The aortic arch and the ostia and entrances to the left and right coronary arteries are shown in
Device 100 is configured to be placed or otherwise implanted or located in or near the entrance to a coronary artery, such as left coronary artery LCA. In this location, it would be upstream of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery. The device is configured to allow passage of blood through or past the device, i.e. the device does not occlude the artery. The structure of device 100 is preferably biodegradable, so that the device eventually is absent from the ostium or artery. This can allow subsequent placement of other such devices as needed and/or passage of other devices into the coronary artery. Alternatively, the device structure may be partially or completely non-biodegradable and thus permanent.
Device 100 includes a body 110 providing structure for the device, and a reservoir 140 for a suitable therapeutic agent TA. The device is configured and/or formulated to release therapeutic agent into blood flowing through the coronary artery, so that the agent can be carried downstream to the site(s) of vulnerable plaque. The therapeutic agent TA is released over a desired time in a desired amount to provide a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agent at the downstream location(s) of the vulnerable plaque(s).
The reservoir functionality may be achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into the constituent material of the device, and/or an additional layer or body of other material, to be eluted from the material (whether or not as part of biodegradation of the material). Alternatively, or additionally, the reservoir functionality may be achieved by forming a cavity in the device from which the agent can be released and/or by any other suitable mechanism.
Device 100 also includes a retention structure or mechanism 120, by which device 100 can be maintained in the desired location. The retention mechanism may be implemented as a mechanical fastener (such as a prong, spike, hook), or may be achieved through adhesion (forming the device of, or coating it with, a sticky/tacky material, and/or applying an adhesive). The retention mechanism may also implemented simply by the geometry of the device, conforming the device more or less closely to the shape of the ostium or artery wall and relying on friction and/or the pressure gradient of the blood flowing through the artery and/or the device to hold the device in place.
Device 100 may be formed externally to the body and then inserted into the desired location with conventional techniques (such as by a balloon catheter), or may be assembled and/or formed in situ.
Several exemplary implementations of device 100 are described in more detail below. The structure/geometry of the devices is described first, then the materials/compositions of the devices. This is followed by a description of suitable therapeutic agents.
A first exemplary implementation, device 200, is illustrated in
Device 200 may be delivered to the desired site in the coronary tree by any one of many techniques known to the artisan. For example, a catheter may be used for percutaneous translumenal delivery, such as the type used for delivering devices such as stents to the coronary tree. The device may be disposed over the balloon of a balloon catheter, and when the device is appropriately positioned, the balloon can be expanded to deliver the device. The device may also be self-expanding, and delivered using a guide catheter and guide wire.
Device 200 includes attachment mechanism 220. Several embodiments of attachment mechanism 220 are contemplated. In a first embodiment, shown in partial cross-sectional view in
The adhesive surface of the ring (whether or not a separate layer of adhesive material) may be protected prior to delivery to the desired site in the coronary branch by a protective sleeve (sleeve 230, shown in
In an alternative embodiment, shown in partial cross-sectional view in
Rather than being formed as a torus, device 200 may take another annular shape, with a conical or other tapered outside surface than can engage the tapered artery wall, as shown in
In each of the embodiments of device 200, above, the device may be formed of biodegradable, bioabsorbable, and/or bioerodable material(s). Such materials may include modified starches, gelatins, cellulose, collagen, fibrin, fibrinogen, connective proteins or natural materials (e.g., elastin), polymers or copolymers (e.g., polylactide [poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)], polyglycolide, polydioxanone, polycaprolactone, polygluconate, polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic acid-polyethylene oxide copolymers, poly(hydroxybutyrate), polyanhydride, polyphosphoester, poly(amino acids), e.g. poly-tyrosine, poly(alpha-hydroxy acid)) or related copolymers of these materials, as well as composites and combinations thereof and combinations of other such materials.
Any of the above embodiments may be formed partly or wholly of materials that do not biodegrade, bioabsorb, and/or bioerode. For example, as shown in
As discussed above, the reservoir functionality of the device may be achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into the biodegradable material of the device body, such as by formulating the therapeutic agent with a biodegradable polymer to a desired kinetic delivery rate (“KDR”). Alternatively, or additionally, the device could include a cavity within which a suitable quantity of therapeutic agent is stored and can be released through an opening in the cavity. Such an embodiment is illustrated schematically in
A second exemplary implementation, device 300, is illustrated in
In a further embodiment, device 400 is similar to device 300, but is formed as a mesh that can be disposed across the ostium, as shown in
In yet a further embodiment, device 500 is formed similarly to known drug-eluting coronary artery stents. As shown in
The device need not be disposed around the interior perimeter of the artery, or entirely across the ostium, as with the embodiments described above. It is sufficient that the device can release therapeutic agent TA into the blood flow entering the coronary branch. Thus, for example, as shown in
The artisan will recognize that there can be many suitable shapes and geometries for device 600, including a flat sheet or plate, a disk, etc. Further, the device need not be disposed in the lumen or the aorta or artery and attached to the wall. Rather, the device may be partially or wholly embedded into the vessel wall. Thus, as shown in
As a further alternative, a device 900 may be formed or assembled in place from preformed sheets of material, rather than from a liquid polymer. Thus, as shown in
In the embodiments above, the therapeutic agent TA can be released from the device immediately upon placement of the device and ensuing exposure to blood flow BF. The therapeutic agent is then continually released in amount as a function of time that can be tailored through a variety of factors, including the geometry and composition of the device and the therapeutic agent. It may be preferred to delay the onset of release of the therapeutic agent, which may correspondingly mean delaying the onset of biodegradation of the body of the device. This can be accomplished with an absorption inhibitor layer on the body of the device. This is shown schematically in
By varying the thickness of the absorption inhibitor layer 1050 on a particular portion of device body 1010, the absorption of some portions of the device body 1010 can be delayed longer than other portions. Portions of the device body 1010 may have no absorption inhibitor layer 1050. These portions of device body 1010 will begin to biodegrade, and release therapeutic agent TA, immediately upon implantation into the body lumen. Alternatively, the thickness of the absorption inhibitor layer 1050 may be constant. This approach to inhibiting bioabsorption/biodegradation of an endolumenal device is described in more detail in copending, commonly-assigned application Ser. No. 11/213,817, filed Aug. 30, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
As an alternative to the delayed release of the therapeutic agent described above, it may be desirable to more selectively or episodically release the therapeutic agent into the coronary tree. Several techniques are contemplated for achieving this goal. For example, the therapeutic agent may be delivered systemically when needed, but in a form that requires activation to be effective (and correspondingly to have any undesired side-effects on parts of the circulatory system other than the coronary tree), which may be referred to as a prodrug. The prodrug could then be activated locally in the coronary tree by, for example, an externally-applied energy source such as [electromagnetic radiation of various frequencies (RF, microwave, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)). The activation could be enhanced, and/or further localized, by placing a device in the ostium or coronary artery entrance, as with the devices above, to serve as an antenna for focusing the externally-applied energy and activate the prodrug as it passes by the device and into the coronary tree.
In an alternative embodiment, the therapeutic agent may be contained within a device such as those disclosed above, rather than being introduced systemically, and can be selectively released from the device by external activation, such as by an external energy source. In this embodiment, shown schematically in
The vibration device 1160 can be, for example, an oscillator, such as a micro-oscillator, that is coupled to the body 1110. The vibration device 1160 can vibrate the body 1110 at a resonance frequency associated with the particular configuration of device 1100. Upon activation, the vibration device 1160 can vibrate the body 1110 such that the therapeutic agent TA is released from the reservoir 1140 at a rate different from a rate of release associated with the therapeutic agent TA without the body 1110 being vibrated. This approach to controlling the release of a therapeutic agent from a medical device is described in more detail in copending, commonly-assigned application S/N [to be included when available)], filed Apr. 6, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The devices described above may be used in methods of treating atherosclerotic plaques in a coronary artery, such as of a mammal. Such method(s) include disposing at or proximate to the entrance of the coronary artery a device as described above configured to be retained in or proximate to the entrance to the coronary artery and formulated to at least partially biodegrade by exposure to blood passing through the coronary artery; and releasing from the device into the blood a therapeutic agent for the treatment of the vulnerable plaque. The therapeutic agent is releasable from the device into blood passing across one or more surfaces of the device and is transportable by the blood to the plaque in a therapeutic amount. The device may be disposed in one of the ostium, the left coronary artery, or the right coronary artery, or elsewhere in the coronary tree of the subject, such as a mammal.
The devices of the various embodiments described above may be formed of various materials and with various constructions. As noted above, the device may be wholly or partly biodegradable. The body and other structure elements of the devices may be preshaped from biocompatible materials that substantially inhibit deformation of the structural element. An externally placed structural element may be formed from one solid continuous piece of biocompatible material, or may be formed from more than one type of material. The structural element may be fabricated using various methods and processes including sintering, molding (e.g., injection molding), casting, adhesive bonding, laminating, dip coating, spraying as well as composites and combinations thereof and combinations of other suitable methods and processes.
The device can be permanently placed in or near the artery, or may be placed in the vessel for a desired time and then removed. Optionally, a device that is removed, or that completely biodegrades, may be replaced with a similar device.
A structural element may be partially or completely fabricated from materials that swell or expand when they are exposed to a fluid (e.g., blood, another body fluid, or an infused fluid). These materials may include hydrophilic gels (hydrogels), foams, gelatins, regenerated cellulose, polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA), as well as composites and combinations thereof and combinations of other biocompatible swellable or expandable materials.
A structural element may include a surface coating. The surface coating may be formed from biocompatible materials. Applying a biocompatible surface coating to the structural element may allow the structural element to be formed from one or more potentially non-biocompatible materials.
At least one coating may be located on a surface, as well as inside a structural element. The structural element may be coated with hydrophilic materials that are biologically inert. The element may incorporate one or more coatings, materials, compounds, substances, drugs, therapeutic agents, etc. that treat vulnerable plaques. In some embodiments, a structural element may be formed from multiple layers.
A variety of therapeutic agents are contemplated for use in the method, and with the apparatus, of the disclosed inventions. These include, but not limited to, anti-inflammatory agents, metalloprotease inhibitors, sclerotic agents (to stabilize “thicken” the thin cap fibrous atheroma of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque) and anti-lipid agents.
As discussed above, the breakdown of connective tissues, including proteoglycan and collagen, leading to resorption of the extracellular matrix is a feature of many pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, corneal, epidermal or gastric ulceration, tumor metastasis or invasion, periodontal disease, bone disease and atherogenesis. There is a body of evidence that show that matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are important in the uncontrolled breakdown of connective tissue, including proteoglycan and collagen, leading to resorption of the extracellular matrix. Normally MMPs are tightly regulated at the level of their synthesis as well as at their level of extracellular activity.
Atherogenesis involves two key events: migration of circulating monocytes and other inflammatory cells into the subendotherlium and migration of smooth muscle cells from the media to intima. Eventually, plaque erosion and rupture may directly precipitate thrombosis and eventually damage to the heart. These processes share a common requirement, focal matrix degradation, which is predominantly accomplished by the proteolytic action of locally expressed and activated MMPs. A variety of extracellular stimuli, including cytokines, cell-to-cell, and cell-to-matrix interactions can induce MMP expression. Of particular relevance to atherosclerotic pathology is an increase of expression and activity of MMPs have been noted in vulnerable plaques regions (Galis et al. (1994) J. Clin. Invest., 94, 2493-2503).
Thus, compounds that inhibit metalloprotease activity are of therapeutic importance for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including vulnerable plaques. Accordingly, it is contemplated that at least one metalloprotease inhibitor or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof may be released high in the coronary arterial tree for treatment of downstream vulnerable plaques. Similarly, it is contemplated that a combination of therapeutic agents comprising an MMP inhibitor, a pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof may be released high in the coronary arterial tree for treatment of downstream vulnerable plaques. Exemplary, non limiting, examples of metalloprotease inhibitors are magnesium gluconate, Sopar, Pharmaprojects No. 3813, Pharmaprojects No. 5682, batimastat, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors—3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, BAY 157496, TIMP-3 gene therapy, metalloproteinase inhibitors—OSI/Vernalis, PG 116800, PGE 5747401, metalloenzyme inhibitors form Serono/Vernalis, CH 715, TIMP-4 gene therapy, COL 3, Pentosan polysulfate, Ursolic acid, LY 290181, REGA 3G12, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors from Cengent Therapeutics/De Novo, MMP inhibitors from Millennium, rebimastat, RO 1130830, apratastat, and ABT 518.
Since evidence suggests that inflammation plays a central role in the cascade of events that results in vulnerable plaque formation, anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulatory agents are also contemplated as therapeutic drugs usable with the apparatuses and methods of the disclosed inventions. Anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulatory agents can be delivered independently, concurrently, or in combination with any therapeutic drug. Examples of anti-inflammatory agents are: adrenocorticoids, corticosteroids (e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, triamcinolone, methlyprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone), glucocorticoids, steroids, non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and COX-2 inhibitors), leukotreine antagonists (e.g., montelukast, methyl xanthines, zafirlukast, and zileuton), β2-agonists (e.g., albuterol, biterol, fenoterol, isoetharie, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, salbutamol, terbutalin formoterol, salmeterol, and salbutamol terbutaline), anticholinergic agents (e.g., ipratropium bromide and oxitropium bromide), sulphasalazine, penicillamine, dapsone, antihistamines. Any anti-inflammatory agent, including agents useful in therapies for inflammatory disorders, well-known to one of skill in the art can be used. Non-limiting examples of anti-inflammatory agents include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticholinergics (e.g., atropine sulfate, atropine methylnitrate, and ipratropium bromide.
It is also contemplated that anti-proliferative agents can be used with the apparatuses and methods of the disclosed inventions. Exemplary anti-proliferative agents include paclitaxel, Alkeran, Cytoxan, Leukeran, Cis-platinum, BiCNU, Adriamycin, Doxorubicin, Cerubidine, Idamycin, Mithracin, Mutamycin, Fluorouracil, Methotrexate, Thoguanine, Toxotere, Etoposide, Vincristine, Irinotecan, Hycamptin, Matulane, Vumon, Hexalin, Hydroxyurea, Gemzar, Oncovin, Etophophos, tacrolimus (FK506), Everolimus, or any of the following analogs of sirolimus: SDZ-RAD, CCI-779, 7-epi-rapamycin, 7-thiomethylrapamycin, 7-epi-trimethoxyphenyl-rapamycin, 7-epi-thiomethylrapamycin, 7-demethoxy-rapamycin, 32-demethoxy, 2-desmethyl and proline. Other suitable anti-proliferative agents will be apparent to the artisan.
It is further contemplated that lipid lowering agents and/or statins can be used with the apparatuses and methods of the disclosed inventions, singly or in combination thereof, to influence the composition of the lipid pool in the vulnerable plaque. Any lipid-lowering agent well-known to one of skill in the art can be used in the compositions and methods of the invention. Non-limiting examples include lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, and cerivastatin.
It is further contemplated that anti-thrombogenic agents can be used with the apparatuses and methods of the disclosed inventions, singly or in combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of anti-thrombogenic agents include heparin or coumadin, or anti-platelet agents, such as Plavix or ReoPro.
The therapeutic agents listed above are not an exhaustive list, but rather are just examples of the types of therapeutic agents that can be used with the apparatuses and methods of the disclosed inventions. In addition, combination therapy with the above listed drugs or any other therapeutic agents are also contemplated.
The device may be configured and formulated to deliver treatment regime(s) gradually over time, e.g. 1 to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, 12 to 24 months or longer if desired. A person of skill in the art can configure and formulate the device to deliver therapeutic drugs at a desired rate. In addition, the device can be configured and formulated to elute therapeutic drugs simultaneously or consecutively. Thus, the device may elute one therapeutic agent for a length of time and then elute another therapeutic agent after the first has been eluted. Alternatively, the therapeutic agents may be released simultaneously.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims as broadly described. Equivalents for the particular embodiments discussed in this description may practice the claims as well. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present application before the priority date of each claim of this application.