BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to inductors and integrated circuits with inductors.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Modern wireless technologies use different transmission bands. For that reason, it is desirable to have mobile units that are able to operate in several different transmission bands. For such mobile units, low noise amplifiers (LNAs) that operate in two or more transmission bands are desirable.
FIG. 1 shows input stage 10 of an exemplary LNA whose signal input has two impedance-matched frequency bands. The input stage 10 includes a field-effect transistor 12 and impedance matching circuit elements. The impedance matching elements include inductors L1 and L2, and a capacitor C1. Together, the impedance matching elements and the capacitor, CGS, formed by the gate, G, and source, S, of the FET 12 define the input stage 10. For appropriate inductances for inductors L1 and L2 and appropriate capacitances for the capacitors C1 and CGS, the input stage 10 will provide a concurrent dual input band amplifier.
BRIEF SUMMARY
Various embodiments provide circuits in which a single inductor has two independent current paths, i.e., the inductor has at least three ports. Such inductors can provide area-efficient layouts of impedance matching circuits in integrated circuits (ICs). Exemplary applications include receiver circuits for concurrent multi-band wireless mobile units.
One embodiment features an apparatus that includes a flat or vertical spiral conductor, a first electronic device, and a second electronic device. The spiral conductor has first and second ends. The first end is a first port of the conductor. An intermediate portion of the conductor is a second port of the conductor. The second end is a third port of the conductor. The first electronic device has a first terminal connected to the first port and has a second terminal connected to the second port. The first electronic device is capable of carrying a current between the first and second terminals. The second electronic device has a third terminal that operates as a current source or sink. The third terminal is connected to the third port.
Another embodiment features an amplifier. The amplifier includes an input circuit with a vertical or flat spiral conductor and a capacitor. The spiral conductor has first and second ends and an intermediate port. The capacitor is connected between the first end and the intermediate port. The field-effect transistor has a gate connected to receive a current output at the second end of spiral conductor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an input stage of a conventional low noise amplifier;
FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a flat structure for a three terminal inductor;
FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a vertical structure for a three terminal inductor;
FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit for the three terminal inductors of FIGS. 2A and 2B; and
FIG. 4 shows an integrated circuit embodiment of the inductor of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 5 shows an amplifier whose input circuit includes the inductor of FIG. 2A or 2B; and
FIG. 6 shows a circuit for a multi-stage amplifier whose input circuit incorporates the inductor of FIGS. 2A or 2B and 3.
In the Figures and text, like reference numerals indicate elements with similar functions.
In the Figures, relative sizes of various features are magnified or reduced in size to better illustrate the embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
Various embodiments are described by the detailed description and Figures. The inventions may, however, be embodied in various forms and are not limited to embodiments described in the figures and detailed description.
FIG. 2A shows an inductor 14 having electrical ports 1, 2, and 3. The inductor 14 includes a flat spiral conductor 16 that is formed of a patterned metal layer. Conventional metal evaporation/deposition and lithographic patterning methods are available to make the spiral conductor 16. The metal may be, e.g., copper, aluminum or any other good metallic conductor. The turns of the spiral may have any of a variety of shapes, e.g., circular, rectangular, square, or triangular. The spiral conductor 16 includes one or more turns between adjacent ports 1 and 2 and one or more turns between ports 2 and 3.
FIG. 2B shows a vertical structure for an inductor 14 having three ports 1, 2, and 3. This alternate structure includes a vertical spiral conductor 16. The spiral conductor is formed of horizontal metal rings 4 and vertical metal posts 5 that connect adjacent ones of the rings 4. The rings 4 and posts 5 may be formed of any good conductor, e.g., copper, silver, or tungsten. The rings 4 may have any of a variety of shapes, e.g., circular, rectangular, square, or triangular. The spiral conductor 16 provides one or more full turns between adjacent ports 1 and 2 and between ports 2 and 3.
Microelectronics fabrication techniques are also available for fabricating the vertical structure of inductor 14 of FIG. 2B. Conventional evaporation/deposition and patterning techniques can fabricate the rings 4. Conventional anisotropic etching and deposition methods can produce the posts 5. Conventional dielectric deposition techniques are available for producing the dielectric layers between adjacent rings 4 of the vertical structure.
FIG. 3 shows an equivalent circuit for the inductors 14 of FIGS. 2A and 2B. The circuit includes inductor L′1 between ports 1 and 2 and includes inductor L′2 between ports 2 and 3. The inductors L′1 and inductor L′2 are serially connected at port 2. Due to the co-centric layout of the conducting turns defining L′1 and L′2, the equivalent circuit also includes a substantial magnetic coupling, M, between inductors L′1 and L′2. That is, there exists a substantial mutual inductance between the serially connected inductors L′1, L′2.
Various electronic apparatus include the triple-ported inductor 14 along with separate first and second electronic devices. In these apparatus, the first electronic device has a first electrical terminal that is electrically connected directly to port 1 of the inductor 14 and a second electrical terminal that is connected directly to port 2 of the inductor. The first electronic device is configured to carry an AC current and/or a DC current between its first and second terminals. In these apparatus, the second electronic device has a third terminal that operates as an AC or DC current source or sink and is directly electrically connected to port 3 of the inductor 14. Exemplary first and second electronic devices include simple circuit elements such as capacitors and transistors and also include complex circuits.
FIG. 4 illustrates an integrated circuit (IC) embodiment of the inductor 14 of FIG. 2A. In the IC, the flat spiral conductor 16 is in a metallization layer M1, the end port 3 is in the same metallization layer M1, the intermediate port 2 is in another metallization layer M2, and the end port 1 is located is in another metallization layer, i.e., M2 or M3. In the IC, metallic posts 18 electrically directly connect ports 1 and 2 to portions of the flat spiral conductor 16. In the IC, dielectric layers 20 isolate adjacent pairs of the metallization layers Mj and Mj+1. In the IC, the multilayer structure formed by the stack of alternating metallization layers Mj and dielectric layers 20 is located on a planar surface of a semiconductor substrate 22, e.g., a doped silicon substrate.
In one exemplary embodiment, the inductor 14 has the following properties. The flat spiral conductor has a rectangular top layout with edge lengths of 380 microns and 315 microns and a central dielectric core 28 whose side length is about 120 microns. There are 2 copper turns between ports 1 and 2 and 2.5 copper turns between ports 2 and 3. For the spiral conductor 16, the total length of the copper turns between ports 1 and 2 is about 1,345 microns and is 2,207 microns between ports 2 and 3. In the spiral conductor 16, each turn has a cross-sectional width of about 15 microns and a height of about 0.99 microns. The connections at ports 1 and 2 are made of 0.52 to 0.53 micron high copper films. Finally, the exemplary IC has 6 metal layers Mj and adjacent ones of the metal layers Mj and Mj+1 are isolated from each other and from the substrate 22 by silicon dioxide layers 20 with thicknesses of about 1 micron.
Other electronic devices 24, 26 such as FETs, diodes, capacitors, resistors, and/or antennas are located on the semiconductor substrate 22 and/or in the metallization layers Mj. Some of these devices 24, 26 electrically connect directly to ports 1, 2 and/or 3 of the inductor 14, e.g., via metal posts 18. In the IC, at least, one device functioning as a current source or a current sink is connected directly to each port of the inductor 14.
FIG. 5 shows an input stage 30 of a low noise voltage amplifier. The input stage 30 includes the inductor 14 of FIG. 2A or 2B, capacitors C1 and C2, and an FET 12, e.g., a MOSFET. The portion of the inductor 14 between ports 1 and 2 and capacitor C1 forms a resonant RLC circuit. The portion of the inductor 14 between ports 2 and 3 along with the series capacitance formed by capacitor C2 and the gate-source capacitance of the FET,CGS, make up another resonant RLC structure.
For appropriate design of the inductor 14 and the capacitors C1, C2, CGS, the input stage produces an amplifier with concurrent dual input channels. One appropriate design uses the IC embodiment of the inductor 14 as described above with respect to FIG. 4. In that embodiment of the input stage 30, the capacitor C1 has a capacitance of about 1 pico-Farads (pF), the capacitor C2, has a capacitance of about 0.0 pF, and the effective gate-source capacitor CGS has a capacitance of about 0.2 pF. In this embodiment, the input stage has concurrent narrow pass bands. One pass band has a center frequency in the range of about 2 and 3 giga-Hertz. The other pass band has a center frequency in the range of about 4.5 to 5.5 giga-Hertz. For this design, the reflection coefficients of input signals in the two pass bands can be less than about −26 decibels, i.e., showing good input impedance matching.
FIG. 6 shows an exemplary multistage amplifier 40 with a dual frequency input stage. The amplifier includes the inductor 14 of FIG. 2A or 2B, the above capacitors C1 and C2, a drive voltage source VDD of a few volts, biasing resistors R1 and R2, output impedance-matching R3, and MOSFETs M1 and M2.
In various radio frequency IC circuits, replacing two conventional series-connected inductors by the three-port inductor 14 of FIG. 2A or 2B can save layout space on the semiconductor substrate.
In other embodiments, amplifiers have input stages that include a vertical or flat spiral conductor having more than three ports. In particular, these spiral inductors are similar to the inductors 14 of FIGS. 2A and 2b except that the spiral inductors now have more than one intermediate port. The amplifiers incorporating such higher-ported spiral inductors can have more than two impedance-matched input or output frequency bands.
From the disclosure, drawings, and claims, other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Patent Application
20060087394
