Patent Grant
7887851
This invention relates to an aromatase activator for increasing activity of aromatase which is an enzyme involved in biosynthesis of estrogen from androgen.
Estrogen which is known to be a female sex hormone is produced in human mainly by ovary, and known types include 17β-estradiol, estrone, and estriol.
Estrogen is involved in various physiological functions including propagation of endometrium, regulation of sexual functions, regulation of bone metabolism, and regulation of lipid metabolism, and therefore, estrogen depletion caused by aging or weakening of ovarian function results in symptoms such as climacteric disturbance, hypogonadism, autonomic imbalance, lipidosis, vasomotor disturbance, and osteoporosis.
In the meanwhile, prevention or improvement of such symptoms by direct administration of estrogen or estrogenic substance would be inappropriate since they have EDC (endocrine disrupting chemical) action.
This invention provides an aromatase activator containing at least one member selected from the group consisting of Labiatae spp. which are Isodon, Scutellaria (huangcen), Schizonepeta (jingjie), sage, lavender, Lamium album, and thyme; Umbelliferae spp. which are fennel (huixiang), cnidium (chuangong), glehnia, angelica (danggui), bupleurum (chaihu), Saposhnikovia (fang feng), and angelica (baizhi); Rutaceae spp. which are bitter orange (zhishi), Evodia (wuzhuyu), zanthoxylum, tangerine (chenpi), bitter orange (toupi), lemon, and grapefruit; Compositae spp. which are lettuce, Roman chamomile, arnica, Atractylodes (bai zhu), safflower, and yarrow; Leguminosae spp. which are liquorice (gancao), Sophora (kushen), restharrow, tragacanth, and cassia (juemingzi); Rosaceae spp. which are hawthorn (shanzhazi), apple, burnet, and whitethorn; Zingiberaceae spp. which are turmeric (yujin), zedoary (woshu), cardamom, and ginger (shengjiang); Moraceae spp. which are mulberry (sangbaipi) and hop; Liliaceae spp. which are butcher's broom and lily; Gentianaceae spp. which are gentian (longdan) and gentian; Gramineae spp. which are sasa and imperata; Iridaceae sp which is iris (iris root); Lauraceae sp which is cinnamon; Juglandaceae sp which is Engelhardtia; Asclepiadaceae sp which is condurango; an Aristolochiaceae sp which is asiasarum (xixin); Dioscoreaceae sp which is dioscorea (shanyao); Acoraceae sp which is sweet flag; Betulaceae sp which is birch; Caprifoliaceae sp which is honeysuckle (rendong); Myrtaceae sp which is cloves; Hamamelidaceae sp which is hamamelis; Menispermaceae sp which is Sinomenium (fangyi); Ephedraceae sp which is ephedra herb (mahuang); Ganodermataceae sp which is ling zhi; Hydrangeaceae sp which is sweet hydrangeae; Papaveraceae sp which is corydalis (yanhusuo); Bignoniaceae sp which is catalpa; Magnoliaceae sp which is magnolia (houpu); Malvaceae sp which is mallow; Solanaceae sp which is tomato; Cucurbitaceae sp which is luffa; Pinaceae sp which is rosin; and Typhaceae sp. which is reed mace; an extract thereof; yeast extract; silk protein extract; milk protein; trehalose; natto extract; royal jelly; oryza oil; hydrolyzated wheat extract; shea butter; and rice fermentation extract.
This invention also provides use of the plant or the extract thereof, yeast extract, silk protein extract, milk protein, trehalose, natto extract, royal jelly, oryza oil, hydrolyzed wheat extract, Shea butter, or rice fermentation extract as described above for producing an aromatase activator.
This invention also provides a method for activating aromatase including administering the plant or the extract thereof, yeast extract, silk protein extract, milk protein, trehalose, natto extract, royal jelly, oryza oil, hydrolyzed wheat extract, Shea butter, or rice fermentation extract as described above to a human individual.
This invention relates to provision of a drug or a cosmetic which is highly safe, and which is effective in preventing, improving, or treating various conditions as described above caused by estrogen depletion through promotion of estrogen production in the body.
The inventors of the present invention focused attention on biosynthesis of androgen from estrogen by aromatase, and investigated natural substances that are capable of enhancing aromatase activity. The inventors then found that particular plants and algae exhibit aromatase activating actions.
The aromatase activator of the present invention is capable of promoting estrogen synthesis in the body, and is also highly safe to human body. Therefore, its use as a drug or a cosmetic for preventing, improving, or treating various pathological conditions caused by estrogen depletion is quite effective.
In the aromatase activator of the present invention, Isodon means Isodon japonicus or I. trichocarpus in the family Labiatae; Scutellaria (huangcen) means Scutellaria baicalensis in the family Labiatae; Schizonepeta (jingjie) means Schizonepeta tenuifolia in the family Labiatae; sage means Salvia officinalis in the family Labiatae; lavender means Lavandula angustifolia in the family Labiatae; Lamium means Lamium album in the family Labiatae; thyme means Thymus vulgaris the family Labiatae; fennel (huixiang) means Foeniculum vulgare in the family Umbelliferae; cnidium (chuangong) means Cnidium officinale in the family Umbelliferae; glehnia means Glehnia littoralis in the family Umbelliferae: angelica (danggui) means Angelica acutiloba in the family Umbelliferae; bupleurum (chaihu) means Bupleurum falcatum in the family Umbelliferae; Saposhnikovia (fang feng) means Saposhnikovia divaricata or Ledebouriella seseloides in the family Umbelliferae; angelica (baizhi) means Angelica dahurica in the family Umbelliferae; bitter orange (zhishi) means Citrus aurantium in the family Rutaceae; Evodia (wuzhuyu) means Evodia rutaecarpa or C. officinalis in the family Rutaceae; zanthoxylum means Zanthoxylum piperitum in the family Rutaceae; tangerine (chenpi) means Citrus unshiu in the family Rutaceae; bitter orange (toupi) means Citrus aurantium in the family Rutaceae; lemon means Citrus limon in the family Rutaceae; grapefruits means Citrus paradisi in the family Rutaceae; lettuce means Lactuca sativa in the family Compositae; Roman chamomile means Anthemis nobilis in the family Compositae; arnica means Arnica montana in the family Compositae; Atractylodes (bai zhu) means Atractylodes japonica or A. ovata in the family Compositae; safflowers means Carthamus tinctorius in the family Compositae; yarrow means Achillea millefolium in the family Compositae; liquorice (gancao) means Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis or G. inflata in the family Leguminosae; Sophora (kushen) means Sophora angustifolia in the family Leguminosae; restharrow means Ononis spinosa in the family Leguminosae; tragacanth means Astragalus gummifer in the family Leguminosae; cassia (juemingzi) means Cassia obtusifolia in the family Leguminosae; hawthorn (shanzhazi) means Crataegus cuneata in the family Rosaceae; apple means Pyrus malus in the family Rosaceae; burnet means Sanguisorba officinalis in the family Rosaceae; whitethorn means Crataegus oxyacantha in the family Rosaceae; turmeric (yujin) means Curcuma longa in the family Zingiberaceae; zedoary (woshu) means Curcuma zedoaria in the family Zingiberaceae; cardamom means Elettaria cardamomum in the family Zingiberaceae; ginger (shengjiang) means Zingiber officinale in the family Zingiberaceae; mulberry (sangbaipi) means Morus alba or M. bombycis in the family Moraceae; hop means Humulus lupulus in the family Moraceae; butcher's broom means Ruscus aculeatus in the family Liliaceae; lily means Lilium candidum in the family Liliaceae; gentian (longdan) means Gentiana scabra in the family Gentianaceae; gentian means Gentiana lutea in the family Gentianaceae; sasa means Sasa Veitchii in the family Gramineae; imperata means Imperata cylindrica in the family Gramineae; iris (iris root) means Iris florentina in the family Iridaceae; cinnamon means Cinnamomum cassia in the family Lauraceae; Engelhardtia means Engelhardtia chrysolepis in the family Juglandaceae; condurango means Marsdenia cundurango in the family Asclepiadaceae; asiasarum (xixin) measn Asarum sieboldii or A. heterotropoides in the family Aristolochiaceae; dioscorea (shanyao) means Dioscorea japonica in the family Dioscoreaceae; sweet flag means Acorus calamus in the family Acoraceae; birch means Betula platyphylla Suk. var. japonica in the family Betulaceae; honeysuckle (rendong) means Lonicera japonica in the family Caprifoliaceae; cloves means Syzygium aromaticum in the family Myrtaceae; hamamelis means Hamamelis virginiana in the family Hamamelidaceae; Sinomenium (fangyi) means Sinomenium acutum in the family Menispermaceae; ephedra herb (mahuang) means Ephedra sinica in the family Ephedraceae; ling zhi means Ganoderma lucidum in the family Ganodermataceae; sweet hydrangeae means Hydrangea serrata in the family Hydrangeaceae; corydalis (yanhusuo) means Corydalis turtschaninovii in the family Papaveraceae; catalpa means Catalpa ovata in the family Bignoniaceae; magnolia (houpu) means Magnolia obovata in the family Magnoliaceae; mallow means Malva sylvestris in the family Malvaceae; tomato means Lycopersicon esculentum the family Solanaceae; Luffa means Luffa cylindrica in the family Cucurbitaceae; rosin means Pinus spp. in the family Pinaceae; and reed mace means Typha latifolia L., T. orientalis or T. augustifolia in the family Typhaceae.
Yeast extract is an extract produced from a solution obtained by autodigestion or acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a Saccharomyces yeast, and exemplary commercially available products include the one sold under the product name of “Yeast Liquid B” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Silk protein extract is an extract obtained by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of silk protein, and exemplary commercially available products include “Silkgen G Soluble KE” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Milk proteins include lactose protein, lactoferrin, and the like, and exemplary commercially available products include “Bioderma SX-14” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.) and “Lactoferrin S FREE” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Trehalose is trehalose (molecular formula, C12H22O11) and a typical products is “Trehalose” (Hayashibara) Natto extract is an extract produced by extracting natto (fermented soy bean) produced by fermentation of soybeans (Glycine max) with Bacillus subtilis, and exemplary commercially available products include “Daizu Polymer F B-20” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Royal jelly is an extract obtained from the substance secreted by European honeybee Apis mellifica or Asian honeybee Apis indica, and an exemplary commercially available product is “Royal jelly extract” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.).
Oryza oil is an oil produced from rice bran of rice grains, and an exemplary commercially available product is “Oryza oil S-1” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Shea butter is a fat obtained from shea seeds, and an exemplary commercial available product is “Liquid Shea butter” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Rice fermentation extract is an extract produced from rice (Oryza sativa), and in particular, from the seeds coat of the rice, and an exemplary commercial available product is “rice fermentation extract” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.). Hydrolyzed wheat extract is a water-soluble product obtained by hydrolyzing wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour, and an exemplary commercial available product is “Gluadin AGP” (Ichimaru Pharcos Co. Ltd.).
The plants as described above may be used either directly or with pulverization, and the part used may be whole plant, leaves, bark, twigs, fruits, roots, or the like. The preferable part used is: above-ground part for Isodon; roots for Scutellaria (huangcen); above-ground part or spikes for Schizonepeta (jingjie); leaves for sage; flowers for lavender; flowers for Lamium album; above ground part for thyme; mature fruits for fennel (huixiang); roots for cnidium (chuangong); roots and rhizomes for glehnia; roots for angelica (danggui); roots for bupleurum (chaihu); roots for Saposhnikovia (fang feng); roots for angelica (baizhi); immature fruits for bitter orange (zhishi); fruits for Evodia (wuzhuyu); fruits for zanthoxylum; pericarp for tangerine (chenpi); pericarp for bitter orange (toupi); fruits for lemon; fruits for grapefruits; leaves for lettuce; flowers for Roman chamomile; flowers for arnica; rhizomes for Atractylodes (bai zhu); flowers for safflowers; capitula for yarrow; roots for liquorice (gancao); roots for Sophora (kushen); roots for restharrow; materials secreted from trunk for tragacanth; seeds for cassia; fruits for hawthorn (shanzhazi); fruits for apple; roots for burnet; fruits for whitethorn; rhizomes for turmeric (yujin); rhizomes for zedoary (woshu); fruits for cardamom; rhizomes for ginger (shengjiang); roots bark for mulberry (sangbaipi); Spikes for hop; roots for Butcher's broom; bulbs for lily; roots for gentian (longdan); roots for gentian; leaves for sasa; rhizomes after removing rootslets and scaly leaves for imperata; roots for iris; bark for cinnamon; leaves for Engelhardtia; bark for condurango; roots for asiasarum (xixin); rhizomes after removing dioscorea (shanyao); roots for sweet flag; bark for birch; flowers for honeysuckle (rendong); flower bud for cloves; leaves for hamamelis; stem and rhizomes for Sinomenium (fangyi); terrestrial stem for ephedra herb (mahuang); fruit bodies for ling zhi; leaves for sweet hydrangeae; tubers for corydalis (yanhusuo); pericarp for catalpa, bark for magnolia (houpu); flowers for mallow; fruits for tomato; fruits for Luffa; resin remaining after removing essential oil from the secreted material for rosin; and spikes for reed mace.
In the present invention, the term extract includes various extracts obtained by extracting the plant as described above at room temperature or at elevated temperature with or without using an extraction apparatus such as Soxhlet extraction apparatus, a dilution and a concentrate thereof, and a powder produced by drying the extract.
The extraction solvent used extracting the plants of the present invention may be either a polar solvent or a non-polar solvent. Exemplary solvents include water; methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and other alcohols; propylene glycol, butylene glycol, and other polyhydric alcohols; acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and other ketones; methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and other esters; tetrahydrofurane, diethylether, and other chain or cyclic ethers; polyethyleneglycol and other polyethers; squalane, hexane, cyclohexane, petroleum ether, and other hydrocarbons; toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons; dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, and other halogenated hydrocarbons; and carbon dioxide; and mixtures thereof.
The plant extract as described above may be used either with no further processing, or by diluting, concentrating, or freeze drying the extract and preparing a powder or paste.
Also, the plant or the extract thereof may be used after removing inactive contaminants from the extract by an adequate separation techniques such as chromatography.
The plant or the extract thereof, yeast extract, silk protein extract, milk protein, trehalose, natto extract, royal jelly, oryza oil, hydrolyzed wheat extract, Shea butter and rice fermentation extract (hereinafter referred to as plants and the like) of the present invention may also be used as a mixture of two or more.
These plants and the like has the action of activating aromatase since they increase expression of the aromatase gene as will be demonstrated in the Examples. Therefore, when the aromatase activator containing the plants and the like incorporated in a drug or a cosmetic is administered to a human individual, estrogen production in the body will be enhanced, and for this, the effects as described below owing to the estrogen are anticipated (Science of Body No. 219, 2001, Nihon Hyron-sha).
(1) Action on bone metabolism: The aromatase activator will suppress function of the parathyroid hormone, thereby suppressing bone resorption, and it will also activate vitamin D in kidney, thereby suppressing the progress of osteoporosis.
(2) Action on hyperlipidemia: The aromatase activator will prevent development of atherosclerosis by the LDL accumulation in blood which is induced by the decrease in the number of LDL receptor due to enhancement of LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity by the decrease in estrogen concentration. The aromatase activator will also increase expression of mRNA in vascular endothelium to enhance NO production. The aromatase activator will act to facilitate antioxidative action and vasodilating action while it will act to suppress arterial sclerosis.
(3) Action on brain function: The aromatase activator will improve cerebral function such as memory, cognitive function bring change in cerebral blood flow, and influence on feeling and emotion. Relation to depression has also been reported. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, aromatase activator will (i) act on neurons to increase activity of Ach (acetylcholine) synthetase (choline acetyltransferase), (ii) stimulate expression of receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cholinergic neuron, (iii) increase number of synapses in hippocampus, (iv) ameliorate neuron damage by reducing the accumulation of β-amyloid by acting on amyloid precursor protein (APP), and (v) improve sugar transportation and utilization in brain.
(4) Action on climacteric disturbance: The aromatase activator will improve autonomic imbalance caused by hyperfunction of hypothalamus and hypophysis due to dysfunctioning of the negative feedback in hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian system caused by decrease of estrogen, that is, the autonomic imbalance caused by the increase of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone).
(5) Action on eye: The aromatase activator will suppress onset of macular degeneration and cataracta which are popular in women after climacterium. It also improves function of lacrimal gland, suppressing dry eye.
When the aromatase activator of the present invention is incorporated in a drug, the drug may take the form of tablet, capsule or other oral medicine, ointment, solution, extract, lotion, emulsion or other external medicine, or injection.
When the aromatase activator of the present invention is incorporated in a cosmetic, the cosmetic may take various forms, for example, water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion, cream, lotion, gel, foam, essence, foundation, pack, stick, and powder. The cosmetic may also contain an oil, surfactant, UV absorber, alcohol, chelating agent, pH adjusting agent, antiseptic, thickener, colorant, perfume, skin nutrient, or other components commonly used as a component in the cosmetics in addition to the plant or its extract of the present invention.
Preferably, the plant and the like may be incorporated in the drug or the cosmetic as described above at a content in dry basis of 0.00001 to 1% by weight, preferably at 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight based on the total weight.
Next, the present invention is described in further detail by referring to the following Examples.
Plant extracts as shown in Tables 1 and 2, below were prepared by the ordinary method commonly used in the art.
Arnica
Corydalis (yanhusuo)
Scutellaria
Catalpa
Sasa
Schizonepeta
Cassia (juemingzi)
Magnolia (houpu)
Evodia (wuzhuyu)
Bupleurum (chaihu)
Asiasarum (xixin)
Zanthoxylum
Cardamom
Cnidium (chuangong)
Angelica (danggui)
Glehnia
Atractylodes (baizhu)
Luffa
Iris (iris root)
Lamium album
Sophora (kushen)
Condurango
Asiasarum (xixin)
Dioscorea (shanyao)
Hamamelis
Angelica
Sinomenium (fangyi)
Imperata
Saposhnikovia
Ephedra herb
The region containing transcription control region for exon 1c of human aromatase gene and a part of the exon 1c was amplified by PCR from genomic DNA extracted from human normal keratinocyte by using the following primers:
The resulting PCR product was treated with restriction enzymes SpeI and PstI, and incorporated in SpeI site and PstI site in SeaPansy null Control Vector (Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd.) to produce Ex1c-luc plasmid. This plasmid was used in the luciferase assay as will be described below.
(i) Cells Used
Immortalized keratinocyte-derived cell (HaCaT cell)
(ii) Plasmid Used
About 1 kb of transcription control region for exon 1c of the aromatase gene was incorporated in the upstream of luciferase gene (Ex1c-luc).
(iii) Transfection into the Cell
HaCaT cell was propagated in a 100 mm dish to subconfluency, and Ex1c-luc was introduced using lipofectamine reagent (Invitrogen) according to the protocol described in the attached manual. The DNA was used at an amount of 8 μg per dish. The same procedure was repeated for the control without adding the DNA (1 dish).
(iv) Luciferase Assay
The transfected cells were cultivated overnight, and inoculated to 96 well cell culture plate at about 30,000 cells per well. Total amount of the culture medium was adjusted to be 200 μL. On the next day, plant extract prepared in Production Example 1, Table 1, or oryza oil (“oryza oil S-1”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), Shea butter (“Liquid shea butter”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), yeast extract (“YeastLiquid B”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), rice fermentation extract (“rice fermentation extract”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), or hydrolyzed wheat extract (“Gluadin AGP”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.) was added (1% or 0.1%), and the cultivation was continued for another 20 hours. After adding 20 μL of alamarBlue (BIOSOURCE), fluorescence intensity (excitation light 544 nm, fluorescence 590 nm) was measured. Luciferase activity was also measured by using PicaGene Dual SeaPansy Luminescence kit (Nippon Gene). The cells were lysed by adding 25 μL per well of the lysis buffer that had been diluted 5× lysis buffer to 1× concentration.
The results are shown in Table 3, below.
Arnica
Corydalis (yanhusuo)
Corydalis (yanhusuo)
Isodon
Scutellaria (huangcen)
Scutellaria (huangcen)
Phellodendron
Oryza oil
Oryza oil
Catalpa
Sasa
Schizonepeta (jingjie)
Schizonepeta (jingjie)
Cassia (juemingzi)
Magnolia (houpu)
Evodia (wuzhuyu)
Bupleurum (chaihu)
Asiasarum (xixin)
Zanthoxylum
Cardamom
Cnidium (chuangong)
Cndium (chuangong)
Angelica (danggui)
Angelica (danggui)
Glehnia
Atractylodes (bai zhu)
Luffa
Luffa
The results indicate that the extracts tested are capable of activating aromatase expression.
The region containing transcription control region for exon 1b of human aromatase gene and a part of the exon 1b was amplified by PCR from genomic DNA extracted from human normal keratinocyte by using the following primers:
The resulting PCR product was treated with restriction enzymes SpeI and EcoRI, and incorporated in SpeI site and EcoRI site in SeaPansy null Control Vector (Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd.) to produce Ex1b-luc plasmid. This plasmid was used in the luciferase assay as will be described below.
(i) Cells Used
Immortalized human hepatoma-derived cell (HepG2 cell)
(ii) Plasmid Used
About 1 kb of transcription control region for exon 1b of the aromatase gene was incorporated in the upstream of luciferase gene (Ex1b-luc).
(iii) Transfection into the Cell
HepG2 cell was inoculated to 96 well culture plate at 30,000 cells per well, and Ex1b-luc was introduced using lipofectamine reagent (Invitrogen) according to the protocol described in the attached manual. The DNA was used at an amount of 0.1 μg per well. The same procedure was repeated for control without adding the DNA (2 wells).
(iv) Luciferase Assay
The transfected cells were cultivated overnight, and plant extract prepared in Production Example 1, Table 2, or yeast extract (“YeastLiquid B”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), silk protein extract (“Silkgen G Soluble KE”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), milk protein (“Bioderma SX-14” Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), “lactoferrin S FREE”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), natto extract (“Soybean polymer F B-20”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.), or royal jelly (“royal jelly extract”, Ichimaru Pharcos Co Ltd.) was added (1% or 0.1%), and the cultivation was continued for another 20 hours. After adding 20 μL of alamarBlue (BIOSOURCE), fluorescence intensity (excitation light 544 nm, fluorescence 590 nm) was measured. Luciferase activity was also measured by using PicaGene Dual SeaPansy Luminescence kit (Nippon Gene). The cells were lysed by adding 25 μL per well of the lysis buffer that had been diluted 5× lysis buffer to 1× concentration.
The results are shown in Table 4, below.
Iris (iris root)
Iris (iris root)
Lamium album
Sophora (kushen)
Engelhardtia
Engelhardtia
Condurango
Asiasarum (xixin)
Asiasarum (xixin)
Dioscorea (shanyao)
Hamamelis
Angelica (baizhi)
Sinomenium (fangyi)
Sinomenium (fangyi)
Imperata
Saposhnikovia (fang feng)
Ephedra herb (mahuang)
The results indicate that the extracts tested are capable of activating aromatase expression.
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