Patent Application
20130207951
The present invention relates to a method and a device for enhancing the apparent display resolution of moving images.
Due to physical limitations of existing display devices, real-world luminance, colors, contrast, as well as spatial details cannot be directly reproduced. Even though hardware is constantly evolving and images are skillfully tone and gamut mapped to adapt them to the display capabilities, these limitations persist.
In particular, limited spatial resolution of current displays makes the depiction of very fine spatial details difficult.
One context in which resolution plays a crucial role is scale-preserving rendering. In the real world, individual hair strand may clearly be distinguished, while such details are usually rendered much thicker on a computer display, hence affecting realism. Metallic paint, as often applied to cars, can have sub-pixel size sparkling effects where a higher resolution may increase faithfulness. Fidelity sensitive applications (e. g. product design, virtual hair styling, makeup design or even surgical simulations) suffer from such shortcomings.
Further, there is a clear mismatch between available sensors exceeding 10 mega-pixel resolution and current display capabilities. While zooming allows exploring details, seeing the whole image or larger parts in full detail is often more appealing. Downsampling to the resolution of an output device is common practice for displaying such mega-pixel images, but high-frequency spatial image details are filtered out thereby.
In computer graphics, details are easily modeled but the image-display stage may ruin the visual effect. This is particularly striking for the current trend of smaller devices, where resolution is often very limited. In many cases, scrolling is used to present textual information or larger images to the user.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,548,662 B2 (Basu et al.) discloses a system and process for creating an apparently higher resolution image on a display exhibiting a lower resolution, by creating multiple versions of an image at different offsets in a smooth path, all of which contain different bits of detail, and then animate through the resulting images, i.e. show them in rapid succession. However, the methods disclosed for creating the subimages are prone to apparent aliasing and temporal flickering. Moreover, a circular path is necessary to produce a least-objectionable motion.
The method by Basu et al. is further based on linear filtering of the high resolution frame to derive subimages, which prevent local adaptation to the image content. In such a scenario it is impossible to simultaneously optimize more than one subimage at once and to distribute the outcome of optimization across a number of subimages.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method and device for enhancing the perception of digital images having fine spatial details, when displayed on devices actually having a comparatively lower resolution.
This object is achieved by the method and the device according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
According to the invention, sub-pixel image motion may be used to increase the perceived resolution. Image motion ensures that the pixel grid projects to different locations on the retina. More particularly, by using sequentially varying intermediate images at the display resolution, subpixel details may be resolved at the retina in the region of interest due to fixational eye tracking of this region.
The method steps described in connection with the invention may be implemented on a computer on a dedicated hardware unit.
These and further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when considering the following description of an embodiment of the present invention, in connection with the annexed drawing, in which
The invention may be applied to static images as well as to sequences of images having dynamic content.
According to the invention, a high-resolution input image is transformed into N images of the target display resolution, called subimages. Then, the subimages are displayed sequentially on a high refresh rate display (e.g., 120 Hz).
In a first embodiment of the invention dealing with the case of a static image, a shift may be applied at the end of each rendering cycle, e.g. by one pixel. In the case of moving images, the eye tracking may be estimated based on a derived motion flow between subsequent images. It may be assumed that the motion is piecewise linear for different image regions, and thus that the inventive technique may be applied locally. The process is then restarted from the new position (in case of a linear shift/static image) or continued with the new image (in case of a dynamic image sequence).
This results in the impression of a smooth motion. When an observer focuses on an interesting image detail, the eye will track the feature and a smooth pursuit eye motion (SPEM) of matching velocity is established. According to the invention, this is critical because then the subimage details are consistently projected to predictable locations of the fovea region, which features the highest density of cone photoreceptors in the retina.
By exploiting the integration in the human eye (both temporal, via quickly displayed subimages, and spatial, via rigid alignment of moving and retinal images), the effect of apparent resolution enhancement is achieved.
More particularly, the highest anatomically determined density of cones in the fovea is estimated as 28″ (arc seconds) [Curcio et al. 1990] which, according to the Nyquist's theorem, enables to distinguish 1D sine gratings of roughly 60 cycles/deg resolution. At the same time, the pixel size of a typical full-hd desktop display, such as a 120 Hz Samsung SyncMaster 2233 considered by the inventors, when observed from 50 cm distance amounts to roughly 1.5′ (arc minutes), which means that 1 pixel covers roughly 9 cones, at least in the central fovea region, and dropping quickly with the excentricity [Curcio et al., 1990]. Further, in many situations an observer might actually be closer to the screen, as is the case for hand-held devices.
The invention does not consider the eye optic's low-pass filter, which perfectly matches the foveal photoreceptor density and removes frequencies that would lead to aliasing. Interestingly, the HVS is still able to interpolate a feature position with an accuracy higher than 20% of the distance between cones in the fovea, although this visual hyperacuity is more a localization than a resolution task (the position of one image element must be located relative to another, e. g., slightly shifted lines in the Vernier acuity task [Wandell 1995, p. 239].
The perception of motion, where information on object moving in a 3D world is inferred from 2D retinal images is a complex process [Wandell 1995, C.10]. The invention concentrates on a simpler case of moving 2D images that are stabilized on the retina through SPEM. As confirmed in an eye tracking experiment [Laird et al. 2006] such stabilization is almost perfect for steady linear motion with velocity in the range of 0.0625-2.5 deg/s, considered by the invention. The performance stays very good up to 7 deg/s. SPEM initialization is a fast process and good tracking is achieved in less than 100 ms. This is faster than typical saccades (200 ms [Krauzlis and Lisberger 1994]), which makes switching the tracking between moving objects with different velocities and in different directions an easy and effortless process. This is very important for handling dynamic content using the proposed technique. While the eye undergoes additional fixational eye movements such as tremors, drifts, and microsaccades, they are similar to the static fixation, and it is believed that the HVS accounts for such movements and suppresses their influence on perception [Martinez-Conde et al. 2004]. Schütz et al. [2008] reported a 16% increase of visual sensitivity during SPEM for foveally presented luminance stimuli of medium and high spatial frequencies compared to the static case. This HVS mechanism serves towards a better recognition of tracked objects, which contributes to the human survival skills. Also, visual hyperacuity is maintained for moving targets at uniform velocity in the range of 0-4 deg/s [Fahle and Poggio 1981]. Moreover, an illusory displacement can be observed when displaying two parts of a line with a milliseconds delay [Burr 1979] because for both targets the HVS assumes a smooth motion and their different perceived locations are correlated with the delay between their exposures. Fahle and Poggio [1981] stress the role of the constant velocity assumption as an important constraint in the target position interpolation by the HVS.
For static receptors (A, B and E), the resolution cannot be improved because the same signal is integrated over time. Due to motion (arrow), receptors C and D, although beginning the integration in the same pixel, observe different signals which may be exploited for resolution enhancement.
The light response of the human photoreceptor is a well-studied issue by neurobiophysicists [Van Hateren 2005]. The present invention relies on psychophysical findings, which take into account the interaction between photoreceptors as well as higher-level vision processing.
First, a static photoreceptor with an integration time of T may be considered that observes a pixel position p of image I. If I changes over time and is thus a function of time and space, the response may be obtained by integrating I(p,t) over time. More particularly, if the receptor moves over the image during this duration T on a path p(t), then the integrated result is:
∫0TI(p(t),t)dt. (1)
This model may now be used in order to predict a perceived image for arbitrary subpixel images.
However, simplifying assumptions are made about the layout of photoreceptors on the retina. While the real arrangement is complex and non-uniform [Curcio et al. 1990,
Moreover, as indicated by equation (1), it is not possible to increase the resolution of a static image without eye movement. In such a case, neighboring receptors that observe the same display pixel also share the same integrated information (
Precisely, this observation implies that for a given time t0, I(p(t), t0) is constant for all p(t) in the same pixel and I(p(t0), t) is constant during the display of the same pixel intensities. Therefore, Eq. 1 becomes a weighted finite sum of pixel values:
This equation suggests two crucial conclusions. First, the simulation can be achieved via a summation, which allows applying a discrete optimization strategy. Second, for differing paths p(t) (even if only the starting points differ) the outcome of the integration generally differs. This is the key in increasing the apparent resolution. Due to the changing correspondence between pixels and receptors during SPEM, as well as the temporally varying pixel in formation, differing receptors usually receive differing information (
From the above, an optimization process may be obtained for transforming a high-resolution input into an optimal sequence of subimages.
First, the simple case of a static high-resolution 1D image IH shall be investigated. For each high-resolution pixel, a single receptor ri is assumed, while the assumed 1D display may only render a low-resolution image IL. By way of example, it is assumed that the resolution of IH is twice as high as the resolution of IL and that the image is moved with a velocity of half a display pixel per frame. In general, the value of each display pixel may be changed on a per-frame basis. In the present example, it is assumed that all receptors track the high-resolution image perfectly.
Hence, after two frames, all receptors have moved exactly one screen pixel. The process is again in the initial configuration and the same two-frame subimage sequence may be repeated. This is a general property for integer movements. In such a case, one can reuse the subimage sequence after a few iterations. This is interesting for static images where one can choose a displacement direction and achieve an enhanced appearance using only a small amount of texture memory.
For this particular 1D case, each receptor will, while tracking the image, either see the color of exactly one pixel during the duration of two frames or of two consecutive pixels. More precisely, following Eq. 2, receptor i captures:
In order to make the retinal response best match IH, ri should be close to IH(i). This can be formulated as a linear system:
where IL(i) is the subimage displayed at time t and W a matrix that encodes the transfer on the receptors according to Eq. 3.
In the considered scenarios, the matrix W is overdetermined, meaning that there are more independent equations in the system than variables (unknown pixels in subimages). It may be assumed that there are less pixels displayed over time than the total resolution of the original image and the resolution of the retina is considered to be at least as big as the resolution of the original image. The final solution may be found using a constrained quadratic solver [Coleman and Li 1996].
While a standard solver would also provide a solution that is coherent with respect to the invention's model, a constrained solver respects the physical display limitations with respect to brightness. Therefore, one must assure that the final subimages may be displayed within the range of zero (black) to one (white). The problem is convex and so the convergence can be guaranteed.
It is also possible to use fast solvers producing only approximate solutions, for example, a GPU implementation of gradient decent algorithm, where constraints are enforced by clipping the final result to the possible range (black and white) in each iteration. Although such a solution will not give as good result as a constrained solver in terms of error, it can still significantly improve the quality of the displayed content in comparison to standard downsampling methods.
It is natural, that subimages contain aliasing. The receptors will integrate the image along the motion path and therefore integrate, hence, filter the values. Nonetheless, the inventive optimization minimizes the residual of the perceived final image with respect to the original high resolution version. Therefore, as long as the original frame does not exhibit aliasing problems, the optimization avoids aliasing in the perceived image as well, as shown in experiments by the inventors.
The previous example extends to a general movement. Instead of Eq. 3, the integration weights from Eq. 2 must be calculated.
For static images one needs to introduce motion, but for dynamic sequences the motion that exists in the animation may be exploited, or in some applications motion is naturally present and one may just exploit it, e.g., a stock tickers as often used by news channels, slowly scrolls text, especially on portable devices.
Thus, one may consider
In order to generalize the above-described approach to dynamic image sequences, only minor changes are needed. The main idea is to assume that the SPEM equals the motion flow that was extracted from the scene.
Alternatively, one may rely on an eye tracker. More particularly, when an eye tracker determines the local region of image tracking, the application of the inventive method can be limited to the very local image region that is tracked and a lot on computation can be saved, which is performed in this case only for the specific region.
If the input sequence runs at 40 Hz, one may then use the 3 in-between frames on a 120 Hz display to create subimages, that are locally-defined just in the same way as for the static image (the receptor trajectory is defined by the motion flow—instead of a predefined shifting position—and the weights for the linear system may be derived—just like before—from the underlying path over the low resolution pixels).
Such a motion flow can be derived with the perfect precision for 3D rendering in computer graphics or slightly less precisely through classical optical flow computation directly from video (standard operation in modern TV sets, video compression etc.). It is also possible that information on SPEM is provided by an eye tracker. The resulting optimization problem may be solved as before.
In a further embodiment, the images of an image sequence may be segmented into regions of coherent velocity/motion and then each region may be processed separately.
More particularly,
It is possible to treat more general movements by adapting the integration weights wt from Eq. 2. Basically, the weights should be proportional to the time, that a pixel's color is seen by a photoreceptor. To formally compute these weights, one may introduce one weight Wx,y,t for each pixel value Ix,yt where x, y is a discrete pixel position and t the discrete time interval during which the pixel's color is constant, such that: ∫0TI(p(t),t)dt=Σwx,y,tIx,yt.
It follows:
w
x,y,t:=∫χ(i,j)(p(t))χk(t)dt, (5)
where χ describes the characteristic function. Precisely, χ(i,j)(p(t)) equals one if p(t) lies in pixel (i,j), else it is zero, χk(t) is a similar function to test the time intervals. One underlying assumption is that the receptor reaction is immediate with respect to a changing signal. Consequently, temporal integration corresponds to a box filter in the temporal domain.
Temporal Flickering
The inventive approach relies on a sequential display of subpixel values, which potentially causes temporal flickering. Due to the eye pursuit the resulting signal affects photoreceptors with a frequency imposed by the display device refresh rate. Over the critical flicker frequency (CFF) [Kalloniatis and Luu 2009], flickering is not perceivable, the subpixel intensities are fused, and a steady appearance is reached. Flickering perception is complex and the CFF depends on many factors such as the adaptation luminance, spatial extent of the flickering pattern, and retinal region (the fovea or periphery) at which this pattern is projected. The CFF rises roughly linearly with the logarithm of time-averaged background intensity (the Ferry-Porter law). The specific CFF values for different adaptation luminance have been measured as the temporal contrast sensitivity function [de Lange 1958] for stimuli of the spatial extent of 2° (angular degrees). What is important for this work is that CFF significantly reduces for smaller stimuli [McKee and Taylor 1984; Mäkelä et al. 1994]. The CFF is the highest in the fovea, except for bright adaptation conditions and large stimuli, when flickering is better perceived at the periphery.
The eye has certain latency and rapidly changing information is integrated over a small period of time, which depends on the CFF. In most cases, a 120 Hz screen was used and three subimages displayed, before advancing by one pixel and displaying the same three subimages again. Hence, each subimage is displayed with 40 Hz. Although this frequency is generally below the CFF as later discussed in relation to the work of Hecht and Smith, 40Hz is usually close to the CFF in the context of the invention. Higher refresh rates would rather allow adding even further subimages and, consequently, would lead to further improvements of the apparent resolution.
The previous result respects the limits of the display device, but it does not necessarily respect the limits of the HVS. The crucial assumption is that the HVS integrates a fixed number of subimages and the inventive method only works if their pixel information is fused without producing objectional flickering. The invention proposes a postprocessing strategy to adapt the temporal variation of the subimage sequence. Although it is applied in this particular context, the method is general. It can be executed in milliseconds on the GPU and could be used in other contexts, e.g., to detect and then remedy temporal aliasing for real-time rendering.
Related experiments with flickering visibility of thin line stimuli (with the angular length up to 2°) indicate a poor eye performance, both in the fovea and periphery [McKee and Taylor 1984,
Hecht and Smith [Kalloniatis and Luu 2009,
Such case is illustrated in
The inventive approach keeps the highest amount of detail possible while ensuring that the outcome does not result in a perceivable flickering as detected by the inventive flickering model. The blur in
One alternative way to suppress flickering would be to incorporate the constraints on the maximal temporal fluctuations of the signal into the optimization, but this has disadvantages. The process would no longer be quadratic. It would increase computation times and put pressure on the hard constraints needed to match the display's dynamic range, but such a solution can be considered.
A second alternative is the flicker suppression via temporal smoothing, but such attempts prove inadequate. Temporal smoothing combines information that should be kept separate to achieve the resolution enhancement according to the inventive model. To illustrate this, consider the receptor C in
The flicker detection model according to the invention is multi-scale, conforming to the scale-dependence of the CFF. It derives per-scale reductions that are pushed to the pixel level where the final contrast reduction happens. In detail, one first computes the maximal intensity fluctuation in each pixel of the inventive subimages. Because flickering is strongly scale-dependent [Mäkelä et al. 1994], one cannot just rely on these values. A Gaussian pyramid may be used to add a scale component. For each level, this results in a fluctuation measure of the corresponding area in the original image. One may then rely on the perceptual findings in [Mäkelä et al. 1994], to predict the maximally-allowed temporal variation that will not lead to perceived flickering. If it is found that these thresholds are exceeded, one may compute by how much the temporal fluctuation needs to be reduced. Then, these values may be propagated to the lowest-pixel level by taking the maximum reduction that was attributed to it on any of the higher levels. The maximum ensures that the final flickering will be imperceptible on all scales.
To finally reduce flickering, a reference image sequence with low temporal fluctuation may be used and blended with the solution so as to match the necessary decrease in contrast. Preferably, a Lanczos-filtered sequence may be used, which in experiments came closest to the inventive result (Sec. 6). It is important to derive a sequence of images by shifting the high-resolution image by its velocity before filtering. Due to its low-pass-filter nature, Lanczos-filtering results in low temporal fluctuation, low enough to enable a contrast reduction via blending. Alternatively, a single filtered image could be used, but in practice this was never necessary.
Several application scenarios were presented and tested in a user-study in order to illustrate their effectiveness. A 22 inch (diagonal) 120 Hz Samsung SyncMaster 2233 display was used at its native full-hd resolution of 1680×1050 and lower resolutions where indicated. This addresses the fact that displays constantly grow, often already exceeding 100 inches, but keep their resolution on the level of full-hd. On such a screen, pixels are approximately four times bigger than in the experiments. The monitor was viewed by the subjects orthogonally at a distance of 50-70 cm. Because some experiments required that two images are simultaneously shown next to each other in a horizontal arrangement, the video sequences and images of resolution 600×600 have been used in all studies. A refresh rate of 120 Hz was considered and the original images into three subimages in order to illustrate that the details are also visible for the faster-moving variant (compared to four subimages).
14 participants with normal or corrected-to-normal vision took part in the main part of experiments. In an additional 3D rendering part five participants were considered. Subjects were naïve regarding the goal of the experiment and inexperienced in the field of computer graphics. The participants were seated in front of a monitor running the experimental software in a room with controlled artificial lighting. They received standardized written instructions regarding the procedure of the experiment. In all experiments the time for each trial has been unlimited.
Regarding high-resolution images, the study considered five stimuli shown in
The aim of the study was to show that the inventive method outperforms standard image-downsampling techniques. Various velocities were tested the method was compared to Lanczos resampling as well as Mitchell and Netravali [1988], asking subjects to compare the visibility of details.
Subjects compared the static reference image of high-resolution that was placed on the right to a moving image on the left. The left image was per-frame Lanczos-filtered or the inventive solution, initialized randomly and not labeled. More naïve solutions like nearest-neighbor filtering have not been considered, as their lower quality and objectionable flickering are readily visible. Subjects could toggle between two methods via the keyboard without any time limit. In the first test scenario, the pixel size in the moving image is 3 times enlarged with respect to the reference image but the scale of the depicted object is preserved. Subjects were asked to choose the method, where the reproduction of details is closest to the reference version. The results of this part of experiment are shown in
Next, the inventive method was tested against Mitchell-Netravali filtering. Two parameters can balance this filter between sharpening and smoothing making it adequate for a large variety of possible images [Mitchell and Netravali 1988]. The subjects were asked to adjust those parameters to match their preferences with respect to the high-resolution image. Later, they were asked to compare their result with the inventive technique, again by toggling between the methods (
The technique according to the invention performed better in terms of detail reconstruction, even when allowing filter parameter adjustments. During all experiments no flickering or temporal artifacts have been observed. A series of t-tests showed statistical difference in all cases with a significance level of 0.05.
More particularly, the inventors investigated horizontally moving text often used for TV news channels, as well as hand-held devices. To push the inventive technique to the limits, it was attempted to produce a 2×3 pixel sized font containing English capital letters. It was created by hand at a 6×9 resolution, but not much time was invested in optimizing the characters. All the letters were shown in random order to subjects asking for identification and the inventive method was compared to Lanczos filtering. The characters have been placed in chunks of five characters rather than isolated fonts to mimic a text document.
As can be seen from
A smaller study was also conducted for the above-described 3D rendering applications. The eye tracking was estimated based on a derived motion flow. It was assumed that the motion is piecewise linear for different image regions, and thus that the inventive technique may be applied locally. A scene showing highly detailed hair and a 3D terrain in a fly-over view similar to Google Earth was used. Snapshots from those animation sequences are shown in
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| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10165882.1 | Jun 2010 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP11/56790 | 4/28/2011 | WO | 00 | 3/27/2013 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61328933 | Apr 2010 | US |
