Patent Application
20050134285
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for arc fault detection and more particularly relates to an apparatus and method for both a stand alone arc fault detector and an arc fault detector combined with a circuit interrupter device.
Circuit breakers, fuses and ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) are commonly used devices for protecting people and property from dangerous electrical faults. Fatalities and loss of property caused by electrical faults that go undetected by these protective devices still occur. One such type of electrical fault that typically goes undetected are arc faults. Arcs are potentially dangerous due to the high temperatures contained within them. Thus, they have a high potential of creating damage, mostly through the initiation of fires. An arc, however, will trip a GFCI only if it produces sufficient current leakage to ground. In addition, an arc will trip a breaker only if the current flowing through the arc exceeds the trip parameters of the thermal/magnetic mechanism of the breaker. Therefore, an additional type of protection device is needed to detect and interrupt arcs. An arc detector whose output is used to trigger a circuit interrupting mechanism is referred to as an Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI).
The causes of arcing are numerous, for example: aged or worn insulation and wiring; mechanical and electrical stress caused by overuse, over currents or lightning strikes; loose connections; and mechanical damage to insulation and wires. Two types of arcing can occur in residential and commercial buildings: contact arcing and line arcing. Contact or series arcing occurs between two contacts in series with a load. Therefore, the load controls the current flowing in the arc. Line or parallel arcing occurs between the conductors of a circuit or from a conductor to ground. In this case the arc is in parallel with any load present and the source impedance provides the only limit to the current flowing in the arc.
An example of contact arcing is illustrated in
A schematic diagram illustrating an example of line arcing is shown in
The potentially devastating results of arcing are widely known and a number of methods of detecting arcs have been developed in the prior art. A large percentage of the prior art refers to detecting high frequency signals generated on the AC line by arcs.
A wide range of prior art exists in the field of arc detection. Some of the prior art refer to specialized instances of arcing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,243, issued to Renn, et al., teaches a device that operates with DC current. U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,322, issued to Rivera, teaches a device that detects arcing within an enclosed unit of electrical equipment. U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,144, issued to Nebon, teaches a device that detects the light produced by an arc between the contacts of a circuit breaker.
In addition, there are several patents that refer to detecting arcs on AC power lines that disclose various methods of detecting high frequency arcing signals. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,185,684 and 5,206,596, both issued to Beihoff et al., employ a complex detection means that separately detects the electric field and the magnetic field produced around a wire. U.S. Pat. No. 5,590,012, issued to Dollar, teaches measuring the high frequency current in a shunted path around an inductor placed in the line, which can be the magnetic trip mechanism of a breaker. In a second detection circuit, proposed by Dollar, high frequency voltage signal is extracted from the line via a high pass filter placed in parallel with any load.
Various methods can be found in the prior art to authenticate arcing and to differentiate arcing from other sources of noise. Much of the prior art involves complicated signal processing and analysis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,404, issued to Ragsdale, teaches looking for series arcing by converting the arcing signals to pulses and counting the pulses.
In addition, several patents detect arcing by taking the first derivative or second derivative of the detected signal. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,006, issued to MacKenzie et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,185,684 and 5,206,596, issued to Beihoffet al, disclose such a device.
Blades uses several methods to detect arcs as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,795, 5,432,455 and 5,434,509. The Blades device is based on the fact that detected high frequency noise must include gaps at each zero crossing, i.e., half cycle, of the AC line. To differentiate arcing from other sources of noise, the Blades device measures the randomness and/or wide bandwidth characteristics of the detected high frequency signal. The device taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,509 uses the fast rising edges of arc signals as a detection criterion and detects the short high frequency bursts associated with intermittent arcs.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,505, issued to Zuercher et al., discloses a method of detecting arcing by sensing cycle to cycle changes in the AC line current. Differences in samples taken at the same point in the AC cycle are then processed to determine whether arcing is occurring.
A characteristic of arcing on a conductor is the occurrence of high frequency signals which are different from the frequency (normally 60 cycles) of the current for which the conductor is intended to carry. Electrical arcing produced by alternating voltage will extinguish each time the voltage across the arc drops below a value sufficient to sustain the arc, and will re-ignite each time the voltage across the arc exceeds the arc's minimum ignition voltage. The ignition voltage is substantially proportional to the size of the physical gap that the arc must traverse.
The extinction voltage tends to be lower than the ignition voltage. When the arc gap is very large, the arc will be intermittent and unstable and will tend to extinguish itself and re-ignite as conditions permit. As the gap becomes smaller, the arc becomes more persistent and eventually self-sustaining. When the gap becomes much smaller, the arc tends to self-extinguish by completing the current path. When the arc conducts current, it produces high frequency signals on the electrical conductors.
A number of systems that have been developed to detect arcing in buildings do so by monitoring high frequency signals present on the conductors. One such method of detecting arcing is by an arc detector that detects the derivative of the signal on the conductor. Typically, such arc detectors employ, for example, current transformers to produce signals representative of the high frequency signals on the wiring being monitored. Current transformers both add to the manufacturing cost of the arc fault detector and, because of the size of the components, creates packaging difficulties. In addition, current transformers have a limited high frequency response and poor signal-to-noise ratio.
Accordingly, there is a need for an arc fault detector that provides improved signal to noise ratio, improve high frequency response, that is relatively economical to build and that is relatively small in size.
The arc fault detector of the present invention can operate either as a stand alone Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) or in combination with a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) to interrupt the flow of current to a load when an arc is detected. The combination device, known as an arc fault circuit interrupter/ground fault circuit interrupter (AFCI/GFCI), can be realized by the addition of arc detection circuitry to a standard GFCI. An AFCI/GFCI device is a combination arc fault and ground fault detector, which has the ability to interrupt a circuit and thereby prevent both dangerous arcing and ground fault conditions from harming personnel or property. The term ‘circuit interrupting device’ is defined to mean any electrical device used to interrupt current flow to a load and includes, but is not limited to devices such as Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs), Immersion Detection Circuit Interrupters (IDCIs) or Appliance Leakage Circuit Interrupters (ALCIs).
In the arc detector here disclosed, an inductor connected in series with at least the phase or neutral conductor monitors the current in the at least one conductor to detect arcing such as line-to-line, line-to ground, line-to-neutral or contact arcing. The signal from the inductor is the derivative (di/dt) of the current monitored and is fed to arc detection circuitry which comprises a peak detector with decay, a microcontroller with edge timing logic and a circuit interrupter. The series inductor can vary from a wire having a partial loop or bend to six or more full loops and a core that is either of air or a magnetic material for generating the derivative signal, the di/dt signal, of the current flowing through the conductor.
The present invention is capable of detecting arc faults on the line and/or load sides of the device. Once processed, the peak amplitudes of the sensed di/dt signals are directed to a microcontroller which analyzes the signal for the presence of arcing characteristics. Upon identifying a signal which indicates that arcing is present in a conductor, a trip signal is generated and fed to an interrupting mechanism which interrupts the flow of electricity to the load.
The circuit for the microcontroller can be placed on its own chip or on the chip typically used in today's GFCI. When a single chip is used for arc detection and ground fault protection, it can be powered from the same power supply that is used to provide power to the GFCI and, in addition other components of the GFCI such as the mechanism for interrupting the flow of current to the load when a fault occurs. This combined approach results in reduced manufacturing costs as mechanical parts of the GFCI device such as the trip relay and the mechanical contact closure mechanisms now serve dual purposes. In addition, adding the arc detection circuitry to an existing GFCI is a logical enhancement of present day GFCIs.
Other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claim, and the accompanying drawings in which similar elements have similar reference numerals.
Referring to
In addition, the trip signal can be fed to annunciation apparatus such as an LED, a light emitting means such as a lamp, an audio means such as a horn or siren, a graphical or alphanumeric display, etc. to indicate the occurrence of an arc.
Referring to
In the embodiment of
As noted above, the derivative (di/dt) signal of the current in the neutral conductor generated by the series inductor 20 is fed to arc detector circuit 24 via conductor 34, and the derivative (di/dt) signal of the current in the phase conductor generated by the series inductor 30 is inductively coupled into inductor 20 from which it is then fed to arc detector circuit 24 via conductor 34. Thus, arc detector circuit 24 receives signals from inductor 20 and inductor 30 and, therefore, monitors the current in both the neutral and the phase conductors. For purposes of alternate channel sensitivity, the inductances of the two inductors 20, 30 can be coupled to be either inductively additive or canceling.
Also, the inductors 20, 30 can have inductances that are of equal or different values. Thus, depending of the requirements of the circuit, the inductance of inductor 20 can be less than, equal to or greater than the inductance of inductor 30.
In another embodiment of the invention the series inductor 20 of
Referring to
The arc detector circuit 24 includes a peak detector with decay 50 and a microcontroller with edge timing logic 60. The Peak detector includes a diode 51 connected between an input terminal of the microcontroller with edge timing logic 60 and the neutral conductor 18 at a point downstream of the inductors 20 and 30. A parallel circuit of a resistor 52 and a capacitor 54 is connected between the cathode terminal of diode 51 and a neutral terminal. The diode 51 of the peak detector provides a charging path for capacitor 54. The peak detector with decay provides signals that are representative of the derivative (di/dt) of the current in conductor 18 and conductor 14 and also serves to stretch any high speed pulses detected by the series connected inductors.
The microcontroller with edge timing logic 60 may be of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,795, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Microcontroller with edge logic 60 produces a trip signal when a signal which represents an arc is received from the peak detector 50. More specifically, microcontroller 60 analyzes the signal received from the peak detector to determine if arcing is present and, upon finding that arcing is present, generates a trip signal which is fed to circuit interrupter 28. Crystal 62 provides timing for the operation of the microprocessor.
The trip signal generated by the microcontroller is fed via conductor 65 to the gate terminal of a triac 74 in circuit interrupter 28. Circuit interrupter 28 includes a relay having two separate sets of contacts 71, 72 and a coil 73. Contacts 71 are series connected with phase conductor 14 and contacts 72 are series connected with the neutral conductor. The coil 73 of the relay is connected in series with the triac and this series network is connected between the phase conductor 14 and a neutral terminal. The gate terminal of the triac is connected through resistor 75 to conductor 65 to receive the trip signals from the microcontroller 60. A trip signal from the microcontroller primes the triac to conduct which allows current to flow through the relay coil and open the contacts 71, 72.
Referring to
The series circuit of relay coil 218 and SCR 224 is connected between power supply 36 and a neutral terminal, and the gate terminal of the SCR is coupled to the output terminal of SCR trigger circuit 236. The output of pin 1 of IC 225 is the input to the SCR trigger circuit 236.
A diode 245 is coupled in parallel with coil 235 which is coupled to pins 2 and 3 via resistor 247 and capacitors 239, 249. Pin 3 is also coupled to neutral via capacitor 251. Coil 236 is coupled to pins 4 and 5 of IC 225 via capacitors 237, 238, and pin 4 is also coupled to neutral. Pin 6 of IC 225 is coupled to pin 8 via sensitivity resistor 241 and pin 7 is coupled to neutral via time delay capacitor 243. Pin 8 is also coupled to capacitor 222 and to resistor 221 and is connected to power supply 15.
Line side electrical conductors, phase conductor 14 and neutral conductor 18, pass through the transformers 233, 234 to the load side phase and neutral conductors. Relay coil 218 is coupled to operate contacts 231, 232, associated with the phase and neutral conductors, respectively, which function to open the circuit in the event a fault is detected. The coil 218 of the relay is energized when the SCR 224 is turned on by a signal from the trigger circuit 236. In addition, the circuit comprises a test circuit comprised of momentary push button switch 228 connected in series with resistor 230. When switch 228 is pressed, a temporary simulated ground fault from load phase to line neutral is created to test the operation of the device.
Inductors 20, 30 are coupled in series with conductors 14, 18 and downstream of the input to the power supply 36. The two inductors are inductively coupled to each other and inductor 20 is connected to feed a signal representative of the derivative (di/dt) current in the conductors to the arc fault detector 24 as described above. The microcontroller of the arc fault detector can be a stand alone component or it can be a part of the IC 225 of the ground fault circuit interrupter. If the microcontroller is a stand alone component, the trip signal generated by the microcontroller is fed to the SCR trigger circuit 236. If the microcontroller is a part of IC 225, the trip signal is the TRIG-GFCI signal from IC 225.
In the description of the embodiments of the invention here disclosed, either one or both of the series inductors 20, 30 can be primary windings inductively coupled either through air or a magnetic core to a common secondary winding or separate secondary windings connected to feed received signals to the microcontroller. Thus, the series inductors provide the derivative (di/dt) of current flow and are the primary of at least one current transformer. An inductor of the invention here disclosed can be formed from a conductor having as little inductance as would occur from a bend of 15 degrees to as much inductance as would occur from six or more turns of 360 degrees each, and having an air or magnetic core. The series inductance is connected in series with all or part of the current flowing in the conductor, where the individual or combined inductances of the windings are used to obtain direct measurement of the derivative of current flowing in the conductor(s).
The two series inductors 20, 30 can have an inductance of between 0.1 and 1,000,000 nanohenrys. Inductors having an inductance of between 0.1 and 100 nanohenrys were made by putting a loop having a turn of less than 45 degrees in a 12 gauge wire. A loop having a turn of approximately 45 degrees in the conductor produced an inductance of approximately one nanohenry and, a loop of about four turns of 360 degrees each having a diameter of about 1 Cm. formed an inductor having an inductance of approximately 1,000,000 nanohenrys.
There is here disclosed a method and apparatus for detecting the occurrence of arcing of a conductor. Improved resolution, signal to noise ratio, derivative accuracy and high frequency response is obtained from a direct measurement of the derivative of current flow. In the invention, the inductor is connected in series with the line current to measure the derivative di/dt of the current flow. Low noise measurement is achieved by referencing the electronics to one side of the inductor, and having the electronics monitor the voltage on the other side of the inductor.
Line current surges generate magnetic flux through the series inductor which, in turn, can induce a magnetic flux in the surrounding electronic material. Surface and sheet currents can also be induced in the surrounding material, in response to the magnetic flux. By orienting the inductor to be orthogonal to the printed circuit board having the electronics of the arc fault detector, the surface and sheet currents on the circuit board itself, and in the electronics mounted on or coplaner with the circuit board can be minimized.
If the derivative di/dt of the current becomes very high in magnitude, there may be an undesirable large drop of line voltage across the inductor. This can be avoided by clamping the maximum voltage drop across the inductor with one of more diodes, Zener diodes, avalanche diodes, diacs, mov's, sidacs, transorbs, gas tubes, etc.
In those instances where sensitivity to the derivative of current flow on both the phase and neutral power lines is desired, a second inductor can be located in close proximity and orientation to the first inductor such that flux coupling is achieved between the two inductors. Coupling can also be achieved, enhanced or reduced by using magnetic material either in a core or a magnetic circuit, either of which will effectively modify the overall inductance. Thus, there is also disclosed a second inductor flux coupled to the first inductor for alternate channel sensitivity where the two inductors can be either additive or canceling and can be of different magnitudes.
In those instances where the electrical power distribution network is three phase, a third series inductor can be coupled in series with the third conductor to produce a voltage across itself related to the derivative of current flow in the third conductor and positioned to achieve flux coupling with the inductor in the first and/or second series inductor(s).
In devices that employ current measurements, space, which is usually at a premium in many device designs, can be saved by combining the series inductor that is sensitive to the derivative of current flow with the primary of a current measuring transformer. In this manner, the same inductor which provides direct measurement of the derivative of the current flow can also function as the primary of the current transformer.
Where alternate channel sensitivity and current measurement are both required, the two inductors can act as the primaries of a current transformer. In this embodiment, the flux induced in the transformer core from each of the two inductors should be either additive or subtractive but, when subtractive, they should not fully cancel each other.
Where alternate channel sensitivity and ground fault detection are both required, the two inductors can together act as the primaries on a ground fault differential transformer. In this embodiment, the coupling provided by the transformer may or may not be the only coupling between the two inductors and the flux induced in the transformer core for a given current, from each of the inductors, must either fully of nearly fully cancel.
Where alternate channel sensitivity and ground fault detection are both required, the two inductors can together act as the primaries on a ground fault transformer. In this embodiment, the coupling provided by the transformer may or may not be the only coupling between the two inductors. Therefore, the flux induced in the transformer core for a given current, from each of the inductors, should be additive or subtractive.
The arc detector here disclosed can be combined with other types of circuit interrupting devices such a GFCI, IDCI or ALCI to create a multipurpose device. In the case of a GFCI, the arc detection circuitry can be placed onboard the same silicon chip typically used in today's GFCI devices. In some instances, some of the pins of commonly used GFCI integrated circuits can be converted for multifunction operation. The AFCI can be powered from the same power supply that provides power to the circuit interrupting device. This combined approach can result in reduced manufacturing costs as the mechanical parts of the circuit interrupting device such as the trip relay and the mechanical contact closure mechanisms will serve dual purposes. In addition, adding AFCI circuitry to an existing circuit interrupting device is a logical enhancement of such present day devices. In particular, it is logical to enhance a GFCI with AFCI circuitry since a GFCI can detect arcing in certain situations including any condition whereby an arc produces leakage current to ground.
The foregoing has outlined, rather broadly, the preferred feature of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiment as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention and that such other structures do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention is its broadest form.
