Patent Application
20110099975
The generation of NO2 has become important for the passive regeneration of diesel particulate filters, as well as the enhancement of low temperature SCR (“Selection Catalytic Reduction”) activity. The low temperature activity of conventional diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) has been derived from the incorporation of platinum group metals (PGM), typically Pt or Pd. With improvements in fuel quality, specifically, the increased availability of ultra low sulfur diesel, the formation of sulfate over highly active DOCs has become less of an issue. As a result, improvements in low temperature activity for HC and CO oxidation could be obtained by increasing PGM loading. Because of cost advantages associated with Pd relative to Pt, utilization of higher Pd levels in DOC formulations has become common. It has also been recognized that Pd is effective in the thermal stabilization of Pt, enhancing the performance of a mixture following high temperature aging. Although Pd can be used effectively for the oxidation of HC and CO, it is not nearly as effective as Pt for the oxidation of NO to NO2. In mixtures of Pt and Pd, the efficiency of NO oxidation is found to decrease with decreasing Pt/Pd ratio.
With the adoption of stricter emission regulations forcing a significant reduction in NOx emissions, advanced diesel combustion strategies have been developed to minimize NOx levels from the engine. Unfortunately, many of these combustion strategies also result in higher engine-out levels of CO and HC, as well as lower exhaust temperatures. This combination has driven the need for lower DOC light-off temperatures to manage CO and HC emissions. This in turn has further increased the use of DOCs with high PGM loadings, with an associated increase in the cost of the DOC.
At the same time, stricter emission regulations are forcing the incorporation of particulate filters to control PM emissions. In many applications, DOCs are being utilized to oxidize NO to NO2. The generated NO2 then serves as an effective low temperature oxidant for soot. As with the oxidation of CO and HC, generation of a higher fraction of NO2 in the exhaust stream is benefited by higher PGM loadings, with again an associated increase in the cost of the DOC.
Because advanced combustion strategies often result in lower engine-out NOx levels while maintaining or even increasing the levels of engine-out particulate, the availability of NO2 to “passively” combust soot at a rate sufficient to prevent accumulation of unacceptable levels of soot within a filter (i.e. unacceptable engine back pressure and associated fuel economy penalty) requires the utilization of other measures to combust the accumulated soot. This type of “desooting” process often referred to as active regeneration can be accomplished by heating the soot accumulated within the filter to the point where oxygen is able to efficiently combust the soot. In many applications, DOCs are being utilized to generate the heat necessary to initiate combustion of the trapped particulate. This in turn has increased the thermal durability requirement of DOCs. Again, this has often resulted in the requirement for an increased PGM loading in order to obtain sufficient low temperature performance in the aged state.
Importantly, there is also a fuel economy penalty associated with the heat generation associated with active filter regeneration. As a result, even though passive filter regeneration may be insufficient by itself to prevent soot accumulation from reaching a point where active filter regeneration is required, the combustion of particulate with NO2 can reduce the rate of soot accumulation. This reduction in soot accumulation rate reduces the frequency at which active regeneration is required, and as a result, lowers the fuel economy penalty associated with filter operation. Again, this drives the use of DOCs with high PGM loadings, and specifically a higher Pt fraction to increase NO2, with an associated increase in the cost of the DOC.
As a result of the tradeoffs in Pt and Pd cost and performance, numerous optimization studies have been conducted in an effort to minimize PGM cost contribution to DOC while maintaining or improving system performance. The application of two catalyst combinations, the first containing high PGM loading and the second containing low PGM loading is known. It is also known that zones or bands of high and low PGM loading can be applied to a single catalyst substrate, providing activity similar to that of two catalyst combinations. Both types of configurations are depicted in
Devices are known for the purification of diesel exhaust gases, which devices comprise, in the flow direction of the exhaust gas, an oxidation catalyst, a diesel particulate filter with catalytically active coating, and, downstream of a device for introducing a reducing agent from an external reducing agent source, an SCR (“selective catalytic reduction”) catalyst.
The untreated exhaust gas of diesel engines contains, in addition to carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbons HC and nitrogen oxides NOx, a relatively high oxygen content of up to 15% by volume. The untreated exhaust gas also contains particulate emissions which are composed predominantly of soot residues and possible organic agglomerates which arise from incomplete fuel combustion in the cylinder.
Adhering to future legal exhaust gas limits for diesel vehicles in Europe, North America and Japan necessitates the simultaneous removal of particulates and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas. The harmful gases carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from the relatively lean exhaust gas can easily be made harmless by oxidation at a suitable oxidation catalyst. Diesel particulate filters with and without an additional catalytically active coating are suitable units for the removal of the particulate emissions. On account of the high oxygen content, the reduction of the nitrogen oxides to form nitrogen (“denitrogenization” of the exhaust gas) is more difficult. A known method is selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of the nitrogen oxides at a suitable catalyst.
This method is presently the preferred option for the denitrogenization of diesel engine exhaust gases. The reduction of the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas takes place in the SCR method with the aid of a reducing agent which is introduced into the exhaust stream in a dosed fashion from an external source. As reducing agent, use is preferably made of ammonia or of a compound which releases ammonia, such as for example urea or ammonium carbamate. The ammonia, which is possibly generated in situ from the precursor compound, reacts at the SCR catalyst with the nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas in a comproportionation reaction to form nitrogen and water.
Another suitable method for the denitrogenization of diesel engine exhaust gases utilizes a catalyst which is capable of storing NOx during oxygen rich operating conditions and releasing and reducing the stored NOx during short periods of fuel rich operation. Such devices are known as NOx adsorbers or lean NOx traps (LNTs).
At present, in order to satisfy the upcoming legal standards, a combination of the different exhaust gas purification units is inevitable. A device for the purification of diesel engine exhaust gases must comprise at least one oxidationally active catalytic converter and, for denitrogenization, an SCR catalyst with an upstream device for introducing reducing agent (preferably ammonia or urea solution) and an external reducing agent source (for example an auxiliary tank with urea solution or an ammonia store), or an LNT. If it is not possible by optimizing the combustion within the engine to keep the particulate emissions sufficiently low that they can be removed by means of the oxidation catalyst by direct oxidation with oxygen, the use of a particulate filter is additionally necessary.
Corresponding exhaust gas purification systems have already been described; some are presently at the practical testing stage, others are already commercially practiced.
For example, EP-B-1 054 722 describes a system for the treatment of NO and particulate-containing exhaust gases in which system an oxidation catalyst is connected upstream of a particulate filter. Arranged at the outflow side of the particulate filter are a reducing agent source and a dosing device for the reducing agent, and an SCR catalyst. In the method described in EP-B-1 054 722, the NO2 proportion in the exhaust gas and therefore the NO2/NO ratio is increased by means of the at least partial oxidation of NO at the oxidation catalyst, with the NO2/NO ratio preferably being set to a predetermined level which is an optimum for the SCR catalyst.
The NO2/NO ratio which is an optimum for the SCR catalyst is 1 for all presently known SCR catalysts. If the NOx contained in the exhaust gas is composed only of NO and NO2, then the optimum NO2/NOx, ratio is between 0.3 and 0.7, preferably between 0.4 and 0.6 and is particularly preferably 0.5. Whether said ratio is attained upstream of the SCR catalyst in a system according to EP-B-1 054 722 is dependent on the exhaust gas temperature and therefore on the operating state of the engine, on the activity of the oxidation catalyst and on the design and soot loading of the diesel particulate filter which is connected downstream of the oxidation catalyst.
The untreated exhaust gas of conventional diesel engines contains only a very low proportion of NO2 in the NOx. The main proportion of the nitrogen oxides is nitrogen monoxide NO. As said untreated gas passes over the oxidation catalyst, NO is at least partially oxidized to form NO2. The rate of NO2 formation is dependent on the activity of the oxidation catalyst and on the exhaust gas temperature. If a significant quantity of soot is deposited on the diesel particulate filter which is arranged at the outflow side, then the NO2 proportion present in the NO downstream of the oxidation catalyst is, with sufficient exhaust gas temperature, further reduced. Since NO is predominantly formed from the NO2 during the oxidation of soot with NO2 essentially no denitrogenization of the exhaust gas takes place. As a result, denitrogenization must take place by means of the downstream SCR catalyst, for which purpose the NO2/NOx ratio must be set to an optimum value over the entirety of oxidation catalyst and diesel particulate filter. EP-B-1 054 722, however, does not provide any technical teaching as to how the setting of the NO2/NOx ratio in the exhaust gas upstream of the SCR catalyst can be realized over the entirety of the oxidation catalyst and filter.
A further problem which is not discussed in EP-B-1 054 722 but which occurs in practice is that the “passive” particulate filter regeneration which takes place in the system, that is to say the burning of soot, which takes place in situ, by oxidation with NO2 generated by means of the oxidation catalyst, is generally not sufficient on its own to prevent the particulate filter from becoming clogged with soot, with a resulting rise in exhaust gas back pressure to unacceptable values. Applied auxiliary measures are necessary, which may be carried out by means of for example, additional “active” diesel particulate filter regenerations when the pressure drop across the particulate filter exceeds a critical threshold value.
The auxiliary measures include the additional injection of fuel into the exhaust stream upstream of the oxidation catalyst or into the cylinders of the combustion chamber during the exhaust piston stroke. The unburned fuel which passes into the exhaust gas from time to time by means of said device is burned across the oxidation catalyst with the release of heat; the oxidation catalyst is used as a “heating catalyst” in order to heat the downstream diesel particulate filter to temperatures which lie considerably above the soot ignition temperature in the oxygen-containing atmosphere, that is to say in the range from 500 to 650° C. As a result of the temperature rise which is obtained in this way, the soot particles are “burned off” with the oxygen contained in the exhaust gas.
In order that the oxidation catalyst can operate as a “heating catalyst” in the “active” diesel particulate filter regeneration, the oxidation catalyst must meet some demands with regard to conversion behaviour and ageing stability. The oxidation catalyst must be able to convert high quantities of unburned hydrocarbons by oxidation in a short time without the oxidation reaction thereby being “flooded” and thus ceasing. This is also sometimes referred to as quenching of the catalyst. Here, the conversion of the unburned hydrocarbons must be as complete as possible, since the breakthrough of unburned hydrocarbons through the oxidation catalyst can lead to the contamination of the SCR catalyst which is arranged further downstream. A breakthrough of unburned hydrocarbons at the end of the exhaust system may also have the result that the legal limits are not adhered to. The more fuel can be burned completely across the oxidation catalyst, the more flexible can be the strategy for active regeneration. Furthermore, it is an important requirement that the oxidation catalyst “ignites” even at low exhaust gas temperatures (180 to 250° C.).
An oxidation catalyst which is also ideally suitable as a heating catalyst must therefore provide very high HC conversion rates even at extremely low exhaust gas temperatures, wherein the HC conversion should increase as abruptly as possible to maximum values once the “ignition temperature” (light-off temperature) is reached. Furthermore, the catalyst must be sufficiently stable with regard to ageing that its activity is not impaired to too great an extent as a result of the exothermic energy generated during the combustion of the hydrocarbons. The performance demands are referred to below in summary as “heat-up performance”.
The present invention is intended to provide an exhaust gas purification zoned catalyst system, in which the oxidation catalyst exhibits the best possible “heat-up performance” in the case of an “active” particulate filter regeneration.
The invention disclosed herein is a zoned catalyst design which provides thermally durable NO2 generation in conjunction with efficient heat-up performance for filter regeneration, and low temperature HC (hydrocarbon) and CO activity. Importantly, it provides both functions while minimizing PGM (platinum group metals) utilization and its associated impact on catalyst cost. It has been discovered that a higher loaded leading catalyst with low Pt/Pd ratio followed by a lower loaded trailing catalyst with high Pt/Pd ratio surprisingly yields the desired balanced performance.
This type of DOC (“Diesel Oxidation Catalyst”) performance can be utilized in stand-alone DOC+CDPF (catalyzed diesel particulate filter) systems, or as part of larger systems which incorporate SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) or LNT (Lean NOx trap) catalysts where increased NO2 availability is desirable. Such designs include DOC+(C)DPF+SCR, DOC+SCR+(C)DPF, DOC+SCR+SCRFilter, DOC+SCRFilter, DOC+SCRFilter+SCR, DOC+LNT, DOC+LNT+(C)DPF, DOC+LNT+(C)DPF+SCR, and DOC+LNT+SCR+(C)DPF as illustrated in
As described herein, the relative cost and performance of zoned catalysts with Pt/Pd ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:1/10:1 (1.4:1 overall) DOCs are compared. In each case, catalysts were prepared by zoning equal lengths of a substrate with 55 g/ft3 in the front zone and 15 g/ft3 in the rear zone PGM loadings. The Pt/Pd ratios were equivalent on front and rear zones except for the 1.4:1 sample illustrating the invention. Charts indicate that the 1.4:1 design, following ageing, provides equivalent light-off performance for HC over Hot HD (Heavy Duty)-FTP (Federal Test Procedure) tests (HC conversion), equivalent heat-up performance during HD-FTP and SET (Supplemental Emission Test) tests where active regenerations were triggered (generate elevated DOC-out temperature with similar HC slip level), and superior NO oxidation activity (NO2/NOx ratios) over HD-FTP and SET tests.
The objects of the invention are achieved by a device for the purification of diesel exhaust gases, which device is characterized by a zoned catalyst architecture and which comprises, in the flow direction of the exhaust gas, a leading oxidation catalyst and, immediately following, a trailing oxidation catalyst. The expression “immediately following” is intended to make clear that there is no other type of filter or material located between the leading and trailing catalysts.
More particularly, applicants' device for the purification of diesel exhaust gases comprises, in the flow direction of the exhaust gas, as a leading catalyst a first oxidation catalyst disposed on a carrier substrate and as a trailing catalyst immediately following the leading catalyst, a second oxidation catalyst disposed on a carrier substrate wherein the first and second oxidation catalysts contain platinum and palladium in their catalytically active coating, and further wherein the total quantity of platinum and palladium in the leading catalyst is high relative to the trailing catalyst, and further wherein the ratio of platinum to palladium in the leading catalyst is relatively low, and the ratio of platinum to palladium in the trailing catalyst is relatively high. The carrier substrate in each instance being a through flow substrate. The ratio of the total quantity of platinum to the total quantity of palladium is preferably between 1:8 and 15:1, where the loading of platinum:palladium in the leading oxidation catalyst is relatively high and the loading of platinum:palladium in the catalytically active coating of the trailing diesel particulate filter is relatively low.
The first and the second oxidation catalysts can consist of a platinum- and palladium-containing catalytically active coating on a ceramic or metal throughflow honeycomb body.
Optionally, there may also be present a device for introducing a reducing agent from an external reducing agent source, and an SCR catalyst. In this case, the trailing oxidation catalyst of the zoned DOC would be located upstream of the injection point for the external reducing agent. Similar arrangements to those below apply if an alternative NOx control device, an LNT, is applied in place of an SCR catalyst since the activities of both devices are dependent upon NO2 availability.
In the upstream position, NO2 production from the DOC feeds directly into the exhaust feeding the inlet of the SCR. This inlet concentration controls the activity of the SCR catalyst as previously discussed. Because the SCR catalyst largely converts the NOx, NO2 availability for passive soot combustion is limited. In this case, PGM loading level and type within any downstream filter catalytic coating is not dictated by NO2 formation, but by other parameters such as cost and oxygen-based soot combustion rate.
In PCT/EP2008/008995 (070445 AC) there is shown a particulate filter in a downstream position. NO2 production from the DOC feeds directly into the exhaust feeding the inlet of the filter. This inlet concentration contributes to the rate of passive soot combustion over the filter. The NO2 concentration at the outlet of the filter is dependent upon the inlet concentration, the soot loading within the filter, the temperature, and the PGM loading and composition on the filter, and contributes to the activity of the downstream NOx control catalyst.
In the present invention, the carrier substrate for the oxidation catalysts are through flow substrates composed of ceramic materials such as silicon carbide, cordierite, aluminum titanate, and mullite. Metallic throughflow substrates can also be used.
The oxidation catalyst is applied to one or more oxidic support materials selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, lanthanum-oxide-stabilized aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, cerium-zirconium mixed oxides, rare-earth-metal sesquioxide, zeolite and mixtures thereof. The oxidation catalyst plus the oxidic support or wash coat is then applied to the throughflow carrier substrate.
It is desired to obtain as optimum an NO2/NOx ratio as possible in the majority of operating states, which are typical for diesel vehicles, in which a significant nitrogen oxide content is present in the exhaust gas to be purified. Also, it is desired that the oxidation catalyst has a sufficiently good “heat-up performance” in order to permit an “active” diesel filter regeneration at important operating points.
It is known that oxidation catalysts with high levels of platinum content cause high conversion rates in diesel exhaust gases in the oxidation of NO to form NO2. It is also known that oxidation catalysts which have a large amount of palladium can provide nearly complete conversion of high quantities of unburned hydrocarbons in the diesel exhaust gas even at low temperatures. Unfortunately, aged catalysts with high levels of platinum content have the tendency to quench in the event of high prevailing levels of hydrocarbon content, while palladium does not have a sufficient level of NO oxidation activity. There is a conflict of aims here between firstly the demanded NO conversion performance of a catalytic converter and secondly its “heat-up performance”. For cost reasons alone, this conflict cannot be resolved by means of a simple “addition” of the two noble metals palladium and platinum in the oxidation catalyst. Additionally, these metals can interact negatively when combined or alloyed such that the “additive” effect is in fact lost.
It has been found, as explained in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/226,857, that it is advantageous if a significant contribution to the formation of NO2 takes place as the exhaust gas flow is conducted across the diesel particulate filter. Recent work as mentioned in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/226,857 suggests that an excess expenditure in “active” particulate filter regenerations can be avoided with targeted distribution of the noble metals platinum and palladium over the oxidation catalyst and particulate filter, and a good “heat-up performance” of the oxidation catalyst can be ensured while simultaneously generating an increased NO2/NOx ratio in the exhaust gas upstream of a filter or a NOx control catalyst, while minimizing the PGM cost of said catalyst. According to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/226,857, the ratio of platinum:palladium in the oxidation catalyst is preferably no greater than 6:1.
In accordance with the present invention, the ratio of platinum to palladium in the first oxidation catalyst on the leading catalyst can be varied over a wide range, preferably between 0 and 5, more preferably between 0.1 and 2 and particularly preferably between 0.3 and 1.2, and most preferably 1.0 as a result of which it is possible to provide cost-optimized exhaust systems for practically all diesel engines which are presently in use and at the testing stage and for many future diesel engine applications including a wide range of vehicles, equipment, and power generation equipment. In the second oxidation catalyst on the trailing catalyst, the ratio of platinum to palladium can be varied over a wide range, preferably between 2 and 50, more preferably between 5 and 20 and most preferably between 10 and 15.
As mentioned above, it has been found that exceptional results are obtained in the aforesaid systems when the leading oxidation catalyst has a high loading of PGM and the trailing oxidation catalyst has a lower loading of PGM.
The range of loading of platinum and palladium for the leading oxidation catalyst can be 30 to 250 g/ft3 of PGM, while the range of loading of platinum and palladium for the trailing oxidation catalyst can be 5 to 100 g/ft3.
The terms “leading” and “trailing” are used to denote the respective locations of the catalysts in the flow direction of the exhaust stream. Equivalent terms would be “first” and “second” or “upstream” and “downstream”, respectively.
The leading oxidation catalyst and trailing oxidation catalyst can be present in the form of two separate components on two substrates forming two distinct and separated zones. Alternatively, the leading oxidation catalyst can be on the upstream side of a carrier substrate while the trailing oxidation catalyst can be located on the downstream section of the same carrier substrate. These components may possibly be accommodated in one housing, for example if only a small amount of installation space is available in the exhaust system of a diesel passenger motor vehicle. It is likewise possible for said components to be positioned in two different housings at different positions (close to the engine and/or on the underbody of the vehicle).
The first oxidation catalyst consists of a platinum- and palladium-containing catalytically active coating which is applied to a ceramic or metallic throughflow carrier substrate such as a honeycomb body. Use is preferably made of ceramic throughflow honeycomb bodies which have cell densities of 15 to 150 cells per square centimeter, particularly preferably 60 to 100 cells per square centimeter. The duct wall thickness of preferred substrates is preferably between 0.05 and 0.25 millimeters, particularly preferably between 0.07 and 0.17 millimeters.
The second oxidation catalyst consists of a platinum- and palladium containing catalytically active coating and a second ceramic or metallic throughflow carrier substrate. The second throughflow carrier substrate can be separate and distinct from the first throughflow carrier substrate or the second oxidation catalyst can be disposed on the downstream section of the first throughflow substrate with the first oxidation catalyst segregated on the upstream end thereof.
In a device according to the invention platinum and palladium are contained in a catalytically active coating in the first and second oxidation catalysts. The noble metals platinum and palladium are preferably provided on one or more oxidic support materials. They may be applied separately to, if appropriate, different support materials, or may be provided together on one or more support materials. Here, the support materials are selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, lanthanum-oxide-stabilized aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, cerium-zirconium mixed oxides, rare-earth-metal sesquioxide, zeolite and mixtures thereof. Aluminum oxide, lanthanum-oxide-stabilized aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, titanium dioxide and zeolite are preferably used as support materials.
In the preferred embodiments of the two oxidation catalysts of this invention, platinum and/or palladium are provided so as to be applied to aluminum oxide and/or aluminosilicate as support material. The incorporation of zeolite within the catalytically active coating of the oxidation catalyst is dependent upon application.
The application of the noble metals to the stated, preferred support materials takes place using the conventional methods, which are known to a person skilled in the art, of injection, precipitation, immersion, the working process referred to as “incipient wetness” and other techniques known from literature. Which of the prior art methods is preferable in each case is dependent not least on the noble metal particle size which can be obtained using said methods and the target application as is known in the art.
It was observed that particularly high yields can be obtained in the NO oxidation on platinum-rich noble metal particles with a mean particle size of 5 to 10 nanometers. In order to generate such large, platinum-rich noble metal particles on the support material, it is for example possible to select a conventional precipitation-injection process using a noble metal precursor compound which sorbs only moderately on the support material. An oxidation catalyst which has a platinum:palladium ratio of no greater than 6:1, for the purification of diesel exhaust gases in applications with a very low operating temperature of the filter over the New European Driving Cycle (mean temperature in NEDC <250° C.) has been found to be useful.
For high-temperature applications or for the purification of heavily particulate-loaded exhaust gases, when frequent “active” diesel particulate filter regenerations are necessary, it is in contrast of relatively great importance that the exhaust gas purification device and therefore the exhaust gas purification units have a high level of ageing stability. The noble-metal-containing components preferred for such an application may for example be generated in that the usually oxidic support material is moistened with a suitable aqueous solution of a noble metal precursor compound, such that the pores of said support material are filled but remain free-flowing. The noble metal is then thermally fixed in the pores in a subsequent fast calcination process. The noble-metal containing powder components which result from such a process may be processed to form a coating suspension, and applied to or formed into a throughflow honeycomb body and/or filter body.
The application of the catalytically active coating to the throughflow honeycomb body takes place using the conventional dip coating process or pumping and suction coating process with subsequent thermal aftertreatment (calcination and, if appropriate, reduction with forming gas or hydrogen), which are sufficiently well-known from the prior art for these exhaust gas purification units.
All previously known SCR catalysts may be used in the device according to the invention. Particularly suitable are vanadium-oxide-based SCR catalysts and iron-exchanged and/or copper-exchanged zeolite compounds, which are known from the prior art and are commercially available. Also suitable are transition-metal-oxide-based SCR catalytic converter technologies which contain for example cerium oxides or cerium-transition-metal mixed oxides and/or tungsten oxide. This SCR catalyst coating may be applied to either flowthrough or wallflow filter substrates.
All previously known LNT catalysts may be used in the device according to the invention. Particularly suitable are NOx adsorbers based on alkali and alkaline earth NOx storage materials, which are known from the prior art and are commercially available. This catalyst coating may be applied to either flowthrough or wallflow filter substrates.
The device is suitable for the purification of diesel exhaust gases and may preferably be used in motor vehicles or other diesel powered equipment. The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of some examples and figures herein below.
a) is a set up for diesel in-exhaust injection, and
a) and 4(b) show histograms for 1200 cycles of aging.
For engine tests, various oxidation catalysts were evaluated individually or in conjunction with a common diesel particulate filter.
PGM loadings and distributions for the different samples are summarized in
To produce oxidation catalysts according to the invention and comparative catalysts, homogeneous silicon-aluminum mixed oxide (5% by weight SiO2 in relation to the overall mass of the mixed oxide; BET surface area: 150 m2/g) was slurried and milled with an aqueous solution of platinum and palladium nitrates. The resultant slurry was applied using a conventional dip coating process, to a cylindrical throughflow honeycomb body with a diameter of 7.5 inches and a length of 5.2 inches. The throughflow honeycomb body had 400 cells per square inch and a cell wall thickness of 4 mil. The resulting catalysts were dried for a duration of 4 hours at 300° C. and subsequently calcined in air at 500° C. for a duration of 2 hr.
The oxidation catalysts obtained in this way were subjected to an engine ageing process designed to simulate the effect of repeated active regeneration cycles before being characterized. For this purpose, an engine was operated at constant speed and load to generate an exhaust temperature of 350-400 C. To allow two DOCs to be aged simultaneously, an exhaust system was configured which allowed engine exhaust to split and flow into parallel exhaust lines, each equipped with a diesel fuel injector, DOC, and exhaust line.
Following the aging, each of the oxidation catalysts was evaluated for HC oxidation over hot HD-FTP and SET tests.
The heat-up capabilities of the different oxidation catalysts were assessed over a series of active regenerations which were triggered either over HD-FTP or SET tests. A comparison of DOC-out temperatures and HC level measured over the HD-FTP filter regenerations are shown in
