Patent Grant
7809767
The invention relates to an architecture for a distributed computing system.
Internet usage has exploded over the past several years and continues to grow. People have become very comfortable with many services offered on the World Wide Web (or simply “Web”), such as electronic mail, online shopping, gathering news and information, listening to music, viewing video clips, looking for jobs, and so forth. To keep pace with the growing demand for Internet-based services, there has been tremendous growth in the computer systems dedicated to hosting Websites, providing backend services for those sites, and storing data associated with the sites.
One type of distributed computer system is a data center (such as an Internet data center (IDC) or an Enterprise Data Center (EDC)), which is a specifically designed complex that houses many computers for hosting network-based services. Data centers, which may also go by the names of “Webfarms” or “server farms”, typically house hundreds to thousands of computers in climate-controlled, physically secure buildings. Data centers typically provide reliable Internet access, reliable power supplies, and a secure operating environment.
Today, large data centers are complex and often called upon to host multiple applications. For instance, some websites may operate several thousand computers, and host many distributed applications. These distributed applications often have complex networking requirements that require operators to physically connect computers to certain network switches, as well as manually arrange the wiring configurations within the data center to support the complex applications. As a result, this task of building physical network topologies to conform to the application requirements can be a cumbersome, time consuming process that is prone to human error. Accordingly, there is a need for improved techniques for designing and deploying distributed applications onto the physical computing system.
An architecture and methodology for designing, deploying, and managing a distributed application onto a distributed computing system is described.
The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference like features.
The following disclosure describes a number of aspects pertaining to an architecture for designing and implementing a distributed computing system with large-scale application services. The disclosure includes discussion of a system definition model (SDM), which is also referred to as a service definition model, and an SDM runtime environment. The disclosure further includes design aspects such as how to model various data center components.
As used herein, the term “wire” may also be referred to as “connections”, “communication”, or “communication relationship”. Also, the term “system” may be referred to as “module” and the term “resource space” may be referred to as “resources”. Additionally, the term “application space” may also be referred to as “applications”, and the term “instance space” may also be referred to as “instances”. Further, the term “class” may also be referred to as “abstract definition”, the term “port” may also be referred to as “endpoint”, and the term “type” may also be referred to as “definition”.
Computing devices 102 can be any of a variety of conventional computing devices, including desktop PCs, workstations, mainframe computers, server computers, Internet appliances, gaming consoles, handheld computers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. One or more of devices 102 can be the same types of devices, or alternatively different types of devices. Additionally, even if multiple devices are the same types of devices, the multiple devices may still be configured differently (e.g., two devices 102 may be server computers, but may have different hardware configurations, such as different processors, different amounts of RAM, different sizes of hard disk drives, and so forth).
One or more computing devices 102 may also be re-configured after being added to setting 100. For example, a particular computing device 102 may operate for a period of time (e.g., on the order of minutes, hours, days, months, etc.) performing one function, and then an administrator may decide that a different function is desirable (e.g., change from being a server computer to a workstation computer, from a web server to a local file server, etc.).
The lifecycle of a system typically includes three primary phases (also referred to as stages): a design or development phase, followed by a deployment or installation phase, followed by an operations or management phase. As the model applies to all three phases of the lifecycle of a system, the model can thus be seen as an integration point for the various phases in the lifecycle of a system, and facilitates each of these phases. Additionally, by using the model knowledge can be transferred between these phases, such as knowledge regarding management of the system (e.g., being fed back to the design and development team (e.g., thereby allowing the design and development team to modify the system, such as for future versions or to improve the performance of the current version); knowledge of the structure, deployment requirements and operational behavior of the system; knowledge of the operational environment from the desktop to the data center; knowledge of the service level as observed by the end user; and so forth.
Generally, during the design phase, development tools leveraging the SDM are used to define a system comprised of communicating software and hardware components. A system definition contains all information necessary to deploy and operate a distributed system, including required resources, configuration, operational features, policies, etc. During the deployment phase, the system definition is used to automatically deploy the system and dynamically allocate and configure the software and hardware (e.g., server, storage and networking) resources required. The same system definition can be used for deployments to different host environments and to different scales. During the management phase, an SDM Service in the operating system provides a system-level view for managing the system. This enables new management tools to drive resource allocation, configuration management, upgrades, and process automation from the perspective of a system.
The architecture 200 employs the SDM definition model as well as a schema that defines functional operations within the SDM definition model. The definition model includes various different kinds of data structures which are collectively referred to as “definitions”. Functionality of the SDM is exposed through one or more platform services, such as application program interfaces (APIs).
During the design phase for a system, a development system 202 generates a document that contains the system definition, such as an SDM document 204. Development system 202 can be any of a variety of development systems, such as the Visual Studio® development system available from Microsoft® Corporation of Redmond, Wash. SDM document 204 defines all information (also referred to herein as knowledge) related to the deployment and management of the system. Any knowledge necessary for or used when deploying the system or managing the system is included in SDM document 204. Although described herein as a single document, it is to be appreciated that the knowledge could alternatively be spread out and maintained in multiple documents.
SDM document 204 includes one or more constraints (also referred to as requirements) of the system that an environment in which the system is to be deployed and/or run must satisfy. The environment itself is also described using an SDM document. Such environments can be single computing devices, or alternatively collections of computing devices (e.g., data centers), application hosts, etc. Different systems can be installed to different environments. For example, a data center may include fifty computing devices, and one system may be deployed to five of those computing devices, while another system may be deployed to thirty five of those computing devices. These requirements can take a variety of forms, such as: hardware requirements regarding the computing device(s) on which the system is to be deployed (e.g., a minimum processor speed, a minimum amount of memory, a minimum amount of free hard drive space, a minimum amount of network bandwidth available, particular security mechanisms available, and so forth), software requirements regarding the computing device(s) on which the system is to be deployed (e.g., a particular operating system, one or more other applications that also must be installed, specifications regarding how a particular system and/or the operating system is to be configured, a particular type of security or encryption in use, and so forth), other requirements regarding the computing device(s) on which the system is to be deployed (e.g., particular security keys available, data center policies that must be enforced, authentication that is used, environment topology, etc.).
Requirements can also go in the other direction—that is, the environment can have constraints or requirements on the configuration of the system that is to be installed (e.g., to implement the standards or policies of the environment). These can be “explicit” requirements that are created by the operator of the environment, such as particular settings or configurations the system must have, particular functionality the system must provide or support, particular.security mechanisms the system must support, and so forth. These can also be “implicit” requirements that that arise because of a particular configuration of the environment. For example, if a host computing device in the environment is using a particular type of file system then it may not be possible for some actions to be performed using that file system (although it may be possible for those same actions to be performed using another file system).
During the design and development phase of the system, SDM document 204 can be used to validate the system for one or more particular environment(s). This is a two-way validation: the system is validated for the environment and the environment is validated for the system. The environment can be validated for the system by comparing the requirements identified in the SDM document 204 with the environment and determining whether all of the requirements are satisfied by the environment. The system can be validated for the environment by comparing the requirements identified in an SDM document for the environment with the system and determining whether all of the requirements are satisfied by the system. If all of the requirements are satisfied by the environment and the system, then the designer or developer knows that the system can be deployed in and will run in the environment. However, if all of the requirements are not satisfied by the environment and/or the system, then the designer or developer is optionally informed of the requirements that were not satisfied, thereby informing the designer or developer of what changes should be made to the SDM document 204 (and correspondingly to the system) and/or to the environment in order for the system to be deployed and run in that environment.
The knowledge regarding deployment of the system that is included in the SDM document 204 describes how the system is to be deployed in one or more environments. The SDM document 204 is made available to a controller 206, which includes a deployment module 208 and a management module 210. In certain embodiments, the SDM document 204 as well as all of the files of the system (e.g., binaries, data, libraries, etc.) needed to install the system are packaged together into a single container (e.g., a single file) referred to as an SDU (System Definition Unit). Controller 206 can be one or more of computing devices 102 of
Deployment module 208 includes services that are used to deploy the system in the environment(s). In
Different knowledge for deployment in different environments may be included in the SDM document 204. This deployment knowledge describes any changes that need to be made to the environment (e.g., changes to a system registry; folders, directories, or files that need to be created; other setting or configuration parameters of the computing device that need to be set to particular values; and so forth), as well as what files (e.g., program and/or data files) that need to be copied to the computing device(s) in the environment and any operations that need to be performed on those files (e.g., some files may need to be decompressed and/or decrypted). In many implementations, the deployment knowledge in the SDM document 204 includes, for example, information analogous to that presently found in typical setup or installation programs for systems.
During the deployment process, controller 206 generates a record or store of the software and hardware resources involved in the deployment as well as the relationships between them. This record or store can subsequently be used by controller 206 during the management phase.
Management module 210 includes services that are used to manage the system once it is installed in the environment(s). These services of management module 210 include one or more functions that can be called or invoked to manage the systems in the environment. The knowledge regarding management of the system that is included in the SDM document 204 describes how the system is to be managed in one or more environments.
Different knowledge for managing a system in different environments may be included in the SDM document 204. The management knowledge includes any knowledge used in the management or operation of the system. Management involves, for example, configuration (and optionally subsequent reconfiguration), patching and upgrading, maintenance tasks (e.g., backup), health or performance monitoring, and so forth.
Changes to deployed systems are made through management module 210. The services of management module 210 include one or more functions that can be called or invoked to make changes to one or more systems deployed in the environment. By making such changes through the management module 210, several benefits can be realized. One such benefit is that controller 206 can maintain a record of the changes that have been made. Controller 206 may maintain a copy of the SDM document 204 for the system and record in the SDM document 204 any changes that are made to the system. Alternatively, controller 206 may maintain a separate record of the changes made to the system.
This record of changes maintained by controller 206 can simplify subsequent operations, such as solving problems with the system and/or environment, or when having to reinstall the system due to a hardware failure (allowing the system to be reinstalled and returned to running with the same parameters/settings as it had at the time of failure). By having such changes made through controller 206 and by having controller 206 maintain the record, some human error can be removed from the environment (e.g., if the administrator making the change is supposed to log the change in a book but forgets to do so there would be no record of the change—this problem is solved by having controller 206 maintain the record).
Furthermore, by making changes to systems through controller 206, as well as deploying systems through controller 206, controller 206 can serve as the repository of knowledge about the environment, the systems deployed in the environment, and interactions between them. Knowledge regarding the environment and/or systems deployed in the environment can be readily obtained from controller 206. This knowledge can be used to ensure the consistency of the controlled environment by validating that the controlled devices in the environment reflect the state stored in the central controller 206.
It should be noted that in some situations changes may be made to a system and/or environment but are not made through controller 206. For example, a computing device may be accidentally turned off or may fail. In these situations, attempts are made to reflect such changes in controller 206. These changes may be reflected in controller 206 automatically (e.g., a system may run that attempts to detect device failures and use the services of management module 210 to notify controller 206 of such failures) or may be reflected in controller 206 manually (e.g., an administrator may use the services of management module 210 to notify controller 206 of such changes). Alternatively, the changes that were made could be reversed to bring the system and/or portion of the environment back into line with the desired state of the system as recorded by controller 206.
The SDM document 204 can thus be viewed as a “live” document—it can be constantly changing based on changes to the environment and/or changes to the system throughout the lifecycle of the system.
System Definition Model (SDM)
The system definition model (SDM) is a modeling technology used to create definitions of systems. A system is a set of related software and/or hardware resources that work together to accomplish a common function. Example systems include multi-tier line-of-business applications, Web services, e-commerce sites, and enterprise data centers. The SDM provides tools and a context for an application architect, network architect, datacenter architect, or other developer to design distributed computer applications and data centers in an abstract manner. The SDM defines a set of elements that represent functional units of the systems that will eventually be implemented by physical computer resources and software. The SDM also defines elements that are relevant to operators or other individuals that will manage a system. Additionally, the SDM captures data pertinent to development, deployment, and operations. Associated with the SDM elements is a schema that dictates how functional operations represented by the components are to be specified.
A system is composed of resources, endpoints, relationships and sub-systems. Definitions of each of these items are declared in an SDM document. An SDM document is an XML document that contains one or more definitions of systems, resources, endpoints and relationships. Resources may be hardware resources or software resources. Endpoints represent communications across systems. Relationships define associations between systems, resources and endpoints. Sub-systems can be treated as complete systems and are typically part of a larger system.
A system definition captures the basic structure of a dynamic system. It can be viewed as the skeleton on which all other information is added. This structure is typically specified during the development process, by architects and developers, and typically does not change frequently. In addition to the structure, the SDM can contain deployment information, installation processes, schemas for configuration, events and instrumentation, automation tasks, health models, operational policies, etc. Other information can be added by the operations staff, by vendors, and/or by management systems across the lifetime of a distributed system.
SDM Schema Design Specification
The SDM is designed to support description of the configuration, interaction and changes to the components in a distributed system (e.g., the modeled system). “Definitions” describe entities that exist in a system and “relationships” identify the links between the various entities. Definitions and relationships are further defined to capture semantic information relevant to the SDM. As shown in
As shown in
The SDM includes “abstract definitions” that provide a common categorization of system parts, provide tool support for a wide range of applications and provide the basis for definition checking at design time. A set of abstract definitions provide a comprehensive basis for service design. “Concrete definitions” represent parts of an actual application or data center design. A concrete definition is generated by selecting an abstract definition and providing an implementation that defines the concrete definition's members and setting values for its properties. Distributed applications are generated using collections of these concrete definitions.
The SDM also includes “constraints” that model restrictions based on the allowed set of relationships in which an instance of a relationship can participate. Constraints are useful in describing requirements that depend on the configuration of objects involved in a relationship. For example, a constraint may be used to determine whether participants on each end of a communication protocol are using compatible security settings.
A flow can be identified as part of a definition and/or a resource. This flow is used to control application behavior at runtime by propagating operator settings to the systems, sub-systems, or other components that utilize such settings.
Abstract Definitions and Relationships
Abstract definitions define the building blocks that check application configuration at design time and then deploy and manage an application at run time. These building blocks represent entities that exist in the modeled system. For example, abstract definitions can model files and directories, the configuration inside a web server, or the databases inside a SQL server.
Abstract relationships model the interactions that can occur between abstract definitions. Relationships are binary and directed, identifying the definitions of the instances that participate in manifestations of the relationship. Relationships provide a way of associating entities with one another, thereby allowing the modeling of containment, construction and communication links between entities.
Constraints are used by definitions to constrain the relationships in which they participate. Constraints are further used by relationships to constrain the definitions that can be linked. These constraints can target the definition and settings of participants in a relationship.
The abstract definition space is divided into three categories: components, endpoints and resources. Abstract component definitions describe self-contained independently deployable parts of an application. These definitions represent parts of an application that interact through well-defined communication channels that can cross process and machine boundaries. Abstract endpoint definitions describe the communication endpoints that a component may expose. These abstract endpoint definitions can model all forms of communication that the system is aware of to verify system connectivity at design time and to enable connections at runtime. Abstract resource definitions describe behavior that is contained within a component. Resource definitions may have strong dependencies on other resource definitions. These dependencies can include requiring a specific installation order and initiating runtime interaction through various communication mechanisms.
Abstract definitions include the ability to expose settings. In one embodiment, these settings are name-value pairs that use an XML schema to define the definition of the setting. Settings can be dynamic or static. Static settings are set during the deployment process. Dynamic settings can be changed after deployment. The code responsible for applying settings values to the running system is hosted in the SDM runtime.
The SDM model supports inheritance over abstract definitions. A derived definition can extend the properties exposed by its parent and can set values for its parent's properties. A derived definition can participate in the relationships that identify its parent as a participant.
As mentioned above, relationships are divided in five categories: communication (or connections), containment, delegation, hosting and reference. Communication relationships capture potential communication interactions between abstract endpoint definitions. The existence of a communication relationship indicates that it may be possible for components that expose endpoints of the identified definition to communicate. The actual establishment of the link is subject to constraints on the endpoints and the exposure of the endpoints.
Containment relationships describe the ability of an abstract definition to contain members of other abstract definitions. More specifically, a containment relationship between two abstract definitions A and B allows a concrete definition that implements A to contain a member of a definition that implements B. Containment relationships model the natural nesting structures that occur when developers build applications. By containing a member of another definition, the parent is able to control the lifetime and visibility of the contained definition. All definition instances in the run time space exist as members of other definition instances, forming a completely connected set of instances. Thus, the set of containment relationships describes the allowed containment patterns that occur in the runtime space.
Delegation relationships selectively expose contained members. For example, delegation can expose endpoint members from component definitions. By delegating an endpoint from an inner component, the outer component exposes the ability to communicate using a particular protocol without exposing the implementation behind the protocol.
Hosting and reference relationships represent two forms of dependency relationships. A hosting relationship is used to capture knowledge regarding how to create an instance of a definition on a particular host. The hosting relationship allows the developer to create their own definition in a manner that is independent from the operation of a specific host. This relationship also allows a single definition to be deployed on multiple host types without rewriting the guest definition. The hosting relationship describes a primary dependency between abstract definitions that exists before an instance of a concrete definition is created. Each instance participates as a guest in a hosting relationship, thereby causing the hosting relationships to form a connected tree over the instance space. Reference relationships capture additional dependencies used for parameter flow and for construction ordering.
Concrete Definitions and Relationships
Concrete definitions are created from abstract definitions. Concrete relationships are created from abstract relationships. The combination of abstract definitions and abstract relationships defines a schema for modeling the target system. A concrete definition uses a subset of the abstract definition space to create a reusable configuration of one or more abstract definitions. The abstract definition space can be compared to the schema for a database. In this analogy, the concrete definition space represents a reusable template for a set of rows in the database. The concrete definition is validated against the abstract definition space in the same way that the rows in the database are validated against the constraints of the schema, such as foreign keys, etc. A developer can infer knowledge of the concrete definition from knowledge of the abstract definition. Thus, tools associated with the abstract definition can operate with many implementations that are derived from that abstract definition. For example, a tool that knows about abstract Web services can operate with any Web service deployed into a datacenter without requiring additional information from the developer.
Each concrete definition provides an implementation for a specific abstract definition that includes extensions to the settings schema, values for settings, declarations for definition and relationship members, and constraints on the relationships in which the definition can participate. The behavior of the concrete definition follows the definition of the abstract definition. In particular, abstract component definitions become component definitions, abstract endpoint definitions become endpoint definitions and abstract resource definitions become resource definitions.
Each concrete relationship provides an implementation for a specific abstract relationship that includes a settings schema and settings values, nested members of the same relationship category (e.g., hosting, containment, or communication), and constraints on the definitions that can participate in the relationship.
Concrete hosting relationships define a set of hosting relationships that can map the members of one concrete definition onto another concrete definition. For example, a concrete hosting relationship can identify the bindings between a web application and the IIS host to which it will be deployed. More than one hosting relationship can exist for a particular definition, thereby allowing the developer to define deployments for specific topologies.
A concrete definition can declare members of other concrete or abstract definitions—referred to as “definition members”. These definition members are then referenced from “relationship members” that define the relationships between the definition members. Definition members include references to instances of a particular definition. Settings flow can provide values for the definition or can constrain the construction parameters used when creating the definition. When declaring a definition member, the user (e.g., developer) can decide whether the definition member is created at the same time the outer component is created (referred to as “value semantics”) or whether the definition member is created by an explicit new operation that occurs at a later time (referred to as “reference semantics”).
Relationship members define the relationships that definition members will participate in when they are created. If a definition member is contained in the concrete definition, then a containment relationship member is declared between the definition member and this reference for the outer definition. If the definition member is delegated, then a delegation relationship member would be defined between the definition member and a nested definition member. Communication relationship members can be declared between endpoints on definition members and dependency relationship members (reference and hosting) can be declared between definition members or nested definition members.
Relationship constraints narrow the set of relationships in which a particular definition is willing to participate. Relationship constraints identify constraints on a particular relationship and on the participants at the other end of the relationship.
Instance Space
The instance space stored in the SDM runtime identifies the current state of the modeled system. The SDM runtime contains a record of the instances that have been created and the relationships between those instances. Each instance has an associated version history that links each version to a change request. A change request is the process that creates a new instance. The change request defines a set of create, update and delete requests for definitions and relationships associated with specific members of an existing instance. The root is handled as a special case.
The change request is expanded by the runtime, verified against one or more constraints, and then constructed. The expansion process identifies definition and relationship instances that are constructed implicitly as part of the construction request of the containing definition. As part of the expansion process, the settings flow is evaluated across all relationships. The verification step checks that all required relationships exist and that the relationships fulfill the necessary constraints. Finally, the construction process determines an appropriate ordering over the deployment, update, or removal of each instance. The construction process then, in the correct sequence, passes each instance to an instance manager to perform the appropriate action.
Data centers can be created using multiple software components. One or more connections are configured between the multiple software components. Some of these software components may function as hosts for the application layer. Example component definitions in the host layer include IIS, SQL, AD, EXCHANGE, DNS and Biztalk.
The network/OS/storage layer supports the construction of data center networks and platforms. This layer also supports the configuration of a network security model, configuration of the operating system platform and association of one or more storage devices with the operating system platform. Example component definitions in the network/OS/storage layer include VLAN, Windows, Filter and Storage.
The hardware layer identifies the definitions of systems that exist in the data center and the physical connections that exist between those systems. To satisfy the relationships needed by a particular component, that component is bound to a host component that has matching capabilities. This process is referred to as “logical placement”. At deployment time, instances of the guest component are positioned on instances of the host component. This process is referred to as “physical placement”.
A process for managing changes to a distributed system is associated with the SDM model. Changes to the distributed system are driven by a change request that passes through one or more processing steps before the actions in the request are distributed and executed against target systems.
The following is a brief, functional discussion of how the components in
Additionally, an application developer is able to design and develop their application using any of a variety of development systems, such as the Visual Studio® development system. As the developer defines components of the application and how these components relate to one another, the developer is able to validate the application description against the datacenter description 602. This is also referred to as “Design Time Validation”.
Once the application is complete, the developer saves the description in an SDM and requests that the application be packaged for deployment as an SDU 604. The SDU includes the application SDM as well as the application binaries and other referenced files used to install the application.
The LIM 602 and SDU 604 are fed to deployment tool 606 of a controller device 620 for deployment. Deployment tool 606 includes a user interface (UI) to enable an operator to load the desired SDU 604. Deployment tool 606 works with create CR module 630 to install the application associated with the SDU 604 in accordance with the information in the SDM within SDU 604. Additionally, SDM definitions and instances from SDU 604 are populated in a store 608 of the SDM runtime 610. SDUs are managed in SDM runtime 610 by SDU management module 640, which makes the appropriate portions of the SDUs available to other components of runtime 610 and target(s) 622.
The operator can also specify what actions he or she wants to take on the targets 622 (e.g., target computing devices) on which the application is being deployed. The operator can do this via a deployment file, which is also referred to herein as a Change Request (CR). The CR is run through one or more engines 612, 614, 616, and 618. Generally, expand CR engine 612 expands the CR to identify all associated components as well as their connections and actions, flow values engine 614 flows values for the components (such as connection strings), check constraints engine 616 checks constraints between the environment and the application, and order actions engine 618 specifies the order for all of the necessary actions for the CR.
To initiate change to the system (including deploying an application) or validation of a model, an operator or process submits a CR. The CR contains a set of actions that the operator wants performed over the instances in the runtime 610. These actions can be, for example, create actions, update actions, and/or delete actions.
In addition to user or operator initiated change requests, there may also be expansion/automatically generated change requests that are generated as part of the expansion process, discussed in more detail below. Regardless of their source, the change requests, once fully expanded and checked, are executed by sending actions to the targets 622, such as: discover, install, uninstall and change a target instance.
The CR is treated as an atomic set of actions that complete or fail as a group. This allows, for example, the constraint checking engine 616 to consider all actions when testing validity.
In design time validation, the CR will be created by the SDM Compiler 628 and will contain one or the minimum of each SDM component in the SDM file. This CR of create instance commands will flow through the expansion engine 612, the flow values engine 614, and the constraint checking engine 616. Errors found in these three phases will be returned to the user via the development system he or she is using.
In deployment, the operator will create a CR with the UI presented by deployment tool 606. The CR will flow through all the engines 612, 614, 616, and 618 in the SDM runtime 610, and the appropriate actions and information will be sent by CR module 632 to the appropriate target(s) 622, where the request is executed (e.g., the application is installed). The appropriate target(s) 622 for a particular installation are typically those target(s) on which the application is to be installed.
When beginning to process a CR, in a definition resolution phase, create CR module 630 resolves all definitions and members that are referenced in the change request. The change request will assume that these are already loaded by the runtime 610; create CR module 630 initiates a load/compile action if they do not exist. Create CR module 630 also implements a path resolution phase where references to existing instances and instances defined by create actions within the change request are resolved.
The expansion performed by expansion engine 612 is a process where, given a change request, all the remaining actions required to execute the request are populated. In general, these actions are construction and destruction actions for definition and relationship instances. The operator could optionally provide details for all the actions required to construct or destroy an instance, or alternatively portions of the process can be automated: e.g., the operator provides key information about the changes he or she wants by identifying actions on members (e.g., byReference members), and the remainder of the actions are filled in on nested members (e.g., byReference and byvalue members) and relationships. By way of another example, automated expansion can also refer to external resource managers that may make deployment decisions based on choosing devices with available resources, locating the application close to the data it requires, and so forth.
Expansion engine 612 also performs “auto writing”. During auto writing, engine 612 analyzes the scale invariant grouping of components and compound components specified in the SDM and determines how the components should be grouped and interconnected when scaled to the requested level.
Expansion engine 612 also performs value member expansion, reference member expansion (discovery), and relationship expansion.
Value member expansion refers to identification of all of the non-reference definition members. The cardinality of these members are noted and, since all the required parameters are known, for each member create requests are added to the change request for those members whose parent is being created. If the change request contains destruction operations, then destruction operations are added for all their contained instances.
Reference member expansion refers to reference members (as opposed to non-reference definition members). The cardinality of reference members is often undefined and they can have deployment time settings that require values in order for the instance to be constructed. So the process of expanding a reference member (e.g., a byReference member) can require more information about the instance than the runtime is in a position to provide.
Related to reference member expansion is a process referred to as discovery, which is a process used to find instances that have already been deployed. Discovery is an action typically initiated by an operator of the environment. For example, during an install request, expansion engine 612 determines if the instance already exists, if so determines what exists and if not then creates it. An instance manager (IM) 634 on the controller 620 communicates with the instance managers 626 on the target device 622 to initiate a discovery process. The discovery process returns data regarding the instance from the target device 622 to the controller 620.
The process of discovery populates reference definition members as part of a construction or update action. Typically, only reference members with object managers (instance managers that also do discovery) that support discovery participate in this process.
When a new instance is discovered a check is made that the instance does not already exist in the SDM database using instance specific key values. Once it is known that it is a new instance, the instance is classified according to the definitions of the members being discovered. If the instance does not match a member or there is an ambiguous match then the member reference is left blank and the instance is marked as offline and incomplete.
Relationship expansion refers to, once all the definition instances that will be constructed are known, creating relationship instances that bind the definition instances together. If definition instances are being destroyed, all relationship instances that reference the definition instances are removed.
To create the relationships the member space is used to identify the configurations of the relationships that should exist between the instances. Where the definition members have cardinality greater than one the topology of the relationships is inferred from the base relationship definition. For example, for communication relationship an “auto wiring” can be done, and for host relationships a host is picked based on the algorithm associated with the hosting relationship.
During a flow stage, flow values engine 614 evaluates flow across all the relationship instances. Flow values engine 614 may add update requests to the change request for instances that were affected by any altered parameter flow. Engine 614 evaluates flow by determining the set of instances that have updated settings as a result of the change request. For each of these, any outgoing settings flows that depend on the modified settings are evaluated and the target nodes added to the set of changed instances. The process continues until the set is empty or the set contains a cycle.
After the flow statd, a process of duplicate detection is performed. The duplicate detection may be performed by one of the engines illustrated in
Check constraints engine 616 implements a constraint evaluation phase in which all the constraints in the model are checked to see if they will still be valid after the change request has been processed.
After check constraints engine 616 finishes the constraint evaluation phase, a complete list of actions is available. So, order actions engine 618 can use the relationships between components to determine a valid change ordering. Any of a variety of algorithms can be used to make this determination.
Once order actions engine 618 is finished determining the ordering, deployment can be carried out by distributing subsets of the ordered set of actions that are machine specific. Once the actions have been ordered and grouped by machine, the actions as well as a copy of the necessary portion of the SDM runtime store 608 with instance information are sent to a target computing device 622. The SDM can be stored temporarily at the target device in a store cache 638.
The target computing device includes a target portion 636 of the SDM runtime that communicates with SDM runtime 610. The target computing device 622 also includes an agent that contains an execution engine 624 and can communicate with the appropriate instance managers (IMs) 626 on the target device to make changes on the target, such as crate, update, and delete actions. Each action is sent as an atomic call to the instance manager 626 and the instance manager 626 returns a status message and for some actions, also returns data (e.g., for discovery). Once all the actions are completed on target 622, the target's agent returns any errors and status to the controller 620. The controller 610 then uses this information to update the SDM runtime store 608.
As discussed above, change is carried out by breaking the change requests down into distributable parts based on the relationships that are affected. Once all the parts are completed (or after one or more has failed) the results are collated in the runtime 610 and a summary returned to the operator. In the event of a failure, all the actions can be “rolled back” and the system returned to the state it was in before the change was initiated.
In certain embodiments, during design time validation discussed above, an SDM Compiler 628 receives an SDM file, creates a test CR, runs the test CR through the expand, flow values and check constraints engines of the SDM runtime, and returns any errors to the development system. This process provides SDM validation for deployment during design time for the developer.
The public interface to SDM runtime 610 and/or controller 620 is through an object model (APIs) library. The library is a managed code object model and allows the following to be performed:
The SDM runtime engine performs the reasoning on the SDM model and the functions surfaced by the APIs. The library communicates to the runtime engine as a web service with fairly coarse calls such as load SDM, create component instance and get entire SDM (for reflecting on SDM entities). The format of many of the parameters for this web service is XML with the same schema for SDM files. The engine may also perform checks on permissions.
The controller 620 can make use of Instance Managers (IMs), which can be associated with any definition or relationship in the model. IMs may perform one or more of the following roles:
For deployment, an instance manager (IM) plug-in on controller 620 is associated with a class host relation and is separate from the plug-in used in the development system that provides the design experience for the classes and produces the associated binaries in the SDU 604 and the settings schema. Instance managers are supplied to the SDM runtime 610 as CLR classes (e.g., in a dll assembly) that implement an instance manager interface or inherit from abstract class. An SDM Instance Manager, also referred to as an Instance Manager (IM) plug-in, provides the following functions to the controller 620:
Layering
The SDM model provides a separation of concerns between the developers of applications, the designers of the software infrastructure and the architects of the data center. Each of these groups focuses on particular services and has a differing set of concerns. For example, developers may be primarily concerned with the configuration and connectivity between the hosts that they utilize, such as SQL, IIS and the CLR. Designers of the host configuration may be primarily concerned with the network topology and the OS configuration. The architects developing the network topology, OS configuration and storage mapping may be primarily concerned with the hardware that exists in the data center.
The SDM enables the functional composition of systems across a horizontal and vertical axis. Composition along the horizontal axis is done with systems and subsystems. Composition along the vertical axis is done with “layers”. Applications, services, network topologies, and hardware fulfill a role in a distributed system, but are typically defined independently and owned by different teams or organizations. Layering is accomplished by components defining a set of constraints on a host and vice versa.
To support this separation of concerns, the SDM exposes a concept of layering. Layering refers to using hosting relationships to bind an application to the services on which it depends without declaring those services as part of the containment structure of the application. Layering allows systems to be developed by different individuals at different times and at different levels.
Different systems and subsystems within a layer can interact with one another, and also can interact with systems and subsystems of different layers. For example, a subsystem 710 in layer 708 can interact with a subsystem 712 in layer 708, as well as a subsystem 714 in layer 706. Additionally, each layer can be viewed as the environment for the next higher layer. For example layer 706 is the environment for systems and subsystems in layer 708, while layer 704 is the environment for systems and subsystems in layer 706. Each layer 702, 704, 706, and 708 has its own associated SDM document.
The different layers 702, 704, 706, and 708 can represent different content. In certain embodiments, layer 702 is a hardware layer, layer 704, is a network topology and operating systems layer, layer 706 is an application hosts layer, and layer 708 is an applications layer. The hardware layer represents the physical devices (e.g., computing devices) on which the layered system is built (e.g., devices 102 of
Example SDM Implementation
The following discussion describes an embodiment of the schema that defines the elements of the SDM.
1 Definitions
2 Architectural Overview
The System Definition Model (SDM) is designed is to support description of the configuration, interaction and changes to the components in a distributed system (the modeled system). SDM is based on an object-relational model. We use objects to describe entities that exist in the system and relationships to identify the links between them. The SDM further refines objects and relationships to capture semantics that are important to the SDM. In particular, we divide objects into systems, endpoints and resources and we divide relationships into communication, containment, hosting, delegation, and reference.
We use abstract definitions to provide a common categorization of system parts allowing tool support for a wide range of applications and providing the basis for type checking at design time. We expect the set of abstract definitions to provide a comprehensive basis for system design and we expect that they will change slowly over time.
We build concrete object definitions that represent parts of an actual application or datacenter design. We take an abstract object definition and provide an implementation that defines the concrete type's members and setting values for its properties. We then build systems from collections of these definitions.
Constraints are used to model restrictions over the allowed set of relationships that an instance can participate in. We use constraints to capture fine grained requirements that depend on the configuration of objects involved in a relationship. For example, a constraint may be used to validate that participants on each end of a communication protocol are using compatible security settings.
In order to effect change on the target system, SDM uses a declarative description of the required changes called a change request. SDM defines the process that is used to expand, validate and execute a change request as part of the SDM execution model.
The instance space captures both the desired and current state of the managed application. We track changes in the instance space and associate them with the change request that initiated the change.
The following uml diagrams capture the broad interactions between the objects in the sdm model. For simplicity some of these interactions have been defined between base types where the actual interaction exists between derived types and as a result is more specialized. For example, communication relationships may only reference abstract endpoint definitions.
An Sdm document contains information that describes the document, managers for the definitions in the document, import statements that reference other documents and a set of definitions.
All sdm definititions derive from a common base definition and may contain members as shown in
Members are divided by the kind of definition that they reference as shown in
Setting declarations reference a setting definition. Setting values and value lists provide values for settings as shown in
2.1 The Lifecycle of an SDM Application
An example lifecycle of an SDM application in accordance with certain embodiments is shown in
The application is designed and implemented within the visual studio environment (block 1202). Developers implement components and then combine them within compound components. The application is described within an SDM file. In order to verify that their application will deploy within a particular datacenter a developer will bind their application to a representation of the datacenter also described in an SDM file (block 1204). This representation will include definitions for the hosts of their application components and constraints on the configuration of their application. If the binding fails, then the developer can revise their application design.
Once a developer is happy with their application, they can sign and publish the application so that there is now a strong name and version associated with the application (block 1206). The published form of an application is called a Software distribution Unit (SDU). The operator takes the SDU from the developer and loads the application into the SDM runtime (block 1208). In the process of loading the application, the operator chooses the model of the datacenter to which they want to bind the application. When the operator chooses to deploy an application they supply deployment time parameters to the application and they determine the scale of the application (block 1210). This is done using a change request.
Once an application is deployed, the operator can interact with the runtime to determine the configuration of the application and the setting for each part of the application (block 1212). The runtime can also verify that the actual configuration of the application matches the desired configuration as recorded in the runtime. The operator can remove a deployed application by submitting a change request (block 1214). The operator can also rollback individual changes made to the running application such as removing a service pack. In block 1216, the configuration of a running application can be changed by adding or removing parts of the deployed application such as to web frontends. The application can also be upgraded by installing newer versions of one or more of the application components.
2.2 Abstract Object and Relationship Definitions
Abstract object definitions define the building blocks that we need in order to check application configuration at design time and then to deploy and manage an application at run time. These building blocks represent entities that exist in the modeled system. For example, we use abstract object definitions to model files and directories, the configuration inside a web server or the databases inside a sql server.
We use abstract relationship definitions to model the interactions that can occur between abstract object definitions. Relationships are binary and directed, identifying the object definition that defines the instances that participate in manifestations of the relationship. Relationships provide a way of tying objects together so that we can model containment, construction and communication links between objects.
Constraints are then used by objects to constrain the relationships they participate in and by relationships to constrain the objects that can be linked. These constraints can target both the definition and the settings of participants in a relationship. This allows a constraint to narrow the participants in a relationship to instance that are derived from a particular definition and to require that the instance have setting values that fall in a particular range.
We divide Object definitions into three categories: systems, endpoints and resources.
Abstract system definitions are used to describe self-contained independently deployable parts of an application. These definitions represent parts of an application that interact through well defined communication channels that can cross process and machine boundaries.
Abstract endpoint definitions are used to describe the communication endpoints that a system may expose. These are used to model all forms of communication that the system should be aware of in order to verify system connectivity at design time and to enable connections at runtime.
Abstract resource definitions describe behavior that is contained within a system. Resource definitions may have strong dependencies on other resource definitions. These dependencies can include requiring a specific installation order and initiating runtime interaction through undocumented communication mechanisms.
All abstract object definitions share the ability to expose settings. These settings are simple name-value pairs that use xml schema to define the type of the setting. Settings can be dynamic or static, if they are static then they can only be set during the deployment process, if they are dynamic, then they can be changed after deployment. The code responsible for applying settings values to the running system is hosted in the SDM runtime.
The SDM supports inheritance over abstract object definitions. A derived definitions can extend the properties exposed by its parent and can set values for its parents properties. A derived definition can participate in any of the relationships that identify its parent as a participant.
Relationship definitions are divided in five categories: communication, containment, delegation, hosting, and reference.
Communication relationships are used to capture potential communication interactions between abstract endpoint definitions. The existence of a communication relationship indicates that it may be possible for systems that expose endpoints of the identified definition to communicate. The actual establishment of the link is subject to constraints on the endpoints and the exposure of the endpoints.
Containment relationships describe that ability for an abstract object definition to contain members of another abstract object definition. More specifically, a containment relationship between two abstract object definitions A and B allows a concrete object definition that implements A to contain a member of a concrete object definition that implements B.
We use containment to model the natural nesting structures that occur when developers build applications. By containing a member object, the parent is able to control the lifetime and visibility of the contained object. All object instances in the run time space exist as members of other object instances, forming a completely connected set of instances. Thus, the set of containment relationship describes the allowed containment patterns that occur in the instance space.
Delegation relationships are used to selectively expose contained object members; in particular, we use delegation to expose endpoint members from system definitions. By delegating a endpoint from a subsystem, the outer system exposes the ability to communicate on a particular protocol without exposing the implementation behind the protocol.
Hosting and reference relationships are two forms of dependency relationship. A hosting relationship describes a primary dependency between abstract objects that should exist before an instance of a concrete object can be created. Every instance should participate as a guest in exactly one hosting relationship, resulting in the hosting relationships also forming a completely connected tree over the instance space. Reference relationships capture additional dependencies that can be used for parameter flow and for construction ordering.
2.3 Concrete Object and Relationship Definitions
We build concrete object definitions from abstract object definitions and concrete relationship definitions from abstract relationship definitions.
The combination of abstract object definitions and abstract relationship definitions defines a schema for modeling the target system. The role of a concrete object definition is to use a subset of the abstract definition space to create a reusable configuration based on one or more abstract definitions. As a simple analogy, the abstract definition space can be compared to the schema for database; the concrete object definition would then represent a reusable template for a set of rows in the database. The rows are only created in the database when an instance of the concrete object is created. To perform design time validation we can validate a concrete object definition against the abstract definition space in the same way that we would validate the rows in the database against the constraints of the schema (for example foreign keys, etc).
Each concrete object definition provides an implementation for a specific abstract object definition. The implementation includes extensions to the settings schema, values for settings and declarations for object member, relationship members and constraint members and flow members. The behavior of the concrete object follows the definition of the abstract object: abstract system definition become concrete system definitions, abstract endpoint definitions become concrete endpoint definitions and abstract resource definitions become concrete resource definitions.
Each concrete relationship definition provides an implementation for a specific abstract relationship definition. The implementation can include settings declarations and values, nested members of the same relationship category (hosting, containment, communication etc), and constraints on the types that can participate in the relationship.
Concrete hosting relationships are used to define a mapping of the members of one concrete object onto another concrete object. For example, a concrete hosting relationship can be used to identify the bindings between a web application and the IIS host that it will be deployed to. More than one concrete hosting relationship can exist for a given type allowing the developer to define different deployment configurations for specific topologies
2.4 Members
A concrete type can declare members of other concrete or abstract objects—we call these object members. These members are then referenced from relationship members that define the relationships between the object members.
Object members are used to create instances of a particular object definition. Settings flow can be used to provide values for the object. When declaring an object member, the user can decide whether the object member is created at the same time the outer system is created (value semantics) or is created by an explicit new operation that occurs at some later time (reference semantics).
Relationship members define the relationships that object members will participate in when they are created. If an object member is contained by its parent, then a containment relationship member will be declared between the type member and the outer type. If the object member is delegated, then a delegation relationship member would be defined between the object member and a nested object member. Communication relationship members can be declared between endpoints on object members and dependency relationship members (reference and hosting) can be declared between object members or nested object members.
Relationship constraints are used to narrow the set of relationships that a particular object is willing to participate in. They identify constraints on a particular relationship and on the participants at the other end of the relationship.
2.5 Instance Space
The instance space stored in the SDM runtime reflects the current state of the modeled system. The runtime contains a complete record of the instances that have been created and the relationships between these instances. Each instance has an associated version history where each version is linked to a change request.
The process of creating new instances is initiated by a change request. The change request defines a set of create, update and delete requests for types and relationships associated with specific members of an existing instance; the root is a special case.
The change request is expanded by the runtime, verified against all constraints, and then constructed. The expansion process identifies object and relationship instances that are constructed implicitly as part of the construction request of the containing object and then settings flow is then evaluated across all relationships. The verification step checks that all required relationships exist and that the relationships fulfill all constraints. Finally, the construction process determines an appropriate ordering over the deployment, update or removal of each instance and then in the correct sequence passes each instance to an instance manager to perform the appropriate action.
2.6 Layering
The goal of the SDM model is to allow a separation of concerns between the developers of applications, the designers of the software infrastructure and the architects of the datacenter. Each of these groups focuses on particular services and has a differing set of dependencies.
For example, developers mainly care about the configuration and connectivity between the hosts that they depend on such as SQL, IIS and the CLR. Designers of the host configuration care about the network topology and the OS configuration, while the architects developing the network topology, OS configuration and storage mapping need to know about the hardware that exists in the datacenter.
To support this separation of concerns, SDM exposes a concept of layering. Layering is the use of hosting relationships to bind an application to the services that it depends on without declaring those services as part of the containment structure of the application.
We identify four layers as part of the SDM model . . .
Application Layer
Hardware Layer
The hardware layer identifies the types of machines that exist in the datacenter and the physical connections that exist between these machines.
In order to satisfy the relationships required of a system we bind that system to a host system that has matching capabilities. We call this process placement. At design time, we construct a concrete hosting relationship that represents a possible placement. At deployment time, we instantiate an instance of the concrete hosting relationship to bind the guest system instance to the host system instance.
2.7 Model Evaluation
Associated with the SDM model is well-defined process for managing change to a distributed system.
Each change is driven by a declarative change request that passes through several processing steps before the actions in the request are distributed and then executed against target systems.
3 Implementation Details
3.1 Naming
There are a number of places in the SDM where we need a strong naming system for identifying objects. The following naming system allows the creator of a type to sign the definition in such a way that that the user of the definition can be sure that it is the same as the one that developer originally published.
The following header is an example of an identifier for an sdm namespace:
To reference a type in another namespace you need to import the namespace:
Then you can use the alias to refer to types within the namespace:
3.1.1 Identity
SDM names are scoped by the namespace in which they are defined. A namespace is identified by a name, version, language and a public key token and is contained within a single file.
The base form of identity includes name, version, culture, platform and a public key token.
The base identity can be used to reference an existing identity or in conjunction with a signature and a public key, to create a new strong identity. The document will be signed using the private key, allowing the user of the document to verify its contents using the public key.
A public key token is a 16 character hex string that identifies the public part of a public/private key pair. This is not the public key; it is simply a 64 bit hash of the public key.
3.1.2 Version
A file version is defined by a four part number of the form N.N.N.N where 0<=N<65535. By convention the numbers refer to Major.Minor.Build.Revision.
3.1.3 Simpl Names
Simple names are made up of alpha-numeric characters and limited punctuation. The name should start with a non-numeric character.
We plan to conform to the C# definition for identifiers; the appropriate section (2.4.2) has been inserted below. The spec can be found at:
Note we will not support “@” prefixed names in the sdm model.
3.1.4 Reserved Names
The following is a list of reserved names that we will prevent users from using when creating names for objects in an SDM model.
Within certain contexts certain names will be reserved
These names are reserved because of our integration with the CLR.
3.1.5 References to Other Namespaces
We allow namespaces to reference other namespaces by importing them into the current namespace and then associating an alias with the namespace. The imported namespace is referenced by name, version and public key token. Versioning will be described in section 3.16.
3.1.6 Qualified Paths
Qualified paths are then either names that refer to definitions or managers defined in the current namespace or in an aliased namespace.
The alias is defined in an import statement. The following simple names identify a type or in the case of a path, a nested type.
3.1.7 Definition and Member Paths
A path is a sequence of names that identifies a member or setting. A path should begin with a well-known name or member name that is defined by the object or relationship associated with the path.
3.1.8 Instance Paths
Paths in the instance space are based on xpaths where the element names in the xpath correspond to member names and attributes in the xpath correspond to settings.
3.1.9 Name Resolution
Names that do not begin with an alias are not fully qualified. This means that the scope in which they are evaluated can change the resulting binding. An example of this is nested definitions. When resolving a nested definition name, definitions in local scope hide definitions in a broader scope.
3.2 Settings
All definitions can expose settings declarations. These settings are used to describe the values that can be provided when a concrete definition is created from an abstract definition, or when a definition is references from a member within another definition.
To define a setting you first need to define the definition of the setting using xsd.
You can then declare a setting that uses the definition and includes a set of attributes to define the behavior of the setting.
Once you have a setting declaration you can provide a value for the setting.
3.2.1 Setting Definitions
We use XSD schemas to define the setting definitions used by setting declarations. We support the use of simple and complex types from a schema though other schema elements may exist to support the definition of those types.
The settings definition section should contain a complete xml schema including namespace declaration and namespace imports. We will check that the imports in the xsd schema match the imports in the sdm file with the exception of the xsd schema namespace. This means that all referenced types should be defined in another sdm file; the schema cannot reference types that are defined in arbitrary xsd files.
Settings should be resolvable from three separate namespaces:
For this to work, we should place a number of restrictions on the way we declare settings:
XSD types from imported SDM documents are accessible using QNames:
Hence, for example, if Foo.sdm imports Bar.sdm, the setting types of Bar.sdm may be referenced in the settingTypes element of Foo.sdm as this example illustrates:
3.2.2 Built in Simpl Data Types
The SDM supports a limited set of built in data types that are an intersection of the XSD and C# namespaces. These types are supported natively by the SDM runtime and are defined in the following table. In addition to these types, users are free to construct and use their own mapping between xsd and cls types.
These types can be flowed to compatible derivations of these types in the c# and xsd type spaces. For example a value for string can be flowed to an xsd type that defined a restriction on string and any value can be flowed to a setting that accepts type=“any”.
3.2.2.1 XSD Built in Types
3.2.2.2 C# Data Types
3.2.2.3 Supported Conversions
These are the conversions that exist between xsd types and cis types.
3.2.3 Setting Declaration
The settings declaration section uses the setting definitions from the previous section to create named settings. Attributes are used to provide further information about each setting.
3.2.4 List Support
In order to support manipulation of multivalued settings, we support simple lists of setting values. A list is a sequence of values of the same definition as the setting declaration. Lists can be flowed to other lists that that they can either replace or merge with. We do not support duplicate detection when merging values into a list as this can be done more flexibly using settings flow and we do not guarantee any form of ordering.
A list declaration includes an attribute list set to true:
Values are then provided using a settingValueList. When providing the list, the user can specify whether to replace or merge with previous values.
The sdm supports simple manipulation of lists of values. When a path from a flow member targets a setting declaration, then the resulting behavior is dependent of the definitions at either end of the path.
3.2.5 Setting Attributes
Setting attributes are used by the runtime to describe the behavior of a particular setting.
3.2.6 Setting Values
Depending on whether the setting has been declared as a single value or a list, the value for the setting can be provided using either a setting value element or a setting value list element.
3.2.6.1 Setting Value
A setting value is used to provide a value for a particular setting declaration. The value should match the definition associated with the declaration. If the value is declared fixed, then the provided value will be used in all derived definitions or referencing members depending on the point at which the value is fixed. Once a value is fixed it cannot be overridden.
xsi:nil with the value tru . An element so
3.2.6.2 Setting Value List
A setting value list is used to provide one or more values for a setting declared as a list. When declaring the values the user can decide to merge with previous values or to overwrite all previous values.
3.2.7 Settings Inheritance
Settings inheritance means that a derived definition implicitly contains all the settings declarations from the base definition. Some important aspects of settings inheritance are:
3.2.8 Type Conversions
We support lossless conversions between the built in types. Other type conversions require flow in order to execute the appropriate conversions.
3.3 Attributes
Many of the objects in the SDM can be attributed to capture behavior that is orthogonal to core behavior of the object. We use a general attribution model defined as follows:
3.4 Definitions and Members
3.4.1 Definition
Definition is the base from which object, relationship, constraint and flow definitions are derived. All definitions can include a settings schema, and design surface data. Each definition is identified by a simple name and references a manager. The manager is responsible for providing extension support to the SDM runtime for this particular definition.
The settings schema defines the values that can be found on an instance of this definition. The DesignData element is used to contain data that is specific to the display and editing of this definition on the design surface.
3.4.2 Member
Members are used to identify definition instances that can exist at runtime. All members are identified by a unique name within the scope of the type, can provide settings for the definition they reference and can contain design surface specific data.
3.5 Settings Flow
Settings flow is used to pass parameters between members of an object definition and between participants in relationships. As part of a flow, the user can use transformations to combine or separate setting values and to calculate new setting values.
All settings flow members use a flow definition to implement the transform. A flow definition is declared in the sdm file. The following is a flow type that parses a url.
A flow member is then declared within an object or relationship. The flow member provides the input for the flow definition and then directs the output from the flow to the target settings.
3.5.1 Flow Definition
We use a flow definition to define a particular transform that we wish to apply to a set of setting values. The flow definition exposes a setting schema that defines the input settings (write-only settings) and the output settings (read-only settings), a DesignData section for design surface specific information such as an input interface for defining the transform and a description for use when browsing the sdm file. The flow definition is identified by name within the namespace in which it is defined. The definition also identifies a manager that will support the runtime when it evaluates the flow.
We expect that the runtime will include several standard flow definition to simplify the construction of flow elements where straightforward transformations are required. Examples might include copy, merge and string substitution. Since flow definition can be parameterized, we also expect there to be one or more simple transformations that perform different actions based on configuration parameters.
3.5.2 Flow Member
Each flow element identifies one or more source nodes, one or more destination nodes, some static settings and a flow definition. When the flow is evaluated, source data is collected from the source nodes, combined with settings from the flow element and passed to the flow definition for transformation. The output data is passed to the destination nodes.
Re-evaluation of the flow will be triggered whenever one of the source values changes. For this reason, we need to avoid circular flows that cause values to flip flop. If the value remains constant then the loop will terminate. The runtime will detect and terminate infinite loops by keeping track of the stack depth.
3.5.3 Setting Target
A settings target identifies a path to a setting value in a member or nested member that is relative to a well known name in the context in which the flow is defined. Examples of well-known names include this in a definition or reference declaration, host and guest in a hosting relationships declaration, or a target defined within a constraint declaration. The setting target also identifies the setting on the associated flow definition that will be used as either the source value or destination setting of setting identified by the path.
Output path is a variation on the settingTarget that supports the semantics for fixing and replacing the target values.
3.6 Settings Constraints
Constraints are used to identify restrictions on setting values of members of a definition or on the participants in a relationship. These restrictions are evaluated in the instance space at both design time and at deployment time.
All setting constraints use a constraint definition to evaluate the setting values. The constraint definition uses settings declarations to identify the values it constrains. The following constraint definition implements a simple comparison function that takes two arguments and an operator, then evaluates the constraint and finally returns success or error.
A constraint member then used to provide the values to the constraint type for evaluation.
3.6.1 Constraint Definition
A constraint definition defines a constraint that acts on a set of input values. The constraint can be parameterized to select custom behavior or to support for a simple constraint engine that uses parameters to define its behavior. We expect that a set of standard constraint definitions will be written for simple parameter value constraints and a set of complex constraints to support known relationships between abstract objects.
3.6.2 Constraint Member
A constraint member identifies a set of input values for a particular constraint definition. The member can identify static values for settings and can use input statements to bind a constraint setting to a path.
3.7 System Endpoint and Resource Definitions
This section describes the schema for abstract and concrete object definitions.
An abstract object definition exposes a set of setting declarations, can contain constraints on the relationships that it participates in and has an associated manager in the runtime.
The following is an abstract system definition for a web server. The web server has two settings and has a relationship constraint that requires it to contain at least on vsite type.
The vsite is an abstract endpoint definition that contains server binding information.
A concrete system definition for a frontend webserver identifies the webserver category as static content, contains a single byReference endpoint member which can represent between 1 and 100 endpoint instances. The concrete endpoint definition for the endpoint is nested inside the system definition and it defines the ip Endpoint for the vsite to be Endpoint 80.
3.7.1 Object Definition
Abstract and concrete object extend the following base object definition. In addition to the elements of the base type Definition, they share the ability to constrain the relationships that the objects participate in.
3.7.2 Abstract Object Definitions
Abstract object definitions are used to define building blocks that the design surface exposes and from which all concrete objects are derived: a concrete object definition should implement an abstract object definition.
Abstract object definitions extend SDM object by adding simple inheritance: the extends attribute is used to identify a base object definition for an abstract object definition. The abstract object definition then inherits the settings and relationship constraints from that base object definition. Through inheritance, the object definition can extend the settings and constraints of the abstract object definition by adding new settings and constraints.
Abstract object definitions can also add constraints on the relationships that they wish to participate in. For example, an abstract object definition may require the existence of certain relationships, may constrain the object definitions that may be placed on the other end of the relationship or may constrain the settings on the instances that participate in a given relationship.
3.7.2.1 Abstract Object Definition
All abstract objects can identify the layer with which they wish to be associated. If this is not provided it is assumed that the object definition can be used at any layer. Abstract object definitions can identify a base object definition that they extend, in which case they inherit the settings and constraints of that object definition and can be substituted for the base object definition in the relationships in which the base object definition participates.
3.7.2.2 Abstract Endpoint, System and Resource Object Definitions
There are three classifications of abstract object definition in the SDM model, these are: abstract endpoint definition, abstract system definition and abstract resource definition. Each of these is a simple rename of abstract object definition.
Endpoint definitions represent communication endpoints. The settings on the endpoint relate to its use in the binding process. For example, with a client server protocol, server endpoint definitions might use the settings schema to identify settings that are required to bind to the endpoint, client endpoint definitions might expose client specific connection attributes.
System definitions are used to represent collections of data, software or hardware elements. Examples include web services, databases and switches. Resource definitions are used to capture specific elements that can be identified as part of a system definition.
3.7.3 Implicit Base Definitions
All abstract object definitions that do not extend another abstract object definition implicitly extend one of the endpoint, system or resource base definitions as illustrated in
The definitions of these types include base constraints that control their instantiation within the model; they can be found in System.sdm.
3.7.4 Concrete Object Definitions
Concrete object definitions provide an implementation for an abstract object definition. The implementation is constructed from object and relationship members, values for the settings of implemented abstract definition, new settings declarations, flow between members and constraints on members.
Concrete definitions can also contain declarations of nested definitions. These definitions can be used for members within the scope of the containing definitions and referenced in constraints outside the scope of the definition.
3.7.4.1 Base Concrete Object Definition
Base concrete type extends object definition, inheriting setting declarations, design data, an optional manager reference, a name, constraints on the relationships that it can participate in, the ability to provide values for the abstract definition's settings and the ability to describe flow between its settings and its member's settings. The concrete definition then adds the ability to identify the abstract definition that it implements and several optional attributes add the ability to customize the binding behavior of the definition.
3.7.4.2 Object Member
Objects members should reference either an abstract or concrete object definition. They can represent an array of instances in which case they can define the upper and lower bounds for the array. If they are a reference member, then the user instantiating the object should explicitly construct an instance for the member. If they are not a reference member, then the runtime will create an instance at the same time as the outer object is created.
In an sdm model we need to differentiate members that get created when the parent is constructed and destroyed when the parent is destroyed from those that may have lifetimes independent from the parent. We use the IsReference attribute for this purpose. A simple analogy is with C++ declarations that allow stack based and heap based construction based on whether new is used to create an instance. If a member is marked as IsReference then an explicit new operation is required on the part of the operator to create an instance and associate it with the member.
There are a number of reasons that we do this:
3.7.4.3 Relationship Member
Relationship members identify the relationships that will exist between object members when they are created. Relationship instances are either explicitly created by the operator or implicitly created by runtime. Examples of the former are hosting relationships between instances, the latter, communication relationships between systems.
3.7.4.3.1 Hosting Member
Host members are used to declare a hosting relationship between two object members. The object members may be direct members of the containing definition or nested members that have a membership relationship with the definition. There should be a membership chain between the referenced member and the containing definition.
3.7.4.3.2 Communication Member
A communication member is used to declare a communication relationship between endpoint members of immediate system members of the definition.
3.7.4.3.3 Containment Member
A containment member is used to declare that a type member is contained by the type. Each type member can either be contained or delegated. The containment member automatically sets the parent value of the containment relationship to be the this pointer of the relationship.
3.7.4.3.4 Delegation Member
A delegation member is used to set up a delegation relationship between an endpoint definition member on the outer type and an endpoint definition member on an immediate system member of the outer type.
3.7.4.3.5 Reference Member
A reference member is used to set up a reference relationship between two immediate or nested members of the outer system.
3.7.4.4 Endpoint Definition
Endpoint definitions extend the base object definition by adding the ability to declare nested resource types, resource members and host, containment and reference relationship members.
3.7.4.5 Service Definition
A system type extends the base type by adding support for: nested endpoint, system and resource types; endpoint, system, and resource members and host, containment, connection, delegation and reference relationships.
3.7.4.6 Resource Definition
A resource type may contain nested resource type definitions, resource members, and host, containment and reference relationship members.
3.7.4.7 Relationship Rules
For a particular instance of an object definition the following tables identify the cardinality associated with each of the roles that the instance can play.
3.7.4.7.1 System Rules
3.7.4.7.2 Endpoint Rules
3.7.4.7.3 Resource Rules
3.7.4.7.4 Notes
Every instance should participate in exactly one containment relationship and at least one hosting relationship.
This means that:
3.8 Relationships
Relationships are used to identify possible interactions between types. They are binary and directed, each identifying the type of the instances that can participate in the relationship. Relationships can also constrain the settings of the instances that participate in the relationship and can flow setting values across the relationship.
The following is a possible hosting relationship for a webApplication on the webserver described in the types section. The relationship contains a constraint that verifies that the security models of the two systems are compatible and it contains a settings flow member that copies the server name from the vsite to the vdir.
A relationship is used by declaring a relationship member that identifies the type members that will participate in the relationship.
3.8.1 Relationship Definition
The base relationship definition adds object constraints and flow to definitions. Object constraints are statements about the setting values for the object instances that participate in an instance of this relationship. For example, a communication relationship that represents a DCOM connection may check that the security settings for client and server are compatible. In this case, there is a strict relationship between settings that could easily be captured as part of the design process; there are four factorial setting combinations over the relationship but a much smaller number of valid combinations.
Flow gives the ability for the relationship developer to forward values from one instance to another. This allows the object definitions to be developed separately from their possible interactions and allows the instance to stand alone as a reference point for information rather than requiring a subset of the relationship graph in order to fully describe a particular instance.
The name for the relationship should be unique within the namespace that contains the relationship.
3.8.2 Abstract Relationships
Abstract relationships are relationships that are defined between two abstract object definitions. They represent possible interactions between the two definitions.
3.8.2.1 Abstract Communication Relationship
Communication relationships are used to capture possible communication links between endpoint definitions. They are used to describe interaction between independently deployed software elements. The communication relationship schema extends the base relation schema by adding client and server endpoint references.
The following combinations of abstract type pairs are valid for communication relationships:
3.8.2.2 Abstract Hosting Relationship
Hosting relationships are used to capture the fact that a guest requires a host in order to be constructed. Since there can be more than on possible host for a guest, this implies that the hosting relationship is also responsible for the construction of the guest on a host. So in order to create an instance of an object, a hosting relationship should exist from a guest to a compatible host.
For example, a hosting relationship may exist between a Webservice object definition and an IIS object definition. In this case, the relationship indicates that it may be possible to create an instance of system MyWebservice on an instance of system MyIIS using the manager on the hosting relationship assuming MyWebservice and MyIIS implement webservice and IIS respectively. We do not know whether it will be possible to create the relationship until we have evaluated constraints that exist on both the systems and the relationship.
The following combinations of abstract definition pairs are valid for hosting relationships:
3.8.2.3 Abstract Containment Relationship
A containment relationship between two abstract objects captures the fact that a concrete type based on the parentType can contain members based on the memberType. Containment implies that the parent instance can control the lifetime of the member instance and can delegate behavior to the member instance.
The following combinations of abstract definition pairs are valid for containment relationships:
3.8.2.4 Abstract Delegation Relationship
Delegation is used to forward behavior from an outer system to a contained system. The way we do this is by delegating the endpoints on the outer system to endpoints on the inner system. This effectively forwards all interaction that would have been directed to the outer system to the endpoint on the inner system. Delegation can be chained, allowing the inner system to further delegate its behavior to another system.
A delegation relationship defines pairs of abstract endpoint definitions that can participate in the delegation. Each relationship identifies an abstract endpoint definition that can act as a proxy and an abstract endpoint definition to which it can delegate behavior.
The following combinations of abstract type pairs are valid for delegation relationships:
We may allow resource and system delegation to support binding between layers. For example, to allow IIS to expose part of the file system without having to deploy it.
3.8.2.5 Abstract Reference Relationship
We use reference relationships to capture strong dependencies between instances that are in addition to the hosting relationship dependency. These dependencies are used to control construction order during deployment and flow parameters between systems during installation and update. Because reference relationships indicate a strong dependency, we cannot allow a reference relationship to cross a system boundary. This means that resources within one system cannot have dependencies on resources in another system. This would make the system no longer an independent unit of deployment. Where dependencies exist between systems, we use communication relationships. Communication relationships can change over time without requiring reinstallation of the system.
The following combinations of abstract type pairs are valid for reference relationships:
3.8.3 Implicit Base Relationships
All abstract relationships implicitly extend one of the base relationships definitions as illustrated in
3.8.4 Concrete Relationships
Concrete relationships are relationships between two concrete object definitions. Each concrete relationship should implement an abstract relationship. The abstract relationship should be between a matching pair of abstract objects definitions that are directly or indirectly (through inheritance) implemented by the concrete object definitions.
3.8.4.1 Hosting Relationship
When we deploy an application to a datacenter we need to resolve all the outstanding hosting relationships for the systems within the application. To do this the operator would need to create hosting members for each of the required hosting relationships. To simplify the task of the operator and to allow the developer to guide the deployment process, the developer can instead create a concrete hosting relationship. The concrete hosting relationship is used to group a set of hosting relationship members in such a way that the operator need only declare a single hosting member when deploying the application.
The following combinations of concrete type pairs are valid for hosting relationships:
For example the following concrete relationship binds a layer three system (Bike) to a layer two host (operating System). In this case, we define a setting for the hosting relationship with the default value of “system folder”. We flow this setting to one of three hosting members that define the hosting relationship between systems of the layer 3 application and systems of the layer 2 host.
3.8.4.2 Reference Relationship
We can use a concrete reference relationship between two concrete types to capture specific dependencies between systems that do not involve communication relationships. For example, we can capture the fact that for one application to be installed, another should already exist.
The following combinations of concrete type pairs are valid for reference relationships:
3.9 Object and Relationship Constraints
We use object and relationship constraints to define the topology of the concrete space and to constrain the settings of objects when used in particular relationships.
For example within an abstract object definition (A) we may want to identify that implementations of this abstract definition should contain one instance of another abstract object definition (B). Assuming that at least one appropriate containment relationship already exists, to do this we would use a relationship constraint within A that looked as follows:
The constraint identifies that there should exist a containment relationship in which the implementation of A plays the role of parent and the type at the other end of the relationship (the member) is of type B. If we want more control over the configuration of B we can add a constraint on the settings of type B as follows:
In this case, we added a constraint that required the name of the member to equal the string “myPort”.
We can also add constraints to relationships; we call these object constraints. From within a relationship we constrain the objects that participate in the relationship. For each role in the relationship, we can identify a object definition and then we can add setting constraints to those object definitions. From the relationship perspective the cardinality is always minOccurs=1 and maxOccurs=1 so this does not appear in the constraint declaration.
Finally, we can nest constraints. This gives us the ability to chain constraints together; the outer constraint sets the context for the inner constraint. The following is an example of an IIS system that hosts webapp systems that it then constrains the webApp only containendpoints of a specific type.
In this case, we use a group of object constraints to specify a set of possibilities of which at least one should be true.
The nested constraints form a path that we can evaluate from the outside in. Each constraint on the path can access the settings of previous instances on the path as well as the current instance. The evaluation of nested constraints is conducted as if the constraint had been defined within the identified system.
From the perspective of foo the following two scenarios should be equivalent. In the first foo places a nested constraint on a contained system bar, in the second, the type bar already contains the constraint.
Scenario 1:
3.9.1 Constraint Model
There are two parts to the constraint model: guards and predicates. We use guards to define the context in which we execute the predicate. For example within a relationship, we use guards to identify a particular combination of types for which we want to execute a predicate. Within a object, we use guards to identify a set of relationship to other objects.
Predicates are then executed when the requirement of their guards have been met. We have two forms of predicate: setting constraints that validate setting values and group constraints that validate a set of constraints.
We can nest guards within guards, in which case the inner guard is only checked when the outer guard is satisfied. This allows us to build paths that support verification of a relationship structure.
The combination of a guard and its predicates can have a cardinality that indicates the number of times that the guard should match and the predicate evaluate to true.
More formally,
A guard is defined as either a ObjectConstraint or a RelationshipConstraint. Object constraints identify two object definitions that are associated with either end of the relationships. Relationship constraints identify a relationship definition and a target object definition. An object constraint can be optional or required while a relationship constraint has a lower bound and an upper bound. This difference in cardinality reflects the fact that a relationship can only ever identify two types while a type can participate in multiple relationships.
A predicate is either a settings constraint that contains a rule or a group that contains a set of guards. The predicate is evaluated in the context of the guard. In the case of a settings constraint, the predicate can identify settings from the owner of the root guard and the context identified by each nested guard. Groups are used to identify a set of guards of which at least one should match and evaluate to true.
This example shows a guard that evaluates to true whenever there is a containment relationship to a webapp. This guard can evaluate true at most one time. Further matches will result in the return of an error to the user.
This example adds a predicate to the guard. The guard will only evaluate to true when the relationship and target definitions match and the setting constraint evaluates to true. If the relationship and target definition match and the setting constraint is not true then an error will be returned to the user. If the relationship and target type match and the setting constraint evaluates true more than once, then an error is returned to the user.
In this example, we nest a guard within a guard. When the outer guard is true (the type that contains the constraint also contains a webapp), we then evaluate the inner guard in the context of the outer guard. That means the inner relationship constraint will be evaluated in the context of a webapp instance. The inner constraint will return true if the webApp contains zero or one vdirs, if it contains more than one vdir then the constraint will return an error to the user.
The context of the object constraint is the primary object definition (the first object definition). This means that the relationship constraint will be evaluated in the context of webapp. The relationship constraint defines two possible contexts, the first is the relationship, which will be the context for object constraints, and the second is the target object definition which is the context for relationship constraints.
In this example, we use a group to contain two relationships constraints that will both be evaluated in the context of the Webapp. The group will raise an error unless at least one of the relationships fire and return true. In this case, the Webapp should contain either a Vdir or a directory.
3.9.2 Base Constraint
3.9.3 Object Constraint
An object constraint describes a constraint to one or both of the roles of relationship. The constraint has a name to aid identification of the constraint in the case that it fails, it contains a list of settings constraints targeted at the types associated with the roles and it may further constrain the instance to be of a object derived from the definition associated with the role.
3.9.4 Object Constraint Group
An object constraint group allows sets of object constraints to be grouped together so that they can be evaluated using at-least-one semantics. The group will return an error unless at least one of object constraints matches the objects on the relationship and then its contained predicates evaluate to true. We ignore the required attribute for type constraints if the constraint is a direct member of the group.
3.9.5 Relationship Constraint
Relationship constraints are used to constrain the relationships in which a object can participate. A relationship constraint identifies the relationship definition, optionally the object definition of the instance at the other end of the relationship and the cardinality of the relationship. The constraint is given a name so that it can be identified in error messages. The body of the relationship constraint contains predicates about both the relationship and the instances at the other end of the relationship.
Relationship constraints can be used for a number of purposes: simply using the cardinality without additional predicates, they can be used to identify relationships that should be provided for an instance to operate correctly, with predicates they can be used narrow the set of configurations for instances that this object is willing to interact with.
3.9.6 Relationship Constraint Group
A relationship constraint group allows sets of relationship constraints to be grouped together so that they can be evaluated as a predicate with at-least-one semantics. The group will return an error unless at least one of the contained relationship constraints match a relationship definition and target object and its contained predicates return true. If any of the predicated in the contained constraints returns an error, then these errors are propagated to the user. The minOccurs cardinality of the contained relationship constraints is ignored but if the maxOccurs cardinality is violated then an error will be returned to the user.
3.10 Object Manager
Object managers are the mechanism by which types and relationships insert custom behavior into the runtime environment. There are several roles that a manager can support for each type that it manages: it can participate in the installation of the type, it can provide a CLR representation of the type, it can be involved in policy decisions about how bindings between types are resolved and it can provide the implementation for complex constraints and flow.
All object managers roles exposed through the CLR as entry points into strongly named classes. Object managers are packaged and versioned in the same manner as other types in the sdm; they are distributed in system distribution units and their version and strong name is derived from the sdm file in which they are declared.
3.10.1 Roles
An object manager can support one or more roles for each type that it supports. These roles include:
3.11 SDM Document Structure
An sdm document provides a strong identity, versioning and localization information for a set of relationships, objects and managers.
3.11.1 Information
The information section of an SDM document contains human readable information to support identification and management of sdm documents.
3.12 Change Request.
The initial request contains a single group of actions. As the request is processed by the runtime more structure is added through nested grouping and more actions are added as a result of the expansion and flow process. A change request that has been through this evaluation process and is now ready for execution against the target machines is called a fully qualified change request. See section 3.13 for more information.
3.12.1 Consistency Rules
When actions are performed on the SDM instance space we validate that after the actions are complete all the instances in the SDM instance space are still in a consistent state. By consistent state we mean that all constraints that apply to the instance are still valid. For example, if we create an instance of a client that requires a connection to the server, when the sequence of actions used to create and connect the client is complete, the connection should exist between the client and a server.
The constraints used to evaluate model consistency can be evaluated either on a per action basis or on the conclusion of a set of actions. We call these two types of consistency operational consistency and transactional consistency.
If an object will be in an inconsistent after the transaction is complete we allow the user to explicitly mark that instance as offline. When an instance is offline we do not evaluate constraints that apply to the instance and the instance will not appear to exist from the perspective of other instances. This may mean that in turn all those instances should also be marked as offline. Offline is propagated from parent to child and from host to guest, so marking a system as offline will mark all its in owned instances as offline and all instances that are hosted on it offline.
3.13 Model Evaluation
In this section we describe behavior of the SDM model within the scope of the SDM runtime.
3.13.1 Definition Space
The definition space contains all the definitions that are known to the sdm runtime. The steps of
3.13.1.1 Load
An sdm document is presented to the runtime either as part of an sdu or as a stand alone document. We will attempt to load the file from the disk.
3.13.1.2 Schema Validation
The first step is to validate that sdm document matches the sdm schema. At this point we will return errors for all unknown elements, types that are missing required elements or attributes or types that contain invalid data.
3.13.1.3 Setting Value and Type Resolution
In the type resolution phase we resolve all references to types within the sdm file (anywhere a qualified name is used in the schema). First we validate that all type references that are within the scope of the document are valid. These are all type references that do not contain an alias. We then try to resolve all import statements. If we cannot resolve an import statement we create a namespace load error, if we can resolve and import statement we try to locate the type within the namespace. The namespace resolution process may generate other errors if we are forced to load the namespace from an sdm file.
3.13.1.4 Path Resolution
During the path resolution phase, we try to resolve all paths to members and settings that are defined in the document. Paths that refer to members or settings with unresolved types will not raise an error.
3.13.1.5 Relationship Participation
In the type space we check that a type declaration does not violate any of the constraints with respect to the participation of its members in relationships. To do this we evaluate all type and relationship constraints that have no associated settings constraints.
3.13.1.6 Instance Simulation
In the instance simulation we attempt to flow values and evaluate constraints in such a way that we can identify constraints that we know should fail but not flag constraints that may or may not fail based on user input. To do this we construct a model of the instance space and evaluate flow and constraints that based on this instance space. If the flow or constraint is know to result in an error then we raise an error, if it could possibly result in an error then we raise a warning.
We build an instance space change request using the minOccurs constraint on all byReference systems. When the minOccurs is 0 we create a single instance and mark it as optional. We then pass the change request through the same expansion and flow processes as we use for a standard change request
We then evaluate all flows that have fully defined input values. If the input values are not fixed and could be changed by a user then we mark the output of the flow as provisional. A provisional input will chain through any flow operations that consume it. If a flow does not have complete input values and a user could provide values then we mark all the outputs of the flow as undefined. Flow from optional systems also results in provisional values.
Once we have flowed values we evaluate the constraints based on these values. Constraints that fail provisioning values will be raised as warnings; a warning will also be raised when a constraint could not be evaluated due to undefined values.
3.13.2 Instance Space
The model evaluation process is initiated by the submission of a declarative change request. This request will contain a set of create, update or delete operations that target instances within the runtime.
We then pass the request through a series of pipeline stages before enacting the required changes on the target system as illustrated in
The following sections outline the responsibilities of each expansion step.
3.13.2.1 Request Submission
In order to initiate a change to the system an operator or process should submit a change request. The change request contains a set of actions that the operator wants performed over the instances in the runtime; these actions fall into three groups: create actions, update actions and delete actions.
The request is then treated as an atomic set of actions that should either complete or fail as a group. This allows the constraint validation process to consider all actions in the request when evaluating whether the set of actions will result in a valid change to the model.
3.13.2.1.1 Type Resolution
In the type resolution phase we resolve all types and members that are referenced in the change request. The change request will assume that these are already loaded by the runtime; the runtime will need to initiate a load/compile action if they do not exist.
3.13.2.1.2 Path Resolution
During the path resolution phase we resolve references to existing instances and instances defined by create actions within the change request.
3.13.2.2 Expansion
Expansion is the process where we take a change request and populate all the remaining actions required to execute the request: in general these actions are construction and destruction actions for type and relationship instances. In theory the operator could provide details for all the actions required to construct or destroy an instance but we don't require this because it would make the change request authoring process very complex. Instead we try to automate as much of this process: the operator provides key information about the changes they want by identifying actions on byReference members; we then fill in the rest of the actions on nested byReference and byvalue members and relationships.
3.13.2.2.1 Value Member
During the expansion stage we identify all the non-reference type members. We know the cardinality of these members and we know all the required parameters, so for each member we add create requests to the change request for those members whose parent is being created. If the change request contains destruction operations, we add destruction operations for all their contained instances.
3.13.2.2.2 Reference Member Expansion (Discovery)
In general reference members require more information to construct than value members. Their cardinality is often undefined and they can have deployment time settings that require values in order for the instance to be constructed. So the process of expanding a byReference member can require more information about the instance than the runtime is in a position to provide. The process by which we obtain this information is called Discovery.
The process of discovery will populate reference type members as part of a construction or update action. Only reference members with object managers that support discovery will participate in this process.
When a new instance is discovered we first check that the instance does not already exist in the SDM database using instance specific key values. Once we know it is a new instance we then classify the instance according to the types of the members we are discovering. If the instance does not match a member or there is an ambiguous match then we leave the member reference blank and mark the instance as offline and incomplete.
3.13.2.2.3 Relationship Expansion
Once we know all the type instances that will be constructed we create relationship instances that bind the type instances together. If type instances are being destroyed, we remove all relationship instances that reference the type instances.
To create the relationships we turn to the member space to identify the configurations of the relationships that should exist between the instances. Where the type members have cardinality greater than one we have to infer the topology of the relationships. We will discuss how we do this in detail in section XX.
3.13.2.3 Flow
During the flow stage we evaluate flow across all the relationship instances. This stage may add update requests to the change request for instances that were affected by the altered parameter flow.
Flow is evaluated by determining the set of instances that have updated settings as a result of the change request. For each of these, any outgoing settings flows that depend on the modified settings are evaluated and the target nodes added to the set of changed instances. The process continues until the set is empty or the set contains a cycle.
3.13.2.4 Duplicate Detection
The process of duplicate detection matches expanded instances against instance that already exist in the sdm data store. For example we will detect if another application has installed a shared file. When we detect that an instance already exists we can one of several actions depending on the version of the existing instance:
a) we can fail the install
b) we can reference count the instance
c) we can upgrade the instance
d) we can install side-by-side
3.13.2.5 Constraint Evaluation
During the constraint evaluation phase we check that all the constraints in the model will still be valid after the change request has been processed.
3.13.2.6 Request Ordering
We now have a complete list of actions, so we can use the relationships between systems to determine a valid change ordering.
3.13.2.7 Execution
We distribute subsets of the orders set of actions that are machine specific. We should support cross machine synchronization of these machine specific sets.
3.13.2.8 Request Return
Change is carried out by breaking the change requests down into distributable parts based on the hosting relationships that are affected. One all the parts are completed (or failed) the results are collated in the runtime and a summary returned to the user.
3.13.3 Expansion in Depth
In this section we go into detail on the expansion process for types and relationships.
3.13.3.1 Reference Member Expansion (Discovery)
In the same way that the hosting relationship is responsible for constructing new instances of a type, we also use the hosting relationship to discover existing type instances. The hosting relationship is uniquely placed to do this as it alone is aware of the way a type instance is represented on a host.
When a reference member is marked for discovery we check to see if the hosting relationship supports discovery. If it does we pass the host instance to the relationship and ask it to return construction actions for the guest instances that it finds on the host.
We use verification to discover that instances no longer exist. This again uses the hosting relationship to verify the existence of a guest on a host. If the guest no longer exists then the hosting relationship adds a destruction action to the change request.
3.13.3.2 Non Reference Member Expansion
The runtime handles all non-reference member expansions by simply adding construction or destruction actions for each non-reference member of a type that has already been identified for construction or destruction within the change request.
3.13.3.3 Communication Relationship Expansion
If the operator has not specified an instance of a communication relationship where a communication relationship member exists between two type members, then we expand the communication relationship by assuming a fully connected mesh between the members
What does this mean? If two members are connected in the member space, then all the instances of each member should be able to see each other. Given the following two members the instance space topologies which are constrained by the cardinality of the members, as shown in
When we construct communication links, delegate endpoints become transparent so that we end up with connections that match all the communication relationships that would exist if the delegate endpoints were removed.
3.13.3.4 Hosting Relationship Expansion
Where hosting relationships are ambiguous we require the either the operator or the manager of the hosting relationship to determine the correct topology.
If the hosting relationship supports expansion, then we pass the set of hosts and the guest to the relationship manger and ask the manager to return the correct construction action. If the manager does not support expansion then we return the change request to the operator so that they can provide more information.
3.13.3.5 Reference Relationship Expansion
3.13.3.6 Containment Relationship Expansion
Containment relationships are never ambiguous so the runtime can always add the appropriate construction action to the change request.
3.13.3.7 Delegation Relationship Expansion
For expansion, delegation relationships follow the same rules as communication relationships.
3.13.4 Flow
3.13.5 Execution
3.14 SDM Instance Space
The follow section defines an object model for the instance space of the sdm runtime. The instance space is used to track changes to the configuration of the system that are modeled by the sdm.
The instance space is structured around versioned changes initiated by change requests. Each instance can have a linear series of versions that represent atomic changes that were made to the running instance. Future versions can also exist in the runtime before they have been propagated to the running system.
For this version of the SDM model we only allow linear changes for a given instance. In the future we may allow version branches and introduce a version resolution model. This would allow more than one change to be outstanding against a particular instance.
Since we do allow linear versioning, we can load a series of change requests that build on previous changes. This supports prior validation of a sequence of actions that may be taken during a process such as a rolling upgrade.
3.14.1 SDM Instance
All instances derive from sdm instance. They share elements that define values for the settings schema and list of members that match the members on the instance's definition. They also share a set of attributes that define a unique identifier for the instance, a version number for the instance, a name for the instance and flag that indicates whether this version represents the running state of the system.
3.14.2 Member
A member is used to associate the member of an instance which a set of referenced instances. The members of an instance are defined by the instance's definition. The referenced instances are the instances that have created for the members or the instances to which the members are delegated. A member may represent an array in which case there may be more than one referenced instance.
3.14.3 Change
A change represents a change to the instance state. It associates a change request with the set of affected instances. It also identifies he status of the change (see section XXX) and the change response if the change has been executed.
3.14.3.1 Change Status
A change request can be in one of the following states:
3.14.4 Concrete Object Instance
A concrete object instance represents an instance the concrete type identified by the type attribute. Since there can be real world representation for the instance we need to track whether the instance is in sync with its real world counterpart. We also want to know whether the instance will be online as a result of this change. An online instance should be valid with respect to all its constraints. An offline instance is does not appear visible to the other participants of the communication relationships that it participates in. If the instance is incomplete then further change requests are required before the instance can be taken online
3.14.5 Relationship Instances
A relationship instance represents an instance of the identified relationship type. Since relationships have no direct real-world representation we do need to keep information about whether the relationship is in sync or online. Also since relationships are relatively simple we do not expect them to be incomplete, though they can fail their constraints.
3.14.5.1 Containment Instance
This represents an instance of a containment relationship.
3.14.5.2 Communication Instance
This represents an instance of a communication relationship.
3.14.5.3 Delegation Instance
This represents an instance of a delegation relationship.
3.14.5.4 Hosting Instance
This represents an instance of a hosting relationship.
3.14.5.5 Reference Instance
This represents an instance of a reference relationship.
3.14.6 Instances
The Instances group represents the set of instance elements that can exist in an sdminstance file.
3.14.7 Instance References
3.14.7.1 Instance Ref
Instance ref is a simple reference to an instance. Will default to the is Current instance unless the reference is made in the context of a change request and the instance is affected by the change request.
3.14.7.2 Instance Version Ref
Instance version ref identifies a particular version of an instance.
3.15 Deployment Unit Structure
Requirements
3.16 Localization
We need to decide what parts of the SDM model support localization and how we support localization through design and deployment of systems.
First Approach:
We leave localization completely up to individual types and types to manage. Localization is implicit through constraints. Localization is not a first type citizen. What this means:
Second Approach:
Localization is a first type citizen of identity along with name and version. This means that localization should be taken into account anywhere where a reference is made to a type.
The second approach has the potential to get very complicated from a design/ui perspective if locale is widely used as a constraint. For example if endpoints are localized or if hosts localize their guests then finding a connection/placement just got a lot more complex. If the second approach is used with b) from the first approach as the suggested mechanism then the complexity may be easier to manage but somebody has to identify, package and ship the localized resources.
3.17 Versioning and Change Management
3.17.1 General Comments
Example Computer Environment
Computer environment 2300 includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer 2302. Computer 2302 can be, for example, a computing device 102 of
The system bus 2308 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, such architectures can include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, an Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and a Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus also known as a Mezzanine bus.
Computer 2302 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Such media can be any available media that is accessible by computer 2302 and includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
The system memory 2306 includes computer readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 2310, and/or non-volatile memory, such as read only memory (ROM) 2312. A basic input/output system (BIOS) 2314, containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 2302, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 2312. RAM 2310 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently operated on by the processing unit 2304.
Computer 2302 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. By way of example,
The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer 2302. Although the example illustrates a hard disk 2316, a removable magnetic disk 2320, and a removable optical disk 2324, it is to be appreciated that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory cards, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, random access memories (RAM), read only memories (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and the like, can also be utilized to implement the exemplary computing system and environment.
Any number of program modules can be stored on the hard disk 2316, magnetic disk 2320, optical disk 2324, ROM 2312, and/or RAM 2310, including by way of example, an operating system 2326, one or more application programs 2328, other program modules 2330, and program data 2332. Each of such operating system 2326, one or more application programs 2328, other program modules 2330, and program data 2332 (or some combination thereof) may implement all or part of the resident components that support the distributed file system.
A user can enter commands and information into computer 2302 via input devices such as a keyboard 2334 and a pointing device 2336 (e.g., a “mouse”). Other input devices 2338 (not shown specifically) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, serial port, scanner, and/or the like. These and other input devices are connected to the processing unit 2304 via input/output interfaces 2340 that are coupled to the system bus 2308, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB).
A monitor 2342 or other type of display device can also be connected to the system bus 2308 via an interface, such as a video adapter 2344. In addition to the monitor 2342, other output peripheral devices can include components such as speakers (not shown) and a printer 2346 which can be connected to computer 2302 via the input/output interfaces 2340.
Computer 2302 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computing device 2348. By way of example, the remote computing device 2348 can be a personal computer, portable computer, a server, a router, a network computer, a peer device or other common network node, and the like. The remote computing device 2348 is illustrated as a portable computer that can include many or all of the elements and features described herein relative to computer 2302.
Logical connections between computer 2302 and the remote computer 2348 are depicted as a local area network (LAN) 2350 and a general wide area network (WAN) 2352. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet.
When implemented in a LAN networking environment, the computer 2302 is connected to a local network 2350 via a network interface or adapter 2354. When implemented in a WAN networking environment, the computer 2302 typically includes a modem 2356 or other means for establishing communications over the wide network 2352. The modem 2356, which can be internal or external to computer 2302, can be connected to the system bus 2308 via the input/output interfaces 2340 or other appropriate mechanisms. It is to be appreciated that the illustrated network connections are exemplary and that other means of establishing communication link(s) between the computers 2302 and 2348 can be employed.
In a networked environment, such as that illustrated with computing environment 2300, program modules depicted relative to the computer 2302, or portions thereof, may be stored in a remote memory storage device. By way of example, remote application programs 2358 reside on a memory device of remote computer 2348. For purposes of illustration, application programs and other executable program components such as the operating system are illustrated herein as discrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computing device 2302, and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer.
Various modules and techniques may be described herein in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
An implementation of these modules and techniques may be stored on or transmitted across some form of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise “computer storage media” and “communications media.”
“Computer storage media” includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computer.
“Communication media” typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as carrier wave or other transport mechanism. Communication media also includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above are also included within the scope of computer readable media.
Alternatively, portions of the framework may be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or programmable logic devices (PLDs) could be designed or programmed to implement one or more portions of the framework.
Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the exemplary appended claims is not limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claimed invention. Moreover, these claims are exemplary in terms of scope and subject matter. Many other combinations and sub-combinations of the features described herein may later be claimed in patent applications claiming priority to this application.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/452,736, filed Mar. 6, 2003, entitled “ARCHITECTURE FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEM AND AUTOMATED DESIGN, DEPLOYMENT, AND MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS”, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This patent application is related to the following U.S. patent applications (all of which are incorporated by reference): U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/382,942, filed on Mar. 6, 2003, titled “VIRTUAL NETWORK TOPOLOGY GENERATION”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/695,812, filed on Oct. 24, 2000, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT OF SHARED COMPUTERS”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/695,813, filed on Oct. 24, 2000, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR LOGICAL MODELING OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/695,820, filed on Oct. 24, 2000, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR RESTRICTING DATA TRANSFERS AND MANAGING SOFTWARE COMPONENTS OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTERS”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/695,821, filed on Oct. 24, 2000, titled “USING PACKET FILTERS AND NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION TO RESTRICT NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/696,707, filed on Oct. 24, 2000, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DESIGNING A LOGICAL MODEL OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEM AND DEPLOYING PHYSICAL RESOURCES ACCORDING TO THE LOGICAL MODEL”. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/696,752, filed on Oct. 24, 2000, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD PROVIDING AUTOMATIC POLICY ENFORCEMENT IN A MULTI-COMPUTER SERVICE APPLICATION”.
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