AR+ breast cancer treatment methods

Abstract

A method for treating AR+ breast cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject an AR agonist (e.g., SARMs such as RAD140), or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of cdk4/6 inhibitors, m-TOR inhibitors, PI3k inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors, and MCL-1 inhibitors.

Description

BACKGROUND

The relationship between androgens and breast cancer has been recognized for some time. In the past, androgen therapy has been used for treating breast cancer in women with mixed success. As breast cancer rapidly evolves to develop resistance to antiestrogen hormonal treatments, there is an urgent need to develop new treatment of breast cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to methods for treating a subject (e.g., human) with breast cancer expressing the androgen receptor (AR+ breast cancer) through the administration of one or more AR agonist(s). In certain embodiments, the AR agonist is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). In some embodiments, the breast cancers are positive for both the androgen receptor and the estrogen receptor (AR+/ER+). In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the breast cancers are positive for AR, ER and progesterone receptor (AR+/ER+/PR+). In certain embodiments, the breast cancers expressing AR do not test positive for Her2 (Her2⁻). In certain embodiments, the breast cancers comprise one or more mutations in the ER as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the one or more ER mutations affect the ability of the ligand binding domain of the ER to bind ligands having affinity to non-mutated ER (wild-type ER). In certain embodiments, the breast cancers initially positive for ER may lose tumor expression of ER. In certain embodiments, the subject is a premenopausal or postmenopausal woman. In certain embodiments, the SARM used for treating breast cancer is used in combination with a cell cyclin inhibitor and in some embodiments, the cell cyclin inhibitor is an inhibitor of CDK4 and/or CDK6 (CDK4/6 inhibitor). In certain embodiments, the SARM is used in combination with an mTOR inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor is an inhibitor of mTOR2 and/or mTOR3. In some instances, the SARM is given by oral administration. In some embodiments, the cell cyclin inhibitor and/or mTOR inhibitor is given by oral administration. In certain embodiments the SARM and mTOR inhibitor or SARM and CDK4/6 inhibitor are combined together in a kit. In some embodiments, the SARM and mTOR inhibitor or SARM and CDK4/6 inhibitor are co-formulated.

In certain embodiments, the SARM is steroidal or non-steroidal and in certain embodiments the SARM is non-steroidal. In some embodiments, the SARM of this invention is selected from the group consisting of enobosarm, BMS-564929, LGD-4033, AC-262,356, JNJ-28330835, S-40503, LY-2452473 and GSK-2881078. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the SARMs used according to the methods of this disclosure are described by the genus of compounds represented by Formula I and Formula IV as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the cell cyclin inhibitor is a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib and abemaciclib. In certain embodiments, the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor is a compounds that inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6 with an IC₅₀<250 nM or <100 nM or <50 nM. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the mTOR inhibitor (TORC1 and/or TORC2) is selected from the group consisting of sirolimus, temsirolimus, everolimus, ridafarolimus, and MLN0128. In certain embodiments, the methods of treating breast cancer using a combination of a SARM together with a PARP inhibitor and in some embodiments the PARP inhibitor is talazoparib, veliparib, niraparib, beigene290, E7449, KX01, ABT767, CK102, JPI289, KX02, IMP4297, SC10914, NT125, PJ34, VPI289, ANG-3186 are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the methods of treating breast cancer using a combination of a SARM together with a BCL2 inhibitor are described and in some embodiments the BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax, navitoclax, ABT737, G3139 or 555746. In certain embodiments, the methods of treating breast cancer using a combination of a SARM together with an MCL1 inhibitor are described and in some embodiments the MCL-1 inhibitor is 7-(5-((4-(4-(N,N-Dimethylsulfamoyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)methyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic Acid, S63845, omacataxine, seliciclib, UMI-77, AT101, sabutoclax, TW-37. In particular embodiments, the methods of treating breast cancer using a combination of a SARM together with a PI3K inhibitor

In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the breast cancer is treatment naïve. In some embodiments, the breast cancer has not yet been treated with any endocrinological therapies. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the breast cancer is resistant to at least one prior therapy. In some embodiments the prior treatment for which resistance has developed is an antiestrogen therapy, e.g., at least one of an aromatase inhibitor, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) or a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). In certain embodiments, the subject (e.g., woman) is postmenopausal and has progressed on prior endocrine therapy, including, without limitation, SERDs (e.g., fulvestrant, RAD1901, AZD9496); SERMs (e.g., tamoxifen, toremifene), aromatase inhibitors, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the subject (e.g. woman) has metastatic breast cancer but has not yet been treated. In some embodiments, the subject (e.g. woman) has metastatic breast and has progressed after prior endocronological therapy. In some embodiments, the subject (e.g. woman) has metastatic breast and has progressed after treatment with a mTOR inhibitor, or a CDK4/6 inhibitor, or a PIK3 inhibitor.

Certain embodiments provide a method of treating breast cancer comprising the steps of measuring a baseline level of ZBTB16 mRNA expression or protein expression in an ER+/AR+ breast cancer subject, treating with an AR agonist or selective androgen receptor modulator as described herein, measuring the level of ZBTB16 (encoding protein PLZF) after the treatment, and if the ZBTB16 level after treatment has increased, continuing the treatment with the AR agonist or selective androgen receptor modulator. In certain embodiments, the subject is a woman, e.g., premenopausal or postmenopausal woman.

Also provided herein in some embodiments Isa diagnostic kit containing reagents for measuring the mRNA or protein expression of ZBTB16.

Provided herein is a method of identifying a subject who is likely to be responsive to the AR agonist therapy disclosed herein, comprising the steps of measuring a baseline level of ZBTB16 mRNA expression or protein expression, treating with an AR agonist (e.g., SARM) for a period of time comprising at least one administration, measuring the ZBTB16 mRNA expression level after the AR agonist therapy, and identifying the subject to be likely responsive to the AR agonist therapy if an increase in ZBTB16 mRNA expression has occurred. In some embodiments, the expression cut off to determine responsiveness is at least a ×2 fold increase, a ×4 fold increase; an ×8 fold increase, a ×10 fold increase; a ×25 fold increase; a ×50 fold increase or a >1×100 fold increase.

In certain embodiments, a method of treating a woman with breast cancer is provided wherein said woman expresses one or mutations in the estrogen receptor, for example, a mutation of ERα gene (ESR1). Such mutations can include fusion proteins where part of the estrogen receptor has been fused to part or all of another protein. In some embodiments, a method of treating a woman with breast cancer is provided wherein said woman is first evaluated for one or more of said mutations and/or fusions and if she tests positive for the one or more mutations and/or fusions, she is treated with an AR agonist, for example a SARM, either as a monotherapy or with one or more additional chemotherapeutics as described herein. In some embodiments, the subject expresses a mutated PI3K.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

This application contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this application with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fees.

FIG. 1: Compound III (“RAD140”) in combination with CDK inhibitor inhibited the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer in patient-derived xenograft (PDx) mice.

FIG. 2: Combined administration of RAD140 with CDK inhibitor or mTOR inhibitor inhibited the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer in cell line-derived xenograft (CDx) mice.

FIG. 3: RAD140 reduced the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer in PDx mice and was more efficacious than fulvestrant.

FIG. 4: RAD140 reduced the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer in PDx mice.

FIGS. 5A-5B: Increase in ZBTB16 mRNA expression in RAD140 treatment of breast cancer. FIG. 5A: Increase in ZBTB16 mRNA expression in RAD140 treatment of T47D breast cancer cells in vitro. FIG. 5B: Increase in ZBTB16 mRNA expression in RAD140 treatment of AR+/ER+ breast cancer in vivo (PDx #2).

FIG. 6: Inhibition effects of RAD140, palbociclib, and a combination of RAD140 and palbociclib on the PDx tumor in WHIM 18 models harboring the ESR1-YAP1 fusion and an E545K mutation in PIK3CA.

FIG. 7: RAD140 inhibited the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer patient-derived xenograft in the same PDX model as used in FIG. 3.

FIG. 8: RAD140 inhibited the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer patient-derived xenograft in the same model as used in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

RAD140 is an orally available, nonsteroidal SARM with a distinct tissue selectivity profile. In vitro functional analysis showed that RAD140 is a potent AR agonist, comparable to dihydrotestosterone in breast cancer cells. As set forth in the Examples section below, a treatment of a SARM (e.g., RAD140) alone (Examples 3 and 4; Examples 7 and 8) or in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (e.g., palbociclib in Examples 1 and 2) or an mTOR inhibitor (e.g., everolimus in Example 2) effectively inhibited the growth of ER+/AR+ breast cancer in multiple PDx and/or CDx mice. Molecular analysis of the xenograft tumor specimen revealed a substantial suppression of progesterone receptor (PR), consistent with previous reports on the crosstalk between AR and ER pathways (ER signaling upregulates PR), but also demonstrated potent activation of the AR pathway in RAD140 treated tumors. Furthermore, increase in ZBTB16 mRNA expression was observed in RAD140 treatment of AR+/ER+ breast cancer in vivo (PDx #2) and in vitro (T47D breast cancer cells); while PDx #2 treated with a SERD (fulvestrant) did not show appreciable induction of ZBTB16 mRNA expression (Example 5). A treatment of a SARM (e.g., RAD140) alone (Example 6) or in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (e.g., palbociclib) effectively inhibited the growth of ER+/PR+/AR+/HER− breast cancer in WHIM18 PDx mice initially expressing the ESR-1 YAP fusion.

More specifically, RAD140 unexpectedly inhibited tumor growth in all four PDx models (PDx #1 (AR+/ER+/PR+/Her2−), PDx #2 (AR+/ER+), PDx#3 (AR+/ER+), and WHIM18 PDx (ER+/PR+/AR+/HER−)) and CDx models (ZR75 CDx derived from ZR-75-1 cancer cell line (AR+/ER+) (See examples).

RAD140 alone showed tumor growth inhibition (TGI) to ER+/PR+/AR+/HER− breast cancer in WHIM18 PDx which was highly resistant to the potent ER-degrader fulvestrant (Example 6). Unexpectedly, administration of RAD140 in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (e.g., palbociclib) resulted in enhanced TGI effects than treatment of RAD140 or palbociclib alone. Furthermore, in PDx #1 (Example 1) and CDx (Example 2) models, the administration of RAD140 in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (e.g., palbociclib) again unexpectedly resulted in enhanced TGI effects compared to treatment of RAD140 or palbociclib alone. In CDx (Example 2) models, the administration of RAD140 in combination with a mTOR inhibitor (e.g., everolimus) also resulted in enhanced TGI effects compared with treatment of RAD140 or palbociclib alone (Example 2). Thus, SARMs (e.g., RAD140) are likely to be an effective endocrine backbone that potentiates the TGI of AR+/ER+ and/or ER+/PR+/AR+/HER− cancer treatment, including endocrine resistant or less responsive to endocrine therapy (e.g., SERDs such as fulvestrant) and also strongly potentiate the activities of effective agents such as a cdk4/6 inhibitor, an m-TOR inhibitor, PI3k inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, or any combinations thereof.

Based on the results provided herein, methods are provided for treating AR+ tumor in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an AR agonist (e.g., SARMs such as RAD140), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates (e.g., hydrates) thereof. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more second therapeutic agent(s) as described for herein, e.g., CDK4/6 inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, PIK3 inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors, and MCL-1 inhibitors.

Methods are also provided for treating breast cancer in a subject comprising the following steps:

a) determining a baseline level of ZBTB16 mRNA and/or protein;

b) administering an androgen receptor agonist;

c) treating the subject with the AR agonist and then retesting the level of ZBTB16 mRNA and/or protein to provide a first level of ZBTB16 mRNA and/or protein; and

d) continuing the administration of the AR agonist if the first level is higher than the baseline level of ZBTB16 mRNA and/or protein.

Examples of the subjects include, without limitation, mammals, e.g., human. In certain embodiments, the subjects for the methods disclosed herein are women, e.g., premenopausal women as well as postmenopausal women. In certain embodiments, the subjects for the methods disclosed herein have progressed on prior endocrine therapy, including, without limitation, SERDs (e.g., fulvestrant, RAD1901, AZD9496); SERMs (e.g., tamoxifen, toremifene), aromatase inhibitors (e.g. arimidex, letrozole, aromasin or combinations thereof, whether direct or sequential). In some embodiments, the subjects have metastatic breast cancer and have progressed on prior endocrine therapy (e.g., SERDs, SERMs, aromatase inhibitors, or combinations thereof). In certain embodiments, the subject (e.g. woman) has primary or metastatic breast cancer and has progressed on a cdk4/6 inhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor, or a PI3K inhibitor. In some embodiments, the woman has not been treated for breast cancer and an AR agonist (e.g., SARM) as described herein (e.g., RAD140) is administered, either alone or in combination with one of the other agents mentioned herein.

The presence of AR, ER, and/or PR in breast cancer tumor cells or tumor tissue can be readily evaluated, e.g., by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein further comprise determining the tumor expresses AR and optionally one or more other receptors (e.g., ER, PR, and Her2), especially ESR1. Moreover, the methods disclosed herein open up the door to new treatment regimens not depending on pathways likely to already have been treated into resistance (e.g., antiestrogen resistance).

Mutation of the ERα Gene (ESR1)

Resistance to hormonal therapy in ER+ breast cancer is often accompanied by various mutations in the estrogen receptor. In some instances, these mutated receptors result in increased resistance or even complete resistance to anti-estrogen/anti-endocrinological treatment when such resistance comes as a result of treatment with an aromatase inhibitor, an antiestrogen SERM such as tamoxifen or an estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) such as fulvestrant. While in some instances, the resistance to anti-estrogen treatment is accompanied by complete loss of estrogen receptor signaling through loss of the receptor itself, however, in many instances the mutated receptor still signals through the ER pathway. The reasons for antiestrogen resistance include examples where the estrogen receptor is mutated in a way where it shows reduced affinity for directly competitive ligands (i.e. Y537S ESR1, D538G) or that it loses part or all of its ligand binding domain (LBD) but still retains enough of other functional domains (e.g. DNA binding domain, AF1 domain and/or the hinge region) so that the receptor even when unbound by ligand (or unable even to bind ligand) retains constitutive activity meaning that the receptor effectively remains switched on. In some instances this occurs where chromosomal translocations occur resulting in gene fusion products where the ligand binding domain of the ER is truncated or deleted and another gene or partial gene substituted in its place resulting in a constitutively active receptor that does not require ligand binding. It has been demonstrated that tumor cells harboring such genetic alterations are resistant to therapeutic agents targeting ER LBD. Such mutant cells can be enriched over time. Also, it is known that some of the mutations pre-exist treatment with antiestrogens/SERDs/aromatase inhibitors. A subject expressing such receptors may be at greater risk of poor response to conventional anti-ER treatment but are excellent candidates for AR agonist or SARM therapy as described herein. Thus a patient may be a candidate for first line treatment or adjuvant treatment AR agonist or SARM when the subject expresses such a mutation or fusion. In certain embodiments, a subject is tested for expression of a candidate mutation or fusion to determine whether to treat her in a neoadjuvant, adjuvant or first line setting where she has not yet been treated with an endocrinological agent. The first line use of the SARM can be either as a monotherapy or in combination with at least one agent selected from the group consisting of CDK inhibitors (e.g., CDK 4/6 inhibitors), mTOR inhibitors (e.g., mTORc 1 and/or 2 inhibitors), PARP inhibitors, PIK3 inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors and MCL-1 inhibitors. Prior to the herein described methods, these mutations were particularly problematic as they foreclose treatment with antiestrogenic agents which are first line for ER+ breast cancer patients. As a result, the patients often proceed to cytotoxic agents and experience a course of their disease that is often accelerated and much harder to treat. It is an important aspect of this disclosure that AR agonists described herein can effectively treat subjects harboring such mutated ER.

In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the AR agonists disclosed herein are used to treat subjects having AR+/ER+ breast cancer that comprises one or more ER mutations. In certain embodiments, these mutations affect the ability of the ligand binding domain to bind ligands having affinity to non-mutated ER. In certain embodiments of this invention, said ER has one or more point mutations in the ligand binding domain that reduce or eliminate binding to normally binding ER ligands of the type agonists and/or antagonists including SERMs and SERDs, and in some instances have constitutive ER signaling activity, e.g., resistant to aromatase inhibitors as well. In certain embodiments, the mutated receptor has a ligand binding domain that is partially or completely absent. In some embodiments, said mutant receptor is a fusion receptor between a part of ESR1 and part or all of another protein. In certain embodiments, said mutant receptor is capable of signaling through ER pathways despite not being able to bind ligand or having an attenuated affinity for ligands that bind non-mutated ER. In some embodiments, the mutant or fusion retains the ER of DNA-binding domain function.

In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the subject expresses at least one specifically described ER-fusion gene. In one embodiment, the gene comprises an E545K mutation product in PIK3CA, an ESR1-AKAP12 fusion product, an ESR1-CCDC170 gene fusion product, an ESR1-YAP1 gene fusion product, an ESR1-POLH gene fusion product, an ESR1-PCDH11X gene fusion product, or combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the subject expresses an ESR1-YAP1 fusion. In certain embodiments, the subject has his/her first breast cancers or tumors evaluated to determine if the subject harbor one or more ER gene-fusion mutations in one or more samples of their cancer cells. If the subject does indeed harbor one or more of the described ER mutations, the subject is a candidate for treatment according to the compounds and methods of this invention. In some embodiments of this invention, the subject has already been treated with one or more prior therapies and in some embodiments the said prior therapy comprises an antiestrogen therapy utilizing, for example, an aromatase inhibitor, a SERM or a SERD. In some embodiments, the subject with the indicated mutation has not been pretreated at all for his/her breast cancer or has not been pre-treated with an antiestrogen. In certain embodiments, the subject has one or more of the mutations/fusions compromising ligand binding function or ESR1 activity.

In certain embodiments, the subject is initially positive for ER and then loses tumor expression of ER. In some embodiments, said lost expression occurred after the course of one or more prior treatments. In certain embodiments, said one or more prior treatments comprised treatment with an antiestrogen further comprising one or more of an aromatase inhibitor, a SERM and a SERD. In certain embodiments, said subject who has lost ER expression in the tumor does express the progesterone receptor (PR).

In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the method disclosed herein further comprises a diagnostic step wherein said subject is first evaluated for one or more mutations/fusions as described herein. If the mutation/fusion is deemed to meet a predetermined cut off, the subject is a candidate for AR agonist/SARM treatment, either as a monotherapy or as a combination as described herein. In some embodiments, the mutant or fusion includes the ESR1-YAP fusion and/or closely related embodiments.

AR Agonists

Methods disclosed herein are not limited to any single class of compounds but rather include in the broadest scope, compounds that have affinity for the androgen receptor and can express at least some classic androgen activity, broadly thought of as AR agonists. One way to discern such activity preclinically, for example, is in a rat Herschberger assay where the effects of the prospective AR agonist are evaluated against a castrate background to determine if the compound has a stimulatory effect on androgen target tissues such as the levator ani, prostate and/or seminal vesicles. The AR agonists can be steroidal or non-steroidal, selective or not. In some embodiments, the AR agonist is a steroidal AR agonist such as testosterone (and esters thereof), DHT (and esters thereof), fluoxymesterone, oxandrolone, stanzolol, methandrostenelone, methyltestosterone, oxymetholone, nandrolone (and esters thereof). In certain embodiments, the AR agonists are SARMs (e.g., RAD140). In certain embodiments, SARMs demonstrate efficacy on tumor endpoints despite having reduced androgen drive on other tissues (e.g., prostate) or other expression profiles resulting in undesired outcomes such as virilization and hirsutism in females. In certain embodiments, SARMs often present with reduced drive on liver enzymes elevations and/or possibly deleterious changes in cholesterol levels such as decreased HD1 and/or increased LDL. In certain embodiments, SARMs are non-steroidal and do not present the potential class liability of 17alpha alkylated steroids though they still have good oral activity in general. In certain embodiments, SARMs provide effective treatments that are less or non-virilizing. In certain embodiments, SARMs are not likely to feedback stimulate the central hormonal axis. In certain embodiments, SARMs (e.g., RAD140) can cross the blood brain barrier (the “BBB”). In certain embodiments, SARMs that can cross the BBB have suppressive effects on the central hormonal axis and decrease rather than increasing the ovarian production of sex steroids, e.g., estrogens such as estrone and estradiol as well as intracrine precursors such as DHEA, androstenedione, etc. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the SARMs may be generally used for treating premenopausal women with breast cancer as well as postmenopausal women with breast cancer. In certain embodiments, suppressive SARMs (e.g., RAD140) provide additional CNS benefits in premenopausal or postmenopausal women having breast cancer. In certain embodiments, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) disclosed herein increase lean muscle mass and/or appetite. Thus, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) disclosed herein can be beneficial where a cancer cachexic state or wasting is a concern.

Not wishing to be bound by example, some of the SARMs contemplated in the methods disclosed herein include, without limitation, 2-chloro-4-[[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl]amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile (J Med Chem 2016; 59(2) 750), PF-06260414, enobosarm, BMS-564929, LGD-4033, AC-262356, JNJ-28330835, S-40503, GSK-2881078, RAD140, AZD-3514, MK4541, LG121071, GLPG0492, NEP28, YK11, MK0773, ACP-105, LY-2452473, S-101479, S-40542, S-42, LGD-3303 and the SARMs disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,067,448 and 9,133,182, which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the SARMs suitable for methods disclosed herein include compounds according to Formula I disclosed herein (e.g., Compound II and Compound III), and compounds according to Formula IV disclosed herein, which may be used alone or in combination with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of CDK inhibitors (e.g. CDK4/6 inhibitors), mTOR inhibitors (e.g., mTORc 1 inhibitors and/or mTORc 2 inhibitors), PARP inhibitors, PIK3 inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, and combinations thereof, for the treatment of AR+ breast cancer in a subject.

Compounds according to Formula I include compounds having the structure of Formula I

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, wherein:

R_x═CN;

R_y═CF₃ or Cl;

R_z=CH₃, CH₂CH₃ or Cl; or

R_y and R_z together form:

R_a′ is H, F, Cl, CN, OH or OSO₃; and

R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In certain embodiments, the compound according to Formula I is Compound II or Compound III (RAD140):

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compounds according to Formula IV include:

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, wherein:

R_x is CN, Cl, Br, or NO₂;

R_y is CH₃, CF₃, or halogen;

R_z is hydrogen, optionally substituted C_1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted C_2-3 alkenyl, optionally substituted C_1-3 hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted C_1-3 haloalkyl, NO₂, NH₂, OMe, halogen or OH;

P₁ is hydrogen or a metabolically labile group;

R_a and R_b are each independently hydrogen or C_1-3 alkyl; and

X is O.

Examples of optional substitution include, without limitation, 1-3 halogen atoms.

In certain embodiments, the SARM is a compound according to Formula IV, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein R_x is CN.

In certain embodiments, the SARM is a compound according to Formula IV, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein R_x is CN; R_y is Cl or CF₃; R_z is hydrogen, Cl or CH₃; P₁ is (C═O)—C_1-6 alkyl or hydrogen; and R_a and R_b are each independently hydrogen or —CH₃.

In certain embodiments, the SARM is a compound according to Formula IV, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein R_x is CN; R_y is Cl or CF₃; R_z is hydrogen, Cl or CH₃; P₁ is (C═O)—C_1-6 alkyl or hydrogen; and R_a and R_b are both hydrogen.

Combination Therapy of AR Agonists and mTOR Inhibitors

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle. The frequent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer and its crucial role in cell growth and survival provide a challenge in finding an appropriate amount of proliferation versus differentiation in order to utilize this balance in the development of various therapies. See, e.g., Gitto et al., “Recent insights into the pathophysiology of mTOR pathway dysregulation,” Res. Rep. Bio., 2:1-16 (2015).

Inhibitors of the PI3K pathway have shown promises when given in combination with other therapies. For example, everolimus, as an allosteric mTOR inhibitor, was the first mTOR inhibitor approved in combination with AI exemestane (aromasin), for post-menopausal women with advanced hormone receptor positive (HR+), HER2− breast cancer (BOLERO-2 study) in 2012. Agents targeting other components of the PI3K pathway are under development for treating HR+ cancer, e.g., ATP-competitive, dual inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR (e.g., BEZ235, GDC-0980), pan-PI3K inhibitors which inhibit all four isoforms of class I PI3K (e.g., BKM120, GDC-0941), isoform-specific inhibitors of the various PI3K isoforms (e.g., BYL719, GDC-0032), allosteric and catalytic inhibitors of AKT (MK2206, GDC-0068, GSK2110183, GSK2141795, AZD5363), and ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR only (AZD2014, MLN0128, and CC-223). Dienstmann et al., “Picking the point of inhibition: a comparative review of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors,” Mol. Cancer Ther., 13(5):1021-31 (2014).

Despite their great potential, undesirable side effects associated with mTOR inhibitors have hindered their development as effective cancer therapies. Kaplan et al., “Strategies for the management of adverse events associated with mTOR inhibitors,” Transplant Rev (Orlando), 28(3): 126-133 (2014); and Pallet et al., “Adverse events associated with mTOR inhibitors,” Expert Opin. Drug Saf 12(2): 177-186 (2013).

Furthermore, there remains a need for more durable and effective targeted therapies that can overcome challenges associated with the current endocrine therapies, while providing additional benefits by combining with a second therapeutic agents (e.g., everolimus and other agents targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway) to combat cancer in advanced stage and/or with resistance to prior treatments.

In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent targets the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and can be a mTOR inhibitor, a dual mTOR inhibitor, a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, or an inhibitor of mTOR2 and/or mTOR3. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is a rapamycin derivative (aka rapalog) such as rapamycin (sirolimus or rapamune, Pfizer), everolimus (Affinitor or RAD001, Novartis), ridaforolimus (AP23573 or MK-8669, Merck and ARIAD Pharmaceuticals), temsirolimus (Torisel or CCI779, Pfizer), including solvates (e.g., hydrates) and salts thereof In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is a dual mTOR inhibitor that inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, such as MLN0128, CC115 and CC223 (Celgene), OSI-027 (OSI Pharmaceuticals), and AZD8055 and AZD2014 (AstraZeneca), including solvates (e.g., hydrates) and salts thereof In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor such as GDC-0980, SAR245409 (XL765), LY3023414 (Eli Lilly), NVP-BEZ235 (Novartis), NVP-BGT226 (Novartis), SF1126, and PKI-587 (Pfizer), including solvates (e.g., hydrates) and salts thereof.

In certain embodiments, more than one of the second therapeutic agents disclosed above may be used in combination with AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) disclosed herein, e.g., compounds according to Formula I, compounds according to Formula IV, Compound II and Compound III. For example, an mTOR inhibitor can be used together with another mTOR inhibitor or with a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. Also, it is known in the art that the second therapeutic agents disclosed above, including mTOR inhibitors, dual mTOR inhibitors, and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, can be administered with other active agents to enhance the efficacy of the treatment for example can be used in combination with JAK2 inhibitors (Bogani et al., PLOS One, 8(1): e54826 (2013)), chemotherapy agents (Yardley, Breast Cancer (Auckl) 7: 7-22 (2013)). Accordingly, the second therapeutic agents also include these auxiliary active agents.

FIG. 2 illustrates the enhanced efficacy obtained when a mTOR inhibitor everolimus was used in combination with a SARM RAD140 in an in vivo model

Combination Therapy of AR Agonists and CDK Inhibitors

Cell cycle regulators such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been reported to have effects on ER expression. Lamb et al., “Cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 have estrogen receptor-dependent divergent functions in breast cancer migration and stem cell-like activity,” Cell Cycle 12(15): 2384-2394 (2013). Selective CDK4/6 inhibitors (e.g., ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib) have enabled tumor types in which CDK4/6 has a pivotal role in the G1-to-S-phase cell cycle transition to be targeted with improved effectiveness and fewer adverse effects to normal cells. O'Leary et al., “Treating cancer with selective CDK4/6 inhibitors,” Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. (2016), published online 31 Mar. 2016 (http://www.nature.com/nrclinonc/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nrclinonc.2016.26.html). The selective CDK4/6 inhibitors demonstrated the best responses when tested in combination with ER-endocrine therapy in patients with ER-positive breast cancer. In this regard, it is helpful to keep in mind that AR pathways can intersect with ER pathways and possibly under some conditions, antagonize ER activity in a different manner than direct ER antagonism.

Palbociclib in combination with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (PALoMA-1/TRIO 18 study) was approved for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women in February 2015. In February 2016, palbociclib in combination with the SERD fulvestrant (PALOMA-3 study) was approved for the treatment of ER+, HER2− advanced or metastatic breast cancer patients that had progressed on prior endocrine therapy. The FDA has granted the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib (LY2835219) a breakthrough therapy designation as monotherapy for heavily pretreated patients with refractory HR-positive advanced breast cancer, based on data from a phase I study (JPBA study). Additional combinations of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors (e.g., ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib) with ER− endocrine therapies (e.g., AIs, SERMs and SERDs) are currently under development. However, it appears clinical or preclinical studies demonstrating the unexpected combined efficacy between SARMs and cdk4/6 inhibitors appear lacking until now.

Furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibitors demonstrate toxicities that may require intermittent therapy (O'Leary). Thus, there remains a need for effective and alternative combination-targeted therapies that can overcome challenges associated with the current endocrine therapies, while providing additional benefits by combining with CDK4/6 inhibitors to combat breast cancer, particularly in advanced stage and/or with resistance to prior treatments or with mutations identified as existing pre-prior therapy or after prior therapy that render the ESR1 target amenable to androgen intervention (including SARMs) where other endocrinological therapies are generally less effective or not effective at all, particularly those relying on a direct antiestrogenic effect such as an aromatase inhibitor, SERM or SERD.

In certain embodiments, the CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitors include, without limitation, palbociclib, abemaciclib, ribociclib and AMG925.

The in vivo illustration of this concept of an AR agonist (e.g., SARM) combined with a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor (e.g., palbociclib) can be viewed in FIG. 1. As indicated in FIG. 1, the SARM RAD140 has very effective tumor suppressing capability, similar to a monotherapy with palbociclib. Unexpectedly, a combination therapy of RAD140 and palbociclib provided enhanced TGI compared to monotherapy with RAD140 or palbociclib. Thus, a combination therapy of AR agonists and CDK4/6 inhibitors may provide improved activity and marked clinical benefit for treatment of AR+ breast cancer. Similarly, FIG. 6 demonstrates efficacy alone or with palbociclib in the WHIM18 model initially expressing ESR1-YAP fusion where fulvestrant (as SERD) was ineffective alone and did not enhance the efficacy of palbociclib in the fulvestrant-palbociclib combination therapy.

Administration and Formulations

With regard to administration of the compounds and combinations according to the methods disclosed herein, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) or solvates or salts thereof and the CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitors (e.g., ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib) or the mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors disclosed herein are administered in combination to a subject in need. The phrase “in combination” means that the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) disclosed herein may be administered before, during, or after the administration of the CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitors or mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors. For example, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) and the CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitor or mTOR inhibitor, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors can be administered in about one week apart, about 6 days apart, about 5 days apart, about 4 days apart, about 3 days apart, about 2 days apart, about 24 hours apart, about 23 hours apart, about 22 hours apart, about 21 hours apart, about 20 hours apart, about 19 hours apart, about 18 hours apart, about 17 hours apart, about 16 hours apart, about 15 hours apart, about 14 hours apart, about 13 hours apart, about 12 hours apart, about 11 hours apart, about 10 hours apart, about 9 hours apart, about 8 hours apart, about 7 hours apart, about 6 hours apart, about 5 hours apart, about 4 hours apart, about 3 hours apart, about 2 hours apart, about 1 hour apart, about 55 minutes apart, about 50 minutes apart, about 45 minutes apart, about 40 minutes apart, about 35 minutes apart, about 30 minutes apart, about 25 minutes apart, about 20 minutes apart, about 15 minutes apart, about 10 minutes apart, or about 5 minutes apart. In certain embodiments, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) and the CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitors or mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors are administered to the subject simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. In certain of these embodiments, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) and the CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitor (e.g., ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib) or mTOR inhibitors (e.g., sirolimus, temsirolimus, everolimus, ridafarolimus and MLN0128), PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors disclosed herein may be administered as part of a single formulation. Included are kits where an AR agonist and one or more of the additional agents described herein are contained within a kit together, for example as a copackaging arrangement. By way of non-limiting example, kits containing RAD140 with a CDK4/6 inhibitor, m-TOR inhibitor, PI3K inhibitor, PARP inhibitor, MCL-1 inhibitor and/or BCL2 inhibitor such as those detailed herein are included within the scope.

In some embodiments, the combination of a single AR agonist (e.g., SARM) and a single CDK4 and/or CDK6 inhibitor or mTOR inhibitor, PI3K inhibitor, PARP inhibitor, MCL-1 inhibitor and/or BCL2 inhibitor is administered to a subject. In certain embodiments, the combination of one AR agonist (e.g., SARM) and a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor and an mTOR inhibitor, PI3K inhibitor, PARP inhibitor, MCL-1 inhibitor and/or BCL2 inhibitor are administered together to a subject. Formulations of the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) used in the methods disclosed herein have been generally disclosed in the literature and those teachings are herein incorporated by general reference. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 8,067,448 discloses how to make the compounds and general formulation methods useful for formulating compounds according to Formula I, Compound II and Compound III and is herein incorporated by reference. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 9,133,182 discloses how to make the compounds according to Formula IV and formulate generally, and is herein incorporated by reference. In instances where specific formulation advice or direction is not available, some general principles to formulation may apply. For example, the compounds and combinations of the presently disclosed methods can be formulated into unit dosage forms, meaning physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for subjects undergoing treatment, with each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, optionally in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. The unit dosage form can be for a single daily dose or one of multiple daily doses (e.g., about 1 to 4 or more times q.d.). When multiple daily doses are used, the unit dosage form can be the same or different for each dose. In certain embodiments, the compounds may be formulated for controlled release.

The compounds and combinations for use in the presently disclosed methods can be formulated according to any available conventional method. Examples of preferred dosage forms include a tablet, a powder, a subtle granule, a granule, a coated tablet, a capsule, a syrup, a troche, an inhalant, a suppository, an injectable, an ointment, an ophthalmic ointment, an eye drop, a nasal drop, an ear drop, a cataplasm, a lotion and the like. In the formulation, generally used additives such as a diluent, a binder, an disintegrant, a lubricant, a colorant, a flavoring agent, and if necessary, a stabilizer, an emulsifier, an absorption enhancer, a surfactant, a pH adjuster, an antiseptic, an antioxidant and the like can be used. In addition, the formulation is also carried out by combining compositions that are generally used as a raw material for pharmaceutical formulation, according to the conventional methods. Examples of these compositions include, for example, (1) an oil such as a soybean oil, a beef tallow and synthetic glyceride; (2) hydrocarbon such as liquid paraffin, squalane and solid paraffin; (3) ester oil such as octyldodecyl myristic acid and isopropyl myristic acid; (4) higher alcohol such as cetostearyl alcohol and behenyl alcohol; (5) a silicon resin; (6) a silicon oil; (7) a surfactant such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, glycerin fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, a solid polyoxyethylene castor oil and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block co-polymer; (8) water soluble macromolecule such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, carboxyvinyl polymer, polyethyleneglycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and methylcellulose; (9) lower alcohol such as ethanol and isopropanol; (10) multivalent alcohol such as glycerin, propyleneglycol, dipropyleneglycol and sorbitol; (11) a sugar such as glucose and cane sugar; (12) an inorganic powder such as anhydrous silicic acid, aluminum magnesium silicicate and aluminum silicate; (13) purified water, and the like. Additives for use in the above formulations may include, for example, 1) lactose, corn starch, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, crystalline cellulose and silicon dioxide as the diluent; 2) polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, gum arabic, tragacanth, gelatine, shellac, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polypropylene glycol-poly oxyethylene-block co-polymer, meglumine, calcium citrate, dextrin, pectin and the like as the binder; 3) starch, agar, gelatine powder, crystalline cellulose, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium citrate, dextrin, pectic, carboxymethylcellulose/calcium and the like as the disintegrant; 4) magnesium stearate, talc, polyethyleneglycol, silica, condensed plant oil and the like as the lubricant; 5) any colorants whose addition is pharmaceutically acceptable is adequate as the colorant; 6) cocoa powder, menthol, aromatizer, peppermint oil, cinnamon powder as the flavoring agent; 7) antioxidants whose addition is pharmaceutically accepted such as ascorbic acid or alpha-tophenol.

The compounds and combinations for use in the presently disclosed methods can be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition as any one or more of the active compounds described herein and a physiologically acceptable carrier (also referred to as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or solution or diluent). Such carriers and solutions include pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates of compounds used in the methods of the instant invention, and mixtures comprising two or more of such compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates of the compounds. Such compositions are prepared in accordance with acceptable pharmaceutical procedures such as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, ed. Alfonso R. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Eaton, Pa. (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier that does not cause an allergic reaction or other untoward effect in patients to whom it is administered and are compatible with the other ingredients in the formulation. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. For example, solid carriers/diluents include, but are not limited to, a gum, a starch (e.g., corn starch, pregelatinized starch), a sugar (e.g., lactose, mannitol, sucrose, dextrose), a cellulosic material (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose), an acrylate (e.g., polymethylacrylate), calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, or mixtures thereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the therapeutic agent.

The AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) and/or CDK4/6 inhibitor and/or mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors in a free form can be converted into a salt, if need be, by conventional methods. The term “salt” used herein is not limited as long as the salt is pharmacologically acceptable; preferred examples of salts include a hydrohalide salt (for instance, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide and the like), an inorganic acid salt (for instance, sulfate, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate and the like), an organic carboxylate salt (for instance, acetate salt, maleate salt, tartrate salt, fumarate salt, citrate salt and the like), an organic sulfonate salt (for instance, methanesulfonate salt, ethanesulfonate salt, benzenesulfonate salt, toluenesulfonate salt, camphorsulfonate salt and the like), an amino acid salt (for instance, aspartate salt, glutamate salt and the like), a quaternary ammonium salt, an alkaline metal salt (for instance, sodium salt, potassium salt and the like), an alkaline earth metal salt (magnesium salt, calcium salt and the like) and the like. In addition, hydrochloride salt, sulfate salt, methanesulfonate salt, acetate salt and the like are preferred as “pharmacologically acceptable salt” of the compounds disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) and CDK4/6 and/or mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors and/or BCL2 inhibitors disclosed herein may be in a prodrug form, meaning that it must undergo some alteration (e.g., oxidation or hydrolysis) to achieve its active form.

The administration of the compounds and/or combinations disclosed herein can be by routes heretofore described for those compounds though in general such as transdermal, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally, pulmonary and oral. Oral is the preferred route for the combination methods of this invention.

A therapeutically effective amount of a combination of an AR agonist (e.g., SARM) and CDK4/6 inhibitor and/or mTOR inhibitor, PI3K inhibitor, PARP inhibitor, MCL-1 inhibitor and/or BCL2 inhibitor in the methods disclosed herein is an amount that, when administered over a particular time interval, results in achievement of one or more therapeutic benchmarks (e.g., slowing or halting of tumor growth, resulting in tumor regression, cessation of symptoms, etc.). The combination for use in the presently disclosed methods may be administered to a subject one time or multiple times. In those embodiments wherein the compounds are administered multiple times, they may be administered at a set interval, e.g., daily, every other day, weekly, or monthly. Alternatively, they can be administered at an irregular interval, for example on an as-needed basis based on symptoms, patient health, and the like. A therapeutically effective amount of the combination may be administered q.d. for one day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 10 days, or at least 15 days. Optionally, the status of the cancer or the regression of the tumor is monitored during or after the treatment, for example, by a FES-PET scan of the subject. The dosage of the combination administered to the subject can be increased or decreased depending on the status of the cancer or the regression of the tumor detected.

The skilled artisan can readily determine this amount, on either an individual subject basis (e.g., the amount of a compound necessary to achieve a particular therapeutic benchmark in the subject being treated) or a population basis (e.g., the amount of a compound necessary to achieve a particular therapeutic benchmark in the average subject from a given population). Ideally, the therapeutically effective amount does not exceed the maximum tolerated dosage at which 50% or more of treated subjects experience nausea, hirsutism, voice hoarsening or other more serious reactions that prevent further drug administrations. A therapeutically effective amount may vary for a subject depending on a variety of factors, including variety and extent of the symptoms, sex, age, body weight, or general health of the subject, administration mode and salt or solvate type, variation in susceptibility to the drug, the specific type of the disease, and the like. One means of demonstrating acute response to the present treatment regimens is to analyze progestin receptor expression. It has been discovered that the AR agonists (e.g., SARMs) used in the present methods lead to decreased expression of the progestin receptor indicating a response to the agent. Based on the extensive preclinical efficacy data in mouse xenografts presented in the examples, the calculation and disclosure of predicted effective human clinical doses for the SARM RAD140 is described in Example 9.

Examples of methods disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes and the invention is therefore not limited to the exemplified embodiments.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

SARM RAD140 in Combination with CDK Inhibitor Inhibited ER and AR Positive Breast Cancer Growth in PDx Mice (FIG. 1)

Material and Methods:

PDx model #1 maintained by a Contract Research Organization (CRO) was characterized as AR+/ER+/PR+/Her2− using IHC and gene chip microarray. Donor tumor slices were implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of intact female nude mice (n=7). Animals bearing tumors of sizes between 60-256 mm³ were randomized into four treatment groups. Animals of each group received vehicle (circle, FIG. 1), RAD140 100 mg/kg twice a day (bid) (triangle, FIG. 1), palbociclib 75 mg/kg once a day (qd) (square, FIG. 1), or a combination of RAD140 100 mg/kg (bid) with palbociclib 75 mg/kg (qd) (diamond, FIG. 1), respectively. All test compounds were administered orally for 42 consecutive days. Tumor volume was measured twice weekly and % tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated. Animals bearing tumors of size over 2,000 mm³ were euthanized per animal welfare regulation. At the end of the study, plasma and tumor samples were collected for analyses of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The mice were supplemented with estradiol added to their water in order to stimulate the growth of the tumors.

Results:

Treatment with RAD140 or palbociclib alone led to inhibition of tumor growth with approximately 53% TGI (tumor growth inhibition), respectively (FIG. 1). The combined administration of SARM and CDK4/6 inhibitor produced a TGI of 70% on day 28, at which point the number of animals in the vehicle-treated group dropped below 6 due to ethical termination of mice with larger tumors. The combination of RAD140 and palbociclib continued to exhibit potent tumor suppressive effect until the end of the study (day 42). The estimated endpoint TGI was higher than 70%. No appreciable degree of RAD140-treatment related weight loss was observed (data not shown).

In summary, the treatment with a SARM alone exhibited tumor inhibition comparable to that with palbociclib in AR+/ER+/PR+/Her2− breast cancer PDx-bearing mice. The combined administration of RAD140 with palbociclib produced enhanced growth inhibitory effect in these xenografts than RAD140 and palbociclib effected alone respectively. These results indicate combined administration of a SARM with or without a CDK4/6 inhibitor is efficacious in ER+/AR+ mammary tumors, and that a combination with a CDK4/6 enhanced TGI more than the SARM and CKD4/6 inhibitor could when administered alone respectively.

Example 2

Administration of SARM RAD140 in Combination with a CDK Inhibitor or an mTOR Inhibitor Inhibited ER and AR Positive Breast Cancer Growth in CDx Mice (FIG. 2)

Material and Methods:

ZR-75-1 is a frequently used breast cancer cell line model that is ER+/AR+. The parental ZR-75-1 CDx model (ZR75 model) was established by injecting ZR-75-1 cells (donor tumors) into the flank of female nude mice. The ER+/AR+ status of these donor tumors were confirmed using immunoblotting (IB) and IHC. Donor tumor slices were implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of intact female nude mice (n=7). After randomnization of the established xenograft tumors, animals of each group received vehicle (diamond, FIG. 2), RAD140 100 mg/kg (bid) (square, FIG. 2), palbociclib 45 mg/kg (qd) (triangle, FIG. 2), a combination of RAD140 100 mg/kg (bid) with palbociclib 45 mg/kg (qd) (star, FIG. 2), everolimus 2.5 mg/kg (qd) (“X,” FIG. 2), or a combination of RAD140 100 mg/kg (bid) with everolimus 2.5 mg/kg (qd) (circle, FIG. 2), respectively. All test compounds were administered orally for 28 consecutive days. The ZR75-1 xenograft tumors in animals were supported by estradiol pellets (0.18 mg 90 day release, Innovative Research America). Tumor volume was measured twice weekly and % TGI was calculated. Animals bearing tumors of size over 2,000 mm³ were euthanized per animal welfare regulation. At the end of the study, plasma and tumor samples were collected for analyses of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Results:

Treatment with RAD140, palbociclib or everolimus alone led to inhibition of tumor growth with TGIs of 52%, 84%, or 75%, respectively (FIG. 2). The combination of RAD140 and palbociclib or everolimus exhibited potent tumor suppressive effect until the end of the study (day 28). The endpoint TGIs for RAD140-palbociclib combination and RAD140-everolimus combination were 96% and 101%, respectively. No appreciable degree of RAD140-treatment related weight loss was observed (data not shown).

In summary, the treatment with RAD140 alone exhibited anti-tumor activity in ER+/AR+ breast cancer CDx mice. The combined administration of RAD140 with either palbociclib or everolimus produced enhanced growth inhibitory effect in these xenografts than RAD140, palbociclib or everolimus alone, respectively. These results indicate a combined administration of the SARM RAD140 alone or in combination with either CDK4/6 inhibitor or mTOR is efficacious in ER+/AR+ mammary tumors.

Example 3

SARM Reduced ER and AR Breast Cancer Growth in PDx Models and was More Effective than Fulvestrant (FIG. 3)

Material and Methods:

PDx model #2 maintained by a CRO was characterized as AR+/ER+ using IHC and gene chip microarray. Donor tumor slices were implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of intact female nude mice (n=10). After randomnization of the established xenografts, animals of each group received vehicle (diamond, FIG. 3), RAD140 100 mg/kg daily (qd) (square, FIG. 3), fulvestrant 1 mg weekly (qw) (circle, FIG. 3), or a combination of RAD140 100 mg/kg (qd) with fulvestrant 1 mg (qw) (star, FIG. 3), respectively. RAD140 was administered orally for 42 consecutive days and fulvestrant was administered subcutaneously once every week for 6 weeks. Tumor volume was measured twice weekly and %TGI was calculated. Animals bearing tumors of size over 2,000 mm³ were euthanized per animal welfare regulation. The PDx models were supplemented with estradiol added to their water to stimulate the growth of the tumors. At the end of the study, plasma and tumor samples were collected for analyses of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Results:

Treatment with RAD140 alone led to inhibition of tumor growth with approximately 76% TGI (FIG. 3). Fulvestrant alone led to 59% TGI. The combined administration of RAD140 and fulvestrant produced a TGI of 76%, similar to that observed with RAD140 alone. No appreciable degree of SARM-treatment related weight loss was observed (data not shown).

In summary, SARM alone exhibited more effective anti-tumor activity than a SERD (e.g., fulvestrant, a standard-of-care drug for ER+ breast cancers). Combined administration of SARM and fulvestrant did not show improvement in efficacy in ER+/AR+ breast cancer PDx mice beyond what RAD140 demonstrated alone.

Example 4

RAD140 Reduced ER and AR Positive Breast Cancer Growth in PDx Models (FIG. 4)

Material and Methods:

PDx model #3 maintained by a CRO was characterized as AR+/ER+ using IHC and gene chip microarray. Donor tumor slices were implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of intact female nude mice (n=10). After randomization of the established xenografts, animals of each group received vehicle (diamond, FIG. 4) or RAD140 100 mg/kg (bid) (triangle, FIG. 4) for 45 days. The PDx mice were supplemented with estradiol added to their water in order to stimulate the growth of the tumors.

Results:

Treatment with RAD led to inhibition of tumor growth with 49% TGI (FIG. 4). No appreciable degree of RAD140-treatment related weight loss was observed (data not shown). In summary, these results indicates a SARM inhibits the growth of ER+/AR+ mammary tumors.

Example 5

RAD140 Induces AR Target Gene ZBTB16 Expression in ER+/AR+ Breast Cancer Cells and Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDx) (FIG. 5)

Material and Methods:

PDX model #2 was treated as described in Example 3 and frozen tumor samples collected 6 h after the last dose. T47D breast cancer cells positive for ER and AR were incubated in media supplemented with 5% charcoal-dextran stripped serum (CSS) for 48 h before treatment with vehicle (DMSO), RAD140 at 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1,000 nM or DHT at 1 nM or 10 nM. Twenty-four hours after treatment, cells were harvested. RNA was extracted from the frozen tumor samples from PDX #2 and T47D cells mentioned above using a Qiagen RNeasy kit. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using primer/probe sets for the AR target gene ZBTB16 (encoding PLZF protein) and GAPDH (internal control) (Applied Biosystems/ThermoScientific).

Results:

Treatment of T47D cells in vitro with RAD led to a dose dependent increase in ZBTB16 mRNA expression (FIG. 5A), with the 1,000 nM treatment leading to about 130-fold increase compared to that in vehicle treated cells. The natural androgen DHT also led to 300-500-fold induction of this gene. This further supports that RAD140 is a potent AR agonist. Consistently, in PDX #2 treated with RAD140 100 mg/kg (mpk) qd for 45 days, a ˜25-fold induction of ZBTB16 gene was also seen compared to that in vehicle treated tumors (FIG. 5B). In contrast, fulvestrant, a SERD and antagonist of ER pathway, did not lead to appreciable increase in ZBTB16 gene expression (FIG. 5B). ZBTB16/PLZF has been implicated in prostate cancer as a tumor suppressor that is suppressed in recurrent tumors after androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT, aka castration). These results suggest the SARM RAD140 activated the transcription of AR target gene in breast cancer cells. More importantly, RAD140 suppressed breast cancer growth by inducing certain tumor suppressor genes including but not limited to ZBTB16/PLZF.

Example 6

RAD140 was Effective in the WHIM18 PDx Models with and without Palbociclib

The WHIM18 PDx model is a patient derived xenograft of a breast cancer tumor transplanted into athymic female nude mice. The WHIM18 xenografts were ER+/PR+/AR+/HER− and grew independently of exogenous estrogen (e.g., 17β-estradiol). The WHIM18 PDx models were highly resistant to the potent ER-degrader fulvestrant. The WHIM18 PDx model harbored the ESR1-YAP1 fusion and an E545K mutation in PIK3CA.

The efficacy of RAD140 or fulvestrant alone and in combination with palbociclib in WHIM18 PDx models was evaluated for 56 days (8 weeks) of treatment. The primary endpoint was tumor growth. EDTA plasma and tumor tissues were collected after the last dose.

Materials and Methods

Female Outbred Athymic Nude Mice (The Jackson Laboratory 007850) (DOB Jul. 19, 2016) were implanted with a single cells suspension of 1.5×10⁶WHIM18 cells, passage 9. The cells were mixed 1:1 with DMEM:Matrigel (Corning REF 354234) in a total volume of 100 μl/mouse. Once tumors reached a mean volume of approximately 100-300 mm³ (actual mean=179.9), 60 mice were randomized by tumor volume into 1 of 6 treatment groups (10 mice/group) using Biopticon's TumorManager™ software on day 62 post implantation of cells.

Each mouse was dosed by a dosage regimen described in Table 1 for 56 days: vehicle 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, Sigma C4888), RAD140, or palbociclib were dosed by oral gavage once per day; fulvestrant was dosed by subcutaneous injection once every seven days. The dose volumes were calculated based on average weekly animal weight for each group as shown in Table 1. Prepared 0.5% CMC by dissolving 2.5 g in 400 ml warm sterile water, heat with stirring until dissolved, qs to 500 ml with sterile water stored at 4° C.

TABLE 1
Dosage regimens of WHIM18 PDx models
			Dosing	Dosing
Group #	Test Article	Dose	Route	Frequency
1	Vehicle (0.5% CMC)			po	qd
(diamond,
FIG. 6)
2 (square,	RAD140	100	mg/kg	po	qd
FIG. 6)
3	Fulvestrant	250	mg/kg	sc	q7D
(triangle,
FIG. 6)
4 (”X,“	Palbociclib	75	mg/kg	po	qd
FIG. 6)
5 (star,	RAD140	100	mg/kg	po	qd
FIG. 6)	Palbociclib	75	mg/kg	po	qd
6 (circle,	Fulvestrant	250	mg/kg	sc	q7D
FIG. 6)	Palbociclib	75	mg/kg	po	qd

The RAD140 composition for administration in this example was prepared by adding an appropriate amount of 0.5% CMC to RAD140 with continuous stirring at 4° C. while protected from light. The RAD140 composition was prepared weekly.

The palbociclib composition for administration in this example was prepared by adding an appropriate amount of sterile saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride for injection NDC 0409-7983-03) to palbociclib with stirring. The palbociclib composition was continuously stirred at 4° C. until palbociclib dissolved. The palbociclib composition was prepared weekly.

The tumor volumes were measured twice per week using Biopticon's TumorImager™, volumes were calculated using the corresponding TumorManager™ software. The mice were weighed once per week for the first half of the study (27 days). The mice were weighed twice per week once they showed weight loss. Additionally, any mouse with body weight loss (BWL) ≥5% compared to Day 0 or showed significant clinical signs (e.g., hunched posture, scruffy looking) was weighed daily. The dosing was suspended for any mice that had BWL≥15% compared to Day 0; and the dosing was resumed when the body weight of the mice restored to BWL≤15%.

The mice were removed from the study if they became moribund, if their tumor volume exceeded 2,000 mm³, or if they lost ≥20% of their body weight compared to Day 0. If possible, end of study samples were taken and the time of the last dose and take down time was recorded.

The remaining animals were taken down on day 56 approximately 6 hours following the last dose. The last dose of fulvestrant was given the morning of the takedown. The actual takedown was between 6-9 hours. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture immediately upon death via CO₂ and placed in EDTA tubes spun down at 2000 g for 10 minutes at 4° C. The plasma was transferred to Eppendorf tube and stored at −80° C.

Following the blood collection the tumors were excised and weighed. For each tumor, half of the tumor was placed in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF), and the other half of the tumor was placed in an Eppendorf tube, flash frozen in liquid N₂, and then stored at −80° C. All tissue collected for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks were fixed in neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for 24-48 hours and then transferred to 70% ethanol before being shipped to be processed into FFPE blocks.

Results:

The results of the in vivo experiment are shown graphically in FIG. 6. The relative reductions in tumor proliferation are shown with statistics below in Tables 2 and 3.

Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI, in %) was calculated relative to the vehicle group on day 56 (Table 2, Formulation 1)

$100*\left(1-\left(\frac{\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Treatment}\mathrm{Final}\mathrm{Mean}\mathrm{Volume}-\\ \mathrm{Treatment}\mathrm{Baseline}\mathrm{Mean}\mathrm{Volume}\end{array}\right)}{\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Vehicle}\mathrm{Final}\mathrm{Mean}\mathrm{Volume}-\\ \mathrm{Vehicle}\mathrm{Baseline}\mathrm{Mean}\mathrm{Volume}\end{array}\right)}\right)\right)$

TABLE 2
% TGI of WHIM18 PDx models treated with RAD140,
fulvestrant, palbociclib, RAD140 + Palbociclib
and Fulvestrant + Palbociclib
	Group #	Test Article	% TGI
	1	Vehicle (0.5% CMC)	—
	(diamond,
	FIG. 6)
	2 (square,	RAD140	43.4
	FIG. 6)
	3	Fulvestrant	1.2
	(triangle,
	FIG. 6)
	4 (”X,“	Palbociclib	72.8
	FIG. 6)
	5 (star,	RAD140 + Palbociclib	94.1
	FIG. 6)
	6 (circle,	Fulvestrant + Palbociclib	77.8
	FIG. 6)

Student's t-Test was calculated in excel using two-tailed distribution and two-sample equal variance of the delta tumor volume Day 56-Day 0.

TABLE 3
p values calculated from Student's t-Test of % TGI of
WHIM18 PDx models treated with RAD140, fulvestrant, palbociclib,
RAD140 + Palbociclib and Fulvestrant + Palbociclib
Test Articles                    p value
RAD140 vs Vehicle                0.070
Palbociclib vs Vehicle           0.002
Fulvestrant vs Vehicle           0.933
RAD140 vs Palbociclib            0.165
Fulvestrant + Palbociclib vs Vehicle 0.001
Fulvestrant + Palbociclib vs Fulvestrant 0.004
Fulvestrant + Palbociclib vs Palbociclib 0.798
RAD140 + Palbociclib vs Vehicle  0.00001
RAD140 + Palbociclib vs RAD140   0.006
RAD140 + Palbociclib vs Palbociclib 0.129

Administration of RAD140 at a dose of 100 mg/kg alone or in combination with palbociclib inhibited the growth of HER2−, ER+, PR+ breast cancer tumors implanted in female athymic nude mice (WHIM18 PDx) (FIG. 6). The combination of RAD140 with palbociclib appears to be more effective than either drug alone. No apparent toxicity was observed in any of the groups.

Example 7

In PDx model #2, i.e. the same PDx model as described in Example/FIG. 3, RAD140 administered at lower doses, 1 mg/kg bid, or 10 mg/kg bid both led to substantial inhibition of tumor growth, as judged by TGI values of ˜81% in both groups.

Example 8

In PDx model #1, i.e. the same PDx model as described in Example/FIG. 1, RAD140 administered at lower doses, 1 mg/kg bid, 3 mg/kg bid or 10 mg/kg bid all led to substantial inhibition of tumor growth, as judged by TGI values of 49%, 65% and 57%, respectively.

Example 9

RAD140 was demonstrated to have good activity in a transplanted PDx tumor xenograft in nude mice. The activity was significant in a range from 1 mg/kg through 100 mg/kg. Taking into account the specific exposure levels in mice, and cross species pharmacokinetic modelling from both known and derived pharmacokinetic parameters, a dose range in women patients can be calculated. In particular, doses between 1 mg/kg (bid) and 100 mg/kg (bid) were all demonstrated to have good efficacy in one or more models described in the examples herein. Based on half life across species and microsome stability,it is predicted that RAD140 will be effective as a once per day oral dosage with a dose range between 5 mg and 500 mg. For example, it is believed that the mouse efficacious dose of 10 mg/kg (qd) effectively translates to a dose of approximately 50 mg qd in a 60 kg woman. Since a range of 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg (bid) were shown effective, a broader range of 10 mg to 1000 mg is clinically relevant. In particular, within this range it can be seen that additional ranges of 10 mg-250 mg, 25 mg-250 mg, 25-500 are also supported. Similarly, individual dose points falling anywhere within the range are well supported such that any specific point within the range, integer or non-integer are supported. For example, doses like 12.5 mg, 17.5 mg and so on are specifically contemplated as are doses such as 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, and 500 mg. By way of further non-limited examples, a dose of 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 mg. QD dosing of the described doses are predicted to be quite adequate as RAD140 is predicted from pharmacokinetic studies in animals to have a long half life suitable for once daily dosing though bid dosing would also work BUT the doses given above for a single daily administration are divided in two since they would be given twice per day.

Example 10

Method 1: A method of treating AR+/ER+ breast cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject a compound according to Formula I

a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein:

R_x═CN;

R_y═CF₃ or Cl;

R_z═CH₃, CH₂CH₃, or Cl; or

R_y and R_z together form:

R_a′ is H, F, Cl, CN, OH or OSO₃—; and

R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.

Method 2: The method according to method 1 wherein the compound according to Formula I is Compound II:

Method 3. The method according to method 1 wherein the compound according to Formula I is RAD140 (Compound III):

Method 4. The method according to any one of methods 1-3 wherein the administration is via an oral route.

Method 5. The method according to any one of methods 1-4 wherein said subject is a woman.

Method 6. The method according to method 5 wherein said woman is a premenopausal woman.

Method 7. The method according to method 5 wherein said woman is a postmenopausal woman.

Method 8. The method of any one of methods 1-7 wherein the subject is treated in an adjuvant setting.

Method 9. The method of any one of methods 1-7 wherein the subject has had disease progression after treatment with one or more endocrinological agents.

Method 10. The method according to method 9 wherein said one or more endorinological agents are selected from the group consisting of SERMs, SERDs, progestins, aromatase inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 11. The method of any one of methods 1-7 wherein said subject has had disease progression after treatment with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of CDK4/6 inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 12. The method according to any one of methods 1-11 wherein said breast cancer is localized, advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Method 13. The method according to any one of methods 3-12 wherein said RAD140 is dosed between 10 and 500 mg, 10 mg and 250 mg, or 25 mg and 250 mg per day.

Method 14. The method according to method 13 wherein the dose is once per day.

Method 15. The method according to any one of methods 1-14 wherein the subject expresses ESR1 comprising one or more mutations.

Method 16. The method according to method 15 wherein said mutation affects the binding affinity of ligands compared to non-mutated ESR1.

Method 17. The method according to method 16 wherein said mutation results in reduced estradiol affinity for the mutated ESR1 compared to the non-mutated ESR1.

Method 18. The method according to any one of methods 15-17 wherein said mutation signals ligand dependently or ligand independently through the ESR1 pathway.

Method 19. The method according to any one of methods 15-18 wherein said mutation results in a fusion protein containing at least 10 continuous amino acids from a sequence of a non-mutated ESR1 and at least 10 continuous amino acids from another human protein.

Method 20. The method according to any one of methods 15-19 wherein said mutation results in ESR1 missing 10 or more consecutive amino acids from its normal (non-mutated) ligand binding domain amino acid sequence.

Method 21. The method according to any one of methods 15-20 wherein said mutation comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of ESR1-AKAP12, ESR1-CCDC170, ESR1-YAP1, ESR1-POLH, ESR1-PCDH11X, and combinations thereof.

Method 22. The method according to any one of methods 1-21 wherein the treatment further comprises the administration of a CDK4/6 inhibitor.

Method 23. The method according to method 22 wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor has an IC₅₀ of <100 nM against CDK4 and CDK6.

Method 24. The method according to any one of methods 1-23 wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib and abemaciclib.

Method 25. The method according to any one of methods 1-21 wherein said treatment further comprises the administration of an mTOR inhibitor.

Method 26. The method of method 25 wherein said mTOR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of sirolimus, temsirolimus, everolimus, ridafarolimus, and MLN0128.

Method 27. The method of any one of methods 1-21 further comprising the administration of a PI3K inhibitor.

Method 28. The method of method 27 wherein said PI3K inhibitor is BEZ235, GDC-0980, BKM120, GDC-0941, BYL719, GDC-0032, MK2206, GDC-0068, GSK2110183, GSK2141795, AZD5363, AZD2014, MLN0128 or CC-223.

Method 29. The method according to any one of methods 1-21 further comprising the administration of a PARP inhibitor.

Method 30. The method of method 29 wherein said PARP inhibitor is talazoparib, veliparib, niraparib, beigene290, E7449, KX01, ABT767, CK102, JPI289, KX02, IMP4297, SC10914, NT125, PJ34, VPI289 or ANG-3186.

Method 31. The method according to any one of methods 1-21 further comprising the administration of a MCL-1 inhibitor.

Method 32. The method according to method 31 wherein said MCL-1 inhibitor is 7-(5-((4-(4-(N,N-Dimethylsulfamoyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)methyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic Acid, S63845, omacataxine, seliciclib, UMI-77, AT101, sabutoclax or TW-37.

Method 33. The method according to any one of methods 1-21 further comprising the administration of a BCL-2 inhibitor.

Method 34. The method of method 33 wherein said BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax, navitoclax, ABT737, G3139 or S55746.

Method 35. The method according to any one of methods 1-7 or 12-34 wherein said treating is first line treatment in a non-adjuvant setting.

Method 36. A kit comprising an AR agonist according to any one of methods 1-3 and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of PARP inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 37. A method of treating AR+/ER+ breast cancer in a subject comprising the administration of a steroidal or non-steroidal AR agonist together with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 38. The method of method 37 wherein said AR agonist is a steroidal AR agonist.

Method 39. The method according to method 38 wherein said AR agonist is a selective androgen receptor modulator.

Method 40. The method according to method 39 wherein said selective androgen receptor modulator is selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro-4-[[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl]amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile, PF-06260414, enobosarm, BMS-564929, LGD-4033, AC-262356, JNJ-28330835, S-40503, GSK-2881078, AZD-3514, MK4541, LG121071, GLPG0492, NEP28, YK11, MK0773, ACP-105, LY-2452473, S-101479, S-40542, S-42 and LGD-3303.

Method 41. The method according to any one of methods 37-40 wherein the treatment is in an adjuvant setting.

Method 42. The method according to any one of methods 37-40 wherein said treating is first line in a non-adjuvant setting.

Method 43. The method according to any one of methods 37-40 wherein said subject has had disease progression after treatment with a prior endocrinological therapy.

Method 44. The method according to any one of methods 37-40 or method 43 wherein said subject has had disease progression after treatment with an agent selected from the group consisting of mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 45. The method according to any one of methods 37-44 wherein said subject is a woman.

Method 46. The method of method 45 wherein said woman is a premenopausal woman.

Method 47. The method according to method 45 wherein said woman is a post-menopausal woman.

Method 48. The method according to any one of methods 37-47 wherein said breast cancer is localized.

Method 49. The method according to any one of methods 37-47 wherein said breast cancer is advanced or metastatic.

Method 50. The method according to any one of methods 37-49 wherein said m-TOR inhibitor is sirolimus, temsirolimus, everolimus, ridafarolimus or MLN0128.

Method 51. The method according to any one of methods 37-50 wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor is palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib or abemaciclib.

Method 52. The method according to any one of methods 37-51 wherein said PI3K inhibitor is BEZ235, GDC-0980, BKM120, GDC-0941, BYL719, GDC-0032, MK2206, GDC-0068, GSK2110183, GSK2141795, AZD5363, AZD2014, MLN0128 or CC-223.

Method 53. The method according to any one of methods 37-52 wherein said PARP inhibitor is talazoparib, veliparib, niraparib, beigene290, E7449, KX01, ABT767, CK102, JPI289, KX02, IMP4297, SC10914, NT125, PJ34, VPI289 or ANG-3186.

Method 54. The method according to any one of methods 37-53 wherein said MCL-1 inhibitor is 7-(5-((4-(4-(N,N-Dimethylsulfamoyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)methyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic Acid, 563845, omacataxine, seliciclib, UMI-77, AT101, sabutoclax or TW-37.

Method 55. The method according to any one of methods 37-54 wherein said BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax, navitoclax, ABT737, G3139 or S55746.

Method 56. The method according to any one of methods 37-55 wherein the active agents are administered together.

Method 57. The method according to any one of methods 35-56 wherein the active agents are administered in a coformulation.

Method 58. A kit useful for treating breast cancer comprising an AR agonist or selective androgen receptor modulator, and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 59. A method of treating AR+/ER+ breast cancer in a subject wherein said subject harbors one or more ESR1mutations, said method comprising the administration of an AR agonist.

Method 60. The method of method 59 wherein said AR agonist is non-steroidal.

Method 61. The method of method 60 wherein said AR agonist is a selective androgen receptor modulator.

Method 62. The method according to method 61 wherein said selective androgen receptor modulator is selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro-4-[[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-cyclopentyl]amino]-3-methyl-benzonitrile, PF-06260414, enobosarm, BMS-564929, LGD-4033, AC-262356, JNJ-28330835, S-40503, GSK-2881078, AZD-3514, MK4541, LG121071, GLPG0492, NEP28, YK11, MK0773, ACP-105, LY-2452473, S-101479, S-40542, S-42 and LGD-3303.

Method 63. The method according to any of methods 58-62 wherein said mutation affects the binding affinity of ligands compared to non-mutated ESR1.

Method 64. The method according to any one of methods 59-63 wherein said mutation results in reduced estradiol affinity for the mutated ESR1 compared to the non-mutated ESR1.

Method 65. The method according to any one of methods 59-64 wherein said mutation signals ligand dependently or ligand independently through the ESR1 pathway.

Method 66. The method according to any one of methods 59-65 wherein said mutation results in a fusion protein containing at least 10 continuous amino acids from a sequence of a non-mutated ESR1 and at least 10 continuous amino acids from another human protein.

Method 67. The method according to any one of methods 59-66 wherein said mutation results in ESR1 missing 10 or more consecutive amino acids from its normal (non-mutated) ligand binding domain amino acid sequence.

Method 68. The method according to any one of methods 59-67 wherein said mutation is a fusion selected from the group consisting of ESR1-AKAP12, ESR1-CCDC170, ESR1-YAP1, ESR1-POLH, ESR1-PCDH11X, and combinations thereof.

Method 69. The method according to any one of methods 59-68 wherein the administration is via an oral route.

Method 70. The method according to any one of methods 59-69 wherein said treating is in an adjuvant setting.

Method 71. The method according to any one of methods 59-69 wherein said treating is first line in a non-adjuvant setting.

Method 72. The method according to any one of methods 59-69 wherein said subject has had disease progression after treatment with a prior endocrinological therapy.

Method 73. The method according to any one of methods 59-69 or 72 wherein said subject has had disease progression after treatment with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors, MCL-1 inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Method 74. The method according to any one of methods 59-73 wherein said subject is a woman.

Method 75. The method of method 74 wherein said woman is a premenopausal woman.

Method 76. The method according to method 74 wherein said woman is a post-menopausal woman.

Method 77. The method according to any one of methods 59-76 wherein said breast cancer is localized.

Method 78. The method according to any one of methods 59-76 wherein said breast cancer is advanced or metastatic.

Method 79. The method according to any one of methods 59-78 wherein the treatment further comprises the administration of a CDK4/6 inhibitor.

Method 80. The method according to method 79 wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor has an IC50 of <100 nM against CDK4 and CDK6.

Method 81. The method according to method 79 wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib and abemaciclib.

Method 82. The method according to any one of methods 59-78 wherein said treatment further comprises the administration of an mTOR inhibitor.

Method 83. The method according to method 82 wherein said mTOR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of sirolimus, temsirolimus, everolimus, ridafarolimus, and MLN0128.

Method 84. The method of any one of methods 59-78 further comprising the administration of a PI3K inhibitor.

Method 85. The method of method 84 wherein said PI3K inhibitor is BEZ235, GDC-0980, BKM120, GDC-0941, BYL719, GDC-0032, MK2206, GDC-0068, GSK2110183, GSK2141795, AZD5363, AZD2014, MLN0128 or CC-223.

Method 86. The method according to any one of methods 59-78 further comprising the administration of a PARP inhibitor.

Method 87. The method of method 86 wherein said PARP inhibitor is talazoparib, veliparib, niraparib, beigene290, E7449, KX01, ABT767, CK102, JPI289, KX02, IMP4297, SC10914, NT125, PJ34, VPI289 or ANG-3186.

Method 88. The method according to any one of methods 59-78 further comprising the administration of a MCL-1 inhibitor.

Method 89. The method according to method 88 wherein said MCL-1 inhibitor is 7-(5-((4-(4-(N,N-Dimethylsulfamoyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)methyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic Acid, S63845, omacataxine, seliciclib, UMI-77, AT101, sabutoclax or TW-37.

Method 90. The method according to any one of methods 59-78 further comprising the administration of a BCL-2 inhibitor.

Method 91. The method of method 90 wherein said BCL-2 inhibitor is venetoclax, navitoclax, ABT737, G3139 or S55746.

Method 92. The method according to any one of methods 59-91 wherein said treating is first line treatment in a non-adjuvant setting.

Method 93. A method of treating a subject for breast cancer comprising:

1) testing the subject for one or more ESR1 mutations; and

2) if the subject tests positive for one or more ESR1 mutations, treating the subject according to the method of any one of methods 1-35, 37-57, 59-92.

Method 94. The method of method 93 wherein said mutation results in reduced estradiol affinity for the mutated ESR1 compared to the non-mutated ESR1.

Method 95. The method according to method 93 or method 94 wherein said mutation signals ligand dependently or ligand independently through the ESR1 pathway.

Method 96. The method according to any one of methods 93-95 wherein said mutation results in a fusion protein containing at least 10 continuous amino acids from a sequence of a non-mutated ESR1 and at least 10 continuous amino acids from another human protein.

Method 97. The method according to any one of methods 93-95 wherein said mutation results in ESR1 missing 10 or more consecutive amino acids from its normal (non-mutated) ligand binding domain amino acid sequence.

Method 98. The method according to method 93 wherein said mutation is a fusion selected from the group consisting of ESR1-AKAP12, ESR1-CCDC170, ESR1-YAP1, ESR1-POLH, ESR1-PCDH11X, and combinations thereof.

Method 99. The method according to any one of methods 1-35, 37-57, 59-98 wherein said subject is first tested for baseline levels of mRNA or protein expression of ZBTB16 and then retesting for levels of mRNA or protein expression of ZBTB16 after a period of treatment and if the levels have increased over baseline, recommend that the subject continue therapy.

Method 100. The method according to method 99 wherein said period of treatment is at least 3 days of daily administration of an AR agonist.

Method 101. The method of method 100 wherein said period is at least one week of daily administration of an AR agonist.

Method 102. The method of any one of methods 99-101 wherein the ratio of post-treatment level to pre-treatment level is >3.

Method 103. The method of method 102 wherein the ratio is >10.

Method 104. The method of method 103 wherein the ratio is >50.

Claims

1. A method of treating AR+/ER+breast cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a compound which is RAD140 (Compound III)

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is administered via an oral route.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject has had disease progression after treatment with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of CDK4/6 inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is administered to the subject at a dose between 10 and 500 mg.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject expresses ERα gene (ESR1) comprising one or more mutations.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said mutation results in a fusion protein containing at least 10 continuous amino acids from a sequence of a non-mutated ESR1 and at least 10 continuous amino acids from another human protein.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein said mutation results in ESR1 missing 10 or more consecutive amino acids from its normal (non-mutated) ligand binding domain amino acid sequence.

8. The method according to claim 5, wherein said mutation comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of ESR1-AKAP12, ESR1-CCDC170, ESR1-YAP1, ESR1-POLH, ESR1-PCDH11X, and combinations thereof.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment further comprises the administration of a CDK4/6 inhibitor.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor has an IC50 of <100 nM against CDK4 and CDK6.

11. The method according to claim 9, wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib AMG925, and abemaciclib.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said CDK4/6 inhibitor is palbociclib.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said breast cancer is localized, advanced, or metastatic.