-layer stack 1500 (
In general, members of the anode population have a length (LE) that is substantially greater than each of its width (WE) and its height (HE). For example, in one embodiment, the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 5:1, respectively (that is, the ratio of LE to WE is at least 5:1, respectively and the ratio of LE to HE is at least 5:1, respectively), for each member of the anode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 10:1. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 15:1. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 20:1, for each member of the anode population.
In one embodiment, the ratio of the height (HE) to the width (WE) of the members of the anode population is at least 0.4:1, respectively. For example, in one embodiment, the ratio of HE to WE will be at least 2:1, respectively, for each member of the anode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HE to WE will be at least 10:1, respectively. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HE to WE will be at least 20:1, respectively. Typically, however, the ratio of HE to WE will generally be less than 1,000:1, respectively. For example, in one embodiment the ratio of HE to WE will be less than 500:1, respectively. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HE to WE will be less than 100:1, respectively. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HE to WE will be less than 10:1, respectively. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HE to WE will be in the range of about 2:1 to about 100:1, respectively, for each member of the anode population.
In one embodiment, a member of the cathode population is formed from the web of base material 104 being cathode material 504. Referring now to
The length (LCE) of the members of the cathode population will vary depending upon the energy storage device and its intended use. In general, however, each member of the cathode population will typically have a length (LCE) in the range of about 5 mm to about 500 mm. For example, in one such embodiment, each member of the cathode population has a length (LCE) of about 10 mm to about 250 mm. By way of further example, in one such embodiment each member of the cathode population has a length (LCE) of about 25 mm to about 100 mm.
The width (WCE) of the members of the cathode population will also vary depending upon the energy storage device and its intended use. In general, however, members of the cathode population will typically have a width (WCE) within the range of about 0.01 mm to 2.5 mm. For example, in one embodiment, the width (WCE) of each member of the cathode population will be in the range of about 0.025 mm to about 2 mm. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the width (WCE) of each member of the cathode population will be in the range of about 0.05 mm to about 1 mm.
The height (HCE) of the members of the cathode population will also vary depending upon the energy storage device and its intended use. In general, however, members of the cathode population will typically have a height (HCE) within the range of about 0.05 mm to about 10 mm. For example, in one embodiment, the height (HCE) of each member of the cathode population will be in the range of about 0.05 mm to about 5 mm. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the height (HCE) of each member of the cathode population will be in the range of about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. According to one embodiment, the members of the cathode population include one or more first cathode members having a first height, and one or more second cathode members having a second height that is other than the first. In yet another embodiment, the different heights for the one or more first cathode members and one or more second cathode members may be selected to accommodate a predetermined shape for an electrode assembly, such as an electrode assembly shape having a different heights along one or more of the longitudinal and/or transverse axis, and/or to provide predetermined performance characteristics for the secondary battery.
In general, each member of the cathode population has a length (LCE) that is substantially greater than width (WCE) and substantially greater than its height (HCE). For example, in one embodiment, the ratio of LCE to each of WCE and HCE is at least 5:1, respectively (that is, the ratio of LCE to WCE is at least 5:1, respectively and the ratio of LCE to HCE is at least 5:1, respectively), for each member of the cathode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of LCE to each of WCE and HCE is at least 10:1 for each member of the cathode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the ratio of LCE to each of WCE and HCE is at least 15:1 for each member of the cathode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment, the ratio of LCE to each of WCE and HCE is at least 20:1 for each member of the cathode population.
In one embodiment, the ratio of the height (HCE) to the width (WCE) of the members of the cathode population is at least 0.4:1, respectively. For example, in one embodiment, the ratio of HCE to WCE will be at least 2:1, respectively, for each member of the cathode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HCE to WCE will be at least 10:1, respectively, for each member of the cathode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HCE to WCE will be at least 20:1, respectively, for each member of the cathode population. Typically, however, the ratio of HCE to WCE will generally be less than 1,000:1, respectively, for each member of the anode population. For example, in one embodiment the ratio of HCE to WCE will be less than 500:1, respectively, for each member of the cathode population. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HCE to WCE will be less than 100:1, respectively. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HCE to WCE will be less than 10:1, respectively. By way of further example, in one embodiment the ratio of HCE to WCE will be in the range of about 2:1 to about 100:1, respectively, for each member of the cathode population.
In one embodiment, anode current collector layer 506 also has an electrical conductance that is substantially greater than the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer 508. For example, in one embodiment the ratio of the electrical conductance of anode current collector layer 506 to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer 508 is at least 100:1 when there is an applied current to store energy in the device or an applied load to discharge the device. By way of further example, in some embodiments the ratio of the electrical conductance of anode current collector layer 506 to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer 508 is at least 500:1 when there is an applied current to store energy in the device or an applied load to discharge the device. By way of further example, in some embodiments the ratio of the electrical conductance of anode current collector layer 506 to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer 508 is at least 1000:1 when there is an applied current to store energy in the device or an applied load to discharge the device. By way of further example, in some embodiments the ratio of the electrical conductance of anode current collector layer 506 to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer 508 is at least 5000:1 when there is an applied current to store energy in the device or an applied load to discharge the device. By way of further example, in some embodiments the ratio of the electrical conductance of anode current collector layer 506 to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer 508 is at least 10,000:1 when there is an applied current to store energy in the device or an applied load to discharge the device.
In general, the cathode current collector layer 510 may comprise a metal such as aluminum, carbon, chromium, gold, nickel, NiP, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, an alloy of silicon and nickel, titanium, or a combination thereof (see “Current collectors for positive electrodes of lithium-based batteries” by A. H. Whitehead and M. Schreiber, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 152(11) A2105-A2113 (2005)). By way of further example, in one embodiment, cathode current collector layer 510 comprises gold or an alloy thereof such as gold silicide. By way of further example, in one embodiment, cathode current collector layer 510 comprises nickel or an alloy thereof such as nickel silicide.
The following embodiments are provided to illustrate aspects of the disclosure, although the embodiments are not intended to be limiting and other aspects and/or embodiments may also be provided.
Embodiment 1. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising an electrically conductive layer having opposing front and back surfaces and an electrochemically active material layer on the front surface, the back surface, or on both of the front and back surfaces, the web having a down-web direction and a cross-web direction, the down-web and cross-web directions being orthogonal to each other, the process comprising: controlling a tension of the web in the down-web direction while forming a series of weakened tear patterns in the web in the down-web direction, the cross-web direction, or each of the cross-web and down-web directions that delineate members of the electrode structure population without releasing the delineated members from the web, wherein the delineated members are individually bounded, at least in part, by a member of the series of weakened tear patterns that is adapted to facilitate separation of delineated members, individually, from the web by an application of a force, and forming a series of alignment features in the web that are disposed in the cross-web or down-web direction relative to the delineated members, the alignment features being adapted for locating delineated members of the electrode structure population, individually, in the web.
Embodiment 2. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising an electrically conductive layer having opposing front and back surfaces and an electrochemically active material layer on the front surface, the back surface, or on both of the front and back surfaces, the web having a down-web direction and a cross-web direction, the down-web and cross-web directions being orthogonal to each other, the process comprising: supporting a portion of the web on a support surface, the support surface defining an opening; forming a series of weakened tear patterns in the web in the down-web direction, the cross-web direction, or each of the cross-web and down-web directions that delineate members of the electrode structure population without releasing the delineated members from the web, wherein the delineated members are individually bounded, at least in part, by a member of the series of weakened tear patterns that is adapted to facilitate separation of delineated members, individually, from the web by an application of a force, and forming a series of alignment features in the web that are disposed in the cross-web or down-web direction relative to the delineated members, the alignment features being adapted for locating delineated members of the electrode structure population, individually, in the web, wherein at least one of the forming the weakened tear patterns and the forming the series of alignment features is performed on the portion of the web located over an opening of a support surface for supporting the web.
Embodiment 3. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures or electrode separator structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, and an electrically insulating layer, the process comprising: controlling a portion of the web to be laser machined to be within about +/−100 microns of a laser focal point of a laser beam, laser machining the portion of the web in at least one of the cross-web direction and the down web direction to delineate members of the electrode structure or electrode separator structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web; and forming an alignment feature in the web that is adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure or electrode separator structure population in the web.
Embodiment 4. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction and a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, the process comprising: machining the web in the cross-web and down-web directions to form a discontinuous weakened portion to delineate members of the electrode structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web, the machined web having a strength of 10% to 75% of the strength of unmachined web in the web direction.
Embodiment 5. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer, the process comprising: laser machining the web in at least the cross-web direction to delineate members of the electrode structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web; and forming an alignment feature in the web that is adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure population in the web.
Embodiment 6. A process for delineating a population of electrode separator structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, and an electrically insulating layer, the process comprising: laser machining the web in at least the cross-web direction to delineate members of the electrode separator structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web; and forming an alignment feature in the web that is adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure population in the web.
Embodiment 7. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer, the process comprising: feeding the web to a cutting station; cutting the web in at least the cross-web direction at the cutting station to delineate members of the electrode structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web; and cutting alignment features in the web that are adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure population in the web.
Embodiment 8. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer, the process comprising: feeding the web to a laser cutting system; cutting alignment features into the web using the laser cutting system; establishing a location of the web using at least one of the alignment features; and performing at least one of a cut action and an ablate action on the web based on the established location.
Embodiment 9. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, an electrochemically active layer, and an electrically conductive layer, the process comprising: laser machining the web in at least the cross-web direction to delineate members of the electrode structure population in the web by forming a discontinuous weakened portion defining an outer boundary of each delineated member, without releasing the delineated members from the web; and forming an alignment feature in the web that is adapted for locating each delineated member of the electrode structure population in the web.
Embodiment 10. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction and a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, the process comprising: machining the web in the cross-web and down-web directions to form a discontinuous weakened portion to delineate members of the electrode structure population in the web without releasing the delineated members from the web, the machined web having a strength of 5% to 30% of the strength of the unmachined web in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 11. A web comprising an electrochemically active layer and an electrically conductive layer, the web having a delineated population of electrode structures, each electrode structure of the delineated population of electrode structures being spaced from an adjacent electrode structure by a discontinuous cut in the web, the web further comprising alignment features adapted for locating each delineated electrode structure of the electrode structure population in the web.
Embodiment 12. A web comprising a delineated population of separator structures, each separator structure of the delineated population of separator structures being spaced from an adjacent separator structure by a discontinuous cut in the web, the web further comprising alignment features adapted for locating each delineated separator structure of the separator structure population in the web.
Embodiment 13. A process for delineating a population of electrode structures in a web, the web comprising a down-web direction, a cross-web direction orthogonal to the down-web direction, and at least one of a solid state electrolyte, a negative electrode current collector, a positive electrode current collector and an positive electrode active material, the process comprising: feeding the web to a laser cutting system; cutting alignment features into the web using the laser cutting system; establishing a location of the web using at least one of the alignment features; and performing at least one of a cut action and an ablate action on the web based on the established location.
Embodiment 14. A web comprising a solid state electrolyte, the web having a delineated population of electrode structures, each electrode structure of the delineated population of electrode structures being spaced from an adjacent electrode structure by a discontinuous cut in the web, the web further comprising alignment features adapted for locating each delineated electrode structure of the electrode structure population in the web.
Embodiment 15. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the series of weakened tear patterns are formed with a laser.
Embodiment 16. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the series of alignment features are formed with a laser.
Embodiment 17. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the series of weakened tear patterns, the series of alignment features, or the series of weakened tear patterns and the series of alignment features are formed with a laser.
Embodiment 18. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser has a laser power within a range of from 10 watts to 5,000 watts, is a fiber laser, is capable of laser pulse width types of one or more of continuous wave (cw), microsecond (μs), nanosecond (ns), picosecond (μs) and femtosecond (fs) pulse types or combinations thereof.
Embodiment 19. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer is on only one of the front and back surfaces of the electrically conductive layer.
Embodiment 20. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer is on both of the front and back surfaces of the electrically conductive layer.
Embodiment 21. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the delineated members of the electrode structure population have a length, LE, and a height, HE, wherein: (i) LE is measured in the cross-web direction and HE is measured in the down-web direction or (ii) LE is measured in the down-web direction and HE is measured in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 22. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the delineated members of the electrode structure population have a length, LE, and a height, HE, wherein LE is measured in the cross-web direction and HE is measured in the down-web direction.
Embodiment 23. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the delineated members of the electrode structure population have a length, LE, and a height, HE, wherein LE is measured in the down-web direction and HE is measured in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 24. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the delineated members of the electrode structure population have a width, WE, measured in a direction that is orthogonal to the front and back surfaces of the web and to the down-web and cross-web directions.
Embodiment 25. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein a ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 5:1 (that is, the ratio of LE to WE is at least 5:1, respectively and the ratio of LE to HE is at least 5:1, respectively).
Embodiment 26. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 10:1 (that is, the ratio of LE to WE is at least 10:1, respectively and the ratio of LE to HE is at least 10:1, respectively).
Embodiment 27. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 15:1 (that is, the ratio of LE to WE is at least 15:1, respectively and the ratio of LE to HE is at least 15:1, respectively).
Embodiment 28. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of LE to each of WE and HE is at least 20:1 (that is, the ratio of LE to WE is at least 20:1, respectively and the ratio of LE to HE is at least 20:1, respectively).
Embodiment 29. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is at least 0.4:1, respectively.
Embodiment 30. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is at least 2:1, respectively.
Embodiment 31. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is at least 10:1, respectively.
Embodiment 32. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is at least 20:1, respectively.
Embodiment 33. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is less than 1,000:1, respectively.
Embodiment 34. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is less than 500:1, respectively.
Embodiment 35. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is less than 100:1, respectively.
Embodiment 36. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is less than 10:1, respectively.
Embodiment 37. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the ratio of HE to WE is within a range of about 2:1 to about 100:1, respectively.
Embodiment 38. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein LE is within a range of about 5 mm to about 500 mm.
Embodiment 39. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein LE is within a range of about 10 mm to about 250 mm.
Embodiment 40. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein LE is within a range of about 25 mm to about 100 mm.
Embodiment 41. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein WE is within a range of about 0.01 mm to 2.5 mm.
Embodiment 42. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein WE is within a range of about 0.025 mm to about 2 mm.
Embodiment 43. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein WE is within a range of about 0.05 mm to about 1 mm.
Embodiment 44. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein HE is within a range of about 0.05 mm to about 10 mm.
Embodiment 45. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein HE is within a range of about 0.05 mm to about 5 mm.
Embodiment 46. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein HE is within a range of about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm.
Embodiment 47. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer has an electrical conductivity of at least 103 Siemens/cm.
Embodiment 48. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer has an electrical conductivity of at least about 104 Siemens/cm.
Embodiment 49. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer has an electrical conductivity of at least about 105 Siemens/cm.
Embodiment 50. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises a material suitable for use as a positive electrode current collector layer.
Embodiment 51. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises aluminum, carbon, chromium, gold, nickel, nickel phosphorous (NiP), palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, titanium, an alloy of silicon and nickel (NiSi), or a combination thereof.
Embodiment 52. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer comprises a cathodically active material.
Embodiment 53. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise a transition metal oxide, a transition metal sulfide, a transition metal nitride, a lithium-transition metal oxide, a lithium-transition metal sulfide, or a lithium-transition metal nitride.
Embodiment 54. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise a transition metal oxide, a transition metal sulfide, or a transition metal nitride wherein the transition metal has a d-shell or f-shell.
Embodiment 55. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise Sc, Y, a lanthanoid, an actinoid, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, or Au.
Embodiment 56. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise LiCoO2, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, LiFePO4, Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and combinations thereof.
Embodiment 57. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises a material suitable for use as a negative electrode current collector layer.
Embodiment 58. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises copper, nickel, cobalt, titanium, or tungsten, or an alloy thereof.
Embodiment 59. The process or web of any of preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise an anodically active material.
Embodiment 60. The process or web of any of preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise graphite, a soft or hard carbon, or graphene.
Embodiment 61. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
Embodiment 62. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Embodiment 63. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise a metal, a semi-metal, an alloy, or an oxide or nitride thereof capable of forming an alloy with lithium.
Embodiment 64. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise graphite, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, boron, gallium, silicon, a Si/C composite, a Si/graphite blend, silicon oxide (SiOx), porous Si, intermetallic Si alloys, indium, zirconium, germanium, bismuth, cadmium, antimony, silver, zinc, arsenic, hafnium, yttrium, lithium, sodium, lithium titanate, palladium, or a combination thereof.
Embodiment 65. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise aluminum, tin, or silicon, or an oxide thereof, a nitride thereof, a fluoride thereof, or alloy thereof.
Embodiment 66. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprise silicon or an alloy or oxide thereof.
Embodiment 67. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises a material suitable for use as a negative electrode current collector layer, the electrochemically active material layer(s) comprises an anodically active material and the electrically conductive layer has an electrical conductance that is substantially greater than the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer.
Embodiment 68. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein a ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrically conductive layer to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer is at least 100:1.
Embodiment 69. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein a ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrically conductive layer to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer is at least 500:1.
Embodiment 70. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein a ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrically conductive layer to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer is at least 1,000:1.
Embodiment 71. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein a ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrically conductive layer to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer is at least 5,000:1.
Embodiment 72. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment wherein a ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrically conductive layer to the electrical conductance of the anodically active material layer is at least 10,000:1.
Embodiment 73. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the web is a laminate comprising an electrochemically active layer and an electrically conductive layer.
Embodiment 74. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active layer comprises an anodically active material.
Embodiment 75. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the electrochemically active layer comprises a cathodically active material.
Embodiment 76. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser machining comprises forming a plurality of cuts and perforations through the web.
Embodiment 77. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the machined web has a strength of 10% to 75% of a strength of unmachined web in the web direction.
Embodiment 78. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the machined web has a strength of 5% to 30% of the strength of an unmachined web in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 79. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the alignment feature comprises a through-hole extending through the web.
Embodiment 80. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser machining comprises forming a series of outer perforations and a series of inner perforations, the outer perforations having a lower rupture strength than the inner perforations.
Embodiment 81. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser machining comprises ablating an electrode tab area from each delineated electrode.
Embodiment 82. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising laser machining the web in the down-web direction.
Embodiment 83. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising using information related to the alignment feature to position a laser beam during the laser machining of the web.
Embodiment 84. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser machining comprises controlling a first laser device to laser machine the web in the cross-web direction and controlling a second laser device to laser machine the web in the down-web direction.
Embodiment 85. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising applying a vacuum to the web during the laser machining of the web.
Embodiment 86. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising using a sensor to detect defects in the delineated members.
Embodiment 87. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising using a marking device to mark the web in a manner to indicate a detected defect in the delineated member.
Embodiment 88. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising laser machining a tie bar between groupings of the delineated members.
Embodiment 89. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the tie bar is defined by laser machined cuts in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 90. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising applying a tension to the web in the cross-web direction prior to the laser machining.
Embodiment 91. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the alignment features are formed at a location distal to the delineated members in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 92. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising leaving an unmachined portion of the web between the alignment features and an outermost edge of the web in the cross-web direction.
Embodiment 93. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the unmachined portion extends across an entire length of the web in the web direction.
Embodiment 94. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising contacting a rotating brush against the web after the laser machining.
Embodiment 95. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser machining process occurs while the web moves in the down-web direction.
Embodiment 96. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein a laser beam is controlled to account for a speed of travel of the web in the down-web direction during the laser machining.
Embodiment 97. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising controlling the tension of the web in the down-web direction during the laser machining.
Embodiment 98. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising winding the laser machined web with an interleaf layer.
Embodiment 99. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising conveying the web in the down-web direction after the laser machining without releasing the delineated members from the web.
Embodiment 100. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein there is a one to one ratio of alignment features to delineated members.
Embodiment 101. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the weakened portion comprises a series of through cuts or perforations.
Embodiment 102. The process of any preceding Embodiment, further comprising pressure-balancing the web during the forming of the discontinuous weakened portion.
Embodiment 103. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the pressure-balancing involves application of a fluid flow across the web.
Embodiment 104. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the pressure-balancing comprises applying a fluid flow across opposing sides of the web.
Embodiment 105. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the alignment feature is formed prior to the laser machining.
Embodiment 106. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the alignment feature is used to aid in the forming of the discontinuous weakened portions.
Embodiment 107. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the support surface comprises aluminum and the support surface dissipates thermal energy from the laser machining process.
Embodiment 108. The process of web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the laser machining is performed on a portion of the web located over an opening of a support surface.
Embodiment 109. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the controlling a portion of the web comprises controlling the web in a vertical axis direction substantially parallel to the laser beam.
Embodiment 110. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein the support surface comprises a plurality of openings, and the forming the weakened tear patterns and the forming the series of alignment features is performed on respective portions of the web located over different ones of the plurality of openings.
Embodiment 111. The process or web of any preceding Embodiment, wherein controlling the tension of the web comprises maintaining a tension on the web of 500 gram force or less.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/481,697, filed Sep. 22, 2021, which is a continuation of PCT/US2021/050208, filed Sep. 14, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/081,686, filed Sep. 22, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/080,345, filed Sep. 18, 2020. Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/533,082, filed on Aug. 6, 2019, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/763,078, filed May 11, 2020, U.S. Provisional Patent application No. 62/586,737, filed Nov. 15, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/715,233, filed on Aug. 6, 2018. The contents of each of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63081686 | Sep 2020 | US | |
| 63080345 | Sep 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17933924 | Sep 2022 | US |
| Child | 18373809 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17481697 | Sep 2021 | US |
| Child | 17933924 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2021/050208 | Sep 2021 | US |
| Child | 17481697 | US |
