Patent Application
20100125661
The invention relates to the field of communication networks and, particularly, to monitoring performance of an end-to-end connection.
In network traffic monitoring, measurement data is collected from traffic flows, and the measurement data is analyzed in order to get insight into the state of the networks and connections in the networks. Such traffic monitoring may be conducted in order to help performance management of the network, to track changes in topology and/or routing of traffic in the network and tracing security attacks.
Network traffic monitoring methods may be divided into active and passive methods. In an active method, artificial traffic is generated, and the flow of the artificial traffic is monitored in the network, while passive methods monitor traffic generated to the network by real applications. In other words, passive methods do not cause interference and additional traffic in the network.
Network traffic monitoring is typically carried out at a single point or node of the network or in a single network segment in order to determine the performance of the node or network segment under study. This gives, however, very limited information on the performance of an end-to-end connection of a given application, because the end-to-end connection is typically routed through a plurality of network segments. On the other hand, end-to-end performance of the connection may be determined, for example, by pinging. Pinging may be used to determine a round-trip-time of the end-to-end connection, but it does not provide any information on the performance of individual network segments through which the end-to-end connection is routed. Additionally, pinging is an active method, which is not related to any real application, and it gives only round-trip performance information, while for real-time applications, for example, it is expressly the one-way performance information which matters. Therefore, improvement in the network traffic monitoring schemes is needed.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method, apparatus, network, and computer program embodied on a computer-readable distribution medium to enable real-time multipoint passive measurement of application data packets and detection of bottlenecks in an application-specific end-to-end communication connection.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for passively monitoring network traffic. The method comprises transferring data packets between end-points of an application-specific end-to-end communication connection through a plurality of network segments. The method further comprises receiving, in a connection performance analysis apparatus, measurement data messages from a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes arranged in selected intermediate points in the plurality of network segments of the end-to-end communication connection and from at least one end node of the end-to-end communication connection, wherein a measurement data message comprises information related to a travel time of at least one data packet of the end-to-end communication connection in the traffic-monitoring node or the end node transmitting the respective measurement data message, and analyzing, in the connection performance analysis apparatus, the received measurement data messages in order to determine a bottleneck of the end-to-end communication connection.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a connection performance analysis apparatus comprising an interface configured to receive measurement data messages from a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes arranged in selected intermediate points in a plurality of network segments of an application-specific end-to-end communication connection and from at least one end node of the end-to-end communication connection, wherein a measurement data message comprises information related to a travel time of at least one data packet of the end-to-end communication connection to the traffic-monitoring node or to the end node transmitting the respective measurement data message. The apparatus further comprises a processing unit configured to analyze the received measurement data messages in order to determine a bottleneck of the end-to-end communication connection.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for passively monitoring network traffic, the system comprising a transmission end node of an application-specific end-to-end communication connection routed through a plurality of network segments, a reception end node configured to communicate with the transmission end node over the end-to-end communication connection, and a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes arranged in selected intermediate points in the plurality of network segments of the end-to-end communication connection, wherein each of the plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes is configured to acquire information related to a travel time of at least one received data packet of the end-to-end communication connection, to create a measurement data message comprising the information related to the travel time of at least one received data packet, and to transmit the measurement data message to a connection performance analysis apparatus. The system further comprises the connection performance analysis apparatus comprising an interface configured to receive the measurement data messages from the plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes and from at least one of the transmission end node and the reception end node, wherein a measurement data message comprises information related to the travel time of at least one data packet of the end-to-end communication connection to the traffic-monitoring node or to the end node transmitting the respective measurement data message, and a processing unit configured to analyze the received measurement data messages in order to determine a bottleneck of the end-to-end communication connection.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a connection performance analysis apparatus, comprising means for receiving measurement data messages from a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes arranged at selected intermediate points in a plurality of network segments of an application-specific end-to-end communication connection and from at least one end node of the end-to-end communication connection, wherein a measurement data message comprises information related to travel time of at least one data packet of the end-to-end communication connection to the traffic-monitoring node or to the end node transmitting the respective measurement data message, and means for analyzing, in the connection performance analysis apparatus, the received measurement data messages in order to determine a bottleneck of the end-to-end communication connection.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a traffic-monitoring apparatus arranged to be disposed in a network element along a path of at least one end-to-end communication connection, the apparatus comprising an interface configured to receive data packets transferred between a transmission end node and a reception end node of the at least one end-to-end communication connection, and a processing unit configured to time-stamp received data packets with at least one of a transmission time stamp and a reception time stamp, where the transmission time stamp indicates transmission timing of a data packet from the network node, and the reception time stamp indicates reception timing of the data packet in the network node, to create a measurement data message comprising information related to the time stamps, and to transmit the measurement data message to a connection performance analysis apparatus configured to monitor the performance of the end-to-end communication connection.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer program product embodied on a distribution medium readable by a computer and comprising program instructions which, when loaded into the computer, execute a computer process for analyzing properties of an application specific end-to-end communication connection comprising: receiving measurement data messages from a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes arranged at selected intermediate points in a plurality of network segments of the application-specific end-to-end communication connection and from at least one end node of the end-to-end communication connection, wherein a measurement data message comprises information related to a travel time of at least one data packet of the end-to-end communication connection to the traffic-monitoring node or to the end node transmitting the respective measurement data message. The process further comprises analyzing the received measurement data messages in order to determine a bottleneck of the end-to-end communication connection.
Embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.
Embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
The following embodiments are exemplary. Although the specification may refer to “an”, “one”, or “some” embodiment(s) in several locations, this does not necessarily mean that each such reference is to the same embodiment(s), or that the feature only applies to a single embodiment. Single features of different embodiments may also be combined to provide other embodiments.
An example of a network structure for an end-to-end communication connection between two units of user equipment (UE) 100, 120 is illustrated in
The UEs 100, 120 may be any type of communication devices provided with a capability to communicate with other communication devices over wired and/or wireless connections. The UEs 100, 120 may be personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDA), mobile phones, etc.
The behavior and performance of the network segments and properties of the end-to-end connection in different network segments is very unpredictable due to the dynamic nature of traffic in different network segments, different properties of radio environment in the radio access network, and different capabilities of individual components in the network chain, such as routers, gateways, and other network components but also the end devices (the UEs 100, 120). When considering a single end-to-end connection in a case where a full capacity, i.e. a full data rate, of the connection cannot be achieved, a single link, device, or network segment may very well cause a reduction in the data rate and, thereby, function as a bottleneck for the connection but also for other connections routed through the same bottleneck.
An object of the present invention is to detect bottlenecks in an end-to-end communication connection in order to improve the efficiency of the communication connection, network segments, and/or network chains. The object is achieved by providing a connection performance analysis apparatus configured to receive measurement data messages from a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes arranged at selected intermediate points in a plurality of network segments of an application-specific end-to-end communication connection between two UEs. Additionally, the connection performance analysis apparatus is configured to receive the measurement data messages from at least one end node of the end-to-end communication connection, i.e. from at least one of the UEs.
A measurement data message comprises information on a travel time of at least one data packet of the end-to-end communication connection in the traffic-monitoring node or the end node transmitting the respective measurement data message. The information on the travel time of the data packet may include reception time of the data packet in the respective node or the actual travel time of the data packet from a source UE to the respective node. An embodiment in which measurement data packets carry the actual travel time (or delay) values is described in more detail below. The connection performance analysis apparatus then analyzes the received measurement data messages in order to determine a bottleneck of the end-to-end communication connection.
The embodiments of the invention provide a solution for monitoring the performance of one or more end-to-end connections passively and in real-time. In other words, the embodiments constantly provide information on the performance of the connection(s) without affecting or modifying the connection(s) or data packets transferred in the connection(s).
Let us describe an embodiment of the invention in greater detail with reference to
According to the embodiment of the invention, a plurality of traffic-monitoring nodes 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 may be provided at a plurality of intermediate points along the route of the end-to-end communication connection. The locations of the traffic-monitoring nodes 200 to 208 are selected beforehand such that they may be used to determine the performance of desired entities such as a given network segment, individual link, or chain of links, or individual network component, e.g. a router. In order to determine the performance of a network segment, a traffic-monitoring node may be located in gateway nodes at both ends of the network segment under study with respect to the end-to-end communication connection. Referring to
The traffic-monitoring nodes 200 to 208 at the intermediate points of the end-to-end connection and the end nodes of the connection, that is the UEs 100, 120, are configured to monitor and analyze the network traffic passively. In other words, neither the UEs 100, 120 nor the traffic-monitoring nodes 200 to 208 create artificial traffic, e.g. test packets, but monitor application-specific data packet flows and gather traffic information from the data packets flowing through the corresponding node.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the traffic-monitoring nodes and the UEs 120 are synchronized with each other. The synchronization may be carried out according to any method known in the art considered to provide sufficiently accurate time synchronization for the implementation of the embodiment. The synchronization may be performed, for example, with the Global Positioning System (GPS) or with a Precision Time Protocol (PTP).
Let us now consider measurement of a one-way delay according to an embodiment of the invention. Let us consider a case where the first UE 100 is a transmission end node, i.e. a source of data packets, and the second UE is a reception end node, i.e. a drain of the data packets, and the connection from the first UE 100 to the second UE 120, i.e. the uplink of the first UE 100 and the downlink of the second UE 120, is under study. The traffic-monitoring nodes 202 to 208 and the UEs 100, 120 are synchronized with each other, as described above. When the first UE 100 is about to transmit a data packet to the second UE 120 through the network segments 110 to 116, the connection performance analysis apparatus time-stamps the data packet with a transmission time stamp before the actual transmission of the data packet from the first UE 100 in order to obtain a transmission time for the data packet. The time-stamping may be understood as a procedure for acquiring transmission (or reception) timing for the data packet. In other words, the time-stamping may be performed without adding any time stamp to the data packets. The connection performance analysis apparatus then stores the transmission time stamp. Then, the data packet is transmitted from the first UE 100 to the UMTS radio access network 110, wherein the fourth traffic-monitoring node 206 captures the data packet. The fourth traffic-monitoring node 206 may acquire source and destination addresses of the data packet, an identifier of the data packet, and a packet size from header information of the data packet and time-stamp the data packet with a reception time stamp in order to obtain a reception time of the data packet and store the reception time stamp. Then, the data packet is forwarded towards its destination, i.e. towards the second UE 120.
Then, the fourth traffic-monitoring node 206 creates a measurement data message having a format illustrated in
Next, the data packet is captured by the first traffic-monitoring node 200 which performs the same functions as the fourth traffic-monitoring node 206, i.e. time-stamps the received data packet with a reception time stamp, acquires the identifiers from the data packet, forwards the data packet to the UMTS core network 112, creates a measurement data message including the reception time stamp generated by the first traffic-monitoring node 202, and transmits the measurement data message to the first UE 100. The rest of the traffic-monitoring nodes 202, 204, and 208 carry out the same procedure upon reception of the data packet. Furthermore, the second UE 120 also carries out this procedure in order to generate the actual reception time at the other end of the connection and to transmit the measurement data message comprising a reception time stamp including the reception time at the second UE 120 to the first UE 100.
Accordingly, the connection performance analysis apparatus included in the first UE 100 receives the measurement data messages from the traffic-monitoring nodes 200 to 208 and from the second UE 120 and, then, analyzes the received measurement data messages. Since the received measurement data messages comprise information on the arrival time of the data packet at each intermediate point associated with a given traffic-monitoring node and at the other end node of the connection, the connection performance analysis apparatus is capable of determining the travel time of the data packet between any pair of traffic-monitoring nodes and end nodes. Let us remind that the connection performance analysis apparatus stored the transmission time stamp at the transmission of the data packet. Accordingly, the connection performance analysis apparatus is able to determine an end-to-end delay of the data packet from the first UE 100 to the second UE 120 but also delays caused by different network segments 110 to 116. When this procedure is repeated on a plurality of data packets, the connection performance analysis apparatus is also able to calculate throughput, delay jitter, and other properties of the connection. Additionally, the network traffic analysis may calculate the number and/or ratio of lost packets in the connection. The connection performance analysis apparatus has information (reception time stamps) on the received packets of the tracked stream from all the traffic monitoring nodes, and may thus calculate packet loss for any of the network segments in addition to the end-to-end packet loss, without any extra information exchange between the measurement points. The connection performance analysis apparatus may detect the loss of a data packet when no measurement data message for the data packet is received from one or more traffic monitoring nodes. The connection performance analysis apparatus may wait for the reception of the measurement data message for the data packet for a given period of time after determining the packet loss. If no measurement data message is received from an intermediate traffic monitoring node but is received from the reception end node, or from any intermediate node following the node from which the measurement data message was not received, the connection performance analysis apparatus may determine that the packet was not lost, because it has been received by a later node. A user of the connection performance analysis apparatus is then able to deduce the bottleneck(s) of the whole connection, e.g. network segments and/or devices that cause the longest delays or greatest packet losses in the connection.
As mentioned above, the connection performance analysis apparatus may be implemented in both end nodes of the end-to-end connection. In such a case, each connection performance analysis apparatus may monitor one connection direction. For example, both connection performance analysis apparatuses may monitor their uplink direction such that a first connection performance analysis apparatus monitors a communication direction towards a second connection performance analysis apparatus, and the second connection performance analysis apparatus monitors a communication direction towards the first connection performance analysis apparatus. In this case, the operation of both connection performance analysis apparatuses may be as described above with reference to
The network structure between the end nodes 100, 120 of the communication connection may also include a private network such as one formed by a private router or a WLAN access point dedicated to serve only a limited number of users. Such a private network element may also comprise a traffic monitoring node which enables the connection performance analysis apparatus to determine whether or not the private network of the user is the bottleneck. If this is the case, modifications to the other (public) parts of the connection may be found unnecessary, and no resources are wasted to improve the performance of the network segments which do not constitute the bottleneck.
The connection performance analysis apparatus may naturally monitor the performance of a plurality of end-to-end connections simultaneously. The end-to-end connections may be formed between the same end nodes, or the end-to-end connections may be formed between the end node comprising the connection performance analysis apparatus and multiple different end nodes.
The above description focuses on describing the performance monitoring related to the uplink of the first UE 100. The downlink of the first UE 100 may be monitored by monitoring data packets transmitted by the second UE 120. Accordingly, the second UE 120 may be configured to time-stamp a data packet to be transmitted with a transmission time stamp and then transmit the data packet to the first UE over the end-to-end connection. Then, the second UE 120 may construct the measurement data message comprising the transmission time stamp and transmit the measurement data message to the first UE 100 including the connection performance analysis apparatus. The operation of the traffic-monitoring nodes 200 to 208 is similar to that described above, i.e. they acquire reception time stamps for the data packet received from the direction of the second UE 120 and transmit the reception time stamps to the first UE 100. The first UE 100 also time-stamps the received data packets with reception time stamps of the received data packets and provides the connection performance analysis apparatus with the reception time stamps. Then, the connection performance analysis apparatus may analyze the received measurement data messages and time stamps and determine properties of the downlink of the first UE 100.
Let us consider the uplink of the first UE 100 as described above. An application executed in the first UE 100 needs to transmit data to the second UE and, as a consequence, generates data in an application layer. Then, the generated data is processed in a transport layer and network layer according to a method known in the art according to the connection type of the end-to-end connection between the UEs 100, 120. In a data link layer of the first UE 100, a data packet to be transmitted to the second UE 120 and comprising data generated by the application is captured and time-stamped with a transmission time stamp. Then, the transmission time stamp is stored in a memory unit of the first UE 100 and the data packet is transmitted to the second UE 120 through a physical layer of the first UE 100 towards the second UE 120. The data packet is first transferred through a first network 500, which in this example comprises the UMTS radio access network 110 and the UMTS core network 112. Then, the data packet is received by the gateway node 500 which receives the data packet in the physical layer, and it may process the received data packet in the data link, network, and transport layers in order to determine routing parameters for the data packet. The traffic-monitoring node 202 may be configured to capture the data packet on the data link layer when the data packet is received from the physical layer and to time-stamp the received data packet with the reception time stamp. Then, the data packet is forwarded to the network layer.
Additionally, the traffic-monitoring node 202 may be configured to capture the data packet again before transmission of the data packet from the gateway. When the data packet is received in the data link layer from the network layer, the traffic-monitoring node 202 may again capture the data packet and time-stamp the data packet with a transmission time stamp to obtain a transmission time for the data packet. Then, the data packet may be conveyed to the physical layer and transmitted from the gateway node 506 to a second network 502. The traffic-monitoring node 202 may be configured to create the measurement data message comprising the reception and transmission time stamps and the identifier of the data packet and to transmit the measurement data message to the first UE 100. Accordingly, the measurement data message may be arranged to comprise both reception and transmission time stamps, or the reception time stamp and the transmission time stamp may be transmitted in separate measurement data messages. In the latter case, the measurement data message may comprise a time stamp indicator indicating the type of the time stamp, i.e. whether the time stamp included in the message is a reception time stamp or a transmission time stamp. The format of the measurement data message illustrated in
When the traffic-monitoring node 202 time-stamps a data packet with both reception and transmission time stamps, the connection performance analysis apparatus is capable of calculating a delay caused by the gateway node 506. Together with the transmission and reception time stamps acquired from the nodes 100, 120, it is possible to determine whether the gateway node itself is the bottleneck of the end-to-end connection, thereby further improving the resolution of the procedure for determining the performance of the end-to-end communication connection.
In this example, the second network 502 comprises the Internet 114 and the DSL access network 116, through which the data packet is routed to the second UE 120. In the second UE 120, the received data packet is first processed in the physical layer from which it is conveyed to the data link layer. In the data link layer, the received data packet is captured and time-stamped with a reception time stamp. Then, the data packet is forwarded to the application layer of the second UE 120 through the network and transport layers. The second UE 120 also creates the measurement data message comprising the reception time stamp of the data packet and the identifier of the data packet. The measurement data message may be transmitted to the first UE 100 through the transport, network, data link, and physical layers of the second UE 120.
In a similar manner, when a data packet is transmitted from the application layer of the second UE 120 to the application layer of the first UE 100, the data packet is conveyed through the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers of the second UE 120, wherein the second UE 120 is configured to capture the data packet in the data link layer and to time-stamp the data packet with a transmission time stamp. Then, the data packet is transferred to the gateway node 506 through the second network 502. The second UE 120 also creates the measurement data message comprising the transmission time stamp and the identifier of the data packet and transmits the measurement data message to the first UE 100.
The operation of the gateway node 506 is similar to that described above. In other words, the traffic-monitoring node 202 comprised in the gateway node 506 receives the data packet originating from the second UE 120 through the second network 502, captures the data packet on the data link layer, and time-stamps the data packet with a reception time stamp. Then, the data packet is forwarded to the network and transport layers and again transmitted towards the first UE 100. In transmission, the data packet may again be captured in the data link layer and time-stamped with a transmission time stamp, as described above. Then, the traffic-monitoring node 202 may create the measurement data message comprising the transmission and/or reception time stamp and transmit the measurement data message to the first UE.
The first UE 100 receives the data packet and captures it on the data link layer in order to time-stamp the data packet with the reception time stamp to enable the connection performance analysis apparatus to determine the delays and other properties of the two-way connection.
The traffic-monitoring nodes may be implemented by software modules at selected intermediate points of the end-to-end connection and in the end nodes of the connection. The traffic-monitoring nodes may be configured to transmit the measurement data messages to a predetermined (IP) address. The traffic-monitoring node may be implemented even in a regular home computer of a conventional user. The connection performance analysis apparatus may be implemented in one end of the end-to-end connection, as described above, at any intermediate point of the connection, or in any other location from which it is capable of establishing a communication connection to the end nodes of the end-to-end connection and to the traffic-monitoring nodes at the intermediate points of the connection. In the latter cases, the connection performance analysis apparatus may configure both end nodes to time-stamp transmission data packets with transmission time stamps and to transmit the transmission time stamps to the connection performance analysis apparatus. The reception time stamps are naturally also transmitted to the connection performance analysis apparatus. The traffic-monitoring nodes are configured to analyze only header information of the data packet, i.e. there is no need to process the actual payload application data. This is preferable for security reasons.
In an alternative embodiment, each traffic-monitoring node is provided with information on the transmission time of each data packet, and the traffic-monitoring nodes calculate delays on the basis of received transmission times and reception time stamps acquired for received data packets. Accordingly, the traffic-monitoring nodes need the transmission time of the data packet. The transmitting end node transmitting a data packet may send the transmission time stamp to the traffic-monitoring nodes in a message having a suitable format. The message may have a format similar to that illustrated in
Referring to
The identifier of the data packet may also be omitted in this embodiment, i.e. the traffic-monitoring nodes may transmit to the connection performance analysis apparatus only the calculated delay values, and the connection performance analysis apparatus may calculate delays in different network segments and in the whole end-to-end connection from the delay values. This provides limited information on the performance of the connection, but it generates only marginal network traffic due to the reduced amount of transmitted measurement information. In order to provide more detailed information for the calculation of packet losses, for example, the traffic-monitoring nodes may be configured to send the delay values together with association to a corresponding data packet. A switch between these operational modes may be carried out on the fly with a command sent from the connection performance analysis apparatus to the traffic-monitoring nodes. In an exemplary scenario, an operator may first monitor connections in the limited mode which provides information on the delays in segments of the connection. Upon detection of increased delays or other undesired phenomena in the connection, the operator may switch to the detailed mode and, as a consequence, the operator gets more detailed information on the performance in the segments of the connection.
Next, let us consider a process for processing a data packet to be transmitted in a transmitting end node of an application-specific end-to-end communication connection with reference to
In block 608, a measurement data message is created, and the measurement data message is arranged to comprise the transmission time stamp(s) acquired in block 604 and an identifier(s) of the data packet(s). The identifier may be an IP sequence number, and RTP identifier, or any other identifier of the data packet depending on the connection type of the end-to-end connection. In block 610, the measurement data message is transmitted to the connection performance analysis apparatus connected to the same structure of networks as the end node, i.e. the end node is capable of communicating with the connection performance analysis apparatus. As described above, also messages carrying the transmission time stamps may be grouped together and transmitted as a bundle. Therefore, steps 602 and 604 may be repeated until a sufficient number of messages has been accumulated or a determined time interval has elapsed. Blocks 608 and 610 are optional, because if the connection performance analysis apparatus is included in the transmitting end node, blocks 608 and 610 may be omitted.
Next, a process for monitoring network traffic in the traffic-monitoring node according to an embodiment of the invention is described with reference to a flow diagram of
In block 706, the traffic-monitoring node creates a measurement data message comprising transmission time stamps and/or reception time stamps acquired for a group of data packets in block 704, the identifier(s) of the data packet(s), and header information necessary for transmitting the measurement data message over a network structure to the connection performance analysis apparatus connected to the network structure. The traffic-monitoring node transmits the measurement data message to the connection performance analysis apparatus in block 708.
The traffic-monitoring node may be configured beforehand to limit the monitoring to selected end-to-end connections to reduce the amount of processing and transfer of measurement data messages in the network and in the connection performance analysis apparatus. It may not be feasible for the traffic-monitoring node to monitor and time-stamp every data packet of every connection routed through a network element including the traffic-monitoring node. Monitoring a single or a few selected connections typically provides sufficient information on the properties of the connections and the performance of network segments and individual components in the network segments.
Next, let us consider a process for analyzing received network traffic measurement data messages in the connection performance analysis apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention with reference to
In block 804, the information on the transmission and/or reception times, e.g. time stamps or direct delay values, and identifiers of the data packets are extracted from the received measurement data messages. In block 806, the properties of the end-to-end connection are analyzed from the extracted time stamps and packet identifiers. Such analyzed properties may include at least one of the following: delay, delay jitter, round-trip delay, packet loss, connection break length, offered load, and throughput. All of these metrics may be calculated between any of the traffic monitoring points (including the end nodes) in the analyzed network path. These properties may then be displayed to the user of the connection performance analysis apparatus through a user interface, or the connection performance analysis apparatus may compare the properties to expected or allowed properties of the connection in order to identify a bottleneck of the connection. The process ends in block 808.
As mentioned above, the processes or methods described in
The present invention is applicable to telecommunication networks defined above but also to other suitable telecommunication networks. The networks may include network segments having a fixed infrastructure providing wired connections between elements of the network segment, network segments providing purely wireless connections, and network segments providing both wired and wireless connections.
It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are not limited to the examples described above but may vary within the scope of the claims.
