Patent Grant
10884705
This disclosure relates to improvements in mixed-signal data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate for use in integrated circuits (ICs) in general. The disclosure more specifically relates to emerging artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI & ML) applications that are mobile, portable, and near edge and or on sensors, which require ultra-low-power, small-size, low cost (for high-volumes) and asynchronous operations.
One-size-fit-all and standard digital solutions for AI & ML applications offer ease of interface compatibility, programming flexibility, and fast time to market advantages. However, as AI & ML applications expand their foot-print closer to the edge of the network and or on intelligent sensors (where signals are gathered and processed together), more application specific and custom solutions may be required to meet low-power, low-cost, and high-volume objectives. Majority of digital AI & ML chips that are generally deployed on the cloud require bleeding edge deep sub-micron (e.g., 20 nano-meter and smaller) manufacturing which are expensive and power hungry. As such, to deploy AI &ML solutions closer to the edge of communication networks or near sensors and mobile devices, the high cost and high-power consumption of bleeding edge digital solutions become prohibitive. Approximate computing, that can utilize analog and mixed-signal processing, enables AI & ML solutions including in for example in robotics, medical, mobile, drone, portable and private surveillance, and other near sensor applications that need privacy, cannot afford latency, require low cost and low power consumption along with asynchronous signal processing. Moreover, cheaper main-stream manufacturing (e.g., 45 nano-meter to 90 nano-meter) can be sufficient for analog and mixed-signal processors to perform AI & ML operations at lower power consumptions with substantially lower costs.
An objective of the present disclosure is to provide data-converters that can be integrated with and seamlessly interface with standard digital logic (e.g., sea of gates), including for hybrid AI & ML signal processing (e.g., main digital signal processors combined with analog mixed-signal accelerators and or co-processors).
Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits that can interface with digital systems and that can perform some of the signal processing functions in analog and or mixed-signal for AI & ML applications, and at low power consumption and cost effectively. Such current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits can also be used in conjunction with fully-digital systems to facilitate hybrid mixed-signal, analog, and digital signal processing (or as acceleration IC engines) for AI & ML applications.
Another objective of the present disclosure is to perform some of the signal condition functions of AI & ML asynchronously by utilizing clock-free data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits, which frees signal processing and computations from clock related cycle-time delay, dynamic power consumption, and noise related to free running clocks.
Substantial amount of current consumption in ML & AI computation (based on conventional digital processors) is consumed during memory read-write cycle of conventional digital signal processing. Another objective of this disclosure is to facilitate mixed-mode signal processing for ML & AI that is memory free and thus reduces power consumption.
Conventional AI & ML digital signal processing rely on central processors on the cloud which increases the overall application power consumption due in part to the back-and-forth communications with the cloud-based digital processors. This introduces computation latency that may be unacceptable in some applications such as medical. Another objective of this disclosure is to facilitate low power and low cost mixed-mode signal processing for ML & AI that can be performed at the edge or on sensors to help eliminate the latency.
Generally, performing AI & ML signal processing on the cloud has privacy risks. Another objective of the present disclosure is to enable low power and low-cost AI & ML analog and mixed signal processing at the edge or on the sensors to avoid sending and receiving information to and from the cloud.
Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide AI & ML signal processing and computation platforms, with current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits that can be manufactured in main-stream Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication which is not only low cost, rugged, and proven but also that is compatible with digital systems, which facilitates ease of interface with existing digital hardware and software platforms.
Another objective of this disclosure is to provide AI & ML signal processing and computation platforms utilizing current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits that can operate with low voltage power supplies suitable for portable and battery-operated AI& ML applications.
Another objective of this disclosure is to provide AI & ML signal processing and computation in current-mode, which is inherently fast (in part) because voltage swings are kept to a minimal in current-mode signal processing. Moreover, current-mode signal processing enables current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits to operate with low voltage power supplies suitable for some portable and battery-operated AI& ML applications.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide AI & ML signal processing and computation platforms, utilizing analog and mixed-signal solutions whose input signal zero-scale to full-scale dynamic ranges are not limited to high levels or low levels of current. For example, some analog signal processing units may rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the input and or output dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units may rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the input and or output dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide small size current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits for AI & ML applications that require plurality of such circuits to occupy small areas and can be manufactured at low cost.
Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide data-converters that can be arranged with minimal digital circuitry (i.e., be digital-light), thereby saving on die size and reducing dynamic power consumption.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide low glitch and low dynamic power consuming current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits utilized in mixed-mode multipliers for AI & ML applications, which accordingly reduce the glitch and dynamic power consumption of for signal processing in A & ML end-applications.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to perform analog signal processing in current-mode wherein functions such as addition or subtraction can take small area (e.g., addition of two current signals requires just the coupling of two signals), in addition to being inherently fast.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to perform analog signal processing without using any resistors or capacitors, which reduces manufacturing size and cost for signal processing in AI & ML end-applications.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to achieve higher accuracy multiplication results while utilizing lower resolutions current-mode data converters (which are utilized in the mixed-signal multipliers). For example, for AI & ML end-applications that require plurality of such multipliers, it is advantageous to attain higher accuracy multiplication results by utilizing low resolution iDACs that occupy small areas but still achieve higher accuracy multiply-accumulate performance at lower costs.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide current-mode data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process, temperature, and operating condition variations. Accordingly, temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance of multipliers (that utilize such data converters) for AI & ML applications can be enhanced.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide current-mode analog and mixed-signal signal processing (utilizing data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits) that can be asynchronous, consumes low power, have small die size, and provide approximate computation as a function of input frequency, for example. Analog and mixed-signal processing may experience errors that can result in approximate computation but avoid total failures, which can provide the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results in most (all) digital based computations.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to take advantage of attenuated contribution of component's random errors in a summation node. Summing current outputs of a plurality of iDACs would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide analog and mixed signal processors for AI & ML that neither require very expensive nor bleeding-edge deep sub-micron (e.g., 10 nano-meter geometries) manufacturing. Generally, purely digital AI & ML systems can achieve high-speed and high-density relying chiefly on very expensive bleeding-edge deep sub-micron manufacturing (whose transistors are fast and dense) whose costs may be prohibitive in non-cloud high-volume AI & ML applications near the edge or on sensors with intelligence. Moreover, signal processors on the edge or on sensors may not need very high computation speeds given their more dedicated and smaller AI & ML related tasks, in part because such processors may not need to be shared or multi-tasked on edge devices or sensors. Therefore, utilizing analog and mixed signal processing for AI & ML on edge devices and sensors, which can perform to specifications by using inexpensive main-stream manufacturing, avoids the unnecessary (fast and dense) and very expensive bleeding-edge deep sub-micron manufacturing that is generally required by digital AI & ML processors.
Another objective of the disclosed invention is to provide plurality of (data-converters, multipliers, and multiply-accumulate circuits to perform) analog and mixed signal processors for AI & ML application, wherein the analog and mixed signal processors can be made small, but their precision can be enhanced via a shared centrally calibrated (or trimmed) network.
An aspect of the present disclosure is a floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method comprising: programming a plurality of voltage-controlled-current sources (VCCS) to generate a plurality of current signals to be at least one of equally weighted currents, binarily weighted currents, non-linear weighted currents, and individually weighted currents; summing the plurality of current signals to create a summation current signal (SSUM) at a reference current input port (AR); wherein the floating iDAC has a digital input word (Di) that controls a plurality of current switches (iSW) that respectively steer the plurality of current signals to at least one of a positive current output port (Io+), and a negative current output port (Io−) of the floating iDAC; wherein the currents flowing through the Io+ port and the Io− port are proportional to the current signal flowing through the AR port, and responsive to the Di word of the floating iDAC. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: receiving current signals from respective Io+ ports and Io− ports, of at least one of a subsequent iDAC, into the respective at least one of the Io+ port, and the Io− port of the floating iDAC; wherein the AR port receives a reference current signal (SR); wherein the reference input signal of each of the subsequent iDACs is proportional to the SR signal; and wherein the at least one of the subsequent iDACs effectively increases the resolution of the floating iDAC. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: receiving the current signal from a first iDAC into a reference input port of a second iDAC, wherein at least one of the first iDAC and the second iDAC is the floating iDAC; generating a multiplicand output current signal (SMULT) at an output port of the second iDAC; and wherein the SMULT signal is proportional to the SR signal and responsive to the product of a digital input word of the first iDAC and, a digital input word of the second iDAC. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: generating a plurality of SMULT signals; and combining the plurality of SMULT signals to generate a multiply-accumulate current signal (SMAC), wherein the SMAC signal is a summation of the plurality of the SMULT signals. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: combining the SMAC signal with a bias current signal (SB) from a bias current iDAC to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SBMAC), wherein the SBMAC signal is the summation of the SMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: digitizing the SBMAC signal in a current-mode analog-to-digital converter (iADC). Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: combining a plurality of SBMAC signals, wherein the combining the plurality of SBMAC signals forms a current-mode artificial neural network (iANN). Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: receiving currents from Io+ port and Io− port, of a plurality of subsequent floating iDACs, into the respective Io+ port and the Io− port of the floating iDAC to generate an Iop+ and an Iop−; generating a plurality of reference current sources (SR)s to be at least one of equally weighted currents, binarily weighted currents, non-linear weighted currents, and individually weighted currents; receiving each of the plurality of SR signals respectively into the IsR port of each subsequent floating iDAC; receiving a X digital word of width m, and a Y digital word of width n, wherein each bit weight of the X word of width m corresponds to the respective weight of each of the plurality of reference currents corresponding respectively to each of the floating iDACs, and wherein each bit weight of the Y word of width n corresponds to the digital input word Di of the plurality of floating iDACs; generating a multiplicand output current signal (SMULT) in at least one of the Iop+ port and Io−p port; wherein the IiMULT current is proportional to the magnitude of SR source, and responsive to the product of the X word and the Y word; and wherein the X word and Y word are interchangeable.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method comprising: generating a plurality of currents in a plurality of metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs), wherein a weighting relationship among each of the plurality of currents in the MOSFETs is at least one of equally weighted, binarily weighted, non-linear weighted, and individually weighted; steering each of the plurality of current signals in the plurality of MOSFETs respectively through each input terminal of a plurality of current switches (iSW); steering each of the plurality of current signals through the plurality of iSWs respectively to each output terminal of the plurality of current switches (iSW) to at least one of a positive current output port (Io+), and a negative current output port (Io−); receiving a digital input word (Di), and respectively controlling the steering of each of the plurality of current signals through the plurality of iSWs by the Di; wherein respective source ports of the plurality of MOSFETs are coupled together, and coupled to a reference current source (SR); wherein respective gate terminals of the plurality of MOSFETs are coupled together, and coupled to a voltage source (VB); and wherein the currents flowing through the Io+ port and the Io− port are proportional to the magnitude of the SR source, and responsive to the Di word of a floating iDAC. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: receiving into the at least one of the Io+ port, and the Io− port of the floating iDAC, currents from respective Io+ ports and Io− ports from at least one of a subsequent iDAC, wherein the at least one of the subsequent iDAC effectively increases the resolution of the floating iDAC. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: receiving the output current signal from a first iDAC into a reference input port of a second iDAC, wherein at least one of the first iDAC and the second iDAC is the floating iDAC; and generating a multiplicand output current signal (SMULT) at an output of the second iDAC. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: generating a plurality of SMULT signals; and combining the plurality of SMULT signals to generate a multiply-accumulate current signal (SMAC), wherein the SMAC signal is a summation of the plurality of the SMULT signals. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: generating a bias current signal (SB) by an iDAC; and combining the SMAC signal with the SB signal to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SBMAC), wherein the SBMAC signal is a summation of the SMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: digitizing the SBMAC signal in a current-mode analog-to-digital converter (iADC). Further aspects of the floating current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the floating iDAC method further comprising: combining a plurality of SBMAC signals, wherein the combining the plurality of SBMAC signals forms a current-mode artificial neural network (iANN).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a mixed-signal current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in integrated circuits, the mixed-signal iMAC method comprising: generating a plurality of first current output signals (S1O)s by a plurality of first current-mode digital-to-analog converters (iDAC1)s; receiving the plurality of S1O signals into a respective plurality of reference input ports (A2R) of a plurality of second current-mode digital-to-analog-converters (iDAC2)s; generating a plurality of multiplicand output current signals (SMULT)s at the plurality of A2R ports; combining a plurality of SMULT signals together to generate a multiply-accumulate current signal (SMAC); and wherein the SMAC signal is a summation of a plurality of second current output signals (S2O)s of the plurality of iDAC2s. Further aspects of the mixed-signal current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in integrated circuits, the mixed-signal iMAC method further comprising: generating a bias current signal (SB) by a bias iDAC; and combining the SMAC signal with the SB signal to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SBMAC), wherein the SBMAC signal is a summation of the SMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the mixed-signal current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in integrated circuits, the mixed-signal iMAC method further comprising: digitizing the SBMAC signal in a current-mode analog-to-digital converter (iADC). Further aspects of the mixed-signal current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in integrated circuits, the mixed-signal iMAC method further comprising: combining a plurality of SBMAC signals, wherein the combining the plurality of SBMAC signals forms a current-mode artificial neural network (iANN).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method comprising: generating a scaled top output current signal (AtFt) as a product of a top scale factor (Ft) and a top output current signal (At) of a top iDAC (iDACt), wherein the iDACt receives a top digital word (Dt) that is t-bits wide, and wherein the iDACt receives a top reference current signal (tR), and wherein the iDACt is binary weighted and wherein Ft and t are each between zero and eight; generating a scaled middle output current signal (AmFm) as a product of a middle scale factor (Fm) and a middle output current signal (Am) of a middle iDAC (iDACt), wherein the iDACm receives a middle digital word (Dm) that is m-bits wide, and wherein the iDACm receives a middle reference current signal (mR), and wherein iDACm is binary weighted and wherein the Fm and m are each between zero and eight; combining the AtFt, and the AmFm signals to generate a summation analog output current signal (AOtm) of a factorized iDAC; wherein a digital input word (Di) of the factorized iDAC is t+m bits wide, and wherein the Dt is the most-significant-bits bank of the Di, and wherein the Dm is a remaining-bits bank of the Di, and wherein the factorized iDACt is binary weighted; and wherein AOtm=AtFt+AmFm wherein (Ft/Fm)×(mR/tR)=2t; and wherein the tR, and mR signals are proportional to one another and proportional to a reference input signal (SR) of the factorized iDAC.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method comprising: generating a scaled top output current signal (AtFt) as a product of a top scale factor (Ft) and a top output current signal (At) of a top iDAC (iDACt), wherein the iDACt receives a top digital word (Dt) that is t-bits wide, and wherein the iDACt receives a top reference current signal (tR), and wherein iDACt is binary weighted, and wherein Ft and t are each between zero and eight; generating a scaled middle output current signal (AmFm) as a product of a middle scale factor (Fm) and a middle output current signal (Am) of a middle iDAC (iDACt), wherein the iDACm receives a middle digital word (Dm) that is m-bits wide, and wherein the iDACm receives a middle reference current signal (mR), and wherein iDACm is binary weighted, and wherein the Fm and m are each between zero and eight; generating a scaled bottom output current signal (AbFb) by scaling a bottom binary iDAC (DACb) output current signal (Ab) by a bottom scale factor Fb, wherein the iDACb receives a bottom digital word (Db) that is b-bits wide, and wherein the iDACb receives a bottom reference current signal (bR), and wherein the Fb and b are each integers greater than one and less than eight; combining the AtFt, the AmFm, and the AbFb signals to generate a summation analog output current signal (AOtm) of a factorized iDAC; wherein AOtm=AtFt+AmFm+AbFb; wherein (Ft/Fb)×(bR/tR)=2t+m; wherein the digital input (Di) of the factorized iDAC is t+m+b bits wide, and wherein the Dt is the most-significant-bits (MSBs) bank of the Di, and wherein the Dm is the intermediate-bits (ISBs) bank of the Di, and wherein the Db is the least-significant-bits (LSBs) bank of the Di; and wherein the tR, mR, and bR signals are proportional to one another and proportional to a reference input signal (SR) of the factorized iDAC. Further aspects of the factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method further comprising: receiving the output current signal from a first iDAC into a reference input port of a second iDAC, wherein at least one of the first iDAC and the second iDAC is the factorized iDAC; generating a multiplicand output current signal (SMULT) at an output port of the second iDAC; and wherein the SMULT signal is proportional to the SR signal and responsive to the product of digital input words of the first iDAC and the second iDAC. Further aspects of the factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method further comprising: generating a plurality of SMULT signals; and combining the plurality of SMULT signals to generate a multiply-accumulate current signal (SMAC), wherein the SMAC signal is a summation of the plurality of the SMULT signals. Further aspects of the factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method further comprising: generating a bias current signal (SB) by a bias iDAC; and combining the SMAC signal with the SB signal to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SBMAC), wherein the SBMAC signal is a summation of the SMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method further comprising: digitizing the SBMAC signal in a current-mode analog-to-digital converter (iADC). Further aspects of the factorized current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the factorized iDAC method further comprising: combining a plurality of SBMAC signals, wherein the combining the plurality of SBMAC signals forms a current-mode artificial neural network (iANN).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method comprising: generating a scalar current (SS) by a first current-mode DAC (iDAC); replicating the SS signal to generate a plurality of scalar current replica signals (SSD); receiving the plurality of SSD signals respectively into a reference input of each of a plurality of second iDACs; and generating a plurality of current output Signals (So)s of the plurality of the second iDACs; combining the plurality of So signals of the plurality of second iDACs to generate a multiply-accumulate current (SMAC); and wherein the SMAC is a summation of the respective plurality of So signals. Further aspects of the mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method further comprising: combining the SMAC signal with a bias current signal (SB) from a bias current iDAC to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SBMAC), wherein the SBMAC signal is the summation of the SMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method further comprising: digitizing the SBMAC signal in a current-mode analog-to-digital converter (iADC). Further aspects of the mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method further comprising: combining a plurality of SBMAC signals, wherein the combining the plurality of SBMAC signals forms a current-mode artificial neural network (iANN).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method comprising: receiving a first and subsequent reference current signals, each respectively to a reference port (AR) of each of first current mode iDAC of a plurality of first current mode iDACs; generating a plurality of output current signals (So)s by the plurality of first current-mode DACs (iDAC); combining the plurality of SO signals of the plurality of first iDACs to generate a current signal (SOsum), wherein the SOsum is a summation of the plurality of SO signals; mirroring the SOsum signal to create a mirrored SOsum signal, SOsumm; receiving the SOsumm signal into a reference input port of a scalar iDAC; and generating a multiply-accumulate current signal (SMAC) at the output port of the scalar iDAC. Further aspects of the mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in integrated circuits, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method further comprising: combining the SMAC signal with a bias current signal (SB) from a bias current iDAC to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SBMAC), wherein the SBMAC signal is the summation of the SMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method further comprising: digitizing the SBMAC signal in a current-mode analog-to-digital converter (iADC). Further aspects of the mixed-signal scalar current-mode multiply-accumulate (iMAC) method in an integrated circuit, the mixed-signal scalar iMAC method further comprising: combining a plurality of SBMAC signals, wherein the combining the plurality of SBMAC signals forms a current-mode artificial neural network (iANN).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: generating a non-linear Most-Significant-Portion (MSP) analog output signal (SoMPSN) that is proportional to a MSP reference signal (SrMSP), and is responsive to a bank of Most-Significant-Bits (MSBs) of a digital input word (DiMSP); generating a linear Least-Significant-Portion (LSP) analog output signal (SoLSPL) that is proportional to a LSP reference signal (SrLSP), and is responsive to a bank of Least-Significant-Bits (LSBs) of a digital word (DiLSP), and is responsive to the DiMSP word; combining the SoMPSN signal and the SoLSPL signal to generate a non-linear analog output signal (SoN) that is proportional to a reference signal (SR), and is responsive to a digital word (DI); wherein the SoLSPL signal is a straight-line approximation between non-linear segments of the SoMPSN signal; wherein the SrMSP signal, and the SrLSP signal, are each proportional to the SR signal; and wherein the DI word is comprised of the DiMSP word and the DiLSP word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein the SoMPSN signal is generated by a non-linear MSP digital-to-analog converter (DACMSPN) having a reference network comprised of a sequence of scaled MSP reference signals (SrMSPN); and wherein the sequence of scaled SrMSPN signals are at least one of squarely weighted, logarithmically weighted, non-linearly weighted, and individually weighted. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: generating the SoLSPL signal by a plurality of linear LSP Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACLSPL)s comprised of a first linear LSP DAC (DAC1LSPL), and a second linear LSP DAC (DAC2LSPL); generating an output signal (So1LSPL) by the DAC1LSPL that is proportional to a first LSP reference signal (Sr1LSP), and is responsive to the DiMSP word; combining the So1LSPL signal with a reference offset signal (SrOFS) to generate a second reference signal (Sr2LSPL); receiving the Sr2LSPL signal into a reference input port (Ar2LSPL) of the DAC2LSPL; and generating the SoLSPL signal at an output port (Ao2LSPL) of the DAC2LSPL that is responsive to the DiLSP word and the DiMSP word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: multiplying the DiLSP word and the DiMSP word to generate a multiplicand digital word (DiLSP×DiMSP); generating an output signal (So1LSPL) by a first LSP Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC1LSPL), wherein the So1LSPL signal is proportional to a first LSP reference signal (Sr1LSP), and is responsive to the DiLSP×DiMSP word; generating an output offset signal (SfoLSPL) by a second LSP Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC2LSPL), wherein SfoLSPL signal is proportional to a second LSP reference signal (Sr2LSP), and is responsive to the DiLSP word; and combining the So1LSPL signal and the SfoLSPL signal to generate the SoLSPL signal. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: receiving the DiLSP word and the DiMSP word into a linearly meshed digital-input to analog-output multiplier (mDiSoLSPL) to generate an output signal (So1LSPL) that is proportional to a first LSP reference signal (Sr1LSP); generating an output offset signal (SfoLSPL) by a second LSP Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC2LSPL) that is proportional to a second LSP reference signal (Sr2LSP), and is responsive to the DiLSP word; and combining So1LSPL signal and the SfoLSPL signal to generated the SoLSPL signal. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: generating at least one SoMPSN by at least one non-linear MSP Digital-to-Analog Converter (DACMSPN); generating at least one SoLPSL by at least one linear LSP Digital-to-Analog Converter (DACLSPL); generating at least one SoN signal that is proportional to the reference signal (SR), wherein the at least one SoN signal is responsive to at least one Di word; wherein the reference network of each of the DACMSPN is comprised of a sequence of non-linearly scaled MSP reference signals (SrMSPN) that are proportional to the SrMSP signal; wherein the reference network of each of the DACLSPL is comprised of a sequence of scaled LSP reference signals (SrLSPL) that are proportional to the SrLSP signal; wherein each of the sequence of SrMSPN signals is at least one of squarely weighted, logarithmically weighted, non-linearly weighted, and individually weighted; wherein each of the sequence of SrLSPL signals is at least one of binary weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; and wherein each of the sequence of SrMSPN signals and each of the sequence of SrLSPL signals are biased from a common reference bias network (RBN). Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog conversion (NDAC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein a plurality of the at least one SoN signal has a square profile; wherein a p-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a p-channel D word; wherein a q-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a q-channel D word; wherein the p-channel SoN and the q-channel SoN signals are subtracted from one another to generate a scaled Soxy signal; wherein the p-channel D word is comprised of a scaled X digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are added to one another; wherein the q-channel D word is comprised of a scaled Y digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are subtracted from one another; and wherein the scaled Soxy signal is proportional to the SR, and is an analog representation of a scaled multiplication product of the scaled X digital word and the scaled Y digital word.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a first non-linear Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DACQM), the DACQM including a digital input port (DQM), an analog output port (AoQM), and an analog reference input port (ArQM); a first linear Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC1L), the DAC1L having a digital input port (D1L), an analog output port (Ao1L), and an analog reference input port (Ar1L); a second linear Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC2L), the DAC2L having a digital input port (D2L), an analog output port (Ao2L), and an analog reference input port (Ar2L); a digital input word (D) comprised of a Most-Significant-Bits (MSB)s bank word (DMSP), and a Least-Significant-Bits (LSB)s bank word (DLSP); a digital multiplier (XML), the XML having an M input digital word port (M), an N input digital word port (N), and an output digital word port (M×N); the M port coupled to the DMSP bank word; the N port coupled to the DLSP bank word; the D1L port coupled to the output digital word port M×N; the D2L port coupled to the digital word N port; the DQM port coupled to the digital word M port; wherein a first reference signal (SrQM) is coupled to the ArQM port; wherein a second reference signal (Sr1L) is coupled to the Ar1L port; wherein a third reference signal (Sr2L) is coupled to the Ar2L port; wherein a sum of signals at the Ao1L and A2L ports is a straight-line approximation between non-linear segments of a signal at the AoQM port; wherein a sum of signals at the AoQM, Ao1L, and Ao2L ports generates a non-linear analog output signal (SoN) at an analog output port AoN; wherein an analog reference signal (SR) is proportionally scaled to an SrQM, the Sr1L, and the Sr2L signals; wherein a sequence of non-linear reference signals (SrMSPN), which form a transfer function of the DACQM, are proportional to the SR signal; wherein the sequence of SrMSPN signals are at least one of squarely weighted, logarithmically weighted, non-linearly weighted, and individually weighted; wherein a sequence of linear reference signals (SrLSPL), which form a transfer function of the DAC1L and DAC2L, are proportional to the SR signal; wherein the sequence of SrLSPL signals are at least one of binary weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; and wherein the SoN signal substantially follows one of a square, logarithmic, and non-linear profile, is proportional to the SR signal, and responsive to the D word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: wherein the sequence of SrMSPN signals, and the sequence of SrLSPL signals, are biased from a common reference bias network (RBN). Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: a plurality of SoN signals having a square profile; wherein a p-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a p-channel D word; wherein a q-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a q-channel D word; wherein the p-channel SoN and the q-channel SoN signals are subtracted from one another to generate a scaled Soxy signal; wherein the p-channel D word is comprised of a scaled X digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are added to one another; wherein the q-channel D word is comprised of a scaled Y digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are subtracted from one another; and wherein the scaled Soxy signal is proportional to the SR, and is an analog representation of a scaled multiplication product of the scaled X digital word and the scaled Y digital word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: the AoQM port, Ao1L port, and Ao2L port are coupled to an output port AoQ; and wherein the DACQM, DAC1L, and DAC2L operate in current mode.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a first non-linear digital-to-analog-converter (DACQM), the DACQM having a digital input port (DQM), an analog output port (AoQM), and an analog reference input port (ArQM); a first linear digital-to-analog-converter (DAC1L), the DAC1L having a digital input port (D1L), an analog output port (Ao1L), and an analog reference input port (Ar1L); a second linear digital-to-analog-converter (DAC2L), the DAC2L having a digital input port (D2L), an analog output port (Ao2L), and an analog reference input port (Ar2L); a digital input word (D) comprised of a Most-Significant-Bits (MSB)s bank word (DMSP) and a Least-Significant-Bits (LSB)s bank word (DLSP); an MSB bank port (M) coupled to the DMSP word; an LSB bank port (N) coupled to the DLSP word; the D1L port coupled to the M port; the D2L port coupled to the N port; the DQM port coupled to the M port; wherein a first reference signal (SrQM) is coupled to the ArQM port; wherein a second reference signal (Sr1L) is coupled to the Ar1L port; wherein a signal at the Ao1L port (So1L) is combined with a third reference offset signal (Sfr2L) and combination of which is coupled to the Ar2L port; wherein a signal at the Ao2L port is a straight-line approximation between non-linear segments of a signal at the AoQM port; wherein a sum of signals at the AoQM and the Ao2L ports generates a non-linear analog output signal (SoN) at an analog output port AoN; wherein an analog reference signal (Sr) is proportionally scaled to the SrQM, the Sr1L, and the Sr2L signals; wherein a sequence of non-linear reference signals (SrMSPN), which form the transfer function of the DACQM, are proportional to the SR signal; wherein the sequence of SrMSPN signals are at least one of squarely weighted, logarithmically weighted, non-linearly weighted, and individually weighted; wherein the sequence of linear reference signals (SrLSPL), which form the transfer function of the DAC1L are proportional to the SR signal; wherein the sequence of SrLSPL signals are at least one of binary weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; and wherein the SoN signal substantially follows one of a square, logarithmic, and non-linear profile, is proportional to the SR signal, and responsive to the D word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: wherein each of the sequence of SrMSPN signals, and each of the sequence of Sr1LSPL signals are biased from a common reference bias network (RBN). Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising a plurality of SoN signals having a square profile; wherein a p-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a p-channel D word; wherein a q-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a q-channel D word; wherein the p-channel SoN and the q-channel SoN signals are subtracted from one another to generate a scaled Soxy signal; wherein the p-channel D word is comprised of a scaled X digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are added to one another; wherein the q-channel D word is comprised of a scaled Y digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are subtracted from one another; and wherein the scaled Soxy signal is proportional to the SR and is an analog representation of a scaled multiplication product of the scaled X digital word and the scaled Y digital word.
Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: the AoQM port and Ao2L port are coupled to an output port AoQ; and wherein the DACQM, DAC1L, and DAC2L operate in current mode.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a first non-linear Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DACQM), the DACQM having a digital input port (DQM), an analog output port (AoQM), and an analog reference input port (ArQM); a first linear Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC1L), the DAC1L having a digital input port (D1L), an analog output port (Ao1L), and an analog reference input port (Ar1L); a linearly meshed digital-input to analog-output multiplier (mDiSoLSP), the mDiSoLSPL having an M digital input port (M) and a N digital port (N), an analog output port (Ao2L), and an analog reference input port (Ar2L); a digital input word (D) comprised of a Most-Significant-Bits (MSB)s bank word (DMSP) and a Least-Significant-Bits (LSB)s bank word (DLSP); the M port coupled to the DMSP word; the N port coupled to the DLSP word; the D1L port coupled to the N port; the DQM port coupled to the M port; wherein a first reference signal (SrQM) is coupled to the ArQM port; wherein a second reference signal (Sr1L) is coupled to the Ar1L port; wherein a third reference signal (Sr2L) is coupled to the Ar2L port; wherein a sum of signals at the Ao1L and Ao2L ports is a straight-line approximation between non-linear segments of a signal at the AoQM port; wherein a sum of signals at the AoQM, Ao1L, and Ao2L ports generates a non-linear analog output signal (SoN) at an analog output port AoN; wherein an analog reference signal (SR) is proportionally scaled to the SrQM, the Sr1L, and the Sr2L signals; wherein a sequence of non-linear reference signals (SrMSPN), which form the transfer function of the DACQM, are proportional to the SR signal, wherein the sequence of SrMSPN signals are at least one of squarely weighted, logarithmically weighted, non-linearly weighted, and individually weighted; wherein the sequence of linear reference signals (SrLSPL), which form the transfer functions of the DAC1L and the mDiSoLSPL, are proportional to the SR signal; wherein the sequence of SrLSPL signals are at least one of binary weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; wherein the SoN signal substantially follows one of a square, logarithmic, and non-linear profile, is proportional to the SR signal, and responsive to the D word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated, the system further comprising: wherein each of the sequence of SrMSPN signals, each of the sequence of Sr1LSPL signals, and each of the sequence of Sr2LSPL signals are biased from a common reference bias network (RBN). Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: a plurality of SoN signals having a square profile; wherein a p-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a p-channel D word; wherein a q-channel SoN signal, of the plurality of SoN signals, is responsive to a q-channel D word; wherein the p-channel SoN and the q-channel SoN signals are subtracted from one another to generate a scaled Soxy signal; wherein the p-channel D word is comprised of a scaled X digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are added to one another; wherein the q-channel D word is comprised of a scaled Y digital word and a scaled Y digital word that are subtracted from one another; and wherein the scaled Soxy signal is proportional to the SR, and is an analog representation of a scaled multiplication product of the scaled X digital word and the scaled Y digital word. Further aspects of the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: the AoQM port, Ao1L port, and Ao2L port are coupled to an output port AoQ; and wherein the DACQM, DAC1L, and DAC2L operate in current mode.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: generating a sequence of reference bias current signals (SiRb) from a reference bias network (RBN); mirroring the sequence of SiRb signals from the RBN into at least one iDC; wherein the scaling of the mirroring of the sequence of SiRb signals from the RBN into at least one iDC, is individually scaled; wherein the sequence of SiRb signals from the RBN is weighted at least equally, binarily, non-linearly, and individually; wherein each SiRb signal from the sequence of SiRb signals from the RBN is scaled proportionately to a reference current signal (SR); wherein each SiRb signal from the sequence of SiRb signals from the RBN is mirrored from the SR signal; wherein the sequence of SiRb signals, from the RBN in the at least one iDC, program the reference current network of the at least one iDC, which establishes the input-to-output transfer function of the at least one iDC; wherein the at least one iDC is at least one of current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC) and current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter (iADC); wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is proportional to the SR signal received by that iDAC, and responsive to a digital input word received by that iDAC; and wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of that iADC and proportional to the SR signal received by that iADC. Further aspects of the multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: regulating the SR signal from the RBN; wherein the analog ports of the at least one iDC substantially track power supply voltage variations; and wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is substantially desensitized with respect to power supply variations; and wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is substantially desensitized with respect to power supply variations. Further aspects of the multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iDAC: generating at least one pair of current output signals (SX and SY) from at least one pair of iDACs (iDACX, and iDACY), that are proportional to the SR signal, and responsive to the respective digital input words (DX and DY) of the at least one pair of iDACs; receiving the at least one pair of SX and SY signals, respectively, into current input ports AmX and AmY of at least one analog current multiplier (iMULT); receiving at least one SiRb signal from the sequence SiRb signals from the RBN into a reference current input port (AmR) of the at least one iMULT; and wherein an input-output transfer function of the at least one iMULT follows the relationship SY/SR=SO/SX, and wherein SO signal is at least one output current signal of the at least one iMULT. Further aspects of the multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein at least one of SR, SY, SX, and SO signals are generated without cascode. Further aspects of the multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein the respective voltages at AmR and AmY ports track power supply voltage variations in substantial proportion to one another; wherein the respective voltages at AmX and AmO ports track power supply voltage variations in substantial proportion to one another; and wherein the at least one SO signal of the at least one iMULT is substantially insensitive to power supply voltage variations. Further aspects of the multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iDAC: wherein the sequence of SiRb signals from the RBN is weighted squarely; summing at least one pair of digital input words (Dx and Dy) together to generate at least a scaled Dx+y digital word; subtracting the at least one pair of digital input words Dx and Dy from one another to generate at least one scaled Dx−y digital word; receiving at least one pair of scaled digital input words (Dx+y and Dx−y) respectively into each of at least one pair of iDACs (iDAC(x+y)
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a power supply desensitization method in a current-mode digital-to-analog converter (iDAC) in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: receiving a digital input word (DX) into a x-channel iDAC (iDACX) having an analog output current signal (SX), and a reference input signal (SRX), wherein the iDACX is without cascodes; receiving a digital input word (DY) into a y-channel iDAC (iDACY) having an analog output current signal (SY), and a reference input signal (SRY), wherein the iDACY is without cascodes; receiving the SX signal into an input port of a power supply desensitization (PSR) circuit; regulating and generating the SRY reference input signal at an output port of the PSR circuit, wherein the SY signal is desensitized from power supply variations; and generating a multiplicand output current (SiMULT) at the SY signal, wherein the SiMULT signal is an analog representation of the product of the DX and DY digital words.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a multiple channel current-mode data converter system in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistors (MOSFET)s each having a gate-port, a drain-port, and a source port, and each having a scale (W/L); a sequence of diode-connected MOSFETs, wherein the gate port and the drain port of each MOSFET in the sequence of the MOSFET are coupled together and coupled to a sequence of gate-drain ports; at least one current-mode Data-Converter (iDC), whose input-output transfer function profiles is programmed by a network of current reference signals of the at least one iDC, wherein the network of current reference signals of the at least one iDC is the network of sequence of signals at a sequence of drain ports of a sequence of mirroring MOSFETs; the sequence of gate-drain ports of the sequence of diode-connected MOSFETs coupled to a sequence of gate ports of the mirroring MOSFETs; wherein each SsR signal in a sequence of SsR signals is proportional to a current reference signal (SR); wherein the sequence of SsR signals is coupled to the respective sequence of gate-drain ports of sequence of diode-connected MOSFETs; wherein the sequence of scaled SsR signals are scaled at least one of equally weighted currents, binarily weighted currents, non-linear weighted, and individually weighted currents; wherein the W/L scale of each MOSFET is programmed individually; wherein the iDC is at least one of current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC) and current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter (iADC); wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is proportional to the SR signal received by that iDAC, and responsive to a digital input word received by that iDAC; and wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of that iADC and proportional to the SR signal received by that iADC.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a multiple channel current-mode data converter system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a sequence of current mirrors (iCM), each iCM having a current mirror input port (AiiCM) for receiving a sequence of scaled reference current signals SR, a current mirror output port (AoiCM), and an input-to-output gain factor (GiCM); a current mode data converter (iDC) having a sequence of reference input ports (AriDC); the AoiCM port of each of the sequence of iCMs coupled to the respective AriDC port of the sequence of AriDC ports of the iDC; wherein each scaled reference current SR of a sequence of scaled SR signals is coupled respectively to the AiiCM port of each iCM of the sequence of iCMs; wherein the GiCM of each iCM of the sequence of iCM is programmed individually; wherein the iDC is at least one of current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC), and current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter (iADC); wherein the sequence of scaled SR signals are scaled at least one of equally weighted currents, binarily weighted currents, non-linear weighted currents, and individually weighted currents; wherein if one or more iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is proportional to the SR signal received by that iDAC, and responsive to a digital input word received by that iDAC; and wherein if one or more iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of that iADC and proportional to the SR signal received by that iADC.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a multiple channel current-mode data converter system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a sequence of current mirrors (iCM), each iCM having a current mirror input port (AiiCM) for receiving a sequence of scaled reference current signals (SR)s, a current mirror output port (AoiCM), and an input-to-output gain factor (GiCM); one or more current mode data converters (iDC), each of the one or more iDCs having a sequence of reference input ports (AriDC); each of the one or more AoiCM ports of each iCM of the sequence of iCMs respectively coupled to the ArDC port of the sequence of ArDC ports of the one or more iDCs; wherein each scaled SR signal of a sequence of scaled SR signals is coupled respectively to the AiiCM port of each iCM of the sequence of iCMs; wherein the GiCM of each iCM of the sequence of iCMs is programmed individually; wherein the one or more iDCs is at least one of a current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC), and a current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter (iADC); wherein the sequence of scaled SR signals are scaled at least one of equally weighted currents, binarily weighted currents, non-linear weighted currents, and individually weighted currents; wherein if one or more iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is proportional to the SR signal received by that iDAC, and responsive to a digital input word received by that iDAC; and wherein if one or more iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of that iADC and proportional to the SR signal received by that iADC.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a multiple channel current-mode data converter system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a sequence of Current-Controlled-Voltage-Sources (CCVS)s, each CCVS in the sequence of the CCVSs having an input current port (Aiccvs) for receiving a sequence of scaled reference current signals (SR)s, an output port (Aoccvs) for providing an output voltage signal (Soccvs), and an input-current to output-voltage gain factor (Gccvs); a plurality of current mode data converters (iDC); each iDC of the plurality of iDCs having a sequence of Voltage-Controlled-Current-Sources (VCCS)s; each VCCS of the sequence of VCCSs, in each iDC of the plurality of iDCs, having an input voltage port (Aivccs), an output current port (Aovccs) for providing an output current signal (Sovccs), and an input-voltage to output-current gain factor (Gvccs); each Aoccvs port of the sequence of CCVSs, respectively coupled to each Aivccs port of the sequence of VCCSs, in each iDC of the plurality of iDCs; wherein each scaled SR source of a sequence of scaled SR sources is coupled respectively to the Aiccvs port of each CCVS of the sequence of CCVSs; wherein the sequence of VCCS in each iDC arranges the reference current network of each respective iDC which establishes the input-to-output transfer function of each respective iDC; wherein the G . . . s of each CCVS of the sequence of CCVSs is programmed individually; wherein the Gvccs of each VCCS of the sequence of VVCSs in each iDC of the plurality of iDCs is programmed individually; wherein the one or more iDC of each iDC of the plurality of iDCs is at least one of a current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC), and a current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter (iADC); wherein the sequence of scaled SR sources are scaled at least one of equally weighted currents, binarily weighted currents, non-linear weighted currents, and individually weighted currents; wherein if one or more iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is proportional to the SR signal received by that iDAC, and responsive to a digital input word received by that iDAC; and wherein if one or more iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of that iADC and proportional to the SR signal received by that iADC.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a multiple channel current-mode data converter method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: generating a sequence of reference bias current signals (SiRb); receiving the sequence of SiRb signals into a sequence of Current-Controlled-Voltage-Sources (CCVS)s to generate a sequence of reference bias voltage signals (SvRb); receiving the sequence of SvRb signals into at least one sequence of Voltage-Controlled-Current-Sources (VCCS)s in at least one current mode data converter (iDC), wherein the at least one sequence of VCCSs replicates the sequence of SiRb signals; wherein the sequence of SiRb signals is weighted at least one of equally, binarily, non-linearly, and individually, and wherein each SRb signal is scaled proportionately to a reference current signal (SR); wherein the sequence of VCCS in the at least one iDC arranges the reference current network of each respective iDC which establishes the input-to-output transfer function of each respective iDC; wherein the at least one iDC is at least one of current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC) and current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter (iADC); wherein the analog output current signal of the iDAC is proportional to SR signal and responsive to the digital input word of the iDAC;
wherein the digital output word of the at least one iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of the at least one iADC and proportional to the SR signal; wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iDAC, then the analog output current signal of each iDAC is proportional to the SR signal received by that iDAC, and responsive to a digital input word received by that iDAC; and wherein if the at least one iDC includes an iADC, then a digital output word of each iADC is responsive to the analog input current signal of that iADC and proportional to the SR signal received by that iADC.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a meshed multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a first digital input port having a of width of M bits of a first digital input word DX; a second digital input port having a width of N bits of a second digital input word DY; a plurality of N scaled current source banks, each scaled current source bank uniquely corresponding to a bit of DY; each of the N scaled current source banks comprising a plurality of M scaled current sources, each scaled current source having a corresponding first switch and a corresponding second switch, each current source uniquely corresponding to a bit of the first digital input word DX; each scaled current source in each scaled current source bank coupled to an input of its corresponding first switch, the first switch responsive to the bit of the first digital input word DX corresponding to the scaled current source; the first switch having an output coupled to an input of its corresponding second switch, the second switch responsive to the bit of the second digital input word DY corresponding to the scaled current source bank; the second switch having an output coupled to an output node; wherein the N scaled current source banks, are at least one of binarily weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; wherein the plurality of M scaled current sources in each scaled current source bank, are at least one of binarily weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; and wherein M is less than 17, and N is less than 17. Further aspects of the meshed multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: wherein M and N are equal.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a meshed multiplier method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: receiving a first digital input word DX of width of M bits, wherein M is less than 17; receiving a second digital input word DY of width of N bits, wherein N is less than 17; activating one bank of N banks of M scaled current sources responsive to a bit of DY corresponding to the one bank of N banks, thereby activating each of the M scaled current sources; receiving current into an output node from one of the activated M scaled current sources responsive to a corresponding bit of DX. Further aspects of the meshed multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: wherein M and N are equal.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a digital-input to analog-output multiplier (XDiIo) comprised of a AoXY port, a first digital input port (DX) wherein the DX port is M-bit wide, a second digital input port (DY) wherein the DY port is N-bit wide, and a reference port for receiving a SRu signal; the XDiIo comprising: a sequence of M meshed digital-input to analog current-output sub-multipliers (mDiIo), wherein each mDiIo is comprised of a first switch bank (iSW1B), a second switch bank (iSW2B), a current reference signals bank (SRB), and a first digital 1-bit wide port (BM); for each mDiIo, each iSW1B switch bank comprised of a sequence of N switches, wherein the N control-ports of the N switches coupled together, and coupled to a 1-bit wide BM port; for each mDiIo, each iSW1B switch bank comprised of a sequence of N switches, wherein the gate-ports respectively coupled to the DY port. for each mDiIo, the output ports of the first sequence of N switches of the iSW1B switch bank coupled to the input ports of the second sequence of N switches of the iSW2B switch bank; for each mDiIo, each SRB signal bank comprised of a sequence of N current reference signal ports (AR) for receiving sequence of N scaled current reference signals (SR), wherein the sequence of N scaled SR signals is at least one of binarily weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted, and wherein each scaled SR signal is proportional to the SRu signal; for each mDiIo, the sequence of N scaled SR sources of the SRB signal banks coupled respectively to the sequence of N input ports of the iSW1B switch bank; for each mDiIo, the sequence of N output ports of the iSW2B switch bank coupled to the AoXY port; for each mDiIo, the sequence of M 1-bit wide BM ports coupled to the respective M-bit wide DX ports; wherein for each mDiIo, a sum of the sequence of N of scaled SR sources of the SRB banks is at least one of binarily weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; and wherein the XDiIo generates an analog multiplicand signal at the AoXY port, that is proportional to the SRu signal, and responsive to the multiplication product of digital words at the DX and the DY ports.
Further aspects of the meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: a plurality of the XDiIo; the AoXY port from each of the plurality of XDiIos coupled to an AoMAC port; wherein a signal through the AoMAC port is a multiply-accumulate current signal (SoMAC), wherein the SoMAC signal is a summation of signals through the plurality of AoXY ports; and wherein the SoMAC is proportional to the SRu source and responsive to a plurality of digital words that are the multiplication product of pairs of digital words inputted to a plurality of pairs of DX and DY ports. Further aspects of the meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: a bias current-mode Digital-to-Analog-Converter (iDAC) for generating a bias current signal (SB), the bias current signal (SB) coupled to the SoMAC signal to generate a biased multiply-accumulate current signal (SoBMAC), wherein the SoBMAC signal is the summation of the SoMAC signal and the SB signal. Further aspects of the meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: a current-mode Analog-to-Digital Converter (iADC) for digitizing the SoBMAC signal to generate a DoBMAC word that is a digital representation of the SoBMAC signal. Further aspects of the meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: each scaled SR source, of the sequence of N scaled SR sources of each of the SRB signal bank of each mDiIo, is biased from a common reference bias network (RBN). Further aspects of the meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system further comprising: a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistors (MOSFET)s each having a gate-port, a drain-port, and a source port, and each having a scale (W/L); and each switch, of the iSW1B switch bank of each mDiIo, is a MOSFET wherein the input of the switch is the source-port of the MOSFET, the output of the switch is the drain-port of the MOSFET, and the control port of the switch is the gate-port of the MOSFET.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a meshed digital-input to analog current-output multiplier system in an integrated circuit, the system comprising: a digital-input to analog-output multiplier (XDiIo) comprised of a AoXY port, a first digital input port (DX) wherein the DX port is w-bit wide, a second digital input port (DY) wherein the DY port is z-bit wide, and a reference input port for receiving a SRu signal; the XDiIo comprising: a plurality of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistors (MOSFET)s, each having a gate-port, a drain-port, and a source port, and each having a scale (W/L); a sequence of M meshed digital-input to analog current-output sub-multipliers (mDiIo), wherein each mDiIo is comprised of a first MOSFET bank (M1B), a second MOSFET bank (M2B), a current reference signals bank (SRB), and a first digital 1-bit wide port (BW); for each mDiIo, each M1B comprised of a sequence of z MOSFETs, the gate-ports of the z MOSFETs coupled together, and coupled to a 1-bit wide BM port; for each mDiIo, each M2B comprised of a sequence of z MOSFETs, the gate-ports respectively coupled to the DY port; for each mDiIo, the drain ports of the first sequence of z MOSFETs coupled to the source ports of the second sequence of z MOSFETs; for each mDiIo, each SRB signal bank comprised of a sequence of z current reference signal ports (AR) for receiving z sequence of scaled current reference signals (SR), wherein the sequence of z scaled SR signals is at least one of binarily weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted, and wherein each scaled SR signal is proportional to the SRu signal; for each mDiIo, the sequence of z scaled SR sources of the SRB signal banks coupled respectively to the sequence of z input ports of the M2B switch bank; for each mDiIo, the sequence of z output ports of the M2B switch bank coupled to the AoXY port; for each mDiIo, the sequence of w 1-bit wide BW ports coupled to the respective w-bit DX ports; wherein for each mDiIo, a sum of the sequence of z of scaled SR sources of the SRB banks is at least one of binarily weighted, linearly weighted, and individually weighted; and wherein the XDiIo generates an analog multiplicand signal at the AoXY port, that is proportional to the SRu signal, and responsive to the multiplication product of digital words at the DX and the DY ports.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is an approximate non-linear digital data-conversion (aNDC) method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: wherein an at least one input digital word (Z) comprised of an at least one Most-Significant-Bits (MSB) portion digital word (ZMSP) and an at least one Least-Significant-Bits (LSB) portion digital word (ZLSP); generating an at least one square digital word (ZMPS2) from the at least one ZMSP digital word, wherein the relationship between the at least one ZMSP digital word and the at least one ZMPS2 digital word follows a square profile; multiplying the at least one ZLSP digital word and the at least one ZMSP digital words to generate an at least one multiplicand digital word (ZMSP×ZLSP); scaling the at least one ZMSP×ZLSP digital word by an at least one first binary scale factor (sL) to generate an at least one scaled multiplicand digital word (SL×ZMSP×ZLSP); generating an at least one offset digital word (ZOFS) proportional to the at least one ZLSP digital word; scaling the at least one ZOFS digital word by an at least one second binary scale factor (sO) to generate an at least one scaled offset digital word (so×ZOFS); and generating an at least one approximate square digital word (˜Z2) by combining together the at least one ZMPS2 digital word, the at least one sL×ZMSP×ZLSP digital word, and the at least one so×ZOFS digital word, wherein the relationship between the at least one ˜Z2 digital word and the at least one Z digital word follows an approximate square profile. Further aspects of the approximate non-linear digital data-conversion (aNDC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: generating an at least one summing absolute value digital word (|Zs|), wherein the at least one ZS digital word is an at least one summation of an at least two digital words (X+Y); generating an at least one deducting absolute value digital word (|Zd|), wherein the at least one Zd digital word is an at least subtraction of an at least two digital words (X−Y); generating an at least one summing approximate square digital word (˜|Zs|2) wherein the relationship between the at least one ˜|Zs|2 digital word and the at least one |Zs| digital word follows the approximate square profile; and generating an at least one deducting approximate square digital word (˜|Zd|2) wherein the relationship between the at least one ˜|Zd|2 digital word and the at least one |Zd| digital word follows the approximate square profile. Further aspects of the approximate non-linear digital data-conversion (aNDC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: generating an at least one approximate multiplicand digital word (˜4X×Y) by subtracting the at least one ˜|Zd|2 digital word from the at least one ˜|Zs|2 digital word; and inputting the at least one ˜4X×Y digital word into an at least one Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) to generate an at least one approximate multiplicand analog signal (˜4x′×y′). Further aspects of the approximate non-linear digital data-conversion (aNDC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: inputting the at least one ˜|Zs|2 digital word into an at least one subtracting Digital-to-Analog Converter (DACs) to generate an at least one subtracting approximate square analog signal (˜|z′s|2; inputting the at least one ˜|Zd|2 digital word into an at least one deducting Digital-to-Analog Converter (DACd) to generate an at least one deducting approximate square analog signal (˜|z′d|2; and generating an at least one approximate multiplicand analog signal (˜4x′×y′) by subtracting the at least one ˜|z′d|2 analog signal from the at least one ˜|z′s|2 analog signal. Further aspects of the approximate non-linear digital data-conversion (aNDC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: generating an at least one plurality of approximate ˜4x′×y′ analog signals; generating an at least one approximate multiply-accumulate analog signal (˜Σ4x′×y′) by combining the at least one plurality of approximate ˜4x′×y′ analog signals; generating an at least one offset analog signal (b′) by inputting an at least one offset digital word (B) onto an at least one offset Digital-to-Analog Converter (DACOFS); generating an at least one offsetting approximate ˜Σ4x′×y′ analog signal (˜Σ4x′×y′+b′) by combining the at least one approximate ˜Σ4x′×y′ analog signal with the at least one b′ analog signal; and generating an at least one offsetting approximate multiply-accumulate digital word (˜Σ4X×Y+B) by inputting the at least one approximate ˜Σ4x′×y′+b′ analog signal onto an at least one Analog-to-Digital Converter, wherein the at least one approximate ˜Σ4X×Y+B digital word is responsive to the at least one approximate ˜Σ4x′×y′+b′ analog signal. Further aspects of the approximate non-linear digital data-conversion (aNDC) method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: combining an at least one plurality of the ˜Σ4X×Y+B digital word to arrange an at least one artificial neural network (ANN)
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a current mode multiply accumulate method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: multiplying an at least one X digital word by an at least one Y digital word to generate an at least one multiplicand digital word (X×Y); inputting the at least one X×Y digital word onto an at least one current-mode Digital-Analog-Converter to generate an at least one multiplicand analog current signal (x′×y′); generating an at least one offset analog current signal (b′) by inputting an at least one offset digital word (B) onto an at least one offset current-mode Digital-to-Analog Converter (DACOFS); generating an at least one offsetting multiply-accumulate current signal (SiMAC) by summing the at least one x′×y′ analog current signal with the at least one b′ analog current signal; and generating an at least one offsetting multiply-accumulate digital word (SdMAC) by inputting the at least one SiMAC analog signal onto an at least one current-mode Analog-to-Digital-Converter, wherein the at least one SdMAC digital word is responsive to the at least one SiMAC analog current signal. Further aspects of the current mode multiply accumulate method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein multiplying the at least one X digital word by the at least one Y digital word to generate the at least one multiplicand digital word (X×Y) further comprises; summing the at least one X and the at least one Y digital words to generate an at least one X+Y digital word (Zs); subtracting the at least one Y and from the at least one X digital words to generate an at least one X−Y digital word (Zd); generating an at least one summing absolute value digital word |Zs| wherein the at least one |Zs| digital word is the absolute value of the at least one Zs digital word; generating an at least one deducting absolute value digital word |Zd| wherein the at least one |Zd| digital word is the absolute value of the at least one Zd digital word; generating an at least one summing square digital word (|Zs|2) wherein the at least one |Zs|2 digital word is the at least one square of |Zs| digital word; generating an at least one deducting square digital word (|Zd|2) wherein the at least one |Zd|2 digital word is the at least one square of |Zd| digital word; generating an at least one 4×X×Y digital word by subtracting the at least one |Zd|2 word from the at least one |Zs|2; and generating the at least one at least one aX×Y digital word by scaling the at least one 4×X×Y digital word. Further aspects of the current mode multiply accumulate method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: wherein generating at least one of the at least one summing square digital word |Zs|2 and the at least one deducting square digital word |Zd|2 to approximate a square value digital word (˜Z2) further comprises: wherein an input digital word (Z) comprised of a Most-Significant-Bits (MSB) portion digital word (ZMSP) and a Least-Significant-Bits (LSB) portion digital word (ZLSP); generating a square digital word (ZMPS2) from the ZMSP digital word, wherein the relationship between the ZMSP digital word and the ZMPS2 digital word follows a square profile; multiplying the ZLSP digital word and the ZMSP digital words to generate a multiplicand digital word (ZMSP×ZLSP); scaling the ZMSP×ZLSP digital word by a first binary scale factor (sL) to generate a scaled multiplicand digital word (SL×ZMSP×ZLSP); generating an offset digital word (ZOFS) proportional to the ZLSP digital word; scaling the ZOFS digital word by a second binary scale factor (sO) to generate a scaled offset digital word (so×ZOFS); and generating an approximate square digital word (˜Z2) by combining together the ZMPS2 digital word, the SL×ZMSP×ZLSP digital word, and the so×ZOFS digital word, wherein the relationship between the ˜Z2 digital word and the Z digital word follows an approximate square profile. Further aspects of the current mode multiply accumulate method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: combining an at least one plurality of the at least one of SdMAC digital words to arrange an at least one artificial neural network (ANN).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a segmented squaring method in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: wherein an at least one input signal (Z) further comprising of an at least one Most-Significant-Portion (MSP) signal (ZMSP) and an at least one Least-Significant-Portion signal (ZMSP); generating an at least one MSP squared signal (ZMPS2) by squaring the at least one ZMSP signal; generating an at least one LSP squared signal (ZLPS2) by squaring the at least one ZLSP signal; and generating an at least one LSP and MSP cross-multiplication signal (ZLSP×ZMSP) by multiplying the at least one ZLSP signal with the at least one ZMSP signal. Further aspects of the segmented squaring method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: scaling the at least one ZMPS2 signal by an at least one top-scale-factor (sT) to generate an at least one ST×ZMPS2 signal; scaling the at least one ZLSP signal by an at least one bottom-scale-factor (sB) to generate an at least one sB×ZLPS2 signal; scaling the at least one ZLSP×ZMSP signal by an at least one middle-scale-factor (sM) to generate an at least one sM×ZLSP×ZMSP signal; and generating an at least one square signal (Z2) of the at least one Z signal by combining the at least one sT×ZMPS2, the at least one sB×ZLPS2, and the at least one sM×ZLSP×ZMSP. Further aspects of the segmented squaring method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: generating an at least one square analog signal (z′2) by inputting the at least one Z2 signal into an at least one Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC); and wherein the scale of the at least one z′2 analog signal is proportional to an at least one reference input signal (SR) of the at least one DAC. Further aspects of the segmented squaring method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: combining more than one of the at least one z′2 analog signals to generate an at least one square-accumulate analog signal (Σz′2). Further aspects of the segmented squaring method in an integrated circuit, the method further comprising: utilizing current mode DACs; and coupling more than one of the at least one z′2 current analog signals to generate an at least one square-accumulate current analog signal (Σz′2).
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method comprising: adding an at least one P signal to an at least one Q signal to generate an at least one sum signal (P+Q); generating an at least one absolute value of the P+Q signal (|P+Q|); subtracting the at least one Q signal from the at least one P signal to generate an at least one subtraction signal (P−Q); generating an at least one absolute value of the P−Q signal (|P−Q|); squaring the at least one |P+Q| signal to generate an at least one sum square signal (|P+Q|2); and squaring the at least one |P−Q| signal to generate an at least one subtraction square signal (|P−Q|2). Further aspects of the quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: subtracting the at least one |P−Q|2 signal from the at least one |P+Q|2 signal to generate an at least one scaled product signal (4×P×Q); and scaling the at least one scaled product signal 4×P×Q to generate an at least one product signal (P×Q). Further aspects of the quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: combining more than one of the at least one P×Q signals to generate an at least one multiply-accumulate signal (ΣP×Q). Further aspects of the quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: inputting the at least one product signal (P×Q) into an at least one Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC) to generate an at least one analog product signal (p′×q′). Further aspects of the quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: combining more than one of the at least one p′×q′ analog signal to generate an at least one analog multiply-accumulate signal (Σp′×q′). Further aspects of the quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: inputting the at least one |P−Q|2 signal into an at least one deducting Digital-to-Analog-Converter (DAC) to generate an at least one |p′−q′|2 analog signal; and inputting the at least one |P+Q|2 signal into an at least one summing DAC to generate an at least one |p+q′|2 analog signal. Further aspects of the quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: subtracting the at least one |p′−q′|2 analog signal from the at least one |p+q′|2 analog signal to generate an at least one scaled product analog signal (4×p′×q′); and scaling the at least one scaled product signal 4×p′×q′ to generate an at least one product analog signal (p′×q′). Further aspect of quarter square method of multiply-accumulate signals in integrated circuits, the method further comprising: utilizing current mode DACs.
Numerous embodiments are described in the present application and are presented for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be exhaustive. The embodiments were chosen and described to explain principles of operation and their practical applications. The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodiments of the disclosure(s). The described embodiments also are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed embodiment(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, and electrical modifications. For example, the present disclosure is not a listing of features which must necessarily be present in all embodiments. On the contrary, a variety of components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present disclosure(s). Although particular features of the disclosed embodiments may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise. The scope of the disclosure is to be defined by the claims.
Although process (or method) steps may be described or claimed in a particular sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the embodiment(s). In addition, although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not imply that all or any of the steps are essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described disclosure(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. In addition, although a circuit may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, steps, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that any or all of the plurality are essential or required. Various other embodiments may include other circuit elements or limitations that omit some or all of the described plurality.
Consider that all the figures comprised of circuits, blocks, or systems illustrated in this disclosure are powered up by positive and negative power supplies, VDD and VSS (and VSS can be connected to the ground potential or zero volts for single supply applications), respectively (unless otherwise specified), and they are not shown for illustrative clarity of the disclosed figures. Terms FET is field-effect-transistor; MOS is metal-oxide-semiconductor; MOSFET is MOS FET; PMOS is p-channel MOS; NMOS is n-channel MOS; BiCMOS is bipolar CMOS. Throughout this disclosure, the body terminal of NMOSFET can be connected to the source terminal of NMOSFET or to VSS. Also, the body terminal of PMOSFET can be connected to the source terminal of PMOSFET or to VDD. The term VGS is gate-to-source port voltage of a MOSFET. The term VDS is drain-to-source port voltage of a MOSFET. The term IDS or ID is drain current of a MOSFET. The term VA is a device parameter, and the early voltage a MOSFET.
All the data-converters including, analog-to-digital-converters (ADC) as well as digital-to-analog-converters (DAC) may not show, for illustrative clarity, a positive reference and a negative reference input, where the negative reference input can be connected to the ground potential or zero volts. A current-mode DAC is iDAC, and a current-mode ADC is iADC. A current analog switch (iSW) has one input, one digital control signal, and either one or two output ports that receive the iSW input signal. An iSW with two output ports, steer the iSW's input signal to either of iSW's output ports depending on the polarity of the iSW digital control signal. An iSW with one output, steer the iSW's input signal to iSW's the positive output port or blocks it depending on the polarity of the iSW digital control signal. Most-Significant-Bit is MSB and Least-Significant-Bit is LSB, pertaining to data-converters digital bits. Most-Significant-Portion is MSP and Least-Significant-Portion is LSP, pertaining to the portions of signals represented by the MSB bank digital-word and LSB bank digital-word of data-converters, wherein the data-converter's whole digital word is comprised of the LSB bank digital-word plus the MSB bank digital-word.
The term non-linear data-converter (DAC or ADC) refers to a data-converter whose transfer function (as arranged by the data-converter's reference network) is non-linearly weighted (e.g., square or logarithmic or individually weighted). Similarly, the term linear data-converter (DAC or ADC) refers to a data-converter whose transfer function (as arranged by the data-converter's reference network) is linearly weighted (e.g., binary or equally weighted thermometer).
Throughout this disclosure, for demonstrative and descriptive clarity, data-converter that may be illustrated with 2 to 8 bits of resolution, but they can be arranged with higher resolutions, unless otherwise specified (e.g., disclosed data-converters can have higher resolutions where 16-bits of resolution is practical). Moreover, for descriptive clarity illustrations are simplified, where their modifications for improvements would be obvious to one skilled in the arts, such as for example cascading current sources by stacking MOSFETs to increase their output impedance. In some instances, analog switches are shown as single FETs with one input, one output, and a control input. In such instances, the one FET acting as a switch can be replaced with two FETs with a common input but opposite control polarity to manage the switch input's on and off voltage span and improve on-off glitch transients.
Consider that other manufacturing technologies, such as Bipolar, BiCMOS, and others can utilize the disclosure in whole or part.
Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated data-converters are generally asynchronous (i.e., they are clock free) which eliminates the need for a free running clock and improves dynamic power consumption with lower clock noise. However, the methods, systems, or circuits disclosed generally are applicable to data-converters that are synchronous (i.e., requiring clocks).
This disclosure presents several SPICE circuit simulations showing the various waveforms attributed to the disclosed data-converts and multipliers. The simulations are performed in order to demonstrate functionality of the disclosed embodiments. These simulations are not intended to guarantee the embodiment's performance to a particular range of specifications. Be mindful that circuit simulations use the TOPSPICE simulator, and are based on approximate device models for a typical standard mainstream 0.18 m CMOS process fabrication.
Throughout this disclosure, data-converters utilized in multipliers and multiply-accumulate circuits operate in current-mode and generally have the following benefits:
First, data-converters operating in current-mode are inherently fast.
Second, current signal processing that occurs within the nodes of data-converters, generally, have small voltage swings which enables operating the current-mode data-converters with lower power supply voltages.
Third, operating at low supply voltage reduces power consumption of current-mode data-converters.
Fourth, current input and current output zero-scale to full-scale spans of current-mode data-converters are less restricted by power supply voltage levels (e.g., current input and outputs can generally span to full-scale at minimum power supply voltages)
Fifth, current mode CMOS data-converters can operate in subthreshold that enables reducing power consumption further.
Sixth, summation and subtraction functions in analog current-mode is generally simple and takes small chip area. For example, summation of two analog currents could be accomplished by coupling the current signals. Depending on accuracy and speed requirements, subtraction of analog current signals could be accomplished by utilizing a current mirror where the two analog current signals are applied to the opposite side of the current mirror, for example.
Seventh, current-mode data-converters can operate internally in mixed-mode and externally have compatible interface with conventional digital processors. For example, digital-to-analog converters and multipliers can operate in current mode analog and or mixed-mode and subsequently have their current mode computations be converted to digital in order to seamlessly interface with standard digital processors via current-mode analog-to-digital converters.
Eight, accuracy of mixed-signal current-mode data-converters, depending on the architecture, generally depends (at least in part) on the matching between FET current sources in the data-converter's current reference or bias network that programs their transfer function. Moderate conversions speeds with typical accuracies up to 16-bits with trimming or calibration and up to 10-bits without trimming or calibration may be achievable in standard CMOS manufacturing, where non-minimum size FETs are utilized to form the data-converter's current reference or bias network. Such accuracies can be sufficient for a range of near-edge or near-sensor machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML & AI) applications that may also not require extremely fast computation speeds. As such, some near-edge or near-sensor ML & AI applications can benefit from the low-cost and low-power of mixed-signal current-mode computation that only requires low cost conventional CMOS manufacturing, as compared to high-speed power-hungry high-precision digital processors that require the substantially more expensive deep-sub-micron CMOS technologies.
The disclosed floating iDAC method, substantially equalizes a reference current signal (I11) with the sum of a plurality of currents that are generated by plurality of floating voltage controlled current sources (VCCS). The plurality of VCCS's currents are scaled by programming each of the VCCS's voltage-to-current transconductance gains (G). Moreover, the plurality of VCCS's currents are selected by a plurality of respective current switches (iSWs) wherein the iSWs are controlled by the iDAC's digital input word, to steer the iSW's respective outputs to iDAC's outputs (Io+, and Io−).
The floating iDAC method can be utilized in an iDAC having a n-bit (n≤16) wide digital word (Dii), a current reference signal (I11), and two analog current outputs such as a first analog current output terminal Io1+ and a second analog current output terminal Io1− (coupled with a bias voltage source such as V11). The floating iDAC method is illustrated in a system diagram of
In illustration of
Let's consider programming the VCCS's gain factors for a binary weighted iDACs. In a general, a simplified transfer function for an iDAC is:
where for the iDAC, Io is the analog output current, IR is the reference input current that can set the full-scale value of Io, Di is the digital input word (that is n-bits) wide, and ΔR=(IR/2n) is the analog LSB current weight of Io. For an iDAC with n=3, by programming gain scale factors s1=1, s2=2, and s3=4, then IG1
As noted earlier, for illustrated clarity, a n=3 bits binary weighted iDAC is described but n can be as large of 16 bits. Bias voltage V22 provides the positive input voltage to the gate terminal of 3 field-effect-transistors (FETs) M42, M52, and M62, which perform the function of the three VCCSs (corresponding to G11, G21, and G31 functions in
For illustrative clarity, programming current mirror scale factor a=b=1, then I12=IM1
Note that the floating iDAC disclosed in
In summary, some of the benefits of the floating iDAC method disclosed in section 1
First, the floating VCCSs generate the scaled current reference network for the iDAC, that can be decoupled from the scaling of IM1
The decoupling of scaling of current reference network, also provides simple means to improve the dynamic response of the iDAC when its reference input signal I12 is pulsed between zero and full scales. This is accomplished by injecting currents b×I22=a×I32 to both side of M12-M22 current mirror to prevent the mirror from shutting off, and hence improving its dynamic response.
Second, the iDAC operating in current-mode is inherently fast.
Third, voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating the iDAC with lower power supply voltage and retain the speed and dynamic rage benefits. Also, floating iDAC can operate with low power supplies since its operating headroom can be limited by a FET's VGS+VDS. Additionally, the flexibility to run the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables a floating iDAC to operate with ultra-low currents, even lower power supplies, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications, especially in AI and ML applications that may require numerous ultra-low power and low power supply DACs for computation.
Fourth, operating at low supply voltage reduces power consumption.
Fifth, signal processing such as addition or subtraction, in current mode, are also small and fast.
Sixth, the VCCS's gain factor can be programmed for an objective iDAC's transfer function such as binary weighted, thermometer, logarithmic, square function, or other non-linear iDAC transfer functions, as required by the application.
Seventh, by substantially equalizing the terminal voltages at Io2+ and Io2− (e.g., to V12), the iSW's transient and glitch responses are improved since the two outputs of iSW at Io2+ and Io2−, could swing between approximately equal voltages, during on and off iDAC's digital input code transitions.
Eight, there are no passive devices in the embodiment of
Ninth, the precision of the iDAC can be improved by for example utilizing current source segmentation (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code), or cascading the iDAC's reference current mirrors to improve their output impedance.
Tenth, a floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Eleventh, a floating iDAC can utilize same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches that are arranged in a symmetric, matched, and scaled manner. This trait facilitates devices parameters to track each other over process, temperature, operating condition variations. Accordingly, the iDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Twelfth, the embodiment disclosed here is not restricted by FETs having to operate either in saturation (high-currents) or subthreshold (low currents) regions. For example, some analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals.
The individual floating iDACs utilized in
The upper half of
To optimize for cost-performance objective, the embodiment illustrated in
Additionally, bear in mind that IM20
Notice that the floating iDAC disclosed in
In addition to some of the benefits of the floating iDAC method disclosed in section 2
The iDAC illustrated in
The upper half of
To optimize for cost-performance objective, there is flexibility in programming the iDAC's reference current value and input-output transfer function network of the iDAC in
Additionally, consider that in
In addition to some of the benefits of the floating iDAC method disclosed in section 2
The first and second floating iDACs embodiments are similar to the floating iDAC described and illustrated in section 2
For clarity of description, both floating iDACs of
For illustrative clarity, instead of showing iSW s with FET level circuit schematics (e.g.,
The left side of
The Q-iDAC's positive and negative analog output currents Iq5+ and Iq5− are generated as a function of its Q digital-input word and I15. The digital-input to analog-current-output transfer-function of the Q-iDAC which is binary weighted in
Here, for a=b=1, Iq5+=IM8
The right side of
The P-iDAC's positive and negative analog output currents Ipq5+ and Ipq5− are generated as a function of its P-digital-word and IM9
where Ipq5+ is the positive analog output current of the P-iDAC, IM9
Bear in mind that the Ipq5− is fed onto a voltage source V25 to match terminal voltage at Ipq5+. Furthermore, as means to enhance the dynamic response of reference mirror current signals that is subjected to a pulse, I25 is added as a constant current injection (Ij5) to keep M85 alive when for example Iq5+ transitions between zero and full scale. As such, a proportional I35 is added to M95 to balance the current mirror M85-M95.
In summary some of the benefits of the XDiIo utilizing the floating iDAC method are as follows:
First, the decoupling of scaling of current reference network, helps reduce FET sizes which saves die are, lowers cost. This trait also lowers the capacitance attributed to large size FETs in the iDAC's current reference network, which in turn improves the transient response of the floating iDAC and the multiplier XDiIo that utilizes such iDACs. The decoupling of scaling of current reference network, also provides simple means to improve the dynamic response of the iDAC and that of the multiplier XDiIo when the iDAC's reference input signal is pulsed. One mean of accomplishing this goal is by injecting a scaled DC current on each side of the current mirror that supplies the iDAC's reference current, which helps prevent the mirror from shutting off, and thus improving its dynamic response.
Second, the XDiIo operating in current-mode is inherently fast.
Third, voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating the XDiIo with lower power supply voltage.
Fourth, operating at low supply voltage reduces power consumption of the XDiIo. Additionally, the flexibility to run the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables the iDAC to operate with ultra-low currents, even lower power supplies, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications, especially in AI and ML applications that may require numerous ultra-low power and low power supply DACs for computation.
Fifth, XDiIo's output signal processing in current-mode such as addition or subtraction functions are also small and fast, which for example is important in ML & AI applications requiring plurality of multiplier's outputs to be (summed) accumulated. For example, to sum plurality of signals in current-mode simply involves coupling the current signals together.
Sixth, by substantially equalizing the terminal voltages at the positive and negative current output of the iDAC, it would improve the iSW's transient response and reduces glitch between the iSW's on to off transitions, which helps the transient response of the XDiIo.
Seventh, there are no passive devices in the embodiment of
Eighth, the precision of the iDAC and hence the precision of the XDiIo multiplier can be improved by for example utilizing current source segmentation (along with digital binary-to-thermometer coding) in the iDAC's reference current transfer-function, or cascading the iDAC's reference current mirrors to improve their output impedance.
Ninth, utilizing lower resolution iDACs (e.g., 3-bits or 5-bits) in the XDiIo multiplier, that occupy smaller areas, but have higher accuracy (e.g., 8-bits of resolution corresponding to accuracy of ±0.4%) is beneficial. For example, higher than 3 of 5 bits of accuracy is attainable in standard CMOS fabrication. With proper W/L scaling of FETs used in the current source transfer function of iDACs, 8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4% matching may be achievable. As such, this disclosure can utilize low resolution iDACs that occupy small areas and achieve higher accuracy PA×QA multiplication at lower cost.
Tenth, the XDiIo that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Eleventh, the XDiIo that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. This trait facilitates devices parameters to track each other over process, temperature, and operating conditions variations. Accordingly, the XDiIo's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Twelfth, the embodiment disclosed here is not restricted by FETs having to operate either in saturation (high-currents) or subthreshold (low currents) regions. For example, some analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals
The embodiment of floating iDAC illustrated in
In addition to some of the benefits of the floating iDAC method disclosed in section 2
As noted earlier, a DAC's input-to-output transfer function can be described as follow:
where Ao is the DAC's analog output signal, Ar is the DAC's analog reference signal, Di is the DAC's digital inputs signal that are n-bits wide. For example, for n=6, and Ar=1 units which establishes Ao's full scale value of 1 unit. For a ½ unit or half-scale of a 6-bit wide digital word corresponds to Di=100000 or D6=1, and D5=D4=D3=D2=D1=0, the DAC's input-to-output transfer function would be as follows: Ao=(Ar/26)×[D1×20+D2×21+D3×22+D4×23+D5×24+D6×25]=(Ar/26)×[0×20+0×21+0×22+0×23+0×24+1×25]=(Ar/26)×[1×25]=Ar/2=½ full-scale.
Notice that the term (Ar/26) carries the analog equivalent weight of a least significant bit (LSB) or ALSB, which is binarily weighted (up to 2i-1 with 1<i<n=6 where i is an integer) to generate the DAC's Ao (that is proportional to the DAC's Ar and) in accordance with the DAC's Di. Here, let 2i-1=2j×2k=wi×fi where wi and fi represent the factors of 2i-1, and where there can be found a pair of wt and ft factors whose sum is the smallest compared to wi×fi. In other words, there can be found a pair of wi and fi where wi+fi<<wi×fi. For example, for n=i=6→2i-1=25=32=2j×2k×23×22=w6×f6=16×2=8×4 where the sum of the pairs of factors here are the smallest compared to the multiplication of the pairs of factors (e.g., with j=2, k=3 or w6=8 and f6=4 for which 4+8<<8×4).
The factorized DAC method factorizes a respective binary DAC weights, which reduces the DAC's area and cost. The respective binary DAC weights (2i-1) can be generated by feeding the respective binary DAC weight's factor (2j=wi) into its other factor (2k=fi) wherein 2i-1=2j×2k=wi×fi. Utilizing the factorized DAC method, the circuit area occupied by the respective binary DAC weight's factors (2j=wi and 2k=fi in aggregate) can be optimized to occupy a smaller area compared to that of the conventional respective binary DAC weights (2i-1).
For example, a standard 6-bit iDAC is comprised of a plurality of binary scaled switching current source (cells) where each current source cell carries a current weight of Ar/26 which is a Least-Significant-Bit or LSB. The current source cells are binarily and respectively scaled in parallel to arrange the standard iDAC's binary weighted current switching reference network. For example, the standard iDAC's Most-Significant-Bit (MSB) analog current portion is generated by placing in parallel 32 of LSB current source cells (Ar/26) which generates 32×Ar/26=Ar/2. Accordingly, the MSB of a 6-bit standard iDAC's switching current sources would occupy the size of 2i-1=25=32 of LSB switching current source cells that are arranged in parallel.
In comparison, the disclosed factorized iDAC method generates the same 32×Ar/26=Ar/2 or the MSB analog current portion with more area efficiently. The factorized iDAC method, feeds the output current of 2j=23=w6=8 parallel LSB current switches (where each current switch carries a current with the weight of an ALSB) onto a current mirror with a gain of 2k=22=f6=4. The current mirrors can be arranged to have the same size as the factorized iDAC's LSB current source cells for matching purposes. As such, for the factorized iDAC method, the MSB analog current portion of 32×Ar/26=Ar/2, while occupying an equivalent aggregate current switch area of 2j+2k=23+22=8+4=12 LSB current source cells. In comparison, and as noted earlier, an equivalent aggregate current source cell 25=32 LSB current cells would be required for a standard iDAC.
Note that there is a trade-off between reducing the area achieved by utilizing the factorized DAC method, and reducing the accuracy of the DAC. For example, the mismatch attributed to current source cells that constitute w6 (subordinate DAC weight) are multiplied with the mismatch attributed to the current source cells that constitute f6. (factorized scale), which lowers the accuracy of the overall DAC while reducing its size.
The area reduction benefit of the factorized DAC method can be extended for high resolution DACs comprising of plurality of factorized DACs. For example, a 6-bit DAC can be arranged by utilizing two factorized DACs (e.g., a 3-bit factorized Most-Significant-Portion of MPS DAC, and a 3-bit factorized Least-Significant-Portion or LSP DAC). Alternatively, a 6-bit DAC can be arranged by utilizing three factorized DACs (e.g., a 2-bit factorized top portion DAC, a 2-bit factorized middle portion DAC, and a 2-bit factorized bottom portion DAC).
As noted, earlier
In
In
Consider that for practical purposes (without any DAC calibration or trimming): The three digital bits t7, m7, and b7 can be more than 1-bit and less than 8-bit wide. The three factor scales Ft7, Fm7, and Fb7 can be programmed to gains than zero and less than 16 (without calibration or trimming): The ratio of analog reference signals tr7/mr7 and mr7/br7 can be programmed to ratios more than zero and less than 16 (without calibration or trimming).
For example, let's arrange the three subordinated factorized DAC's digital-bits t7=m7=b7=2 bits each. Let's also program the three subordinated factorized DAC's reference analog signals substantially equally as tr7=mr7=br7=1w. Accordingly, the three factor scales are programmed according to: Ft7=2t
In an alternative example, arranging the three subordinated factorized DAC's digital-bits t7=m7=b7=2 bits each, and programming the three subordinated factorized DAC's reference analog signals as tr7=4w, mr7=2w, and br7=1w, then the three factors are programmed according to: Ft7=2t
It is of note that for a standard binary 6-bit DAC, a scale factor of 26-1=32 LSB weights (32x) are needed to generate just the MSB signal as a multiple of the LSB weight. In comparison, for a 6-bit factorized DAC that is described in the above 2 examples, the largest scale factor is 4x to generate any bit, including the MSB. In the above 2 example, the largest scale factor is 4x in the three subordinate factorized DACs (At7, Am7, and Ab7 whose full-scale outputs are programmed with tr7/mr7 and mr7/br7 ratios) as well as in the factor blocks Ft7, Fm7, and Fb7. Accordingly, smaller scale factors result in smaller DAC area and as well as other benefits such as improved dynamic response, which will be described further in the following DAC circuit embodiments that utilize the factorized DAC method.
In
In
Given that the three subordinated factorized iDACs (i.e., DACt8, DACm8, and DACb8) in
Similarly, the current signals through nodes designated as Am8 and Ab8 (which are generated by the subordinated factorized DACm8 and DACb8, respectively) both have a full-scale current of 3w. Consider that tr8, mr8, and br8 are the equivalent full-scale reference signal for the subordinated factorized DACt8, DACm8 and DACb8, respectively, which are analogous to the terminology tr7, mr7, br7 described in section 7,
Accordingly, the full-scale value of the factorized iDAC which is A8=Ft8×At8+Fm8×Am8+Fb8×Ab8=4×3w+1×3w+¼×3w=w×15¾. Given that I18=w, the full-scale value of A8 can be adjusted in accordance with w×15¾ (from nano amperes to milliamperes scales) depending on the applications requirements.
As noted earlier, the accuracy of the factorized DAC is dominated by matching of components in the signal path of the most significant bits (MSB). As such, design and FET layout care can help the matching between M18-M28 in the subordinated factorized DACt8 block and matching between M348-M358 in the Ft8 block which arrange the factorized iDAC's MSB and dominate the accuracy of the overall factorized DAC. Moreover, subordinated factorized DACt8 can be arranged in a segmented fashion (disclosed next in section 9,
Also, it would obvious to one skilled in the art to further reduce the size and cost of
The benefits of factorized DAC, including that of factorized iDAC are summarized below:
First, factorized iDAC is smaller than standard iDACs, and here is how: A standard binary weighted iDAC's current source network (as part of the iDAC's input-to-output transfer function network) is comprising of scaled current sources as follows: the MSB current source sized at 25x=32x scaled through (24x=16x, 23x=8x, 22x=4x, 21x=2x) to the LSB current source cell sized at 20x=1x, where x is an equivalent current source cell that carries an LSB current weight. As such, for a standard 6-bit iDAC, about 63x current sources are required.
In comparison (setting aside the cascoded FETs and current switches), a factorized iDAC illustrated in
For higher resolution DACs, the factorized DAC method is even more area efficient.
Second, dynamic response is faster than conventional iDACs because factorized DACs smaller sized input-to-output transfer function network utilizes smaller FETs with smaller capacitances, which can be charged and discharged faster.
Third, glitch is lower during code transitions compared to standard DACs, again because factorized DACs smaller input-to-output transfer function network utilizes smaller devices that carry smaller capacitances, which inject fewer analog glitches to the output of the DAC during digital input code transitions.
Fourth, dynamic power consumption is lower because a factorized DAC's smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller devices during digital input code transitions.
Fifth, utilizing the factorized DAC method in a current-mode DAC (iDAC) is inherently fast.
Sixth, factorized iDAC can operate with low power supply since its operating headroom can be limited by a FET's VGS+VDS.
Seventh, utilizing the factorized iDACs in subthreshold region can further reduce power consumption and lower power supply voltage.
Eight, factorized iDAC can be programmed for a non-linear (e.g., logarithmic or square) input-to-output transfer function.
Ninth, running the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables the factorized iDAC to operate with ultra-low currents, low power supply, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications, especially in AI and ML applications that require numerous ultra-low power and low power supply DACs for computation.
Tenth, neither any capacitors nor any resistors are needed, which facilitates fabricating the factorized iDAC in standard digital CMOS manufacturing factory that is low cost, main-stream and readily available for high-volume mass production applications, and proven for being rugged and having high quality.
Eleventh, factorized iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Twelfth, factorized iDAC can utilize same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches that are symmetric, matched, and scaled. This trait facilitates devices parameters to track each other over process, temperature, and operating condition variations. Accordingly, the iDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Thirteenth, the embodiment disclosed here is not restricted by FETs having to operate either in saturation (high-currents) or subthreshold (low currents). For example, some analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals.
The three subordinated iDACs in
In
The factorized floating iDAC's reference current source I19 sets the gate-to-source voltage of M49 which is scaled and mirrored onto M19, M29, and M39 which program the full-scale weights of the three factorized floating subordinated iDACs: DACt9, DACm9, and DACb9, respectively. Also notice that signals At8, Am8, and Ab8 in
As noted earlier, the three factorized floating subordinated iDACs in
Accordingly, the full-scale value of the factorized floating iDAC output is A9=Ft9×At9+Fm9×Am9+Fb9×Ab9=2×4w+1×2w+½×1w=w×10½. Given that I19=w, the full-scale value of A9 output signal can be adjusted (from nano amperes to milliamperes scales) depending on the applications requirements.
Notice that V19 biases the floating current sources M59 to M119. For applications where high-accuracy and higher iDAC output currents may be required, instead of one voltage source such as V19, up to three voltage sources can be utilized: such as one for each group of floating current sources M59 to M79, one for M49 to M59, and one for M109 to M129. In doing so, the VDS or drain-to-source voltages of M19 to M49 would match which reduces scaled second order systematic error due VDS mismatch between M19 to M49 currents. The current switches S19 to S79 (when in their off states) are terminated onto a diode connected M139 which is a VGSPMOS below VDD that roughly matches (to first order) the VGSPMOS of diode connected M209, M229, and M249. As such, the transient and dynamic performance of the iDAC is improved since the drain terminal of FETs M59 to M119 are roughly balanced at VDD−VGSPMOS as the iDAC's codes toggle between on and off states.
Additionally, DACt9 is arranged with segmentation to improve accuracy since DACt9 carries the analog weight of the first 2 most significant bits. Here, D69 and D59 are fed to a 2-to-3 bit encoder (comprising of AND19 and OR19) whose digital outputs control the DACt9's current switches. As such, the DACt9's substantially equal current source segments (IM5
Excluding the cascoded current mirrors and current switches, the disclosed 6-bit iDAC in
The two subordinated iDACs in
In
In
The iDAC's reference current source in
Notice that V110 and V210 bias the floating current sources M710 to M910 of DACt10, and M1010 to M1410 of DACb10, respectively. By having separate V110 and V210, the VDS or drain-to-source voltages of M710 to M1410 would match better which reduces (scaled) second order systematic error (due to drain-to-source or FET's VDS mismatch) between M110 to M510 currents. Also, as stated in the prior section, the iDAC's current switches (iSWs) S110 to S710, in their off states, are terminated onto a diode connected M1510 which is a VGSPMOS (below VDD) that roughly matches the VGSPMOS of diode connected M2010 and M2210. As such, the transient and dynamic performance of the factorized floating iDAC is improved since the drain terminal of FETs M710 to M1310 are roughly balanced at VDD−VGSPMOS as the iDAC's codes toggle between on and off states.
Additionally, DACt10 is arranged with segmentation to improve accuracy. The two upper MSBs, D610 and D510 are fed to a 2-to-3 bit encoder (comprising of AND110 and OR110) whose digital output control the DACt10's switches. As such, the DACt10's substantially equal current source segments (IM1
Excluding the cascoded current mirrors and current switches, the disclosed 6-bit iDAC in
As noted earlier, a simplified transfer function for an iDAC is:
where for the iDAC, Io is the analog output current, IR is the reference input current that can set the full-scale value of Io, Di is the digital input word (that is k-bits wide), and ΔR=(IR/2k) represents an analog LSB current weight for Io. For example, for a 6-bit iDAC, k=6, and full scale value of Io set to substantially equal IR=64 nA, then LSB of the iDAC which is ΔR=(IR/2k)=ΔR=(64 nA/26)=1 nA.
A simplified transfer function of a multiplier XDiIo where a Y-iDAC's output supplies the reference input to a second X-iDAC is as follows: For the
where the analog output current is Ioy, the reference input current is IRy which can set the full-scale value of Ioy, the digital input word (that is m-bits) wide is Dy, and ΔRy=(IRy/2m) represents an analog LSB current weight of Ioy.
Similarly, for the
where the analog output current is Iox, the reference input current is IRx which can set the full-scale value of Iox, the digital input word (that is n-bits) wide is Dx, and ΔRx=(IRx/2n) is an analog LSB current weight of Iox.
By feeding the output current of Y-iDAC onto the reference input of the X-iDAC, where
the following transfer function is realized:
As such a digital-input to analog-current-output multiplier XDiIo is realized where
On the right hand-side of
Also, note for example, when bit D1y11 (the MSB of Y-iDAC, in this case) is off, then the off S711 couples the drain-terminal of M1511 (i.e., IM15
Consider that diode connected NMOS M2111 are scaled and biased via I21 (to generate a VgM21
The output of the Y-iDAC that is Ay11=oy supplies the reference current (via the floating DAC method) onto X-iDAC which is described next.
On the left hand-side of
Also, note for example, when bit D1x11 (the MSB of X-iDAC, in this case) is off, then the off S111 couples the drain-terminal of M2311 (i.e., IM23
Accordingly, a digital-input to analog-current-output multiplier XDiIo is realized where
where m=n=6, and Ay11×Ax11=Iox which is the analog representation of multiplying two digital codes Dy=Dy11 and Dx=Dx11. Bear in mind that IRy represents a reference weight for the multiplier XDiIo which is a scaled multiple (g) of I111. For example, if I111=i for Y-iDAC, then the full scale output current for each of sub-iDAC blocks DACty
which is factored by 4x, 1x, and x/4 by its respective blocks Fty
Similarly, for the X-iDAC, the full scale output current for each of subordinated iDAC blocks DACtx
which is also factored by 4x, 1x, and x/4 by its respective factor blocks Ftx
where
As such,
represents the reference weight for the multiplier XDiIo.
In summary some of the benefits of the XDiIo utilizing the factorizing iDAC method are as follows:
First, the XDiIo utilizing the factorizing iDAC (described in section 8 of
Second, the XDiIo operating in current-mode, which inherently runs fast.
Third, voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating the XDiIo with lower power supply voltage. Also, factorized iDAC utilized in XDiIo can operate with low power supply since its operating headroom can be limited by a FET's VGS+VDS.
Fourth, operating at low supply voltage reduces power consumption of the XDiIo. Moreover, Running the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables the factorized iDAC used in the in XDiIo to operate with ultra-low currents, low power supply, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications, especially in AI and ML applications that require numerous XDiIo that are ultra-low power and operate on low power supply for computation.
Fifth, by substantially equalizing the terminal voltages at the positive and negative current output of the factorizing iDAC would improve the transient response of the disclosed XDiIo and reduces glitch.
Sixth, the XDiIo needs neither any capacitors nor any resistors, which facilitates fabricating the XDiIo in standard digital CMOS manufacturing factory that is low cost, main-stream and readily available for high-volume mass production applications, and proven for being rugged and having high quality.
Seventh, the precision of the iDAC and hence that of the XDiIo multiplier can be improved by for example utilizing proper sized FETs in the iDAC's current reference network or by utilizing current source segmentation (along with digital binary-to-thermometer coding) in the iDAC's reference current transfer-function network.
Eighth, the XDiIo multiplier can lower resolution factorized iDACs (e.g., 3-bits or 5-bits) that occupy smaller areas, but have higher accuracy (e.g., 8-bits of accuracy or 0.4%) which is beneficial for cost-performance. For example, higher than 3 of 5 bits of accuracy is attainable in standard CMOS fabrication. With proper W/L scaling of FETs used in the current source transfer-function of iDACs (8-bits of accuracy or), a ±0.4% matching that can be achievable. As such, this disclosure can utilize low resolution iDACs that occupy small areas and achieve higher accuracy multiplication at lower cost.
Ninth, glitch is lower during code transitions in XDiIo multiplier because factorized iDACs utilized in XDiIo are smaller given that the input-to-output transfer function network utilizes smaller devices that carry smaller capacitances, which inject fewer analog glitches to the output of the XDiIo during digital input code transitions.
Tenth, dynamic power consumption is lower because the XDiIo multiplier utilizes factorized DAC that have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Eleventh, the XDiIo that utilizes factorized iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Twelfth, The XDiIo that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective factorized iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. This trait facilitates device parameters to track each other over process, temperature, and operating conditions variations. Accordingly, the XDiIo's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Thirteenth, the embodiment disclosed here is not restricted by FETs having to operate either in saturation (high-currents) or subthreshold (low currents). For example, some analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals
For the simulations of
The FETs in the iDAC and Factor blocks operate in the subthreshold region where most of the mismatch between FETs is due to their threshold voltage (VTH0) mismatch. In simulating of
A simplified DiIo sMACiDAC's transfer function is
where a scalar (s) is multiplied with the sum of plurality (m=n) of pm weights. The disclosed embodiment of DiIo sMACiDAC utilizes the distributive property, wherein multiplying the sum of two or more (plurality of) addends by a (scalar) number will give the same result as multiplying each addend individually by the scalar) number and then adding the products together. Accordingly, the disclosed embodiment of DiIo sMACiDAC utilizes plurality of iDACs whose outputs coupled together in current-mode, which generates a summation current
that is then fed onto a current reference terminal of a scalar iDAC, whose output generate
which can also be represented as
To accomplish the above objective, the disclosed circuit of
To further describe the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC circuit embodiment
and
For ARw=ARx=ARy=AR, then
The nomenclatures and terminologies used here are self-explanatory for one skilled in the art, but as an example for the w-channel iDAC, bear in mind that Aw is the analog output, ARw is the reference input, Di is the digital input word that is w-bits wide, and so on.
If AR is fed into reference input of scalar DACz13, then
By feeding Aw+Ax+Ay=ARz into the reference input of scalar DACz13, then it generates:
Therefore,
which can be represented in the analog domain as Ao/AR=(Aw+Ax+Ay)×Az. This represents multiplying scalar z by the accumulation of w, x, and y.
In
As noted earlier, an iDAC transfer function where Ao=Io and AR=IR can be simplified to:
For example, let's consider half-scale of a 3-bit wide digital word corresponding to the digital binary word Di=100 or Di=1, and D2=D3=0 and letting IR be 1 unit representing full-scale for Io. In such an example, the DAC's input-to-output transfer function would be as follows: Io=IR×[D1/21+D2/22+D3×23]×(IR)×[½1+0/22+0/23]=IR/2=½ reference unit, which is ½ of full scale.
Here a more detailed description of embodiment of the DiIo sMACiDAC's circuit illustrated in
A DACw13 receives a digital word Dw13, and generates an analog output current Aw13, wherein VgsM1
A DACx13 receives a digital word Dx13, and generates an analog output current Ax13, wherein VgsM1
A DACy13 receives a digital word Dy13, and generates an analog output current Ay13, wherein VgsM1
As described earlier, the current outputs of DACw13, DACx13, and DACy13 are then summed to generate the output current summation Aw13+Ax13+Ay13, which is fed onto the input of a CCVS (or current-to-voltage converter iTv13) comprising of M2613 and M3113. An output of the CCVS is VgsM31
Consider that for a=1, the full scale output current for each of DACw13, DACx13, and DACy13 is (4+2+1)×Ir′=7Ir′.
Accordingly, the full-scale output current summation Aw13+Ax13+Ay13 would compute to 3×7Ir′=21Ir′. The W/L's of M3113 and M3213 (i.e., b.x and c.x) program the combined gain of iTv13 and vTi13 which scales the sum of Aw13+Ax13+Ay13 before the said sum is supplied to the reference input of a DACz13. For clarity of description b=c=1 which provides a combined current scaling (net-gain) of 1 (through iTv13 to vTi13) for the sum of Aw13+Ax13+Ay13 currents that are supplied to the reference input of a DACz13.
The floating DACz13 receives a digital word Dz13, and generates an analog output current at the DACz13's Io+ port that is the output current of DiIo sMACiDAC as being represented in the analog domain and proportional to AR″: Ao/AR″=(Aw+Ax+Ay)×Az. The DACz13's current switches S1013, S1113, and S1213 steer the respective M2713, M2813, and M2913 currents to either a diode connected M1113 (which is coupled with the DACz13's Io− port) or the DACz13's Io+ port in accordance with the polarity of the Dz13 bits.
As indicated earlier, for a=b=c=1, then AR″ is a scaled reference current where AR″- 21Ir′. Notice that DACz13 utilizes a floating iDAC method that is disclosed in
Bear in mind that for better dynamic response and substantially equalization between the operating voltages at the Io− and Io+ ports of the DACw13, DACx13, and DACy13, their Io− ports can be coupled with drain terminal of M3013 (also coupled with source terminal of M2513), while a current source (e.g., Ij″13 not shown in
In summary, the embodiment illustrated in
First, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing plurality of iDACs (along with CCVS and VCCS) whose outputs are summed in current-mode and fed onto the reference input terminal of a scalar iDAC saves area and lowers cost, and improved performance with faster dynamic response. This is in part due to the efficacy in performing the distributive property in current-mode, wherein multiplying the sum of two or more addends by a number will give the same result as multiplying each addend individually by the number and then adding the products together. Summation in current-mode is accomplished by simply coupling plurality of addends (i.e., coupling the output of plurality of iDACs together), and feeding the said summation to another scalar iDAC's reference input. This will result in multiplying each addend individually by the scalar number and then adding the products together, which is fast since signals are processed in current-mode.
Second, utilizing the floating iDAC method disclosed in
Third, as noted earlier, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing iDACs that operate in current-mode is inherently fast.
Fourth, voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC with lower power supply voltage and retain the speed and dynamic rage benefits.
Fifth, operating at low supply voltage reduces power consumption of the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC. Additionally, the flexibility to run the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables a iDAC that are utilized in DiIo sMACiDAC to operate with ultra-low currents, even lower power supplies, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications, especially in AI and ML applications that may require numerous ultra-low power and low power supply iDACs for computation.
Sixth, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing iDAC for signal processing such as addition or subtraction operations, in current mode, take small area and can be performed fast.
Seventh, by substantially equalizing the terminal voltages at Io+ and Io− ports of plurality of iDACs as well as the Io+ and Io− ports of scalar iDACs utilized in the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC, improves the DiIo sMACiDAC's transient response and glitch is reduced during on-to-off DiIo sMACiDAC's digital input code transitions.
Eight, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC of
Ninth, the precision of the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Tenth, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC of
Eleventh, glitch is lower during code transitions in DiIo sMACiDAC because floating iDACs utilized in DiIo sMACiDAC can be made smaller given that their input-to-output transfer function network utilizes smaller devices that carry smaller capacitances, which inject fewer analog glitches to the output of the DiIo sMACiDAC during digital input code transitions.
Twelfth, dynamic power consumption is lower because the DiIo sMACiDAC utilizes floating iDAC that have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Thirteenths, the DiIo sMACiDAC that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Fourteenth, the DiIo sMACiDAC that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process-temperature-operation conditions variations. Accordingly, the DiIo sMACiDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Fifteenth, while digital computation is generally accurate but it may be excessively power hungry. Current-mode analog and mixed-signal computation that is disclosed here can be approximate but signal processing can be accomplished asynchronously and power consumption can be lower. Moreover, analog current errors here generally result in degradation but (not total failures) of analog computation, which provides the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results.
Sixteenth, the embodiment disclosed here is not restricted by FETs having to operate either in saturation (high-currents) or subthreshold (low currents). For example, some analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals.
Seventeenth, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
The disclosed embodiment of DiIo sMACiDAC in
To further describe the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC circuit embodiment of
Similarly,
By replicating and feeding substantially equal values of Az onto the reference inputs of a plurality (e.g., 3 channels) of floating iDACs, namely DACw14, DACx14, and DACy14, then:
Therefore,
Therefore, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC output current signal which is the summation of w, x, and y-iDAC's outputs is thus:
Therefore,
which can be mapped in the analog domain as Ao/AR=(Aw+Ax+Ay)×Az representing multiplying scalar z by the accumulation of w, x, and y.
Note that in
Here, a more detailed description of embodiment of the DiIo sMACiDAC's circuit illustrated in
A DACz14 receives a digital word Dz14, and generates an analog output current Az14, wherein VgsM17
As noted earlier, Az14 (which is the current outputs of the DACz14) is replicated and fed onto the reference input terminals of DACw14, DACx14, and DACy14. In the embodiment of
More specifically, in
A DACw14 receives a digital word Dw14 at its digital input port, receives a reference current signal that is a proportional replica of Az14 through a current mirror (M414, M114) and generates an analog output current signal Aw14×Az14. As noted earlier, floating DACw14's reference current is proportional to Az14 that (through M114) is binarily distributed between M714, M814, and M914, according to their respective width-over-length or W/L scales 1x, 2x, 4x. The DACw14's current switches S114, S214, and S314 steer the respective M714, M814, and M914 currents to either a diode connected M2614 (which is coupled with the DACw14's Io− port) or the DACw14's Io+ port (carrying a Aw14×Az14 current signal) in accordance with the polarity of the Dw14 bits.
A DACx13 receives a digital word Dx14 at its digital input port, receives a reference current signal that is a proportional replica of Az14 through a current mirror (M414, M214) and generates an analog output current signal Ax14×Az14. As noted earlier, floating DACx14's reference current is proportional to Az14 that (through M214) is binarily distributed between M1014, M1114, and M1214, according to their respective width-over-length or W/L scales 1x, 2x, 4x. The DACx14's current switches S414, S514, and S614 steer the respective M1014, M1114, and M1214 currents to either a diode connected M2614 (which is coupled with the DACx14's Io− port) or the DACx14's Io+ port (carrying a Ax14×Az14 current signal) in accordance with the polarity of the Dx14 bits.
A DACy13 receives a digital word Dy14 at its digital input port, receives a reference current signal that is a proportional replica of Az14 through a current mirror (M414, M314) and generates an analog output current signal Ay14×Az14. As noted earlier, floating DACy14's reference current is proportional to Az14 that (through M314) is binarily distributed between M1314, M1414, and M1514, according to their respective width-over-length or W/L scales 1x, 2x, 4x. The DACy14's current switches S714, S814, and S914 steer the respective M1314, M1414, and M1514 currents to either a diode connected M2614 (which is coupled with the DACy14's Io− port) or the DACy14's Io+ port (carrying a Ay14×Az14 current signal) in accordance with the polarity of the Dy14 bits.
As indicated earlier, DACz14's full scale output current is 7I14=7Ir′, and as such the DACw14, DACx14, and DACy14 full scale can be programmed to 7Ir′ with a=b=c=d=e=1. In this case, the summation of DACw14, DACx14, and DACy14 full-scale output current or summation of Aw14×Az14+Ax14×Az14+Ay14×Az14 would compute to 3×7Ir′=21Ir′. The output of sMACiDAC can be represented in the analog domain and proportional to 21Ir′=AR″: Ao/AR″=(Aw+Ax+Ay)×Az.
As stated earlier, M614 and I214 program the VgsM614 that biases the floating current sources of DACw14, DACx14, and DACy14 as well as provide sufficient drain-to-source voltages (VDS) head-room and substantially equalizes the VDS between M114 and M314 for better current matching and also to maintain their operation in the saturation regions. Also, to enhance the dynamic response DiIo sMACiDAC a constant current Ij14 is added to keep the diode connected M414 alive during DACw14's zero and full scale transitions, and accordingly a proportional current Ij′14 (e.g., 3×Ij14) is subtracted from the current output terminal of DiIo sMACiDAC.
In summary, the embodiment of the DiIo sMACiDAC circuit illustrated in
First, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing a current mode scalar iDACs whose output is copied and fed onto the reference input terminals of plurality of iDAC saves area and lowers cost, and improved performance with faster dynamic response, in part for its efficacy in performing summation in current-mode that can be accomplished by simply coupling plurality of current signals.
Second, utilizing the floating iDAC method disclosed in
Third, as noted earlier, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing iDACs that operate in current-mode is inherently fast.
Fourth, voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC of
Fifth, operating at low supply voltage reduces power consumption of the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC. Additionally, the flexibility to run the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables a iDAC that are utilized in DiIo sMACiDAC to operate with ultra-low currents, even lower power supplies, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications, especially in AI and ML applications that may require numerous ultra-low power and low power supply iDACs for computation.
Sixth, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing iDAC for signal processing such as addition or subtraction functions (in current mode) take small area and can be performed fast.
Seventh, by substantially equalizing the terminal voltages at Io+ and Io− ports of plurality of iDACs as well as the Io+ and Io− ports of scalar iDACs utilized in the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC, improves the DiIo sMACiDAC's transient response and glitch is reduced during on-and-off DiIo sMACiDAC's digital input code transitions.
Eight, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC of
Ninth, the precision of the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Tenth, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC of
Eleventh, glitch is lower during code transitions in DiIo sMACiDAC because floating iDACs utilized in DiIo sMACiDAC can be made smaller given that their input-to-output transfer function network utilizes smaller devices that carry smaller capacitances, which inject fewer analog glitches to the output of the DiIo sMACiDAC during digital input code transitions.
Twelfth, dynamic power consumption is lower because the DiIo sMACiDAC utilizes floating iDAC that have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Thirteenths, the DiIo sMACiDAC that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Fourteenth, the DiIo sMACiDAC that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process, temperature, and operating conditions variations. Accordingly, the DiIo sMACiDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Fifteenth, while digital computation is generally accurate but it may be excessively power hungry. Current-mode analog and mixed-signal computation that is disclosed here can be approximate but signal processing can be accomplished asynchronously and power consumption can be lower. Moreover, analog current errors here generally may result in degradation but (not total failures) of analog computation, which provides the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results.
Sixteenth, the embodiment disclosed here is not restricted by FETs having to operate either in saturation (high-currents) or subthreshold (low currents). For example, some analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors in the subthreshold regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to low current signals. Also, some other analog signal processing units rely on operating transistors with high currents in the saturation regions which restricts the dynamic range of analog signal processing circuits to higher current signals.
Seventeenth, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
Utilizing current-mode data-converters, the DiDo sMACiDAC embodiment disclosed in
where s is scalar current signal (e.g., s can be programmed by iDACz15), Wi is plurality of weight current signals with p as pluralities of channels (e.g., p=3 of W current signals can be programmed by iDACw15, iDACx15, and iDACy15, respectively), and b is bias current signal (e.g., b current signal can be programmed by DACb15). As indicated in prior sections, the illustration of
In
The Az15 current is inputted to a current-controlled-voltage-source CCVS15's current input port, whose gain is programmed to g15. The CCVS15's voltage output port is coupled with a plurality of voltage-controlled-current sources VCCSs15, which in the
An iDACw15 is supplied with the VCCS115's output current (a×Az15) at iDACw15's reference port wR15 port. The iDACw15 receives a w-bits wide digital input word Dw15, and accordingly iDACw15 generates an analog output current signal a×Az15×Aw15.
An iDACx15 is supplied with the VCCS215's output current (b×Az15) at iDACx15's reference port xR15 port. An iDACx15 receives a v-bits wide digital input word Dx15, and accordingly iDACx15 generates an analog output current signal b×Az15×Ax15.
An iDACy15 is supplied with the VCCS315's output current (c×Az15) at iDACy15's reference port yR15 port. An iDACy15 receives a y-bits wide digital input word Dy15, and accordingly iDACy15 generates an analog output current signal c×Az15×Ay15.
A bias iDACb15 is supplied with a reference current signal I215 at its bR15 port, receives a b-bits wide digital input word Db15, and accordingly iDACb15 generates an analog output current signal Ab15.
The current outputs of iDACw15, iDACx15, iDACy15, and iDACb15 are coupled together to generate a summation current signal of a×Az15×Aw15+b×Az15×Ax15+c×Az15×Ay15+Ab15=Az15×(a×Aw15+b×Ax15+c×Ay15)+Ab15. This summation current signal is concurrently fed onto a current input port of iADC15 which is a current-mode analog-to-digital-converter (iADC), which generates a o-bits wide digital output word Do15 which is the digital representation of the DiDo iMACiDAC output signal Az15×(a×Aw15+b×Ax15+c×Ay15)+Ab15.
In summary, the DiDo sMACiDAC embodiment illustrated in
First, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing plurality of current-mode iDACs whose certain outputs can be coupled together and biased (in current mode) saves area (lower cost) and improved performance (faster dynamic response), in part for its efficacy in performing summation in current-mode that can be accomplished by simply coupling plurality of current signals.
Second, standard iDACs or factorized or floating iDACs methods (described earlier in the disclosure) can be utilized, which saves area and reduces FETs sizes with lower capacitances in the iDAC's current reference network, which in turn lowers the cost, reduces the size, and improves the transient response of the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes such iDACs.
Third, as noted earlier, operating in current mode has the following benefits for the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC: (a) current mode is inherently fast, (b) voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating with lower power supply voltage and operating at low supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption, (c) current-mode signal processing such as addition or subtraction functions take small area and can be performed fast.
Fourth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC of
Fifth, the precision of the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Sixth, the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC of
Seventh, dynamic power consumption is lower because the DiDo sMACiDAC by utilizing floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs which have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Eight, the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Ninth, the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process, temperature, operating condition variations. Accordingly, the DiDo sMACiDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Tenth, while digital computation is generally accurate but it may be excessively power hungry. Current-mode analog and mixed-signal computation that is disclosed here can be approximate but signal processing can be accomplished asynchronously and power consumption can be lower. Moreover, analog current errors here generally may result in degradation but (not total failures) of analog computation, which provides the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results.
Eleventh, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
Utilizing current-mode data-converters, the DiDo sMACiDAC embodiment disclosed in
where s is scalar current signal (e.g., s can be programmed by iDACz16), W is plurality of weight current signals with p as pluralities of channels (e.g., p=3 of Wi current signals can be programmed by iDACw16, iDACx16, and iDACy16, respectively), and b is bias current signal (e.g., b current signal can be programmed by DACb16). As indicated in prior sections, the illustration of
In
The output current of VCCS16 is concurrently fed onto zR16 which is a reference input terminal of a scalar iDACz16. The iDACz16 receives a z-bits wide digital input word Dz16, and accordingly iDACz16 generates an analog output current signal that represents a×Az16×(Aw16+Ay16+Ax16).
Also concurrently, a bias iDACb16 is supplied with a reference current signal I416 at its bR16 port, receives a b-bits wide digital input word Db16, and accordingly iDACb16 generates an analog output current signal Ab16.
The output of iDACz16 and output of iDACb16 are coupled together to generate a final summation current signal representing a×Az16×(Aw16+Ay16+Ax16)+Ab16. This final summation current signal is concurrently fed onto a current input port of iADC16 which is a current-mode analog-to-digital-converter (iADC), which generates a o-bits wide digital output word Do16 which is the digital representation of the DiDo iMACiDAC output signal a×Az16×(Aw16+Ay16+Ax16)+Ab16.
Bear in mind that
In summary, the embodiment illustrated in
First, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing plurality of current-mode iDACs whose certain outputs can be coupled together and biased in current mode, which saves area and lowers cost, and improved performance with faster dynamic response, in part for its efficacy in performing summation in current-mode that can be accomplished by simply coupling plurality of current signals.
Second, standard iDACs or factorized or floating iDACs methods (described earlier in the disclosure) can be utilized, which saves area and reduces FETs sizes carrying lower capacitances in the iDAC's current reference network, which in turn lowers cost, reduces the size, and improves the transient response of the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes such iDACs.
Third, as noted earlier, operating in current mode has the following benefits for the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC: (a) current mode is inherently fast, (b) voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating with lower power supply voltage and operating at low supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption, (c) current-mode signal processing such as addition or subtraction functions take small area and can be performed fast.
Fourth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC of
Fifth, the precision of the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Sixth, the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC of
Seventh, dynamic power consumption is lower because the DiDo sMACiDAC by utilizing floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs which have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Eight, the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Ninth, the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process, temperature, and operating condition variations. Accordingly, the DiDo sMACiDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Tenth, while digital computation is generally accurate but it may be excessively power hungry. Current-mode analog and mixed-signal computation that is disclosed here can be approximate but signal processing can be accomplished asynchronously and power consumption can be lower. Moreover, analog current errors here generally may result in degradation but (not total failures) of analog computation, which provides the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results.
Thirteenth, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
The DiDo iMACiDAC embodiment disclosed in
In
A weight iDACx17 is supplied with a reference current signal I317 at its xR17 port. Also, iDACx17 receives a v-bits wide digital input word Dx17, and accordingly iDACx17 generates an analog output current signal Ax17. Concurrently, a data iDACt17 is supplied with Ax17 at its tR17 reference input port, while iDACt17 receives a t-bits wide digital input word Dt17, and accordingly iDACt17 generates an analog output current signal At17×Ax17, which represents the product of x ‘weight current signal’ multiplied by t ‘data current signal’.
A weight iDACy17 is supplied with a reference current signal I217 at its yR17 port. Also, iDACy17 receives a y-bits wide digital input word Dy17, and accordingly iDACy17 generates an analog output current signal Ay17. Concurrently, a data iDACu17 is supplied with Ay17 at its uR17 reference input port, while iDACu17 receives a u-bits wide digital input word Du17, and accordingly iDACu17 generates an analog output current signal Au17×Ay17, which represents the product of y ‘weight current signal’ multiplied by u ‘data current signal’.
A bias iDACb17 is supplied with a reference current signal I117 at its bR17 reference input port. Also, iDACb17 receives a b-bits wide digital input word Db7, and accordingly iDACb17 generates an analog output current signal Ab17.
The output of iDACb17, iDACs17, iDACt17, and iDACu17 are coupled together to generate a final summation current signal representing (Au17×Ay17+At17×Ax17+As17×Aw17)+Ab17.
This final summation current signal is concurrently fed onto a current input port of iADC17 which is a current-mode analog-to-digital-converter (iADC), which generates a o-bits wide digital output word Do17 which is the digital representation of the DiDo iMACiDAC output signal (Au17×Ay17+At17×Ax17+As17×Aw17)+Ab17.
In summary, the embodiment of DiDo sMACiDAC circuit illustrated in
First, the disclosed DiIo sMACiDAC utilizing plurality of current-mode iDACs whose certain outputs can be coupled together and biased in current mode, which saves area and lowers cost, and improved performance with faster dynamic response, in part for its efficacy in performing summation in current-mode that can be accomplished by simply coupling plurality of current signals.
Second, standard iDACs or factorized or floating iDACs methods (described earlier in the disclosure) can be utilized, which saves area and reduces FETs sizes carrying lower capacitances in the iDAC's current reference network, which in turn lowers cost, reduces the size, and improves the transient response of the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes such iDACs.
Third, as noted earlier, operating in current mode has the following benefits for the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC: (a) current mode is inherently fast, (b) voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating with lower power supply voltage and operating at low supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption, (c) current-mode signal processing such as addition or subtraction functions take small area and can be performed fast.
Fourth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC of
Fifth, the precision of the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Sixth, the disclosed DiDo sMACiDAC of
Seventh, dynamic power consumption is lower because the DiDo sMACiDAC by utilizing floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs could have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Eight, the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Ninth, the DiDo sMACiDAC that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process-temperature-operation conditions variations. Accordingly, the DiDo sMACiDAC's temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Tenth, while digital computation is generally accurate but it may be excessively power hungry. Current-mode analog and mixed-signal computation that is disclosed here can be approximate but signal processing can be accomplished asynchronously and power consumption can be lower. Moreover, analog current errors here generally may result in degradation but (not total failures) of analog computation, which provides the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results.
Eleventh, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
Consider that in the
In
An iDACy18 receives a reference current signal yR18, a y-bits wide digital input word Dy18, and generates an analog output current signal Ay18. Also, bear in mind that the Ay18 can be replicated, similarly as illustrated in
An iDACz18 receives a reference current signal zR18, a z-bits wide digital input word Dz18, and generates an analog output current signal Az18. Also, notice that the Az18 can be replicated, similarly as illustrated in
A bias iDACa18 receives a reference current signal aR18, a a-bits wide digital input word Da18, and generates an analog output current signal Aa18. A bias iDACb18 receives a reference current signal bR18, a b-bits wide digital input word Db18, and generates an analog output current signal Ab18. A bias iDACc18 receives a reference current signal cR18, a c-bits wide digital input word Dc18, and generates an analog output current signal Ac18.
The outputs of iDACm18, iDACp18, and iDACs18 are coupled together and coupled with output of bias iDACa18 which generates the summation analog current signal that is a multiply-accumulate analog current signal IaiMAC=[Aa18+(Ax18×Am18+Ay18×Ap18+Az18×As18)] which can be independently digitized through an iADC or can be fed onto an input of a current mux (iMux) as depicted by iMUX18.
Also, the outputs of iDACn18, iDACq18, and iDACt18 are coupled together and coupled with output of bias iDACb18 which generates the summation analog current signal that is another multiply-accumulate analog current signal IbiMAC=[Ab18+(Ax18×An18+Ay18×Aq18+Az18×At18)] which can be independently digitized through another input of a current mux (iMux) as depicted by iMUX18.
Moreover, the outputs of iDACn18, iDACq18, and iDACt18 are coupled together and coupled with output of bias iDACb18 which generates the summation analog current signal that is another multiply-accumulate analog current signal IciMAC [Ab18 (Ax18×An18+Ay18×Aq18+Az18×At18)] which can be independently digitized through an iADC or can be fed onto another input of a current mux (iMux) as depicted by iMUX18.
A current mux (such as
Notice that there is flexibility in programming the
In summary, the current-mode Artificial Neural Network (iANN) circuit in illustrated
First, in part, because summation is a key part of iANN that are arranged with iMAC circuits that utilize iDAC circuits, a simple coupling of iDAC current outputs generates a summation signal in a small area, asynchronously, and at high speeds (since current mode signal processing is inherently fast.
Second, standard iDACs or factorized or floating iDACs methods (described earlier in the disclosure) can be utilized here, which saves area and reduces FETs sizes carrying lower capacitances in the iDAC's current reference network, which in turn lowers cost, reduces the size, and improves the transient response of the iANN.
Third, as noted earlier, operating the iANN in current-mode reduces voltage swings, which enables operating with lower power supply voltage and operating at low supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption. Additionally, the flexibility to run the CMOSFETs in subthreshold enables the iDACs (and hence the iANN) to operate with ultra-low currents, even lower power supplies, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications.
Fourth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed iANN, and as such there is no need for resistors or capacitors, which reduces manufacturing size and cost.
Fifth, the precision of the disclosed iANN can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Sixth, the iANN can utilize lower resolution iDACs (e.g., 3-bits or 5-bits) to perform the multiplication function, which occupy smaller areas, but can still deliver higher accuracy (e.g., 8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4%) which is beneficial. For example, higher than 3 of 5 bits of accuracy for iDACs is attainable in standard CMOS fabrication factories due to (8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4%) matching that is achievable between the iDAC's binary weighted current sources or segmented current sources. As such, the disclosed iANN can utilize low resolution iDACs that occupy small areas but still achieve higher accuracy multiply-accumulate performance at lower cost.
Seventh, dynamic power consumption is lower because iANN can utilize floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs which have smaller sized FETs (in the input-to-output transfer function network) which would consume less dynamic current to drive smaller FET devices during digital input code transitions.
Eight, the iANN that utilizes floating iDAC can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Ninth, the iANN that utilizes same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches in the respective floating, factorized, or combination of floating and factorized iDACs, which are symmetric, matched, and scaled. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process-temperature-operation conditions variations. Accordingly, the iANN temperature coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced.
Tenth, while digital computation is generally accurate but it may be excessively power hungry. Methods of current-mode analog and mixed-signal computation that is disclosed here can be approximate but signal processing can be accomplished asynchronously and power consumption can be lower. Moreover, analog current errors here generally may result in degradation but (not total failures) of analog computation, which provides the end-application with approximate results to work with instead of experiencing failed results.
Eleventh, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
One of the objectives of this disclosure is to make multiple-channel (sea of) iDACs with medium-to-high (6-bits to 12-bits) resolution that is small size and low cost. Low cost and small size of sea of iDACs have broad applications, including in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications wherein 1000s of iDACs may be utilized as part of for example the multiply-accumulate (MAC) function.
Another objective of this disclosure is to make multiple-channel (sea of) current mode analog to digital converters (iADCs). Similarly, low cost and small size of sea of iADCs have broad base of applications including in ML & AI applications where a plurality of sums of the outputs of a plurality of current-mode MACs (iMACs) may need to be converted to digital signals. The first segments of this section describe iDACs.
For clarity of description,
Note that for example, in a conventional 6-bit binary iDACs with an LSB current weight of i, binary current source network comprising of current sources (26-1)i, (25-1)i, (24-1)i, (23-1)i, (22-1)i, and (21-1)i are generated by arranging plurality of paralleled current reference cells. Generally, each current cell is a non-minimum W/L=X carrying an LSB current weight (e.g., i). In a conventional iDAC, identical cells having a 1× (W/L size carrying an LSB current weight of i) are, for example, replicated in parallel 32×, 16×, 8×, 4×, 2×, and 1× times to generate the respective binary reference currents of 32i, 16i, 8i, 4i, 2i, and 1i. Utilizing identical current cells (which dominate the accuracy of an iDACs and that are arranged in parallel to generate the respective binary reference currents,) improves the matching between respective binary weighted reference currents, and optimizes the iDAC's accuracy.
As an example, in a conventional 6-bit iDAC the binary weighted currents would require 127 LSB current cells. A conventional 8-bit iDAC's binary weighted currents would require 255 LSB current cells. Thus, a 16-channel conventional 6-bit iDAC array would require about 127×16=2032 LSB current cells and an 8-bit iDAC array would require about 255×16=4080 LSB current cells. In order to attain medium to high accuracy targets for the iDACs, the LSB current cells need to be patterned with non-minimum (larger) size W and L, and as such the numerous LSB current cells which are combined in parallel, dominate the area of the iDACs. As such, conventional iDACs with medium to large resolution are generally prohibitively large and impractical for AI and ML applications that require (numerous channels) sea of iDACs.
Operating in current mode, an iDAC is generally fast. However, because of the numerous paralleled LSB current cells required in conventional medium to high resolution iDACs, the combined parasitic and stray capacitance associated with the array of paralleled LSB current cells would slow down the circuit. For example, in an 8-bit iDAC, the 8th bit or the MSB is comprised of 128× parallel LSB current cells and 7th bit is comprised of 64× parallel LSB current cells and so on. Besides occupying large die area, the large size of paralleled current cells can slow down the dynamic response of the conventional iDACs, cause glitch into the iDAC's analog output as well as the power supplier, and increase dynamic current consumption. Consequently, the overall dynamic performance of the iDACs and AI and ML end-system could be degraded.
The disclosed invention, utilizing a multiple-channel data-converter method, substantially reduces the number of the current cells (and thereby minimizes the area of the disclosed iDACs) which makes feasible utilizing sea of the disclosed iDACs with a low cost. Moreover, plurality of the disclosed iDACs with substantially fewer current cells, lowers the combined associated parasitic and stray capacitance associated with current reference cells, which improves the disclosed iDAC's dynamic response, lowers glitch, lowers digital injections into power supplies, and reduces the disclosed iDAC's dynamic power consumption.
A multiple-channel data-converter method disclosed here arranges a plurality of n-bit iDACs, wherein each of the iDACs is comprised of a voltage controlled current sources (VCCS) to generate each iDAC's binary weighted currents. With i representing an LSB current weight, the multiple-channel data-converter method utilizes a reference bias network (RBN19) that generates a sequence of individual binary weighted reference bias currents from (2n-1)i to (21-1)i that are inputted to a sequence of current controlled voltage sources (CCVS). In turn, the sequences of CCVSs generate a sequence of reference bias voltage buses that correspond to the sequence of binary weighted reference bias currents (2n-1)i to (21-1)i. The respective output ports of CCVSs, which are a sequence of reference bias voltage busses are coupled to the input of the sequence of the respective plurality of iDACs' VCCSs, that correspond to the respective binary weighted reference bias currents from (2n-1)i to (21-1)i.
By utilizing the multiple-channel data-converter method, the reference current network of an iADC or that of a plurality of iADCs can also be supplied with sequence of reference bias voltage buses that can bias the sequence of binary weighted reference bias currents (2n-1)i to (21-1)i of the iADC or the plurality of iADCs. As such, the multiple-channel data-converter method enables decoupling the weight of a current source from the scaling of the size current source node capacitances of the iADC's current reference networks. This trait, beside saving on die area, can substantially reduce node capacitance along the iADC's signal paths which can speed up the iADC (e.g., the larger the W/L size of a FET current source the larger its capacitance and the slower the node).
Consider that the multiple-channel data-converter method can also be arranged such that a RBN would generate a sequence of individual reference bias currents that are non-linear (e.g., square or logarithmic) where the sequence of individual reference bias currents can then bias the current reference networks (transfer function) for multiple-channels of non-linear iDACs, wherein as a result each of the non-liner iDAC's current reference network would follow a non-linear (e.g., square or logarithmic) digital input to analog current output transfer function.
For example, if a RBN is programmed to approximate a logarithmic transfer function, then a pair of iDACs (e.g., iDAClogX and iDAClogY) whose reference current networks are biased from the logarithmic RBN can each generate logarithmic outputs in response to their digital inputs (e.g., DX, and DY). Coupling the outputs of the pair of logarithmic iDACX and iDACY would generate a current output that is an analog representation of the product of DlogX and DlogY in the logarithmic domain (i.e., analog current representation of log[DX×DY]. This can be a cost-performance effective arrangement to perform, for example, 1000s of multiplications on one IC by utilizing plurality of pairs of logarithmic iDACs (whose digital input to analog output transfer functions are programmed logarithmically), wherein each logarithmic iDAC can have small reference current network that is biased from the same logarithmic RBN.
An alternative example could be to program a RBN that follows an approximate square function. As such a pair of square iDACs (e.g., iDAC(x+y)
As noted earlier, for clarity of description,
In
The iDACa19 receives a digital input word Da19 that is a=6 bits wide and generates a positive and a negative output currents Ia
The iDACb19 receives a digital input word Db19 that is b=6 bits wide and generates a positive and a negative output currents Ib
The iDACc19 receives a digital input word Dc19 that is c=6 bits wide and generates a positive and a negative output currents Ic
Finally, iDACd19 receives a digital input word Dd19 that is d=6 bits wide and generates a positive and a negative output currents Id
In the embodiment of
Moreover, dynamic response of the iDACs is improved here because the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method substantially reduces the number of MOSFETs that form the iDAC's binary weighted current source network. Fewer MOSFETs result in substantially less capacitance along the iDAC's signal paths, which in turn improves the dynamic response of the iDACs, including reducing glitch and lowering dynamic power consumption.
As indicated earlier, the MOSFETs that form a conventional iDAC's binary weighted current sources need to be sized with meaningfully larger W and L than minimum geometry for better matching and thereby attaining higher accuracy iDACs. Given their larger W/L sizes, a conventional iDAC's binary weighted current source network, dominate the area of such iDAC. Utilizing the multiple-channel data-converter method, accuracy is roughly comparable with that of a conventional iDAC by keeping the larger (non-minimum MOSFETs) W/L size of the iDAC's current source. However, multiple-channel data-converter method reduces the number of non-minimum MOSFET utilizes in the iDAC's current sources, providing meaningful die size reduction and cost savings.
Bear in mind that the multiple-channel data-converter method can be utilized for a portion of an iDAC's current source network (e.g., MSB bank) and conventional binary weighted iDAC can be utilized for the remainder portion (e.g., LSB bank) of iDAC's current source network. Also consider that the iDAC's current sources can utilize cascoded MOSFETs to attain higher output impedance, and the cascoded MOFETs can be biased with an independent bias bus, that feeds plurality of iDACs, similar in arrangement to those generated by RBN19 circuit. Also, notice that for example in applications requiring 8 or 16 or 32 channels iDACs, the area savings by utilize g the multiple-channel data-converter method significantly outweighs the additional area due to RBN19.
In summary, the current-mode multiple-channel data-converter method that is illustrated in the embodiment of
First, substantial area savings is achieved by utilizing the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method, especially in applications requiring sea of iDACa in a chip. The area savings is achieved in part because the requirement for individually weighted current sources (e.g., binary weighted or non-linearly weighted) is decoupled from requiring individually scaled current sources.
Second, the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method substantially reduces the number of MOSFETs that form the iDAC's binary weighted current source network. Fewer MOSFETs result in substantially less capacitance along the iDAC's signal paths, which in turn improves the dynamic response of the iDACs, including reducing glitch and lowering dynamic power consumption.
Third, despite area savings attainable by the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method, the accuracy of individual iDACs is not substantially deterred. All else substantially equal, the matching of MOSFETs that form a data-converter's reference current network dominate the accuracy of a current-mode data-converter. The scaled MOSFETs in both the (central) reference bias network (RBN) match the 1× scaled MOSFETs in each of the iDAC because they are all arranged with the same (non-minimum W/L size) cell layout and same orientation.
Fourth, as noted earlier, operating the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method in current-mode is inherently fast. Moreover, operating in current mode reduces voltage swings along the pertinent signal paths, which enables operating the iDACs with lower power supply voltages. Operating the data-converters at low power supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption.
Fifth, the flexibility to run the MOSFETs in subthreshold enables the iDACs to operate with ultra-low currents, even lower power supplies, and ultra-low power consumption suitable for mobile applications.
Sixth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed iDACs, and as such there is no need for resistors or capacitors, which reduces manufacturing size and cost.
Seventh, the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method can be arranged free of clock, suitable for asynchronous (clock free) computation.
Eighth, the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method utilize same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches which are symmetric and matched. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process-temperature-operation conditions variations. Accordingly, each of the data-coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced and matched between the plurality of data-converters.
Ninth and as stated earlier, the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method substantially reduces the number of MOSFETs that for example form the iDAC's binary weighted current source network, and as such the fewer MOSFETs can be placed closer to each other on a chip. Similarly, oriented and physically closer MOEFETs, that form the current reference of a data-converter, generally match better which in turn improves the accuracy of each of the data-converter and the matching between them in plurality of iDACs in one chip.
Tenth, besides iDACs, the multiple-channel data-converter method can be applied to iADCs as well. Generally and all else substantially equal, the larger the W/L size of a FET current source, the larger its capacitance and the slower the node, which capacitively loads an iADC's current reference networks and can substantially reduce the speed of the iADC. As noted earlier, the multiple-channel data-converter method enables decoupling the weight of a current source from the scaling of the sizes of FETs utilizing in forming the data-converter's reference current sources. By keeping each of the W/L sizes of the current source FETs the same at 1× and small for example (despite each of their binary weighted currents), the node capacitances of the iADC's reference current networks can be kept small which helps speeds up the dynamic response of the iADC. More importantly, in applications where plurality (sea of) iADCs are required, by keeping the size of the current reference network of each of the iADC small in the plurality of the iADCs, substantial die area savings can also be realized.
Eleventh, in an embodiment of the multiple-channel data-converter method wherein the central RBN is trimmed or calibrated for accuracy, the accuracy of each of the plurality of data-converters whose reference current network is biased from the same central RBN can be improved.
Twelfth, in an embodiment of the multiple-channel data-converter method wherein the central RBN is desensitized from power supply variations (e.g., by utilizing the second power supply desensitization method or the second PSR method disclosed in
Thirteenth, the benefits of the multiple-channel data-converter method can be attained in other higher-order systems including but not limited to multipliers, multiply-accumulate (MAC), and artificial-neural-network (ANN) that utilize the multiple-channel data-converter method.
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the embodiment of the XDiIo
As presented earlier, XDiIo
The XDiIo
As noted earlier, the XDiIo's dynamic performance is improved and silicon area is reduced by utilizing the multiple-channel data-converter method that is described in section 19 of this disclosure. A single bias reference network (RBN20) is shared by biasing a plurality XDiIo channels, wherein each XDiIo is comprising of iMULT (e.g., an iMULT20) and pair of iDACs (e.g., iDACx20 and iDACy20). Here, substantially equal 1× sized current sources in the iDAC's reference current network is biased separately by RBN20 wherein each iDAC's 1× sized current source carries its respective binary weighted current, which improves dynamic performance of the iDACs and save silicon area, especially in machine learning applications were 1000s (plurality) of iDACs can be needed to perform the multiply-accumulate (MAC) functions.
Note also that the sign-magnitude logic (LOGIC20) block can be shared between plurality XDiIo channels by inserting a plurality of latches (to store the x and y digital input words) between the LOGIC20 block outputs and the plurality of current switches of the respective plurality of iDACx20 and iDACy20 pairs, which also saves silicon area.
Moreover, additional area is save by utilizing only one RBN20 that is shared with a plurality of XDiIo
The multiplier power supply desensitization method substantially desensitizes a multiplier from power supply variations by arranging a first ratio relationship between the first input (IY) and the reference input (IR) to a multiplier wherein the IY and the IR both have a substantially equivalent first dependence error (edd) to power supply variations (ΔVDD) and wherein the edd cancel each other out due to the first ratio (IY/IR) relationship in a multiplier. Moreover, multiplier power supply desensitization method substantially desensitizes the multiplier from ΔVDD by arranging a second ratio (Io/IX) relationship between the output (Io) and the second input (IX) of the multiplier wherein the Io and the IX of the multiplier both have a substantially equivalent second dependence error (e′dd) to ΔVDD and wherein the e′dd cancel each other out due to the Io/IX relationship. Also, the IY/IR is substantially equalized to Io/IX in the multiplier, and the edd and the e′dd may be substantially equal or different from one another. This means that for example edd can be zero meaning IY and IR have no dependence to power supply variations, and where e′dd can be finite meaning Io and IX have dependence to power supply variations, and vice versa. Moreover, for example, edd and e′dd can be zero meaning that IY, IR, Io, and IX do not have dependence to power supply variations.
Another way of describing the multiplier power supply desensitization (XPSR) method is as follows: An analog multiplier input-output transfer function is Io=IX×IY/IR or Io/IX=IY/IR, where X is x-input current, IY is y-input current, IR is a reference input current representing the full scale of IX and IY, and Io is the multiplier's output current. The multiplier power supply desensitization method arranges a multiplier where Io and IX can have similar dependence (error) on power supply (VDD), and IY and IR can have with other similar dependence (error) on VDD. In other words, Io=io (1±edd), IX=ix (1±edd), IY=iy (1±e′dd), and IR=ir (1±e′dd), wherein ±edd is the scale error attributed to VDD variations for io and ix, and ±e′dd is the scale error attributed to VDD variations for iy and ir. As such, a scale error term (1±edd) attributed to VDD variations is canceled out in the ratio of Io/IX. Similarly, a scale error terms (1±e′dd) attributed to VDD variations are canceled out in the ratio of IY/IR. Also, note that ±ea can be the same as or different from ±e′dd.
First, the XPSR method to help substantially desensitize a XDiIo from the dependence error of IY/IR on power supply variations is described. Let's arrange the iDACy20's current switches (comprising of N4y′20 through N1y′20 and N4y″20 through N1y″20) with low on resistance. Also, let's arrange V1y20=VDD−VgsPMOS (e.g., placing a diode connected FET between VDD and V120, which can help lower iDAC's glitch and improves settling time). One of the current outputs (Iy20) of iDACy20 that is coupled with the y-input port of iMULT20 has a bias voltage of VDD minus a PMOS's gate-to-source voltage (Vgs of PyM20). Thus, the drain-to-source voltage (VDs) of FETs in the current reference network of iDACy20 (comprising of N4y20 through N1y20) is VDD−Vgs. Be mindful that early voltage (VA) in FETs can cause IDS dependence (error) on power supply variations, wherein such IDS dependence (error) can be reduced by cascading FETs at the expense of increasing silicon area. Accordingly, the iMULT20's current input Iy20 is arranged in this disclosure to have a dependence error as a function of VDD variations. Similarly, the reference current input (Ir20) of iMULT20 that is supplied by an NMOS (i.e., NrM20) has a VDS that is also VDD minus Vgs of PrM20. As such, the current input that is Ir20 of iMULT20 is arranged to have a substantially similar dependence error as a function of VDD variations to that of Iy20. Hence, the IY and IR have the same depended error on VDD variations that is substantially rejected, without the need for cascode FETs (which saves silicon area) in light of iMULT20 ratio relationship between them that is IY/IR.
Next, the XPSR method to help substantially desensitize a XDiIo from the dependence error of Io/IX on power supply variations is described. Similar to the y-channel, let's arrange the iDACx20's current switches (comprising of N4x′20 through N1x′20 and N4x″20 through N1x″20) with low on resistance. Similarly, let's arrange V1x20=VSS+VgsNMOS (which can help lower iDAC's glitch and improves settling time). One of the current outputs (Ix20) of iDACx20 that is coupled with the x-input port of iMULT20 has a bias voltage of VSS plus a NMOS's gate-to-source voltage (Vgs of N×M20). Thus, the drain-to-source voltage (VDS) of FETs in the current reference network of iDACx20 (comprising of N4x20 through N1x20) is VSS+Vgs. As such, the iMULT20's current input that is Ix20 is arranged in this disclosure to have a dependence error as a function of VSS variations. By biasing Vxy20=VSS+VgsNMOS, then depending on sign (or MSB) of the x or y digital input word, the bias voltage of the current input (Io20) of iMULT20 would be subject to either Vgs of NoM20 or that of NoM′20, which are both NMOS. Thus, the iMULT20's current output that is Io20 is arranged in this disclosure to have the same dependence error as a function of VSS variations to that of Ix20. Hence, the Io and IX have the same depended error (on VSS variations) that is substantially rejected in light of iMULT20 ratio relationship between them that is Io/IX.
Bear in mind that for machine learning applications where plurality (or sea) of XDiIo channels are required, the reference bias network (RBN) and LOGIC sections can be shared amongst plurality (or sea) of XDiIo channels. The iDAC's current reference network can provide binary weighted currents without requiring the current sources to be sized in binary weighted arrangement which saves significant area in each iDAC utilized in XDiIo. Further area savings are realized by eliminating the cascoded FETs from the current (mirror) reference network of each iDAC utilized in XDiIo, while utilizing the PSR method substantially desensitizes the XDiIo from power supply variations.
Each XDiIo is substantially desensitized from power supply variations by utilizing the multiplier power supply desensitization method which is indicated by SPICE circuit simulations of
In summary, some of the benefits of the embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the disclosed embodiment benefits from savings in silicon die area, lower glitch, and faster speed when plurality of XDiIo are required (e.g., in machine learning applications where 1000s of XDiIo may be needed) by utilizing the multiple iDAC method that is disclosed in section 19.
Third, the disclosed embodiment benefits from further saving in silicon die area as well as desensitization to power supply variations for each XDiIo by utilizing the multiplier power supply desensitization method, which also facilitates the elimination of the cascoded FETs in iDACs current reference network.
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the embodiment of the XDiIo
As asserted earlier, XDiIo
The XDiIo
Note that Ix21 as output of iDACx21 is coupled with x-input of iMULT21 that is biased at about VDD−VGSp where VGSp is that of PxoM21. Similarly, Iy21 as output of iDACy21 is coupled with y-input of iMULT21 that is also biased at about VDD−VGSp where VGSp is that of PyM21. Also, Ir21 provided by NrM21 is coupled with reference current input of iMULT21 that is also biased at about VDD−VGSp where VGSp is that of PrM21.
As stated earlier, the XDiIo's dynamic performance is improved and silicon area is reduced by utilizing the multiple-channel data-converter method that is described in section 19 of this disclosure. A single bias reference network (RBN21) is shared by biasing a plurality XDiIo channels, wherein each XDiIo is comprising of iMULT (e.g., an iMULT21) and pair of iDACs (e.g., iDACx21 and iDACy21). Here, substantially equal 1× sized current sources in the iDAC's reference current network is biased separately by RBN21 wherein each iDAC's 1× sized current source carries its respective binary weighted current.
Due to FET's early voltage (VA), the IDS of a current source made of one FET increases with increasing its VDS. As such IDS of a current source FET is sensitive to VDD variation, unless the current source is cascoded (to increase the FET's output impedance) which takes double the area for a given current source. The multiple-channel data-converter method of section 19 is combined with the XPSR method that was described in section 20, in order to (1) avoid the cascoded FETs, (2) substantially desensitize the multiplier from power supply variations, (3) reduce the size of iDAC's binary weighted current reference network. Such combination of methods is utilized in the embodiment of a RBN21 & PSR21 circuit, wherein the RBN21 & PSR21 circuit is shared with a plurality of XDiIo
Notice that the PSR circuit is comprised of identical sections that are repeated for each sequence of reference bias currents of RBN, and that each multiplier XDiIo
For example, the PSR21 section of the MSB current of RBN21 is comprising of P4c21, P4c′21, P4c″21, N4c21, and N4c′21. The MSB current of the RBN21 circuit, which is set by the IDS of N4r21, is mirrored through P4c21 and the diode connected P4c′21 where P4c″21 regulates the current in N4c′21 and its diode connected N4c21 mirror while keeping the VGS of P4c21 and P4c′21 substantially equalized. The VDS of N4c′21 is VDD−VGSp with VGSp being that of P4c′21. The PSR21 section's regulation of the MSB current of RBN21 kicks in when, for example, VDD falls then IDS of P4c″21 increases which raises the operating current in N4c21, N4c′21, P4c′21, and P4c21 until the IDS of P4c21 is substantially equalized with IDS of N4r′21, which is independent of VDD variations (since IDS of N4r′21 mirrors a multiple of the fixed reference current Ir′21).
In other words, when VDD varies, the IDS of N4c′21 and P4c′21 is regulated and independent of VDD variations, despite N4c′21's VDS=VDD−VGSp. The V4r21 that is the VGS of N4c21 and N4c′21 programs the bus voltage that is coupled with the gate terminals of N4y21 and N4x21 which are the MSB current sources of the current reference network of iDACx21 and iDACy21. Considering that the bias voltage at the drain terminals of N4y21 and N4x21 are coupled with the inputs of iMULT21 which are about VDD−VGSp, the IDS of the N4y21 and N4x21 is also independent of VDD variations because they mirror N4c21 and N4c′21.
Be mindful that the drain terminals of N4x21 and N4y21 (when selected in iDACs) are coupled with the x and y analog input current ports of iMULT21, respectively, whose bias voltages are arranged as VGSp of PxoM21 and PyM21. In summary, the MSB current sources of iDAC's current reference networks are arranged to be independent of VDD variations, without cascoded FETs in iDAC's current reference network, and with the iDAC's binary weighted current reference network that is not sized in a binary weighted manner, combination of which saves substantial silicon area (especially in machine learning applications where 1000s of iDACs may be required).
Note that the same description as above is applicable to N2r21, N2r′21 and N1r21, N1r′21 that in conjunction with the regulating mechanism of their respective PSR21 sections, generate the V2r21 and V1r21 bus voltages.
Thus, V2r21 that is the VGS of N2c21 and N2c′21 is the bus voltage that is coupled with the gate terminals of N2y21 and N2x21 which can be referred to as the second bit current sources of current reference network of iDACx21 and iDACy21. The IDS of N2y21 and N2x21 is also independent of VDD variations, without cascoded FETs, as explained above.
Similarly, V1r21 that is the VGS of N1c21 and N1c′21 is the bus voltage that is coupled with the gate terminals of N1y21 and N1x21 which are the LSB current sources of current reference network of iDACx21 and iDACy21. Accordingly, IDS of N1y21 and N1x21 is independent of VDD variations, without cascoded FETs. As indicated earlier, V4r21, V2r21, and V1r21 are bus voltages in the reference bias network (RBN) that set the sequence of reference bias currents for plurality of iDACs (e.g., there can be 1000s if iDACs sharing the sequence bus voltages generated by the same RBN).
In summary, the sequence of reference bias currents generated in the RBN circuit are substantially desensitized from VDD variations by the PSR circuit before they are mirrored onto the iDAC's current reference networks. As such, iDAC's output currents are arranged to be independent of VDD variations, without cascoded FETs in iDAC's current reference network which save silicon area.
As presented in section 20, the iMULT21's input output transfer function follows the Iy21/Ir21=Io21/Ix21 relationship. The Iy21/Ir21 is substantially desensitized to VDD variations, since iDACy21 current output that is Iy21 and Ir21 are substantially desensitized to VDD variations without cascoded FETs, as explained earlier.
The iDACx21 current output is also substantially desensitized to VDD variations without cascoded FETs. The PoM21 is cascoded with PoM′21 to increase the output impedance of output port of iMULT21 and substantially desensitized Io21 to VDD variations. Also, PxM21 is cascoded with PxM′21 to help match the VDS of PxM21 and PoM21, which helps with Io2/Ix21 insensitivity to VDD variations.
Each XDiIo is substantially desensitized from power supply variations by utilizing another embodiment of the multiplier power supply desensitization method that is indicated by SPICE circuit simulations of
In summary some of the benefits of the embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the disclosed embodiment benefits from savings in silicon die area, lower glitch, and faster speed when plurality of XDiIo are required (e.g., in machine learning applications where 1000s of XDiIo may be needed) by utilizing the multiple iDAC method that is disclosed in section 19.
Third, the disclosed embodiment benefits from further saving in silicon die area as well as desensitization to power supply variations for each XDiIo by utilizing another embodiment of the multiplier power supply desensitization method, which also facilitates the elimination of the cascoded FETs in iDACs current reference network.
Keeping in mind that 8-bit of resolution computes to about ±0.4% of accuracy,
Keeping in mind that 8-bit of resolution computes to about ±0.4% of accuracy,
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the XDiIo
A current reference (Ir′23) is inputted and mirrored onto iDACx23's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P4x23 (scaled at 4×), P2x23 (scaled at 2×), and P1x23 (scaled at 1×). The iDACx23's digital inputs (Dx23 digital word) are D3x23 (as MSB) through D1x23 (as LSB), which control iDACx23's analog current switches P4x′23 through P1x′23 and P4x″23 through P1x″23.
The selected sums of iDACx23's analog current switch outputs are steered through node n23 onto the reference input of iDACy23.
The iDACy23's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P4y23 (scaled at 4×), P2y23 (scaled at 2×), and P1y23 (scaled at 1×) have their source terminals coupled together and floating on node n23. Moreover, note that the gate terminal of P4y23, P2y23, and P1y23 are coupled together with Pr′23's cascode bias voltage Vy′23, which provides enough headroom for the iDACx23's binary weighed current reference network and improves its output impedance. Similarly, the iDACy23's digital inputs (Dy23 digital word) are D3y23 (as MSB) through D1y23 (as LSB) control iDACy23's analog current switches P4y′23 through P1y′23 and P4y″23 through P1y″23. The selected sums of iDACy23's analog current switch outputs are steered through the XDiI023's current-output node IO23 that generates the analog current product Ax23×Ay23/Ar23, wherein Ax23 is the analog current representation of the digital word Dx23, Ay23 is the analog current representation of the digital word Dy23, and Ar23 is a multiple of Ir′23.
The disclosed XDiIo
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the XDiI024's resolution is arranged as a 3-bit (x-channel for iDACx24) by 3-bit (y-channel for iDACy24) but the resolution can be higher (e.g., 16-bits).
A current reference (Ir′24) is inputted and mirrored onto iDACx24's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P4x24 (scaled at 4×), P2x24 (scaled at 2×), and P1x24 (scaled at 1×). The iDACx24's digital inputs (Dx24 digital word) are D3x24 (as MSB) through D1x24 (as LSB), which control iDACx24's analog current switches P4x′24 through P1x′24 and P4x″24 through P1x″24.
Note that the embodiment of
The selected sums of iDACx24's analog current switch outputs are steered through the floating node n24 and onto the reference input of iDACy24.
The iDACy24's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P4y24 (scaled at 4×), P2y24 (scaled at 2×), and P1y24 (scaled at 1×) have their source terminals coupled together and floating on node n24. Moreover, be mindful that the gate terminal of P4y24, P2y24, and P1y24 are coupled together with Pr′24's cascode bias voltage Vy′24, which provides enough headroom for the iDACx24's binary weighed current reference network and improves its output impedance. Similarly, the iDACy24's digital inputs (Dy24 digital word) are D3y24 (as MSB) through D1y24 (as LSB) control iDACy24's analog current switches P4y′24 through P1y′24 and P4y″24 through P1y″24. The selected sums of iDACy24's analog current switch outputs are steered through the XDiIo
The disclosed XDiIo
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the XDiIo
A current reference (Ir′25) is inputted and mirrored onto iDACx25's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P4x25 (scaled at 4×), P2x25 (scaled at 2×), and P1x25 (scaled at 1×). The iDACx25's digital inputs (Dx25 digital word) are D3x25 (as MSB) through D1x25 (as LSB), which control iDACx25's analog current switches P4x′25 through P1x′25 and P4x″25 through P1x″25.
Be mindful that generally cascoded FETs are utilized in an iDAC's current reference network to increase its output impedance and substantially desensitize an iDAC's output current from power supply variations.
Here, the selected sums of iDACx25's analog current switch outputs are steered through node n25 onto a power supply desensitization circuit (PSR25). One of the objectives of PSR25 is to substantially desensitize the output current of XDiIo
In the disclosed embodiment of
The iDACy25's binary weighed current reference network comprising of N4y25 (scaled at 4×), N2y25 (scaled at 2×), and N1y25 (scaled at 1×) are scaled and mirrored to IDS of Nq′25, and Nq25. Here also, the iDACy25's digital inputs (Dy25 digital word) are D3y25 (as MSB) through D1y25 (as LSB) control iDACy25's analog current switches N4y′25 through N1y′25 and N4y″25 through N1y″25. The selected sums of iDACy25's analog current switch outputs are steered through the XDiIo
The disclosed XDiIo
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the XDiIo
A current reference (Ir′26) is inputted and mirrored onto iDACx26's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P4x26 (scaled at 4×), P2x26 (scaled at 2×), and P1x26 (scaled at 1×). The iDACx26's digital inputs (Dx26 digital word) are D3x26 (as MSB) through D1x26 (as LSB), which control iDACx26's analog current switches P4x′26 through P1x′26 and P4x″26 through P1x″26.
The selected sums of iDACx26's analog current switch outputs are steered through node n26 onto a power supply desensitization circuit (PSR26). Similar to the disclosure in section 25, one of the objectives of PSR26 is to substantially desensitize the output current of DDiIo
Consider that cascoded FETs may be needed in an iDAC's current reference network to increase its output impedance and substantially desensitize an iDAC's output current from power supply variations. Here, the PSR26 receives the iDACx26 output current at node n26 whose DC voltage is biased at VDD−VGSp wherein VGSp is that of Pq26. The Ir′26 (that is independent of VDD by design) is biased at VDD−VGSPr
Moreover, keep in mind that without the PSR26 and without the cascoded FETs, the iDACy26's output current would also vary with VDD since the drain-to-source voltage (VDS) of iDACy26's binary weighted current reference network (N4y26, N2y26, and N1y26) is subject to VDD variations and the DC bias voltage of IO26 port (e.g., VIO
The iDACy26's binary weighed current reference network comprising of N4y26 (scaled at 4×), N2y26 (scaled at 2×), and N1y26 (scaled at 1×) are scaled and mirrored to IDS of Nq″26, Nq26. Here also, the iDACy26's digital inputs (Dy26 digital word) are D3y26 (as MSB) through D1y26 (as LSB) control iDACy26's analog current switches N4y′26 through N1y′26 and N4y″26 through N1y″26. The selected sums of iDACy26's analog current switch outputs are steered through the XDiIo
The disclosed XDiIo26 benefits from current mode operations, which has been discussed in this disclosure. Another benefit of XDiIo
For descriptive clarity and illustrative simplicity, the XDiI027's resolution is arranged as a 3-bit (x-channel for iDACx27) by 3-bit (y-channel for iDACy27), but the resolution can be higher (e.g., 16-bits).
A current reference (Ir′27) is inputted and mirrored onto iDACx27's binary weighed current reference network comprising of P427 (scaled at 4×), P227 (scaled at 2×), and P127 (scaled at x). The iDACx27's digital inputs (Dx27 digital word) are D3x27 (as MSB) through D1x27 (as LSB), which control iDACx27's analog current switches P4′27 through P1′27 and P4″27 through P1″27. For example, when D3x27 is in a low state, current switch P4″27 turns on and all of P427's current flows through P4″27 into Vx27 (which can be coupled with VSS). Conversely, when D3x27 is in a high state, current switch P4″27 turns off and all of P427's current flows through P4′27 into node n27 (which is the current output port of iDACx27). Note also that gate terminals of FETs comprising of P4′27 through P1′27 are coupled to a fixed bias voltage (Vx′27), and as such, these FETs can serve as analog current switch as well as cascoded FETs that increase the output impedance of iDACx27's current reference network. The output current of iDACx27 is fed onto Ny27 to function in a current mirror supplying the current reference input of iDACy27.
The iDACy27's binary weighed current reference network comprising of N427 (scaled at 4×), N227 (scaled at 2×), and N127 (scaled at 1×) are scaled and mirrored to IDS of Ny27. Here also, the iDACy27's digital inputs (Dy27 digital word) are D3y27 (as MSB) through D1y27 (as LSB) that control iDACy27's analog current switches N4′27 through N1′27 and N4″27 through N1″27. Similar to the arrangement in iDACx27, here for example, when D3y27 is in a high state, current switch N4′27 turns on and all of N427's current flows through N4′27 into Io27 port. Conversely, when D3y27 is in a low state, current switch N4′27 turns off and all of N427's current flows through N4″27 and onto Vy27 (which can be coupled with VDD). Note also that gate terminals of FETs comprising of N4″27 through N1″27 are coupled to a fixed bias voltage (Vy″27), and as such, these FETs serve as analog current switch as well as cascode that increase the output impedance of iDACy27's current reference network. The selected sums of iDACy27's analog current switch outputs are steered through the XDiIo
The disclosed XDiIo
As noted, the XDiIo circuit (whose simulation is provided in
As noted, the XDiIo circuit whose simulation is provided in
The overall description of XDiIo provided in section 21 (illustrated in
The embodiment of RBN30 & PSR30 utilizes another combination of the multiple-channel data-converter method disclosed in section 19 and the XPSR method disclosed in section 20. In the embodiment of RBN30 & PSR30 illustrated in
Bear in mind that FET early voltage (VA) causes the FET's IDS to vary with varying the FET's VDS. The VDS of the N4y30 is about a VGS of PyoM30 below VDD, assuming low on resistance (low voltage drop) across iDACx30 current reference network current switches (N4y′30 and N4y″30) which causes the IDS of the N4y30 to vary. The gate port of N4y30 is coupled with a diode connected N4r30 (whose VDS and VGS are substantially equal). The IDS of the N4r30 would vary with changes in VDD since the VDS of P4r30 is about VDD minus VGS of N4r30. The disclosed power supply desensitization circuit (PSR30) emulates a similar signal path from the gate port of P4r30 to gate port of PyoM30 (which is the output of iDACx30 and the input of iMULT30). This is done for the current input of iMULT30 to be insensitive to power supply variations, while all iMULT30, iDACx30, iDACy30, and RBN30 current sources are without cascodes, which saves substantial silicon area.
This is how the PSR30 circuit emulates a similar signal path from the gate port of P4r30 to gate port of PyoM30: The fixed current reference Ir′30 is mirrored between Pc′30 and Pc″30 whose VDS is VGS of a PMOS and tracks each other with changes in VDD. The IDS of diode connected Pc″30 changes with VDD variations in light of VDS of the Nc′30 being VDD minus VGS of Pc″30. The Nc′30 and diode connected Nc30 are mirrors, wherein VDS of Pc30 is VDD minus the VGS of Nc30 which causes the IDS of Nc30 to change with VDD. Now, PcR30 substantially equalizes Ir′30 with the IDS of Pc′30 by regulating the current in Nc″30 that is mirrored onto Nr′30 which regulates the gate voltage (and thus the IDs) of Pr′30 and Pc30 as well as the gate voltage (and thus the IDs) of P4r30, P2r30, and P1r30. Also, consider that IDS of P4r30, P2r30, and P1r30 (establishes the bus voltages V4r30, V2r30, and V1r30) generate the sequence of reference bias currents from the reference bias network (RBN30).
In summary some of the benefits of the embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the disclosed embodiment benefits from savings in silicon die area, lower glitch, and faster speed when plurality of XDiIo are required (e.g., in machine learning applications where 1000s of XDiIo may be needed) by utilizing the multiple iDAC method that is disclosed in section 19.
Third, the disclosed embodiment benefits from further saving in silicon die area as well as desensitization to power supply variations for each XDiIo by combining the multiple iDAC method with another embodiment of the multiplier power supply desensitization method, which also facilitates the elimination of the cascoded FETs in iDACs current reference network as well as the PSR circuit.
As noted, the XDiIo circuit whose simulation is provided in
The mDiSo method of
In summary, the binary weighted version of the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication method utilizes a multi-branch binary-weighted current reference network, wherein each of the first binary weighted reference current branches (y-branch) supply the current reference inputs of the sets of second binary weighted reference current branches (set of x-branches). Accordingly, the digital X word or Dx32 and the digital Y word or Dy32 control the respective sets of analog switches that steer (or transmit) the combined respective x-branch analog signals to an output port (e.g., Sxy32). Keep in mind that, the X and Y word bits and their respective X and Y DAC channels here are interchangeable give the commutative property of multiplication. Also keep in mind that it would be obvious for one skilled in the art to utilize the mDiSo method to arrange a meshed digital-to-analog squarer by multiplying a signal to itself.
Benefits of utilizing the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication method is discussed in the embodiments of the said method, next.
The mDiSo method of
A clarification point regarding the
The D1y32, bit steers the three reference sources 0.5×Sr32′, Sr32′, and 2Sr32, onto the three switches of DACx132, which are controlled by D1x32′, D2x32′, and D3x32′, respectively. The D2y32, bit steers the three reference sources Sr32′, 2Sr32′, and 4Sr32, onto the three switches of DACx232, which are controlled by D1x32′, D2x32′, and D3x32′, respectively. And, the D3y32, bit steers the three reference sources 2Sr32′, 4Sr32′, and 8Sr32, onto the three switches of DACx332, which are controlled by D1x32′, D2x32′, and D3x32′, respectively.
The outputs of x-channel sub-DACs (e.g., DACx132′, DACx232′, and DACx332′) are combined to generate the final analog multiplicand representation (Sxy32′) of the digital X.Y multiplications. Here, the analog output or So of DACx132′, DACx232′, and DACx332, are added together to generate Sxy32′. Note that for a binary (linear) multiplier, the (three) banks of scaled reference network is also binarily weighted, but the reference network can be scaled in other fashions (e.g., thermometer or non-linear).
Also keep in mind that it would be obvious for one skilled in the art to utilize the mDiSo method to arrange a meshed digital-to-analog squarer by multiplying a signal to itself.
In summary, the binary weighted version of the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication method utilizes banks of multi-branch binary-weighted current reference network, wherein each of the Y-banks of the binary weighted reference current branches (y-branch) supply the current reference inputs of the sets of X-banks of the binary weighted reference current branches (set of x-branches). Accordingly, the digital X word or Dx32, and the digital Y word or Dy32′ control the respective sets of analog switches that steer (or transmit) the combined respective x-branch analog signals to an output port (e.g., Sxy32′). Keep in mind that, the X and Y word bits and their respective X and Y DAC channels here are interchangeable given the commutative property of multiplication. Benefits of utilizing the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication method is discussed in the embodiments of the said method, next.
The XDiIo multiplier of
The XDiIo multiplier here is also inputted with a reference current signal (Ir) that is scaled onto a scaled reference network, comprising of 3 banks namely: First scaled reference current bank I1r33=1×Ir, I2r33=2×Ir, and I4r33=4×Ir. Second scaled reference current bank I2r′33=2×Ir, I4r′33=4×Ir, and I8r′33=8×Ir. Third scaled reference current bank I4r″33=4×Ir, I8r″33=8×Ir, and I16r″33=16×Ir.
A first y-channel sub-iDAC receives the first scaled reference bank (i.e., I1r33, I2r33, and I4r33) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N1y33, N1y′33, and N1y″33 whose gate-nodes are controlled by D1y33 bit. Accordingly, I1r33, I2r33, and I4r33 currents are respectively steered through, N1y33, N1y′33, and N1y″33 which are gated by the D1y33 bit, to provide the first x-channel sub-iDAC's reference input currents (in accordance with Dy33 word). Consequently, the said first x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1x33, N2x33, and N3x33 that are controlled by the first x-channel DAC's digital inputs D1x33, D2x33, and D3x33. The drain-node currents of N1x33, N2x33, and N3x33 are summed together and coupled to Ixy33, which is the analog current output port of XDiIo multiplier.
Similarly, a second y-channel sub-iDAC receives the second scaled reference bank (i.e., I2r′33, I4r′33, and I8r′33) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N2y33, N2y′33, and N2y″33 whose gate-nodes are controlled by D2y33 bit. Accordingly, I2r′33, I4r′33, and I8r′33 currents are respectively steered through N2y33, N2y′33, and N2y″33 which are gated by the D2y33 bit, to provide the second x-channel sub-iDAC's reference input currents (in accordance with Dy33 word). Consequently, the said second x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1x′33, N2x′33, and N3x′33 that are controlled by the second x-channel sub-DAC's same digital inputs D1x33, D2x33, and D3x33. The drain-node currents of N1x′33, N2x′33, and N3x′33 are summed together and also coupled to Ixy33.
Also, a third y-channel sub-iDAC receives the second scaled reference bank (i.e., I4r″33, I8r″33, and I16r″33) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N3y33, N3y′33, and N3y″33 whose gate-nodes are controlled by D3y33 bit. Accordingly, 4r″33, I8r″33, and I16r″33 currents are respectively steered through, N3y33, N3y′33, and N3y″33 which are gated by the D3y33 bit, to provide the third x-channel sub-iDAC's reference input currents (in accordance with Dy33 word). Consequently, the said third x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1x″33, N2x″33, and N3x″33 that are controlled by the third x-channel sub-DAC's same digital inputs D1x33, D2x33, and D3x33. The drain-node currents of N1x′33, N2x′33, and N3x′33 are summed together and also coupled to Ixy33.
As noted above, the outputs of the first and second and third x-channel iDACs are summed at Ixy33 to generate the analog multiplicand representation of X.Y digital multiplications. Note that for a binary (linear) multiplier, the scaled reference network (bank) is also binarily weighted, but the reference network can be scaled in other fashions (e.g., thermometer or non-linear).
Also keep in mind that it would be obvious for one skilled in the art to utilize the XDiIo multiplier to arrange a meshed digital-to-analog squarer by multiplying a signal to itself.
In summary some of the benefits of the embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the dynamic response of XDiIo multiplier is fast also in part because the scaled reference network banks are constant current sources whose current are steered by single MOFET switches which are inherently fast.
Third, current mirror loop associated with conventional multiplying iDACs (where a first iDAC's output signal supplies the reference signal to a second iDAC, generally through a current mirror) is avoided which helps the speed.
Fourth, the minimum power supply can be very low since it is only limited by the drain-to-source voltage of current sources of the scaled reference network.
The XDiIo multiplier of
The XDiIo multiplier here is also inputted with a reference current signal (ir=Ir34) that is mirrored and scaled (via Ny34) onto a scaled reference network, comprising of 3 current sources: First scaled reference currents wherein the current through N1y34=1×ir that is split according to a programmed weight scale between N1x34 (e.g., scaled at 1×), N2x34 (e.g., scaled at 2×), and N3x34 (e.g., scaled at 4×). Second scaled reference currents wherein the current through N2y34=2×ir that is split according to a programmed weight scale between N1x′34 (e.g., scaled at 1×), N2x′34 (e.g., scaled at 2x), and N3x′34 (e.g., scaled at 4×). Third scaled reference currents wherein the current through N3y34=4×ir that is split according to a programmed weight scale between N1x″34 (e.g., scaled at 1×), N2x″34 (e.g., scaled at 2x), and N3x″34 (e.g., scaled at 4×).
A first y-channel sub-iDAC receives the first scaled reference currents (i.e., ID of N1x34, N2x34, and N3x34) at its FET switch inputs (i.e., at source-nodes of coupled pairs M1y34-M′1y34, M1y34-M′1y34, and M1y34-M′1y34) whose gate-nodes are controlled by the y134 bit. Accordingly, the first y-channel sub-iDAC scaled reference currents, gated by the y134 bit, are outputted through the FETs switches (i.e., as ID of M1y34, M1y′34, and M1y″34), which provide the first x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents. Consequently, the said first x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through its FET current switches (i.e., at source-nodes of coupled pairs M1x34-M′1x34, M2x34-M′2x34, and M3x34-M′3x34) that are controlled by the first x-channel sub-DAC's digital inputs x134, x234, and x334. The drain-node currents of M1x34, M2x34, and M3x34 are summed together and coupled to Ixy34, which is the analog current output port of XDiIo multiplier. Also, notice that drain-nodes of M′1y34, M′1y′34, and M′1y″34 are coupled together and terminated at a voltage source (V134). Similarly, drain-nodes of M′1x34, M′2x34, and M′3x34 are coupled together and terminated at a voltage source (V134).
Similarly, a second y-channel sub-iDAC receives the second scaled reference currents (i.e., ID of N1x′34, N2x′34, and N3x′34) at its FET switch inputs (i.e., at source-nodes of coupled pairs M2y34-M′2y34, M2y34-M′2y34, and M2y34-M′2y34) whose gate-nodes are controlled by the y234 bit. Accordingly, the second y-channel sub-iDAC scaled reference currents, gated by the y234 bit, are outputted through the FETs switches (i.e., as ID of M2y34, M2y34, and M2y″34), which provide the second x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents. Consequently, the said second x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through its FET current switches (i.e., at source-nodes of coupled pairs M1x′34-M′1x′34, M2x′34-M′2x′34, and M3x′34-M′3x′34) that are controlled by the second x-channel sub-DAC's digital inputs x134, x234, and x334. The drain-node currents of M1x′34, M2x′34, and M3x′34 are summed together and coupled to Ixy34 as well. Also, notice that drain-nodes of M′2y34, M′2y′34, and M′2y″34 are coupled together and also terminated at V134. Similarly, drain-nodes of M′1x′34, M′2x′34, and M′3x′34 are coupled together and also terminated at V134.
Also, a third y-channel sub-iDAC receives the third scaled reference currents (i.e., ID of N1x″34, N2x″34, and N3x″34) at its FET switch inputs (i.e., at source-nodes of coupled pairs M3y34-M′3y34, M3y34-M′3y34, and M3y34-M′3y34) whose gate-nodes are controlled by the y334 bit. Accordingly, the third y-channel sub-iDAC scaled reference currents, gated by the y334 bit, are outputted through the FETs switches (i.e., as ID of M3y34, M3y34, and M3y″34), which provide the third x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents. Consequently, the said third x-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through its FET current switches (i.e., at source-nodes of coupled pairs M1x″34-M′1x″34, M2x″34-M′2x″34, and M3x″34-M′3x″34) that are controlled by the third x-channel sub-DAC's digital inputs x134, x234, and x334. The drain-node currents of M1x″34, M2x″34, and M3x″34 are summed together and coupled to Ixy34 as well. Also, notice that drain-nodes of M′3y34, M′3y′34, and M′3y″34 are coupled together and also terminated at V134. Similarly, drain-nodes of M′1x″34, M′2x″34, and M′3x″34 are coupled together and also terminated at V134.
As such the outputs of the three x-channel sub-iDACs is summed at Ixy34 to generate the analog multiplicand representation of X.Y digital multiplications. Note that for a binary (linear) multiplier, the scaled reference network (bank) is also binarily weighted, but the reference network can be scaled in other fashions (e.g., thermometer or non-linear).
Note that coupling the iDAC switches gates to voltage sources V234 and V334 reduces logic gates that would otherwise be needed to drive the iDAC switches and it also reduces iDAC glitch (and thereby lowers the XDiIo multiplier glitch).
Also keep in mind that it would be obvious for one skilled in the art to utilize the XDiIo multiplier to arrange a meshed digital-to-analog squarer by multiplying a signal to itself.
In summary some of the benefits of the embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the dynamic response of XDiIo multiplier is fast also in part because the scaled reference network banks are constant current sources whose current are steered by single MOFET switches which are inherently fast.
Third, current mirror loop associated with conventional multiplying iDACs (where a first iDAC's output signal supplies the reference signal to a second iDAC, generally through a current mirror) is avoided which helps the speed.
Fourth, utilizing the floating iDAC method surrounding N3y34, N2y34, and N1y34 reduces die area.
Fifth, biasing one side of the iDAC switches by voltage sources (V234 and V334) saves area and lowers the XDiIo multiplier glitch.
Consider that for descriptive clarity the embodiment of XDiIo
A current reference (Ir′35) is inputted and mirrored onto iDACx35's binary weighed current reference network, which constitutes the first binary weighted reference current branches (x-branch). The iDACx35 current reference network is comprising of P4x35 (scaled at 4×), P2x3s (scaled at 2×), and P1x3s (scaled at 1×).
In the
Here also, the floating iDAC method (described earlier in section 1) is utilized, whereby each of the iDAC1x35, iDAC2x35, and iDAC3x35 binary weighted reference current branches (via each of the respective PMOSFETs: P1x35, P1x35, and P1x35) feed a respective current reference inputs of 3 floating y-branch iDACs, which are the next set of three binary weighted reference current branches (set of 3 y-branches: iDAC1y35, iDAC2y35, and iDAC3y35).
First, the drain terminal of P1x35 (scaled at 1×) is coupled with the reference current input port of a first floating iDAC1y35 comprising of P14y35 (scaled at 4×), P12y35 (scaled at 2×), and P11y3s (scaled at 1×).
Second, the drain terminal of P2x35 (scaled at 2×) is coupled with the reference current input port of a second floating iDAC2y35 comprising of P24y35 (scaled at 4×), P22y35 (scaled at 2×), and P21y35 (scaled at 1×).
Third, the drain terminal of P4x3s (scaled at 4×) is coupled with the reference current input port of a third floating iDAC3y35 comprising of P44y35 (scaled at 4×), P42y35 (scaled at 2×), and P41y35 (scaled at 1×).
The x-channel digital inputs (Dx35 word) are D3x35 (MSB) through D1x35 (LSB). The y-channel digital inputs (Dy35 word) are D3y35 (MSB) through D1y35 (LSB).
The digital decoding can be accomplished by an AND matrix (AND35) that is inputted with digital input words Dx35 and Dy35, whose output is a 3×3 bits wide word (Dxy3s word). As noted earlier, each bit of the Dxy35 word has a respective weight and as such the Dxy35 digital word controls the respective current switches of iDAC1y35 (comprising of P11′35, P12′35, and P13′35), iDAC2y35 (comprising of P21′35, P22′35, and P23′35), and iDAC3y35 (comprising of P31′35, P32′35, and P34′35). For example, when D3x35 is high, then the output of the AND gates U34y35 through U3135 respond to D3y35 through D1y35 considering their respective weights. Accordingly, P4x35 current (having its respective weight) flows onto P44y35 through P41y35, in response to D3y35 through D1y35 states, wherein P44y35 through P41y35 have their respective weights.
In the illustrated embodiment, to reduce glitch and lower dynamic current consumption and to save logic area, the inverters and the bus lines (that would otherwise be needed for the opposite polarity of the Dxy35 word) are eliminated. To attain such benefits, the biasing voltage Vs35 is coupled with the gate terminals of current switches of iDAC1y35 (comprising of P1135, P1235, and P1335), iDAC2y35 (comprising of P2135, P2235, and P2335), and iDAC3y35 (comprising of P3135, P3235, and P3435). The current switches P11′35 through P34′35 (whose outputs are coupled with the I1o35 port) and P1135 through P3435 (whose outputs are coupled with the I2o35 port) steer their respective currents onto the I1o35 and I2o35 ports in accordance with their digital selection, controlled by Dxy35.
Notice that the 4× binary weighted (scaled) reference current through P4x35 is passed on through (to the iDAC3y35) depending on the sign of D3x35, which is the MSB of the X-word. The 2× binary weighted (scaled) reference current through P2x35 is passed on through (to the iDAC2y35) depending on the sign of D2x35, which is the middle-bit of the X-word. The 1×binary weighted (scaled) reference current through P1x35 is passed on through (to the iDAC1y35) depending on the sign of D1x35, which is the LSB of the X-word.
The selected sums of (analog) current switch outputs of iDAC1y35 through iDAC3y35 are steered through the XDiIo
Bear in mind that the gate terminals of P11y35 through P44y35 are coupled with a bias voltage source Vr35, which leaves enough VDS headroom for P1x35 through P4x35. Moreover, P11y35 through P44y35 also function as cascoded FETs which can help increase the output impedance of the (XD1Io
The disclosed XDiIo
The first NDAC method of
The first NDAC method of
Furthermore, the first NDAC method of
Moreover, the first NDAC method of
The linear outputs of DAC1L36 and DAC2L36 are combined together to generate an output that serves as a straight line approximation to fill the gaps in-between MSP segments of the output of the non-linear DACQ36. Utilizing the first NDAC method, a non-linear output signal (CO36) can be generated which is an analog non-linear representation of D36, as a function of an analog reference signal (e.g., scaled RSQ36 signal).
It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that DACQ36 function can be realized by utilizing a square (non-linear) digital logic circuit. Such square (non-linear) digital logic circuit would receive an (MSP bank) digital-input word and generates a (non-linear) square digital-output word. Then, the digital (non-linear) square output word can be applied to a linear DAC to generate the equivalent (non-linear) square MSP analog output signal.
In summary, the first non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) method of
The second NDAC method of
The second NDAC method of
Furthermore, the second NDAC method of
Moreover, the NDAC method of
The linear outputs of DAC1L36, and XDiSo
It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that DACQ36′ function can be realized by utilizing a square (non-linear) digital logic circuit. Such square (non-linear) digital logic circuit would receive an (MSP bank) digital-input word and generates a (non-linear) square digital-output word. Then, the digital (non-linear) square output word can be applied to a linear DAC to generate the equivalent (non-linear) square MSP analog output signal.
In summary, the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) method of
The third NDAC method of
The third NDAC method of
Furthermore, the third NDAC method of
Moreover, the third NDAC method of
The output the linear DAC2L37 serves as a straight-line approximation to fill the gaps in-between Most-Significant-Portion (MSP) output segments of the non-linear DACQ36. Utilizing the third NDAC method, a non-linear output signal (CO37) can be generated which is an analog non-linear representation of D37, as a function of an analog reference signal (e.g., scaled RSQ37 signal).
It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that DACQ37 function can be realized by utilizing a square (non-linear) digital logic circuit. Such square (non-linear) digital logic circuit would receive an (MSP bank) digital-input word and generates a (non-linear) square digital-output word. Then, the digital (non-linear) square output word can be applied to a linear DAC to generate the equivalent (non-linear) square MSP analog output signal.
In summary, the third non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) method of
For clarity of description and illustration,
The non-linear Most-Significant-Portion (MSP) DAC (iDACQ38) is a non-linear thermometer iDAC. The iDACQ38 non-linear thermometer reference current network is comprised of I1r38=ir, I1r38=3ir, I1r38=5ir, I1r38=7ir, I1r38=9ir, I1r38=11ir, and I1r38=13ir, wherein ir is a (unit) scaled reference signal. By inputting the MSB bank word (D638, D538, and D438) to a 3-bit input to 7-bit output digital encoder (ENC38), a 7-bit digital word is generated. The 7-bit output word of ENC38 control the current switches P1t38, P2t38, P3t38, P4t38, P5t38, P6t38, and P7t38, whose inputs are couple to their respective non-linear current source segments of the non-linear thermometer reference current network. The current switches control the steering of the non-linear current source segments. The outputs of the current switches are coupled together at node iQ38 wherein a non-linear MSP current signal is generated that approximates a square profile.
The first linear Least-Significant-Portion (LSP) iDAC (iDAC1L38) is a linear binary weighted iDAC. The iDAC1L38 binary weighted reference current network is comprised of I9r38=8ir, I10r38=4ir, and I11r38=2ir. The MSB bank word (D638, D538, and D438) controls the current switches P6d38, P5d38, and P4d38 whose inputs are couple to their respective binary-weighted current sources (e.g., I9r38=8ir, I10r38=4ir, and I11r38=2ir). The P6d38, P5d38, and P4d38 current switches control the steering of the respective binary-weighted current sources. The outputs of P6d38, P5d38, and P4d38 current switches are coupled together at node i1L38 wherein a first linear LSP current signal is generated.
An offset reference signal I8r38=ir is also coupled to the i1L38 node, which is then coupled to the reference current input port of the second linear LSP iDAC (iDAC2L38).
The second linear LSP iDAC or iDAC2L38 is also a linear binary weighted iDAC. The iDAC2L38 binary scaled reference current network is comprised of PMOSFETs: Pf38 @1×, P1d′38@1×, P2d′38@2×, and P3d′38@4×. The LSB bank word (D138, D238, and D338) controls the current switches P1d38, P2d38, and P3d38 whose inputs are couple to their respective binary-scaled current dividers (e.g., P1d′38@1×, P2d′38@2×, and P3d′38@4×). The P1d38, P2d38, and P3d38 current switches control the steering of the respective binary-scaled current divider of the (reference input current of iDAC2L38) supplied through the i1L38 node. The outputs of P1d38, P2d38, and P3d38 current switches are coupled together at node i2L38 wherein a second linear LSP current signal is generated.
The i2L38 node and node iQ38 node are coupled together and coupled to the output node of the iNDAC38 which is iCO38.
Note that the current signals at the i2L38 port fills-in the gap between the current signals at the AQM port. As such, the signal at node iCO38 follows an approximate profile that is squarely weighted, as a function of the ir, and is responsive to the Di38 word.
In summary some of the benefits of the embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the dynamic response of the non-linear iDAC is fast also in part because the scaled reference network banks utilized in the non-linear MSP, first linear LSP, and second linear LSP iDACs are constant current sources whose current are steered by single MOFET switches which are inherently fast.
Third, current mirror loop associated with conventional multiplying iDACs (where a first linear LSP iDAC's output signal supplies the reference signal to a second linear LSP iDAC, generally through a current mirror) is avoided which helps the speed.
Fourth, utilizing the floating iDAC method surrounding the first linear LSP iDAC and second linear LSP iDAC reduces die area and cost.
Fifth, the iNDAC38 enables making a fast and low-cost digital input to current analog output multiplier using the quarter square procedure. Here, by subtracting the current outputs of two iNDAC38 a multiplicand 4X.Y can be generated, wherein the first iNDAC38 receives the sum of two digital words and generates (X+Y)2 and the second iNDAC38 receives the difference of the same two digital words and generates (X−Y)2.
For clarity of description and illustration,
The non-linear Most-Significant-Portion (MSP) DAC (iDACQ39) is arranged as a non-linear thermometer iDAC. The iDACQ39 non-linear thermometer reference current network is comprised of PMOSFETs whose drain currents are scaled as follows: P1t39@ir, P1t39@3ir, P1t39@5ir, P1t39@7ir, P1t39@9ir, P1t39@11ir, and P1t39@13ir, wherein ir is a (unit) scaled reference signal programmed by Ir39=1ir. By inputting the MSB bank word (D639, D539, and D439) to a 3-bit input to 7-bit output digital encoder (ENC39), a 7-bit digital word is generated. The 7-bit output word of ENC39 control the PMOSFET current switches comprising of s1t39, s2t39, s3t39, s4t39, s5t39, s6t39, and s7t39, whose inputs are couple to their respective non-linear current source segments of the respective non-linear thermometer reference current network. As such, the current switches control the steering of the non-linear current source segments onto the outputs of the said current switches which are coupled together at the output node iQ39.
The first linear offset Least-Significant-Portion (LSP) iDAC (iDAC1L39) is a linear binary weighted iDAC. The iDAC1L39 binary weighted reference current network is comprised of PMOSFETs whose drain currents are scaled at: P1f39@1/2ir, P2f39@ir and P3f39@2ir. The LSB bank word (D139, D239, and D339) controls the PMSOFET current switches P1f39, P2f39, and P3f39 whose inputs are couple to their respective binary-weighted PMOSFET current sources (e.g., P1f39@0.5×, P2f39@1×, and P3f39@2×). The P1f39, P2f39, and P3f39 current switches control the steering of the respective binary-weighted current sources. The outputs of P1f39, P2f39, and P3f39 current switches are coupled together at node iQ39.
To generate the linear LSP output signal, the iNDAC39 also utilizes the XDiSo39 meshed multiplier, which utilizes the mDiSo method.
Similar to the XDiIo disclosed in section 35 and illustrated in
The D439 bit is AND gated (e.g., via U4139, U4239, and U4339) with the LSB bank word (D339, D239, D139) to generate the control signals for a first sub-iDAC switches (s1L39, s2L39, and s3L39). The first sub-iDAC switches steer the first bank of binary weighted current reference signals (generated by the PMOSFET binary scaled current reference sources: P1L39@1×, P2L39@2×, and P3L39@4×), wherein the full scale of the first sub-iDAC is 7ir. The output of the first sub-iDAC switches are also coupled together at node iQ39.
The D539 bit is also AND gated (e.g., via U5139, U5239, and U5339) with the LSB bank word (D339, D239, D139) to generate the control signals for a second sub-iDAC switches (s1L′39, s2L′39, and s3L′39). The second sub-iDAC switches steer the second bank of binary weighted current reference signals (generated by the PMOSFET binary scaled current reference sources: P1L′39@2×, P2L′39@4×, and P3L′39@8×), wherein the full scale of the second sub-iDAC is 14ir. The output of the second sub-iDAC switches are also coupled together at node iQ39.
The D639 bit is also AND gated (e.g., via U6139, U6239, and U6339) with the LSB bank word (D339, D239, D139) to generate the control signals for a third sub-iDAC switches (s1L″39, s2L″39, and s3L″39). The third sub-iDAC switches that steer the third bank of binary weighted current reference signals (generated by the PMOSFET binary scaled current reference sources: P1L″39@4×, P2L″39@8×, and P3L″39@16×), wherein the full scale of the second sub-iDAC is 28ir. The output of the third sub-iDAC switches are also coupled together at node iQ39.
Notice that the current output signal of the XDiIo39 combined with the output signal of at the linear offset iDAC1L39 fills-in the gap between segments of the current signal of the iDACQ39. As such, the signal at node iQ39 follows an approximate squarely weighted profile, that is a function of the ir, and is responsive to the Di39 word.
In summary some of the benefits of the iNDAC39 embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the dynamic response of the non-linear iDAC is fast also in part because the scaled reference network banks utilized in the non-linear MSP and the linear LSP segments are constant current sources whose current are steered by single MOFET switches which are inherently fast.
Third, current mirror loop associated with conventional multiplying iDACs (where for example a first linear LSP iDAC's output feeds the reference input port of a second linear LSP iDAC, generally through a current mirror) is avoided which helps the speed.
Fourth, utilizing a meshed digital input to analog output multiplier XDiIo39 is fast and can operate with low VDD.
Fifth, the iNDAC39 enables making a fast and low-cost digital input to current analog output multiplier using the quarter square procedure. Here, by subtracting the current outputs of two iNDAC39 a multiplicand 4A.B can be generated, wherein the first iNDAC39 receives the sum of two digital words and generates (A+B)2 and the second iNDAC39 receives the difference of the same two digital words and generates (A−B)2.
Sixth, the disclosed iNDAC39 power consumption is event driven in that if there is not event (e.g., data polarity of zero), the iDACs and XDiIo39 shut of their respective current sources and hence power down.
The XDiIo of
The XDiIo
Also, for clarity and not as a limitation, the XDiIo
The three sections of XDiIo multiplier circuit, comprising of RBN40, PSR40, and XDiIo
In
The NMOSFET current sources of the XDiIo
For the first sub-iDAC of the meshed XDiIo
For the second sub-iDAC of the meshed XDiIo
For the third sub-iDAC of the meshed XDiIo
As indicated earlier, the PSR40 circuit utilizes a second PSR method. In the embodiment of PSR40 illustrated in
The second power supply desensitization (PSR) method utilized in the PSR40 circuit is briefly explained as follows:
A central reference bias current network (RBN), free of cascodes, generates a reference bias voltage bus, wherein the reference bias voltage bus is shared with a plurality of reference bias current networks of a plurality of cascode-free data-converters. To substantially desensitize the plurality of output currents of the plurality of cascode-free data-converters, a power supply desensitization circuit tracks the power supply variations and varies each reference bias currents of the central RBN. Utilization of the second PSR method PSR40 is described next. in Bear in mind that FET early voltage (VA) causes the FET's IDS to vary with varying the FET's VDS. Also, keep in mind that the output port of the XDiIo
Next, the XDiIo
As described earlier, the XDiIo
A first x-channel sub-iDAC receives the first scaled reference bank (i.e., I1r40, I2r40, and I4r40) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N1x40, N1x′40, and N1x″40 whose gate-nodes are controlled by x140 bit. Accordingly, each of the I1r40, I2r40, and I4r40 currents are respectively steered through, N1x40, N1x′40, and N1x″40 which are gated by the x140 bit, to provide the scaled reference input currents to the first y-channel sub-iDAC (in accordance with Dx40 word). Consequently, the said first y-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1y40, N2y40, and N3y40 that are controlled by the first y-channel sub-iDAC's digital inputs y140, y240, and y340 bits, respectively. The drain-node currents of N1y40, N2y40, and N3y40 are summed together and coupled to Ixy40, which is the analog current output port of the XDiIo
Similarly, a second x-channel sub-iDAC receives the second scaled reference bank (i.e., I2r40, I4r40, and I8r40) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N2x40, N2x′40, and N2x″40 whose gate-nodes are controlled by x240 bit. Accordingly, each of the I2r40, I4r40, and I8r40 currents are respectively steered through, N2x40, N2x′40, and N2x″40 which are gated by the x240 bit, to provide the scaled reference input currents to the second y-channel sub-iDAC (in accordance with Dx40 word). Consequently, the said second y-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1y′40, N2y′40, and N3y′40 that are controlled by the second y-channel sub-iDAC's digital inputs y140, y240, and y340 bits, respectively. The drain-node currents of N1y′40, N2y′40, and N3y′40 are summed together and coupled to Ixy40, which as noted earlier is the analog current output port of the XDiIo
Lastly, a third x-channel sub-iDAC receives the third scaled reference bank (i.e., I4r40, I8r40, and I16r40) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N3x40, N3x′40, and N3x″40 whose gate-nodes are controlled by x340 bit. Accordingly, each of the I4r40, I8r40, and I16r40 currents are respectively steered through, N3x40, N3x′40, and N3x″40 which are gated by the x340 bit, to provide the scaled reference input currents to the third y-channel sub-iDAC (in accordance with Dx40 word). Consequently, the said third y-channel sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1y″40, N2y″40, and N3y″40 that are controlled by the third y-channel sub-iDAC's digital inputs y140, y240, and y340 bits, respectively. The drain-node currents of N1y″′40, N2y″40, and N3y″40 are summed together and coupled to Ixy40, which as just noted is the analog current output port of the XDiIo
In summary, the outputs of the first and second and third y-channel iDACs are summed at Ixy40 to generate the analog multiplicand representation, proportion to a unit scaled reference current signal, that is the X.Y digital multiplications. Note that for a binary (linear) multiplier, the scaled reference network (bank) is also binarily weighted, but the reference network can be scaled in other fashions (e.g., thermometer or non-linear) for multipliers with different input-to-output transfer functions.
In conclusion, some of the benefits of the XDiIo multiplier embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the dynamic response of XDiIo multiplier is fast also in part because the scaled reference network banks are constant current sources whose current are steered by single MOFET switches which are inherently fast.
Third, current mirror loop associated with conventional multiplying iDACs (where a first iDAC's output signal supplies the reference signal to a second iDAC, generally through a current mirror) is avoided which helps the speed.
Fourth, the minimum power supply can be lowered since it is chiefly limited by the drain-to-source voltage of current sources of the scaled reference network.
Fifth, for multiple channels of XDiIo multiplier required in AI & ML applications, the disclosed embodiment enjoys substantial benefits attributed to the multiple-channel data-converter method summarized in section 19. There is an area savings, in utilizing the multiple-channel data-converter method, in part because the requirement for individually weighted current sources (e.g., binary weighted or non-linearly weighted) is decoupled from requiring individually scaled current sources. Here, utilization of RBN40 to generate a common reference voltage bus that is shared between plurality of sub-iDACs reduces the size of sub-iDACs current reference (cells in the) reference network of each sub-iDACs which lowers cost. Moreover, it lowers the combined associated parasitic and stray capacitance associated with current reference cells, which improves each of the sub-iDAC's dynamic response, lowers glitch, lowers digital injections into power supplies, and reduces the disclosed sub-iDAC's dynamic power consumption. The small size and improved performance on each sub-iDAC used in arranging each XDiIo multipliers are thus enjoyed by the plurality of plurality of such XDiIo multipliers.
Sixth, despite area savings attainable by the disclosed multiple-channel data-converter method in the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers, the accuracy of individual the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers are not substantially deterred. All else substantially equal, the matching of MOSFETs that form a data-converter's reference current network dominate the accuracy of a current-mode data-converter. The scaled MOSFETs in both the (central) reference bias network (RBN40) match the 1× scaled MOSFETs in each of the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers because they are all arranged with the same (non-minimum W/L size) cell layout and same orientation.
Seventh, the disclosed sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers substantially reduces the number of MOSFETs that for example form the sub-iDAC's binary weighted current source network, and as such the fewer MOSFETs can be placed closer to each other on a chip. Similarly oriented and physically closer MOEFETs, that form the current reference network of the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers, generally match better which in turn improves the accuracy of each of the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers and the matching between them in plurality of the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers in one chip.
Eight, in AI & ML applications the output current of plurality of the XDiIo multipliers could be coupled together and coupled to the input of iADCs. Generally and all else substantially equal, the larger the W/L size of a FET current source of the XDiIo multipliers, the larger the capacitance of the XDiIo multiplier's output port and the slower the of the XDiIo multipliers output node. Moreover, the XDiIo multiplier's output can capacitively load an iADC's input port which can also reduce the speed of the iADC right at its input port. As noted earlier, the multiple-channel data-converter method here enables decoupling the weight of a current source from the scaling of the sizes of FETs utilizing in forming the data-converter's reference current sources. By keeping each of the W/L sizes of the current source FETs the same at 1× and small for example (despite each of their binary weighted currents), the out node capacitances of the XDiIo multipliers that feeds the input of the iADC can be kept small which can help speeds up the dynamic response of the iADC.
Ninth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers, and as such there is no need for resistors or capacitors, which reduces manufacturing size and cost.
Tenth, the disclosed sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers utilize same type of MOSFET current sources and MOSFET switches which are symmetric and matched. Such arrangement facilitates device parameters to track each other over process-temperature-operation conditions variations. Accordingly, each of the data-coefficient, power supply coefficient, and AC power supply rejection performance can be enhanced and matched between the plurality of data-converters.
Eleventh, the disclosed embodiment enjoys the benefits of a second power supply desensitization (PSR) method, which helps eliminate a cascode FET from the scaled current reference sources which saves area and improves the dynamic response of the sub-iDAC and that of the meshed multiplier.
Twelfth, in an embodiment of the disclosed sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers that utilizes the multiple-channel data-converter method wherein the central RBN is trimmed or calibrated for accuracy, the accuracy of each of the plurality of data-converters, sub-iDACs, and the XDiIo multipliers whose reference current network is biased from the same central RBN can be improved.
Thirteenth, in an embodiment of the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers that utilizes multiple-channel data-converter method wherein the central RBN is desensitized from power supply variations (e.g., by utilizing the second power supply desensitization method or the second PSR method disclosed in
Fourteenth, the disclosed embodiment enjoys the benefits of meshed digital-to-analog multiplication (mDiSo) method summarized in sections 32′ and 33.
Fifteenth, the benefits of the sub-iDACs and the XDiIo multipliers utilizing the multiple-channel data-converter method can be attained in other higher-order systems including but not limited to multiply-accumulate (MAC), and artificial-neural-network (ANN) that utilize the multiple-channel data-converter method.
The XDiIo
The RBN41 circuit generates the following reference bias voltages (bus) on diode connected NMOSFETs for mostly the linear sub-iDACs of iNDACP41 and iNDACQ41: V1 via VGS of N1 whose ID is set by P1's ID=1ir; V2 via VGS of N2 whose ID is set by P2's ID=2ir; V4 via VGS of N4 whose ID is set by P4's ID=4ir; V8 via VGS of N8 whose ID is set by P8's ID=8ir; V16 via VGS of N16 whose ID is set by P16's ID=6ir; V32 via VGS of N32 whose ID is set by P32's ID=32ir.
Additionally, the RBN41 circuit generates the following reference bias voltages (bus) on diode connected NMOSFETs for mostly the non-linear iDACs of iNDACP41 and iNDACQ41 (e.g., iDACs whose input-output transfer functions approximates a square profile). V24 via VGS of N24 whose ID is set by P24's ID=24ir; V40 via VGS of N40 whose ID is set by P40's ID=40ir; V56 via VGS of N56 whose ID is set by P56's ID=56ir; V72 via VGS of N72 whose ID is set by P72's ID=72ir; V88 via VGS of N88 whose ID is set by P88's ID=88ir; V104 via VGS of N104 whose ID is set by P104's ID=104ir.
Similar to the circuit in section 40 and illustrated in
The SUB41 is a simple embodiment of a current mirror that can perform the subtraction of the outputs current signals of the iNDACP41 and the iNDACQ41 and generate the analog multiplicand current signal of 4IXY. Note that to arrange a MAC which requires the summation of a plurality of multiplication results, the output of plurality of pairs of non-linear multiplier's outputs (e.g., plurality of iNDACP41 and iNDACQ41) can be coupled to the opposite side of the same current mirror circuit. As such, the current mirror can perform the function of subtraction (needed for pairs of non-linear DACs to generate the multiplicand results) and the function of addition (needed in MAC) with one subtractor circuit and in one shot, which save area, helps speed, and improves accuracy.
Next, the different sections of iNDACP41 circuit is described in accordance with the partitioning of the second non-linear digital-to-analog converter or the NDAC method disclosed in section 36′:
The first linear offset LSP iDAC section of iNDACP41 is a linear binary weighted iDAC whose current reference network is comprised of (NMOSFETs scaled with W/L of 1×) N1P, N2P, and N3P which operate at ID of 1ir, 2ir, and 4ir, respectively. The current switches N1Pf, N2Pf, and N3Pf are controlled by the Least-Significant-Bit (LSB) bank word (e.g., P′1, P′2, and P′3 bits) which respectively steer the reference currents 1ir, 2ir, and 4ir to the output port of the iNDACP41.
The linear multiplication section of iNDACP41 utilizes the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication or mDiSo method summarized in sections 32′, which is described next:
As described earlier, the linear multiplication section that utilizes the meshed multiplication in iNDACP41 is also arranged with a plurality of scaled reference current signals proportional to ir40 (that utilize NMOSFETs that are each scaled with W/L of 1×) comprising of 3 banks namely: The first scaled reference current bank is comprised of ID=2ir through N4p, ID=4ir through N5P, and ID=8ir through N6P. The second scaled reference current bank is comprised of ID=4ir through N7P, ID=8ir through N8P, and ID=816 through N9P. The third scaled reference current bank is comprised of ID=8ir through N10P, ID=16ir through N11P, and ID=32ir through N12P.
A first MSP sub-iDAC utilized in the meshed multiplication section of iNDACP41 receives the first scaled reference bank (i.e., 2ir, 4ir, and 8ir) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N4p and N4p′ and N4p″. These current switches are controlled by P′4 bit. Accordingly, each of 2ir, 4ir, and 8ir currents, which are gated by the P′4 bit, are respectively steered through current switches N4p and N4p′ and N4p″ to provide the scaled reference input currents to the first LSP sub-iDAC. Next, the said first LSP sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1p and N2p and N3p that are controlled by the first LSP sub-iDAC's digital inputs P′1, P′2, and P′3 bits, respectively. The output of current switches N1p and N2p and N3p are summed together and coupled to the output port of the iNDACP41.
Similarly, a second MSP sub-iDAC utilized in the meshed multiplication section of iNDACP41 receives the second scaled reference bank (i.e., 4ir, 8ir, and 16ir) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N5p and N5p′ and N5p″. These current switches are controlled by P′5 bit. Accordingly, each of 4ir, 8ir, and 16ir currents, which are gated by the P′5 bit, are respectively steered through current switches N5p and N5p′ and N5p″ to provide the scaled reference input currents to the first LSP sub-iDAC. Next, the said first LSP sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1p′ and N2p′ and N3p′ that are controlled by the first LSP sub-iDAC's digital inputs P′1, P′2, and P′3 bits, respectively. The output of current switches N1p′ and N2p′ and N3p′ are summed together and coupled to the output port of the iNDACP41.
Furthermore, a third MSP sub-iDAC utilized in the meshed multiplication section of iNDACP41 receives the second scaled reference bank (i.e., 8ir, 16ir, and 32ir) at its current switch inputs that are the source-nodes of N6p and N6p′ and N6p″. These current switches are controlled by P′6 bit. Accordingly, each of 4ir, 8ir, and 16ir currents, which are gated by the P′6 bit, are respectively steered through current switches N6p and N6p′ and N6p″ to provide the scaled reference input currents to the first LSP sub-iDAC. Next, the said first LSP sub-iDAC reference currents are steered through current switches N1p″ and N2p″ and N3p″ that are controlled by the first LSP sub-iDAC's digital inputs P′1, P′2, and P′3 bits, respectively. The output of current switches N1p″ and N2p″ and N3p″ are summed together and coupled to the output port of the iNDACP41.
The non-linear MSP iDAC section of the iNDACP41 is arranged as a non-linear (e.g., to approximate a square transfer function) thermometer iDAC. Here, the non-linear thermometer reference current network is comprised of NMOSFETs that are scaled with W/L of 1×, namely N13P through N19P. The gate-ports N13P through N19P are respectively coupled to the reference network voltage bus V8, V24, V40, V56, V72, V88, and V104, which are supplied from RBN41 circuit. The drain currents of N13P through N19P are scaled to 8ir, 24ir, 40ir, 56ir, 72ir, 88ir, and 104ir wherein ir is programmed by Ir1. By inputting the proper polarity of the MSB bank word (xP′6, xP′5, and xP′4) to a 3-bit input to 7-bit output digital encoder (ENCP), a 7-bit digital word is generated. The 7-bit output word of ENCP control the NMOSFET current switches comprising of Nt1P, Nt2P, Nt3P, Nt4P, Nt5P, Nt6P, and Nt7P whose inputs are couple to their respective non-linear current source segments (e.g., 8ir, 24ir, 40ir, 56ir, 72ir, 88ir, and 104ir) of the respective non-linear thermometer reference current network. As such, the current switches control the steering of the non-linear current source segments onto the outputs of the said current switches which are coupled together at the output node of the iNDACP41.
The iNDACQ41 is arranged and operates the same as iNDACP41.
As noted earlier, an analog multiplicand current signal of 4X.Y can be generated by (setting P′=X+Y and Q′=X−Y and) inputting the proper polarity of P′ and Q′ into the digital input ports of iNDACP41 and iNDACQ41, and then subtracting the outputs of iNDACP41 and iNDACQ41 via SUB41. Bear in mind that as such, the iNDACP41 receives the sum of two digital words and generates (X+Y)2 and the iNDACQ41 receives the difference of the same two digital words and generates (X−Y)2 and the (X+Y)2−(X−Y)2=4XY.
In conclusion, some of the benefits of the XDiIo multiplier embodiment disclosed in
First, the disclosed embodiment benefits from operating in current mode that has been discussed in this disclosure
Second, the dynamic response of XDiIo multiplier is fast also in part because the scaled reference network banks are constant current sources whose current are steered by single MOFET switches which are inherently fast.
Third, current mirror loop associated with conventional multiplying iDACs (where a first iDAC's output signal supplies the reference signal to a second iDAC, generally through a current mirror) is avoided which reduces die size and helps improve dynamic response.
Fourth, the minimum power supply can be lowered since it is chiefly limited by the drain-to-source voltage of current sources of the scaled reference network.
Fifth, the disclosed embodiment of XDiIo
Sixth, the disclosed embodiment of XDiIo
Seventh, the disclosed embodiment of XDiIo
Eight, the disclosed embodiment of XDiIo41 multiplier enjoys the benefits of the linear multiplication sections of iNDACP41 and iNDACQ41 which are similar to the embodiments disclosed in sections 40 and 33, wherein the linear multiplication sections utilized the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication method summarized in sections 32′, and
Ninth, the disclosed embodiment of XDiIo41 multiplier enjoys the benefits of the PSR41 circuit that is substantially similar to the second power desensitization circuit embodiment and method summarized in section 40.
An inherent benefit of the disclosed embodiment of XDiIo41 multiplier is that since both digital inputs to the XDiIo
Keeping in mind that 4-bit of resolution computes to about 6% of accuracy,
As noted, the XDiIo multiplier of
Keeping in mind that 6-bit of resolution computes to about 1.6% of accuracy,
Keeping in mind that 7-bit of resolution computes to about 0.8% of accuracy, the lower graph in
Keeping in mind that 7-bit of resolution computes to about 0.8% of accuracy, the upper graph in
As noted, the XDiIo multiplier of
Keeping in mind that 7-bit of resolution computes to about 0.8% of accuracy,
As noted, for clarity and not as a limitation, the aNDC method is utilized in a aSQRL47 digital block of
The aSQRL47 digital input ports receive a digital Z word, wherein the digital Z word is partitioned to a digital MSB bank word (ZMSP) and a digital LSB bank word (ZLSP).
The aSQRL47 digital block outputs a digital word ˜Z2 that is an approximate representation of square of its input word Z.
The aSQRL47 digital block is comprised of the following sub-blocks: a MSP square logic (mSQRL47), a digital multiplier (MULTL47) and first digital scale (SRL147), an offset (OFSL47) and second digital scale (SRL247), and a digital summation (SUML47).
The sub-block mSQRL47 receives the ZMSP word at its digital input (I-port), and it generates a digital square word ZMSP2 at its digital output (O-port).
The sub-block MULTL47 receives the ZMSP word at its MPS digital input (IM-port), and receives the ZLSP word at its LPS digital input (IL-port), and generates a digital word ZMSP×ZLSP at its digital output (O-port).
The sub-block SRL147, whose scale factor (SL) is programmed by the digital word SDIV, receives the ZMSP×ZLSP digital word at its digital input I-port and generates a scaled digital output word SL (ZMSP×ZLSP) at its digital O-port. Bear in mind that for a square transfer function wherein SL can be an even binary number, the scaling function of the sub-block SRL147 can be simply programmed by shifting the ZMSP×ZLSP digital word to the left or right of a digital shift register a proper number of times.
The sub-block OFSL47 receives the ZLSP word at its digital input (I-port), and generates an offset digital word Z′LSP at its digital output (O-port).
The sub-block SRL247, whose scale factor (so) can be programmed by the digital word SDIV, receives the Z′LSP digital word at its digital input I-port and generates a scaled digital output word so(Z′LSP) at its digital O-port. Again, bear in mind that for a square transfer function wherein so can be an even binary number, the digital offset and digital scaling function of the sub-blocks OFSL47 and SRL247 can be simply programmed by shifting the ZLSP digital word to the left or right of a digital shift register a proper number of times.
The digital sub-block SUML47 generates an approximate (non-linear) square digital word Z2 at its output O-port by summing the respective digital words inputted to its input ports I1-port, I2-port, and I3-port. The input ports of SUML47 receive the digital outputs from the O-ports of mSQRL47, SRL147, and SRL247 which are the digital words representing ZMSP2 sL(ZMSP×ZLSP), and so(Z′LSP), respectively.
Notice that that in utilizing the aNDC method in the aSQRL block of
By utilizing the aNDC method, a digital approximate non-linear square output signal (˜Z2) can be generated as a function of the digital input word Z.
Keep in mind that the transfer function of a non-linear mSQRL47 can be arranged to follow a square transfer function or other non-linear profiles including but not limited to logarithmic, wherein linear offset digital signals can be combined with a linear digital multiplier output signals to generate a digital signal that serves as a linear straight-line approximation to fill the gaps in-between the non-linear mSQRL47 digital output segment.
Notice that section 53 (
Some of the benefits of utilizing the aNDC method in the non-linear aSQRL47 block having a square transfer function is as follows:
First, the aSQRL47 can be significantly smaller and lower cost with lower dynamic power consumption, as compared to a conventional means of generating a digital Z2 that for example require the multiplication of Z×Z whose die cost, die size, and dynamic power consumption increases significantly with higher width of the Z-bit word.
Second, the aSQRL47 enables making a fast and low-cost digital-input to digital-output multiplier using the quarter square procedure. Here, by subtracting the digital outputs of (one time multiplexed or two) aSQRL47 to generate a scaled multiplicand of two digital words X and Y, whose summation (X+Y) and subtraction (X−Y) is inputted into aSQRL47. By inputting digital summation (X+Y) and digital subtraction (X−Y) onto a aSQRL47 and subtracting the approximate digital outputs ˜(X+Y)2 and (X−Y)2 from one another, an approximate scaled multiplicand digital signal ˜4X.Y can be generated.
Third, the aSQRL47 enables making a digital input to multi-quadrant digital output multiplier via using the quarter square procedure, by for example squaring the digital absolute values of |X+Y| and |X−Y|.
Fourth, because aSQRL47 is all digital, it can be time multiplexed at a high-speed to generate plurality of multiplicand digital words. Accordingly, such plurality of multiplicand digital words can be inputted onto a plurality of respective Digital-to-Analog converters (DAC)s. By summing the analog outputs of such plurality of DACs to perform the function of summation, a mixed-mode multiply-accumulate (MAC) signal can be generated. Such an arrangement can be more area and power efficient as compared to larger area and dynamic power consumption associated with an all-digital MAC that utilizes an alternative plurality of digital registers and adders. For example, the summation operations in such mixed-mode MAC function can by performed by inputting the joined (summed) output currents of plurality of iDACs into an analog input port a current mode Analog to digital converter (iADC).
Bear in mind that the analog output XDiIo of
The XDiIo of
In
The digital absolute value of the summation |X+Y| and digital absolute value of the subtraction |X−Y| are time multiplex inputted into SQRL48. The time multiplexed digital outputs |X+Y|2 and |X−Y|2 of SQRL48 are subtracted from one another to generate a scaled multiplicand digital signal 4XY. This is how the digital-input to digital-output multiplication is performed by the MULTL48 section that is shown inside the dotted line of
The digital output of MULTL48 which is the digital 4XY word is then fed onto an iDAC to generate an equivalent analog 4X′Y′ signal (proportional to the iDAC48's reference signal).
In the embodiment of
The MULTL48's 4XY digital output word is then inputted onto an iDAC48 to generate a scaled multiplicand analog current signal 4X′Y′ that is proportional a reference current signal (Ir48) and responsive to the 4XY digital word.
The SQRL48 can utilize an approximate square logic block, similar to aSQRL47 that is described in section 48 and illustrated in
Some of the benefits of XDiIo that utilizes a SQRL48 in
First, the multiplier XDiIo that utilizes an SQRL48 can be significantly smaller with lower cost with lower dynamic power consumption, for medium digital word width and medium accuracy ANNs (e.g., 5 to 10 bits).
Second, the multiplier XDiIo that utilizes an SQRL48 enables making a digital input to multi-quadrant digital output multiplier via using the quarter square procedure.
Third, because the multiplier XDiIo that utilizes an SQRL48 is all digital (excluding the iDAC48), it can be time multiplexed at higher speeds to generate plurality of time multiplexed multiplicand digital words. Accordingly, such plurality of multiplicand digital words can be inputted onto a plurality of respective iDACs. As noted earlier, by subsequently summing the analog current outputs of such plurality of iDAC, a multiply-accumulate (MAC) analog signal can be generated to perform the function of summation is analog. Analog summation (via simply joining plurality of wires) in a mixed-mode MAC can be more area and power efficient compared to the larger area and higher dynamic power consumption associated with an alternative all-digital MAC that utilizes plurality of digital registers and adders.
The analog output XDiIo of
The XDiIo of
Accordingly, a pair of digital absolute value digital blocks (ABSLs49 and ABSLd49) receive the sum (X+Y) and subtraction (X−Y) of the digital input words X and Y. The pair of output words of ABSLs49 and ABSLd49 which are the absolute value of sum and subtraction of digital input words (i.e., |X+Y| and |X−Y|) are then inputted to a pair of square logic blocks that generate the square of the sum and square of the difference of the digital input words (i.e., |X+Y|2 and |X−Y|2), which are then subtracted from one another to generate the scaled multiplicand digital word 4XY. This is how the digital input to digital output multiplication is performed by the MULTL49 section that is shown inside the dotted line of
The digital output of MULTL49 which is the digital 4XY word is then fed onto a DAC to generate an equivalent analog 4X′Y′ signal (proportional to the iDAC49's reference signal) and responsive to the 4XY digital word.
The benefits of XDiIo that utilizes a pair of SQRLs49 and SQRLd49 in
The analog output XDiIo of
The XDiIo of
Accordingly, a pair of digital absolute value digital blocks (ABSLs50 and ABSLd50) receive the sum (X+Y) and subtraction (X−Y) of the digital input words X and Y. The pair of output words of ABSLs50 and ABSLd50 which are the absolute value of sum and subtraction of digital input words (i.e., X+Y and |X−Y|) are then inputted to a pair of square logic blocks that generate the square of the sum and the difference of the digital input words (i.e., |X+Y|2 and |X−Y| 12). The |X+Y|2 and |X−Y| 2 digital words are then fed onto the digital input ports of the pair of iDACs (iDACs50 and iDACd50) whose analog current outputs are subsequently subtracted from one another to generate the scaled multiplicand analog current signal 4X′Y′ that is proportional a reference current signals Irs49 and Irs49 and responsive to the 4XY digital word.
The benefits of XDiIo that utilizes a pair of SQRLs50 and SQRLd50 in
The embodiment of MACiDAC of
The disclosed embodiment of the MACiDAC of
A sequence of sums and a subtraction of X and Y digital input words (X+Y and X−Y) are time multiplexed through a MUXL51 digital logic block that is controlled and clocked by a SC digital word. The sequence of time multiplexed X+Y and X−Y words, represented in
The respective timed sequence of Z2 that represent a timed sequence of pairs of |X+Y|2 and |X−Y|2 digital words are selected and clocked (via the SC digital word) and inputted onto n pairs of respective digital registers (i.e., REGL151 & REGL1′51 pair through REGLn51 & REGLn′51 pair), wherein n represents the number of pairs of X and Y digital input words allocated per MAC.
The saved pairs of |X+Y|2 and |X−Y|2 digital words are then inputted from n pairs of the respective digital registers onto n pairs of respective iDACs (i.e., iDAC151 & iDAC1′51 pair through iDACn51& iDACn′51).
The current outputs of n respective iDAC151 through iDACn51 are summed (coupled) together, whose sum is deducted from a respective paired counterpart sum (coupled) of current outputs of n respective iDAC1′51 through iDACn′51.
Notice that the subtraction of pairs of iDAC currents is performed utilizing only one analog current subtraction circuit iSUB51 (which can be a current mirror with pairs of iDAC output currents coupled respectively to the current mirror's input and output ports) that saves on area and improves accuracy.
Also, note bear in mind that here the value of iDAC's current references (Ir151& Ir1′51 through Irn51& Irn′51) are equal to one another and equal to Ir.
An offset iDACb51's output current (responsive to the offset digital word B) is coupled with the output current of the iSUB51, where their combination generates a net MAC current IMAC that is proportional to Ir and responsive to the sum of the digital words X1Y1+X2Y2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +XnYn+B.
The analog MAC current IMAC is then digitized by iADC51 whose digital output word represents X1Y1+X2Y2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +XnYn+B that is proportional to the reference current signal (mIr51) of the iADC51 and is responsive to its analog input current IMAC signal.
Some of the benefits of the disclosed embodiment of MACiDAC
First, alternative digital adders and subtractors can occupy a substantially larger die area compared to the analog summation and subtraction performed by a single SUB51 in analog mode that is simply the joining of plurality of wires which saves on die area.
Second, the SQRL51 of
Third, since the iDACs are current mode and fast, the dynamic response of MACiDAC would be dominated primarily by the iADC51 and secondarily by iSUB51. Accordingly, the all-digital SQRL51 (which is able to operates fast inherently) can be time multiplexed to generate the digital data fast enough to be inputted onto a plurality of pairs of iDACs (whose output currents are processed and fed) onto a slower iADC. Such arrangement strikes an optimal balance (for the MACiDAC of
Fourth, as noted earlier, operating in current mode has the following benefits for the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC. (a) current mode is inherently fast, (b) voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating with lower power supply voltage and operating at low supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption, (c) current-mode signal processing such as addition or subtraction functions take small area and can be performed fast.
Fifth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC, and as such there is no need for resistors or capacitors, which reduces manufacturing size and cost.
Sixth, the precision of the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Seventh, the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC can utilize lower resolution iDACs (e.g., 3-bits or 5-bits) to perform the multiplication function, which occupy smaller areas, but can still deliver higher accuracy (e.g., 8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4%) which is beneficial. For example, higher than 3 of 5 bits of accuracy for iDACs is attainable in standard CMOS fabrication factories due to (8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4%)) matching that is achievable between the iDAC's binary weighted current sources or segmented current sources. As such, the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC can utilize low resolution iDACs that occupy small areas but still achieve higher accuracy multiply-accumulate performance at lower cost.
Eighth, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
The embodiment of MACiDAC of
Bear in mind that the MULTL52 of
Also, keep in mind that the MULTL52 section of
The disclosed embodiment of the MACiDAC of
A sequence of n pairs of X1 & Y1 through Xn & Yn are inputted onto a time multiplexed digital-input to digital-output multiplier MULTL52. The timed sequence of MULTL52 digital out words (X1×Y1 through Xn×Yn) are respectively selected and clocked (via the SC digital word) and inputted onto n respective digital registers (i.e., REGL152 through REGLn52), wherein n represents the number of pairs of X and Y digital input words allocated per MAC.
The digital words X1×Y1 through Xn×Yn are then inputted onto n respective iDACs (i.e., iDAC152 through iDACn52) from the digital output ports of the n respective REGL152 through REGLn52.
The current outputs of n respective iDAC152 through iDACn52 are (summed) coupled together to generate an analog current signal (I′MAC), proportional to a reference current signal (Ir), that is responsive a digital word X1Y1+X2Y2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +XnYn.
Also note that the value of iDAC's current references (Ir152 through Irn52 for the embodiment of
An offset iDACb52's output current (proportional to Ir and responsive to the offset digital word B) is coupled to I′MAC to generate an IMAC that is proportional to Ir and responsive to the sum of the digital words X1Y1+X2Y2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +XnYn+B.
The analog MAC current IMAC is then digitized by iADC52 whose digital output word represents X1Y1+X2Y2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +XnYn+B that is proportional to the reference current signal (mIr51) of the iADC51 and is responsive to its analog input current IMAC signal.
Some of the benefits of the disclosed embodiment of MACiDAC of
First, alternative digital adders and subtractors can occupy a substantially larger die area compared to the analog summation that is simply the joining of plurality of (iDAC output current) wires which saves on die area.
Second, the MULT52 of
Third, since the iDACs are current mode and fast, the dynamic response of MACiDAC would be dominated primarily by the iADC52. Accordingly, the all-digital MULTL52 (which is able to operates fast inherently) can be time multiplexed to generate the digital data fast enough to be inputted onto a plurality of pairs of iDACs whose output are simply coupled together and coupled to an analog current input port of a slower iADC. Such arrangement strikes an optimal balance (for the MACiDAC of
Fourth, as noted earlier, operating in current mode has the following benefits for the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC: (a) current mode is inherently fast, (b) voltage swings in current-mode signal processing are small, which enables operating with lower power supply voltage and operating at low supply voltages facilitates reducing power consumption, (c) current-mode signal processing such as addition or subtraction functions take small area and can be performed fast.
Fifth, there are no passive devices in the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC, and as such there is no need for resistors or capacitors, which reduces manufacturing size and cost.
Sixth, the precision of the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC can be improved by improving the accuracy of iDACs (for example) by segmenting the iDAC's reference current transfer-function (along with digital binary-to-thermometer logic decoding of iDAC's digital input code).
Seventh, the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC can utilize lower resolution iDACs (e.g., 3-bits or 5-bits) to perform the multiplication function, which occupy smaller areas, but can still deliver higher accuracy (e.g., 8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4%) which is beneficial. For example, higher than 3 of 5 bits of accuracy for iDACs is attainable in standard CMOS fabrication factories due to (8-bits of accuracy or ±0.4%)) matching that is achievable between the iDAC's binary weighted current sources or segmented current sources. As such, the disclosed DiDo MACiDAC can utilize low resolution iDACs that occupy small areas but still achieve higher accuracy multiply-accumulate performance at lower cost.
Eighth, utilizing plurality of iDACs, whose outputs are summed, would attenuate the statistical contribution of the cumulative iDAC's random errors (such as random noise, offset, mismatches, linearity, gain, drift, etc.) at the summing node where the iDAC's current outputs are coupled. The statistical contribution of such cumulative iDAC's random errors, at the summing node, is the square root of the sum of the squares of such random error terms.
For the purpose of this simulations, the aSQRL47 (having a square transfer function) is inputted with a 6-bit digital word Z that is comprising of ZMSB that is a 3-bit digital word, and ZLSB that is a 3-bit digital word. The embodiment of mSQRL47 section (in aSQRL47) is arranged with a 3-input to 6-output standard digital square logic circuit less than 12 logic gates. Other blocks used in this simulation are ideal macro-models.
As noted, the digital inputs are 6-bit (X+Y) and a 6-bit (X−Y) digital words, wherein X and Y digital words are ramped in the opposite direction between zero-scale to full scale.
For clarity of waveform illustration to fit in the
The lower waveforms of
The upper waveform of
Keeping in mind that 6-bit of resolution computes to about 1.6% of accuracy,
The input to SQR57 squarer is a signal Z that is partitioned into a Most-Significant-Portion (MSP) signal (ZMSP), and a Least-Significant-Portion (LSP) signal (ZLSP). The output of SQR57 squarer is a Z2 signal that is the square of the original input signal Z.
The ZMSP signal is squared through a top sub-squarer block (SQRT57) whose output ZMSP2 is scaled by a scale factor ST through a top scaler block (ST57) that generates a ST×ZMSP2.
Also, the ZLSP signal is squared through a bottom sub-squarer block (SQRB57) whose output ZLSP2 is scaled by a scale factor SB through a top scaler block (SB57) that generates a SB×ZMSP2 signal.
Then, the ZLSP and ZMSP signals are cross-multiplied through a multiplier block (MULT57) whose output ZLSP×ZMSP is scaled by a scale factor SB through a middle scaler block (SM57) that generates a sM×ZLSP×ZMSP signal.
Lastly, the sT×ZMSP2 signal, the sB×ZMSP2 signal, and the sM×ZLSP×ZMSP signal are combined (re-assembled) through a combination block (SUM57) to generate a squared signal Z2 that is the square of the original input signal Z.
In summary, the segmented squaring method partitions an input signal to sub-segment signal banks to be squared, cross-multiplied, scaled, and recombined to generate the square of the original input signal.
Partitioning (segmenting) a higher resolution input into its sub-segments signal banks (with smaller resolutions), and processing and re-assembling the sub-segmented signal banks with lower resolution circuits to generate a final squared output signal would have the following benefits:
First, the segmented squaring method would reduce the size of the squaring circuitry.
Second, the segmented squaring method would improve the dynamic performance of the squaring circuitry, and
Third, the segmented squaring method allows optimizing for cost-performance by processing parts of the squaring function in mixed-mode.
The input to SQR58 squarer is a digital word signal Z that is partitioned to a MSP digital signal (ZMSP), and a LSP digital signal (ZLSP). The output of SQR58 squarer is an analog Z2 signal that is an analog current signal square representation of the digital input word Z.
The respective top, bottom, and middle multipliers blocks mDiIot58, mDiIob58, and mDiIom58 can utilize the embodiments of digital-input to analog current-output multipliers (XDiIo) described in sections 33, 34, or 35 which that utilize the meshed digital-to-analog multiplication (mDiSo) method described in section 32 and 32′.
The same ZMPS digital word is inputted to both I1 and I2 digital input ports of the top mDiIot58 which generates an analog current signal responsive to Z2MPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×st58, wherein st58 is a top-reference scale factor.
The same ZLPS digital word is also inputted to both I1 and I2 digital input ports of the bottom mDiIob58, which generates an analog current signal responsive to Z2LPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×sb58, wherein sb58 is a top-reference scale factor.
The ZMPS and ZLPS digital words are inputted to I1 and I2 digital input ports of the middle mDiIom58, which generates an analog current signal responsive to the product of ZMPS and ZLPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×sm58, wherein sm58 is a middle-reference scale factor.
It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that mDiIot58 and mDiIob58 circuitry can be simplified in lieu of both their inputs (I1 and I2) receiving the same digital word, ZMPS and ZMPS respectively.
Benefits described in sections 32-35 as well as section 57 are generally applicable to the circuit illustrated here in
Some of the additional benefits of the SQR58 embodiment are:
First, the embodied arrangement is area efficient since the function of scale blocks ST57, ST57, and ST57 of
Second, the embodied arrangement is also area efficient since the function of summation block SUM57 of
The input to SQR59 squarer is a digital word signal Z that is partitioned to a MSP digital word (ZMSP), and a LSP digital word (ZLSP). The output of SQR59 squarer is an analog Z2 signal that is an analog current signal square representation of the digital input word Z.
The top and bottom digital-input to digital-output squarer blocks (SQRt59, SQRb59) generate the digital Z2MPS and Z2LPS words, respectively, and can utilize logic blocks similar to the ones disclosed in
The Z2MPS digital word is inputted onto iDACt59 which generates an analog current signal responsive to Z2MPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×st59, wherein st59 is a top-reference scale factor.
The Z2LPS digital word is inputted onto iDACb59 which generates an analog current signal responsive to Z2LPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×sb59, wherein sb59 is a bottom-reference scale factor.
The digital output word of MULTm59, that is the product of ZMPS and ZLPS digital words, is inputted to the middle iDACm59 which generates an analog current signal responsive to the product of ZMPS and ZLPS digital words and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×sm59, wherein sm58 is a middle-reference scale factor.
Benefits described in section 57 are generally applicable to the circuit illustrated here in
Additional benefits of the SQR60 embodiment is:
First, the embodied arrangement is area efficient since the function of scale blocks ST57, ST57, and ST57 of
Second, the embodied arrangement is also area efficient since the function of summation block SUM57 of
Third, the embodied arrangement is further area efficient since the digital functions (SQRt59, MULTm59, and SQRb59) can run at higher frequencies and one set of SQRt59, MULTm59, and SQRb59 be time-multiplexed between plurality of channels, for multi-channel output squarer and square-accumulate functions.
The SQR60 squarer's input is a digital word Z that is partitioned to a MSP digital word (ZMSP), and a LSP digital word (ZLSP). The output of SQR60 squarer is an analog Z2 signal that is an analog current signal square representation of the digital input word Z.
The top and bottom digital-input to digital-output squarer blocks (SQRt60, SQRb60) generate the digital Z2MPS and Z2LPS words, respectively, and as noted earlier, can utilize logic blocks similar to the ones disclosed in
The current mode Digital-to-Analog-Converters iDACt60 and iDACb60 can utilizes floating iDAC, factorized iDAC, reference bias network (RBN) style iDACs illustrated in
The Z2MPS digital word is inputted onto iDACt60 which generates an analog current signal responsive to Z2MPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×st60, wherein st60 is a top-reference scale factor.
The Z2LPS digital word is inputted onto iDACb60 which generates an analog current signal responsive to Z2LPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×sb60, wherein sb60 is a bottom-reference scale factor.
The ZMPS and ZLPS digital words are inputted to I1 and I2 digital input ports of the middle mDiIom6, which generates an analog current signal responsive to the product of ZMPS and ZLPS and proportional to a scaled reference current signal IR×sm60, wherein sm60 is a middle-reference scale factor.
Benefits described in sections 32-35 as well as in section 57 are generally applicable to the circuit illustrated here in
Additional benefits of the SQR60 embodiment is:
First, the embodied arrangement is area efficient since the function of scale blocks ST57, ST57, and ST57 of
Second, the embodied arrangement is also area efficient since the function of summation block SUM57 of
The aSQR61 digital input ports receive a digital Z word, wherein the digital Z word is partitioned to a digital MSB bank word (ZMSP) and a digital LSB bank word (ZLSP).
The aSQR61 outputs an analog ˜Z2 signal that is an approximate analog representation of square of its input word Z.
The aSQR61 block is comprised of the following sub-blocks: a MSP square logic (SQRt61), a digital multiplier (MULTm61) and current mode Digital-to-Analog-Converters (iDACt61, iDACm61, and iDACb61).
The digital squarer SQRt61, depending on end-application resolution requirements, can utilize a logic circuit similar to the ones illustrated in
The sub-block MULTm61 depending on end-application resolution requirements, can utilize a logic circuit similar to the ones illustrated in
The iDACb61 receives the ZLSP word at its digital input port (D), and generates a current analog-output signal responsive to the digital word ZLSP and proportional a bottom-scaled reference current sb61×IR.
Note that the greater the approximation budget of the end-application, the smaller the area of aSQR61. As a reminder, MULTm61 serves as a straight-line segment approximation to fill the gaps in-between MSP segments of non-linear (square) output of the SQRt61. The lower the resolution of MULTm61, the smaller the size of MULTm61, the greater the straight-line segment approximation, and the larger the inaccuracy associated with approximation.
Keep in mind the accuracy of the aSQR61 is more dependent on the MSB bank and less on the LSB bank. Therefore, the arrangement in aSQR61, as well the arrangement in the non-linear digital-to-analog converter (NDAC) method that is described in sections 36, 36′, and 37 of this disclosure, can optimized for smaller area by reducing the number of LSBs, or for less approximation (more accuracy) for larger area.
Benefits described in sections 36-37 and section 57 are generally applicable to the circuit illustrated here in
Additional benefits of the aSQR61 embodiment is:
First, the aSQR61 can be significantly smaller and lower cost with lower dynamic power consumption, as compared to a conventional means of generating a digital Z2 that for example require the multiplication of Z x Z whose die cost, die size, and dynamic power consumption increases significantly with higher width of the Z-bit word.
Second, the aSQR61 enables making a fast and low-cost digital-input to digital-output multiplier using the quarter square procedure. Here, by subtracting the digital outputs of (one time multiplexed or two) aSQR61 to generate a scaled multiplicand of two digital words X and Y, whose summation (X+Y) and subtraction (X−Y) is inputted into aSQR62. By inputting digital summation (X+Y) and digital subtraction (X−Y) onto a aSQR61 and subtracting the approximate digital outputs ˜(X+Y)2 and ˜(X−Y)2 from one another, an approximate scaled multiplicand digital signal ˜4X.Y can be generated.
Third, the aSQR61 enables making a digital input to multi-quadrant digital output multiplier via using the quarter square procedure, by for example squaring the digital absolute values of |X+Y| and |X−Y|.
Fourth, because aSQR61 is mostly digital, it can be time multiplexed at a high-speed to generate plurality of digital words. Accordingly, such plurality of digital words can be inputted onto a plurality of respective current mode Digital-to-Analog converters (iDAC)s. By simply joining the current analog-outputs of such plurality of iDACs to perform the function of summation, a mixed-mode square-accumulate (SQAC) current signal can be generated. Such an arrangement can be more area and power efficient as compared to larger area and dynamic power consumption associated with an all-digital SQAC that utilizes an alternative plurality of digital registers and adders.
The digital inputs to the sMULT62 multiplier are a pair of X and Y digital words that are each partitioned to a MSP digital words (XMSP and YMSP), and a LSP digital words (XLSP and YLSP) respective segments.
Controlled and clocked by the digital word (SC), a register REG62 is inputted with pairs of portioned X and Y words which are XMSP, XLSP, YMSP, and YLSP segments.
For example, pairs of partitioned digital words (XMSP, YMSP) and (XMSP, YLSP) and (XLSP, YMSP) and (XLSP, YLSP) are sequentially clocked through REG62 and onto the digital inputs (I1, I2) of a time multiplexed digital MULT62 multiplier.
The digital-input to digital-output multiplier MULT62 can for example utilize a digital multiplier similar to the one illustrated on
The time multiplexed digital MULT62 multiplier accordingly generates a sequence of digital segment product words (XMSP×YMSP) and (XMSP×YLSP) and (XLSP×YMSP) and (XLSP×YLSP).
The digital segment product words are respectively selected and clocked (by the SC word) onto digital registers Lt62, Lm62, Lm62, and Lb62 whose digital outputs are inputted to iDACt62, iDACml62, iDAClm62, and iDACb62, respectively.
The iDACt62, iDACml62, iDAClm62, and iDACb62 can utilize floating iDAC or factorized iDAC described in this disclosure, reference bias network (RBN) style iDACs illustrated in
The current analog-output of iDACt62 is responsive to the digital segment product word (XMSP×YMSP) and proportional to a top-scale current reference st62×IR.
The current analog-output of iDACml62 is responsive to the digital segment product word (XMSP×YLSP) and proportional to a middle-scale current reference Sm62×IR.
The current analog-output of iDAClm62 is responsive to the digital segment product word (XLSP×YMSP) and also proportional to the middle-scale current reference Sm62×IR.
Lastly, the current analog-output of iDACb62 is responsive to the digital segment product word (XLSP×YLSP) and proportional to a bottom-scale current reference sb62×IR.
The analog output currents of iDACt62, iDACml62, iDAClm62, and iDACb62 are then joined together to generate a final analog current output that is proportional to a scaled IR and responsive to the digital word product X×Y.
In summary, the segmented multiplication method partitions a pair of input signals to each signal's sub-segment banks to be respectively multiplied, cross-multiplied, scaled, and recombined with one another to generate the product of the original input signals.
Benefits described in section 57 are generally applicable to the circuit illustrated here in
Also, partitioning (segmenting) a pair of higher resolution input (to be multiplied) into their sub-segment signal banks (with smaller resolutions), and then processing and re-assembling the sub-segmented signal banks with lower resolution circuitry to generate a final product output signal would have the following benefits:
First, the segmented multiplication would reduce the size of the multiplication circuitry.
Second, the segmented multiplication would improve the dynamic performance of the multiplication circuitry, and
Third, the segmented multiplication allows optimizing for cost-performance by processing parts of the multiplication function in mixed-mode.
Fourth, the embodied arrangement is area efficient since the scaling of the weight of sub-segment products are accomplished by simply scaling the IR current reference of the iDACs.
Fifth, the embodied arrangement is also area efficient since the function of summation is simply the joining of the output current wires of iDACs.
Sixth, the embodied arrangement is further area efficient since the digital multiplications function can run at higher frequencies and be time-multiplexed between plurality of channels suitable for multi-channel output multiply-accumulate (MAC) functions.
The digital inputs to the MAC63 are a pair of clock sequenced Xn and Yn digital words that are sequentially summed together and subtracted from each other in a sum & deduct logic block (SDL63) that generates a clock sequenced Xn+Yn and Xn−Yn digital words, wherein a SC word controls the clock input port (c) of the SDL63.
The clock sequenced Xn+Yn and Xn−Yn digital words are inputted to a clocked register & multiplex logic block (RML63), which generates a sequence of clocked multiplex output Zn digital words, which can represent either the clocked sequence Xn+Yn digital words or the clocked sequence Xn−Yn digital words in accordance with the SC word that controls the address and clock input port (c) of the RML63.
The clocked sequence Zn digital words are inputted to an absolute value logic block (ABSL63) which generates a clocked sequence of |Zn| digital words, which are then passed onto a square logic block SQRL63 that generates a clocked sequence of |Zn|2 digital words.
Accordingly, the clocked sequence of |Zn|2 digital words are inputted to a plurality of respective digital latches (L163 to Ln63) that are controlled by the SC word.
The output the L163 to Ln63 are passed on through to a plurality of respective iDACs (iDAC163 to iDACn63) that generate a plurality of analog signals (|z′1|2 to |z′n|2), which are proportional to a reference signal (IR). Bear in mind that the plurality of respective iDACs are also inputted with a plurality of respective current references (s163×IR to sn63×IR), wherein scale factors s163 to sn63 can be programmed equally weighted or individually weighted.
The output of the plurality of respective iDACs are coupled together to generate a summation analog signal Σ|z′i|2=|z′1|2+|z′2|2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +|z′n|2 (that is proportional to IR) is then digitalized by an iADC (iADC63). The summation digital output signal of the iADC63 is Σ|Zi|2=|Z1|2+|Z2|2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +|Zn|2 (that is proportional to Ir63 which is also proportional to IR).
The output of the iADC63 is de-multiplexed by latch logic blocks (Ls63-Ld63) to decouple a respective summation Σ|Zi|2 that correspond to digital summations words Σ|Xi+Yi|2 and Σ|Xi−Yi|2. Note that the Se digital word controls the iADC63 and the Ls63-Ld63.
The digital summations words Σ|Xi+Yi|2 and Σ|Xi−Yi|2 are then subtracted from one another through a deduction logic block (DL63) to generate a multiply-accumulate digital word ΣXiYi.
Some of the benefits of the MAC63 are as follows:
First, the most of the multiply function is performed in digital (which can be accomplished rapidly) and the resultant digital outputs can be time multiplexed for plurality for digital input words, which saves area.
Second, the accumulation function is performed in current mode by joining the output of plurality of iDACs, which also saves area (compared to utilizing digital adders that occupy large areas).
Third, performing the multiplication function by utilizing the quarter-square procedure can also save area.
Fourth, performing the accumulation function is current mode also benefits from current mode signal processing that has been described throughout this disclosure.
The squaring function of the aSQRAC64 is arranged similar to the aSQR61 block illustrated in
A clocked sequence of Z digital words are partitioned to a clocked sequence of MSP segment (ZMSP) digital words and a clocked sequence of LSP segment (ZLSP) digital words, respectively.
The sequence of ZMSP and ZLSP digital words are inputted to a pair of square logic block (SQR64) and digital multiplier block (MULT64) that can operate at high speeds, and which are time multiplexed to receive the respective clocked sequence of ZMSP and ZLSP digital words (that make up the sequenced Z digital words).
The clocked sequence of digital outputs of SQR64 and MULT64 are passed onto a plurality of pairs of latches (La164 & Ls164 to Lan64 & Lsn64), wherein the plurality of pairs of latches are selected, clocked, and controlled by a sC digital word.
Then, the output of the plurality of pairs of latches are passed on a plurality of pairs of iDACs (iDACa164 & iDACs164 pair to iDACan64 & iDACsn64 pair) that generate a plurality of approximate square analog signals (˜z′12 to ˜z′n2), which are proportional to a reference signal (IR). Notice that a current reference input signal for iDACa164 to iDACan64 can be programmed via sa.IR and another current reference input signal for iDACs164 to iDACsn64 can be programmed via ss.IR.
The analog current outputs of the iDACs are coupled together to generate an approximate square-accumulate analog current signal ˜Σz′i2, which is converted to an approximate square-accumulate digital word ˜ΣZi2 via an iADC64 whose output is proportional to a reference current input signal Ir64 that is scaled with respect to IR. Bear in mind that the ˜Σz′i2 and current signal and ˜ΣZi2 digital word are proportional to the respective current reference signals that are scaled with respect to IR.
Some of the benefits of the aSQRAC64 are as follows:
First, the square and multiply functions are performed in digital (which can be accomplished rapidly) and the resultant digital outputs can be time multiplexed for plurality for digital input words, which saves area.
Second, the summation function is performed in current mode by joining the output of plurality of iDACs, which also saves area (compared to utilizing digital adders that occupy large areas).
Third, performing the squaring function by utilizing the square approximation, segmentation disclosed earlier also save area.
Fourth, summation the accumulation function is current mode also benefits from current mode signal processing that has been described throughout this disclosure.
Fifth, aSQRAC64 share similar benefits described in the aSQR61 block illustrated in
For the purpose of this simulations, the SQR58 (having a square transfer function) is inputted with a 6-bit digital word X that is comprising of XMSB that is a 3-bit digital word, and XLSB that is a 3-bit digital word.
The X digital word is ramped between zero-scale to full scale that is shown in the middle graph of
For clarity of waveform illustration to fit in the
The lower waveform of
The upper waveform of
Keeping in mind that 6-bit of resolution computes to about 1.6% of accuracy,
For the purpose of this simulations, the aSQR61 (having a square transfer function) is inputted with a 6-bit digital word X that is comprising of XMSB that is a 3-bit digital word, and XLSB that is a 3-bit digital word.
The X digital word is ramped between zero-scale to full scale. The middle graph of
To illustrate the impact of adjusting straight line approximation on the squarer transfer function, ˜X2 depicts the simulated output of aSQR61 comprising the iDACb61, and ˜˜X2 indicates the simulated output of aSQR61 excluding the iDACb61. The ˜X2, ˜X2, and ˜X2 are shifted with an offset for clarity of illustration.
Also, for clarity of waveform illustration to fit in the
The lower waveform of
The upper waveform of
Keeping in mind that 6-bit of resolution computes to about 1.6% of accuracy,
For the purpose of this simulations, the SQR59 (having a square transfer function) is inputted with a 4-bit digital word X that is comprising of XMSB that is a 2-bit digital word, and XLSB that is a 2-bit digital word. The SQRt59, SQRb59, and MULTm59 are all arranged with digital logic gates, and each are comprised of 2-bit input port to 4-bit output ports. The iDACt59, iDACt59, and iDACt59 have 4-bits input ports.
The X digital word is ramped between zero-scale to full scale that is shown in the lower graph of
For clarity of waveform illustration to fit in the
The middle waveform of
The upper waveform of
Keeping in mind that 4-bit of resolution computes to about 6.25% of accuracy,
For the purpose of this simulations, the MULTL62 is inputted with a pair of X, Y 4-bit digital words comprising of XMSB, XLSB that are each 2-bit digital wide, and YLSB, YLSB that are each 2-bit digital word.
The digital inputs X and Y digital words are ramped in the opposite direction between zero-scale to full scale and are shown in the upper graph of
For clarity of waveform illustration to fit in the
The middle waveform of
The lower waveform of
Keeping in mind that 4-bit of resolution computes to about 6.25% of accuracy,
The present disclosure claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/856,889 filed Jun. 4, 2019 and which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the present disclosure claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/880,885 filed Jul. 31, 2019 and which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety. Moreover, the present disclosure claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/912,407 filed Oct. 8, 2019 and which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present disclosure claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/865,845 filed Jun. 24, 2019 and which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the present disclosure claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/862,772 filed Jun. 18, 2019 and which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/381,245 filed on Apr. 11, 2019; which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/658,678 filed on Apr. 17, 2018, and which are herein specifically incorporated by reference in their entirety. Additionally, the present invention is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,891 filed on Jan. 19, 2020; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,893 filed on Jan. 19, 2020; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,895 filed on Jan. 19, 2020; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,897 filed on Jan. 19, 2020; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,899 filed on Jan. 19, 2020; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/789,375 filed on Feb. 12, 2020; and all of which are herein specifically incorporated by reference in their entirety. Each of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 16/746,891, 16/746,893, 16/746,895, 16/746,897, 16/746,899, and 16/789,375 claimed priority to the U.S. Provisional Patent Applications and U.S. Patent Application listed in the immediately preceding paragraph. Furthermore, the present invention is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/801,564 filed on Feb. 26, 2020; which is herein specifically incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62912407 | Oct 2019 | US | |
| 62880885 | Jul 2019 | US | |
| 62865845 | Jun 2019 | US | |
| 62862772 | Jun 2019 | US | |
| 62856889 | Jun 2019 | US | |
| 62658678 | Apr 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16801564 | Feb 2020 | US |
| Child | 16802523 | US | |
| Parent | 16789375 | Feb 2020 | US |
| Child | 16801564 | US | |
| Parent | 16746891 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Child | 16789375 | US | |
| Parent | 16746897 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Child | 16746891 | US | |
| Parent | 16746899 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Child | 16746897 | US | |
| Parent | 16746893 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Child | 16746899 | US | |
| Parent | 16746895 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Child | 16746893 | US | |
| Parent | 16381245 | Apr 2019 | US |
| Child | 16746895 | US |
