Arsenic removal from aqueous media using chemically treated zeolite materials

Abstract

Systems and methods are provided for the removal and disposal of arsenic from an aqueous medium. The systems and methods include the removal of arsenic from a source by contact with either a chemically treated natural or synthetic zeolite, for example a ferric-loaded zeolite. The spent zeolite is disposed of at an appropriate arsenic disposal site. A system for monitoring and maintaining an arsenic removal/disposal system by an off-site provider is also disclosed.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention generally relates to the removal of arsenic from aqueous media. More specifically, the invention provides systems and methods for cost effectively removing arsenic from water as it is treated in a water treatment facility, and in particular, to systems and methods for the removal and disposal of arsenic from drinking water by contacting the water with chemically treated zeolite materials before or after the water has been purified in a water treatment facility.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Cities and towns throughout the world depend on having clean potable water supplies. The dependence on clean water has increased as the population of the world has increased, especially as industrial use of rivers and lakes have become commonplace.

[0004] The explosion of world population, and corresponding increase in fresh water use, has, therefore, resulted in a need to maximize water usage. However, the ability to maximize fresh water use has been limited by, (1) increased pollution of the fresh water supplies due to higher industrial output throughout the world (a direct result of the increased population); and (2) increased knowledge and standards for what constitutes clean water, acceptable for use in farming, industry, and consumption. As a result, there is a current need to increase the efficiency in the use of water, i.e., conserve existing clean water supplies, increase the current capabilities used to remove pollutants from water supplies, and increase the effectiveness of existing and new technologies to effectively treat and reach new standards in water quality.

[0005] In this light, arsenic, a soluble element that occurs naturally, has become of concern to the water supplies of many population centers throughout the world, and in particular, portions of the world where the element is found in high concentrations, e.g., Bangladesh, Northern Chile, etc. Of particular importance to these areas of high arsenic concentration, and to other lower arsenic concentration areas as well, is the fact that arsenic has been found to be a toxin and carcinogen and accumulates within tissues over a period of time.

[0006] The drinking water standard for arsenic, set in the 1940's, was originally 50 parts per billion (ppb). Over the last several decades, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and academia have been studying the potential health effects of arsenic intake, and in particular have focused on the health effects of arsenic in and around the EPA set level of 50 ppb. For example, at arsenic levels of around 100 ppb there appear to be potential serious health effects on humans, such as increased potential of certain cancers and a weakened immune system. However, at arsenic levels closer to 50 ppb and lower, the studies show conflicting results as to arsenic's effects on health, suggesting that additional studies are needed to clarify what level of arsenic is appropriate for long term consumption in drinking water.

[0007] In the 1990's the EPA recommended that the arsenic limit in drinking water be lowered to 10 ppb. No action was taken on the EPA's proposal until days before the Clinton administration was scheduled to leave office, at which time President Clinton approved of arsenic levels being lowered from 50 ppb to 10 ppb. In addition, wide spread support for further lowering the standard to 5 ppb arsenic has gained acceptance within a number of environmental groups. There are a significant number of drinking water facilities that would violate an arsenic standard lower than the 50 ppb standard. In particular, over 3,500 drinking water facilities in at least 24 states would violate a 5 ppb arsenic standard, illustrating the need for utilizing some type of arsenic removal system in at least these facilities.

[0008] Currently, commercial scale removal of arsenic is accomplished using granulated ferric oxide and activated alumina, or to a lesser extent, by using ferric hydroxide. Although theoretically effective at arsenic removal, these techniques are costly, tending to run in the range of $1,200/ton for the activated alumina or for the ferric hydroxide, thereby making their use less attractive. Additionally, granular ferric hydroxide has proven to be friable, adding to the cost of using the compound, and activated alumina has proven to have a higher affinity for fluorine than arsenic, making high fluorine water sources unacceptable targets for the activated alumina technique. As such, there is a need in the industry for providing an arsenic removal system that overcomes these current deficiencies in arsenic removal, and has the ability to sufficiently treat water supplies and reach the proposed MCL for arsenic, whether it be 10 ppb or 5 ppb. Ideally these new arsenic removal techniques are cost effective and useful in high fluorine containing water supplies. Against this backdrop the present invention has been developed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention provides systems and methods for the removal of arsenic from an aqueous medium using the exchange properties of chemically treated zeolite materials. The chemically treated zeolites of the present invention absorb arsenic at levels sufficient to comply with the current MCL for drinking water, as promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Spent zeolites are replaced and disposed of at arsenic approved landfills. Preferably, the chemically treated zeolites have ferric iron absorbed at a sufficient level to provide a high arsenic capacity zeolite material for use in removing arsenic from water sources throughout the United States and world.

[0010] The present invention also provides a system for operating an arsenic removal facility, in accordance with the present invention, from an off-site location. The system includes providing a pre-determined amount of chemically treated zeolite for removal of arsenic from the target water source, monitoring the feed and discharge of the target water source for arsenic levels, modifying the capacity of the chemically treated zeolite to remove arsenic from the feed by replacing an amount of spent chemically treated zeolite with fresh chemically treated zeolite when appropriate amounts of bed volumes, time or discharge readings have been attained, and disposing of the spent zeolite in an arsenic approved landfill. Typically, the operating of the arsenic removal facility is performed at a water treatment facility.

[0011] These and various other features as well as advantages which characterize the invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for removing arsenic from an aqueous media in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for removing arsenic from an aqueous media in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic for removing arsenic from an aqueous media in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0015] FIGS. 4A and B illustrate schematic for removing arsenic from an aqueous media in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic for removing arsenic from an aqueous media in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 6 is a tabular and graphical representation of ferric iron loading on zeolite in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] FIGS. 7A-C are tabular (7A & 7B) and graphical (7C) representations of the feed and discharge arsenic levels in a water source as the water source is circulated over the chemically treated zeolite of the present invention for a number of bed volumes.

[0019] FIGS. 8A & 8B illustrate arsenate removal from an aqueous medium in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention

[0020] FIGS. 9A & 9B illustrate pilot study data for removal of arsenic from aqueous medium in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] Definitions

[0022] The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0023] “Aqueous medium” refers to water or any liquid made from, with, or by water.

[0024] “Feed” refers to an aqueous medium before treatment with the systems and methods of the present invention, for example, a flowing water source before it enters a water treatment facility.

[0025] “Arsenic” or “As” refers to, in general, a nonmetallic element of atomic number 33, having valences of 2, 3, and 5. Arsenic is a known carcinogen and mutagen. For purposes of the present invention, the term arsenic includes arsenate (AsO4) and arsenite (AsO3).

[0026] “Maximum Contaminant Level” is the highest level of contamination that is allowed in drinking water in the United States, taking into account best treatment technology and cost. These standards are typically enforceable. Note that Maximum Contaminant Level standards are envisioned to encompass or correspond to the same approximate standards in countries outside the United States, and in may cases are enforceable in those countries. The MCL for arsenic in the United States is 10 ppb.

[0027] “Zeolite” refers to a natural and/or synthetic zeolite. Natural zeolites are hydrated silicates of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both, for example clinoptilolite and chabazite. Synthetic zeolites are made by a number of well known processes, for example gel or clay processes, which form a matrix to which the zeolite is added. Example synthetic zeolites include Linde® AW-30 and Zeolon® 900.

[0028] “Approved landfill” refers to any governmentally approved arsenic waste handling facility.

[0029] “arsenic measuring device” refers to any detection device having the capacity to detect the level of arsenic in an aqueous medium, for example, Inductively Coupled Plasma spectroscopy (ICP).

[0030] “bed volume” for a particular housing member refers to the volume of chemically treated zeolite in the housing member. The term bed volume, for purposes of the present invention, also refers to the retention volume and/or specific retention volume. Note that bed volume has units of liters, cubic meters, or cubic feet.

[0031] “Remove” refers to the detectable decrease of a target material, for example arsenic, from a source, for example ground water. Typically removal of arsenic from an aqueous source is at least 50%, preferably at least 75% and most preferably at least 90%, from the original levels in the zeolite treated source.

[0032] “Absorb” and “adsorb” refer to the same basic principle of one substance being retained by another substance. The processes can include attraction of one substance to the surface of another substance or the penetration of one substance into the inner structure of another substance. The present invention contemplates that chemically treated zeolite can either absorb and/or adsorb arsenic out of an aqueous medium and that for purposes of the present invention, that the two principles be interchangeable. Other terms used to describe this interaction include binding or trapping, each of which contemplate absorption and/or adsorption.

[0033] Generation of Chemically Treated Zeolites

[0034] In preferred embodiments of the present invention, a chemically treated zeolite is provided for removal of arsenic from an aqueous medium.

[0035] Zeolites:

[0036] Compositionally, zeolites are similar to clay minerals, where zeolites are natural hydrated silicates of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both. Unlike clays, which have a layered crystalline structure (similar to a deck of cards that is subject to shrinking and swelling as water is absorbed), zeolites have a rigid three-dimensional crystalline structure. Zeolites' rigid honeycomb-like crystalline structure consists of a network of interconnected tunnels and cages, thereby forming a series of substantially uniformly sized pores. Aqueous media moves freely in and out of the pores formed by the crystalline structure, making zeolite an excellent sieving or filtration type material, as well as providing a large surface area for binding target ions. Zeolite is host to water molecules and ions or potassium, sodium, and calcium, as well as a variety of other positively charged ions, but only those of appropriate molecular size fit into the pores, creating the “sieving” property.

[0037] There are approximately fifty different types of natural zeolites, including clinoptilolite, chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, analcite, heulandite, stilbite, thomosonite, brewsterite, wellsite, harmotome, leonhardite, eschellite, erionite, epidesmine, and the like. Differences between the different zeolites include particle density, cation selectivity, molecular pore size, and cation affinity. For example, clinoptilolite, the most common natural zeolite, has 16% more void volume and pores as much as 0.2 nm larger than analcime, another common zeolite.

[0038] Zeolites having particle sizes from 10×60 mesh, and preferably 20×40 mesh are useful in the present invention, although slightly larger and smaller sized zeolite can be used, just less effectively. Zeolite fines are typically removed before use in the present invention to prevent plugging in the tanks of the present invention (see below). Preferable natural zeolites for use in the present invention include clinoptilolite.

[0039] Tables 1 and 2 provide a list of companies that presently produce zeolite minerals in either the United States or Canada. Table 1 provides a chemical analysis of the zeolite materials by company, and Table 2 provides the physical properties of the corresponding zeolite materials for each company. These Tables are provided as illustrative of the types of zeolite material that can be purchased for large scale use in the preparation of chemically treated zeolite.

TABLE 1
Chemical Analysis (Expressed in Weight %)
Company	Location	Na2O	K2O	CaO	MgO	SiO2	Al2O3	TiO2	Fe2O3
Addwest	WY	4.7	1.9	1.6	0.65	74.0	14.0	0.1	2.1
Minerals
American	NV/CA	3.5	3.8	0.7	0.4	69.1	11.9	—	0.74
Research
Am.	OR	0.8	3.8	0.7	0.4	69.1	11.9	0.2	0.7
Absorbents
Stellhead	CA/NM/OR	0.8	3.8	0.7	0.4	69.1	11.9	0.2	0.4
Res.
Teague	OR	0.9	4.7	1.4	0.3	64.1	11.8	0.3	2.58
Minerals
Zeotech	TX	0.6	1.7	2.4	0.7	68.4	12.1	NK	NK
St. Cloud	NM	0.9	3.3	3.3	1.0	64.7	12.6	0.2	1.8
Mining
W-Way	Canada	2.5	2.7	3.4	1.3	65.8	14.3	0.3	2.6
Zeolites
Highwood	Canada	2.78	2.79	3.78	0.95	64.5	13.7	0.27	2.19
Res
C2C	Canada	1.35	1.57	2.51	1.55	66.8	11.2	0.6	5.2
Mining
Mining

[0040]

TABLE 2
Physical Properties
	Ionic
	Exch
	Capacity	H2O %	Free				Pore
Company	(meq/g)	Adsorp	Silica (%)	SG	Color	pH	Diam. (Å)	Hard
Addwest	2.00	14.0	2.00	1.5	pale		4.4	3.7
Minerals					blue
American	1.85	12.3	NK	NK			4.0	5.1
Research
Am.	1.4		1.50	2.3	white	8.0	4.0	3.8
Absorbents
Stellhead	1.30		0.09	1.6	white	8.0	4.0	5.1
Res.
Teague	1.77		low	2.2	off		not	not
Minerals					white		provided	pro-
								vided
Zeotech
St. Cloud	1.60		0.01<	2.3	white	8.0	4.0	3.8
Mining
W-Way	1.00	25.0	NK	2.4	off	8.1	6.5	NK
Zeolites					white/
					pale green
Highwood	1.00		10.0	2.0		7.0
Res
C2C	NK	NK	5.00	2.3	brown	5.0?	NK	NK
Mining

[0041] It is also envisioned that synthetic zeolites can be used in accordance with the present invention. Synthetic zeolites are made by well known processes, such as a gel process (sodium silicate and alumina) or clay process (kaolin), which form a matrix to which the zeolite is added. Preferable synthetic zeolites include Linde®AW-30, Linde®AW-500, Linde®4-A and Zeolon®900.

[0042] It is envisioned that the systems and methods of the present invention can utilize either natural, synthetic or a mixture of natural and synthetic zeolite in the preparation of the chemically treated zeolite.

[0043] Chemically Treated Zeolites:

[0044] The zeolites used in the present invention include any zeolite having a capacity for loading ferric ions, and other similarly reactive metal ions, to a sufficient capacity for use in the removal of arsenic from an aqueous medium. The chemically treated zeolites of the present invention act both as molecular sieves and as affinity exchange medium for the removal of arsenic from an aqueous medium.

[0045] In general, the chemically treated zeolites of the present invention are prepared using the following process: the fines and clays are removed from the zeolite material, typically by decanting or using commercial scrubbing and sizing devices such as trommels, classifiers, and vibrating screens. To illustrate the remainder of the process a ferric-loaded zeolite is described, although other chemically treated zeolites are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention. A ferric containing solution is added to the zeolite, for example ferric sulfate, to provide from about 0.5 to 4 meq of ferric iron per gram of zeolite. The ferric iron is allowed to contact/circulate over the zeolite for a pre-set amount of time or bed volumes. The pH of the reaction is controlled to minimize precipitation of the various iron containing materials, preferable pH conditions are from about 2.0 to 2.5, although a pH of slightly above or below this range is envisioned to be within the scope of the present invention.

[0046] Once the zeolite is loaded with ferric ions, the chemically treated zeolite is slowly rinsed and neutralized to remove the unbound ions and to raise the pH of the column to a range of from 4.0 to 5.5. The pH change must occur slowly with regard to the zeolite to avoid precipitation of the iron out of solution. A number of different hydroxides are useful in raising the pH, for example sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0047] The column can then be drained, dewatered, and low-temperature dried. Although ferric ions are preferable for loading onto the zeolites of the present invention, other like metallic ions can be substituted. The chemically treated zeolite materials for use in the present invention include: ferric-loaded zeolite, ferric hydroxide-loaded zeolite, aluminum-loaded zeolite, barium-loaded zeolite, zinc-loaded zeolite and copper-loaded zeolite. Further, it is recognized that each of the different chemically treated zeolites has a different affinity for various forms of arsenic. For example, the ferric-loaded zeolite is highly effective in absorbing arsenic in the form of arsenate, but less effective at absorbing arsenite, and, in contrast, aluminum-loaded zeolites are more effective at absorbing arsenic in the form of arsenite.

[0048] Table 1 illustrate examples for the preparation of ferric-loaded and aluminum loaded zeolite.

TABLE 1
Preparation Of Ferric-Loaded And Aluminum Loaded Zeolite
	Purpose:	Wash, screen, and metal-load zeolite for use in
	tests	arsenic removal
	Procedure:	Pulp 500 grams zeolite in hot water for 30 minutes.
		Settle, decant
		Repulp in hot water for 5 minutes
		Settle, decant
		Screen on 35 or 40 mesh screen to remove fines.
		Low-temperature (50° C.) oven dry
		When dry, rescreen on 35-40 mesh screen.
	Ferric form zeolite:
	Take 200 grams of dry, sieved zeolite
	Contact overnight with 37.6 grams Fe2(SO4)3.xH20
	404.0 meq Fe in 2000 ml water.
	Sieved solutions to recover zeolite and rinse
	zeolite with water.
	Measure solution/wash volume	2180 ml
	Measure solution final pH	2.05
	Submit for iron analysis	WRT-5-22-1
	Air dry zeolite	WRT-5-22-2
	Aluminum form zeolite:
	Take 200 grams of dry, sieved zeolite
	Contact overnight with 44.4 grams A12(SO4)3.18H2O
	400.0 meq Al in 2000 ml water.
	Sieved solutions to recover zeolite and rinse
	zeolite with water.
	Measure solution/wash volume	2200 ml
	Measure solution final pH	2.30
	Submit for aluminum analysis	WRT-5-22-3
	Air dry zeolite	WRT-5-22-4
		meq residual
Analyses	Al	Fe	Ca	Na	Al	Fe
FeZ		1755	125	905		206
AlZ	1355		26	595	331
	Loading on zeolite, Meq/g	Fe	Al	Ca	Na
	Iron	0.99		0.034	0.429
	Aluminum		0.34	0.014	0.285

[0049] In general, the chemically treated zeolites are preferably prepared by processes that keep more of the surface area of the zeolite material open for absorption. Processes, such as precipitation of the ions onto the zeolite, are less desirable for chemically treating zeolite as the precipitated ions may seal the zeolite pores, thereby decreasing the surface area to absorb arsenic. As such, pH values above the metallic ions precipitation value, during the production of chemically treated zeolites, are avoided.

[0050] Note that various combinations of chemically treated zeolites can be utilized in one or more housing members to maximize the capacity of the chemically treated zeolite for removal of all species of arsenic from the aqueous medium. For example, one housing member may be loaded with a mixture of ferric-loaded zeolite and aluminum-loaded zeolite, or an aqueous medium could be run through a first housing member charged with a ferric-loaded zeolite and then through a second housing member charged with a aluminum-loaded zeolite. The combinations of loaded-zeolites can be selected depending on the characteristics of the particular aqueous medium and the species of arsenic contained therein. The proportions of the various loaded-zeolites can also be varied accordingly. This provides broad latitude to custom design arsenic removal systems and methods for a variety of aqueous medium.

[0051] Arsenic Removal From Aqueous Medium Using Chemically Treated Zeolite

[0052] The present invention relates to systems and methods for extracting arsenic present in an aqueous medium at a first level to arsenic present in an aqueous medium at a second, third, etc, level. For purposes of the present invention, a “first level” of arsenic is preferably a concentration within an aqueous medium that exceeds the acceptable discharge limits, or Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL), set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) measured in parts per billion (ppb), i.e., 10 ppb. Note that for purposes of the present invention, MCL is envisioned to incorporate or corresponds to the regulatory arsenic limits set by other countries besides the United States, and EPA is envisioned to represent not only the regulatory authority of the United States, but to represent regulatory authorities in other countries besides the United States.

[0053] A “second level” of arsenic is a concentration within an aqueous medium lower than the “first level.” Preferably the second level is a concentration within an aqueous medium lower than the MCL. A “third level” of arsenic is a concentration within an aqueous medium lower than the second level. Preferably, this third level is a concentration lower than the MCL. As such, the first level is higher than the second level, which is higher than the third level. It is also envisioned that additional levels exist below the third level, each of which has an incrementally smaller amount of arsenic in the aqueous medium and each of which is the result of contact with an additional amount of chemically treated zeolite.

[0054] The arsenic removal systems and methods of the present invention are designed to be incorporated into conventional water treatment systems, and preferably are designed to be incorporated into these systems as stand-alone units. Typically, the incorporation of the systems and methods of the present invention do not require that the existing system be re-designed, but rather, that the arsenic removal systems and methods be adapted to function before, during or after the more conventional water treatment. Preferably, embodiments of the arsenic removal systems and methods of the present invention are added to existing water treatment facilities as a first treatment step. Preferably, embodiments of the present invention remove an amount of arsenic from a water source to meet the MCL for arsenic in the United States, i.e., below 10 ppb.

[0055] The systems and methods of the present invention are adapted for use with existing water treatment plants as a “turn-key” or “bolt-on” process to remove arsenic from aqueous media. These facilities can be used to improve the quality of aqueous media in a number of applications, including drinking water, waste water, agricultural water and ground water. In the same manner, the systems and methods of the present invention can be incorporated into new water treatment plant designs, again as “turn-key” or “bolt-on” process to the conventional water treatment facility, or integrated into the facility as designed by one of skill in the art.

[0056] The reactions believed to take place in both the loading of the zeolite, for example with ferric ions, and the subsequent absorption of arsenic in the form of arsenate, from an aqueous medium are illustrated as follows:

Na+Zeol+Fe3+→Fe3+Zeol+3Na+

Fe3+Zeol+AlO43−→(Fe3+AsO4)Zeol

[0057] Of particular interest in this case is the fact that the resulting spent zeolite ((Fe3+AsO4)Zeol) is insoluble. The insoluble spent zeolite passes the EPA's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), allowing the spent zeolites to be disposed of at arsenic approved landfills or other like waste disposal facilities.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 1, a flow diagram of a method 100 for the removal of arsenic from aqueous media is shown. In step 102, the level of arsenic is measured in the aqueous media feed to determine a first level of arsenic. In step 104, an optional determination can be made as to whether the feed has sufficient arsenic content to require removal of some or all of the arsenic from the aqueous media. In cases where the feed has an arsenic content below a target threshold of arsenic, the medium is passed directly to the conventional water treatment facility. In cases where the feed requires the removal of arsenic, the feed is directed to treatment as shown by step 106. In step 106, the aqueous media is placed in contact with a sufficient amount of chemically treated zeolite for a sufficient amount of time to remove an amount of arsenic so that the aqueous media has a second level of arsenic. This step can be repeated so that the aqueous medium having a second level of arsenic is contacted with a second amount of chemically treated zeolite to remove an amount of arsenic, thereby leaving the aqueous media with a third level of arsenic. In each case the third level of arsenic is lower than the second level of arsenic which is lower than the first level of arsenic.

[0059] In step 108, the treated aqueous media is discharged from the chemically treated zeolite and the level of arsenic is measured, this is the discharge level of arsenic in the aqueous media. In step 110, a potential period of time, number of bed volumes, or other measuring process is used to determine the capacity of the chemically treated zeolite under the conditions of the arsenic removal process. In step 112, a determination is made in light of step 110 as to whether the chemically treated zeolite is sufficiently laden with arsenic to require replacement of the spent zeolite with fresh chemically treated zeolite. The spent zeolite is disposed of at the appropriate licensed arsenic approved landfill. In preferred aspects of the methods of the present invention, the spent zeolite is replace before the arsenic capacity of the chemically treated zeolite is reached.

[0060] Referring to FIG. 2, a flow diagram of another method 200 for the removal of arsenic from aqueous media is shown (note that steps 202, 204 and 206 are interchangeable in relation to each other). In step 202, the level of arsenic is measured in the aqueous media feed to determine a first level of arsenic. In steps 204 and 206, a determination is made as to the aqueous media flow and/or total volume of aqueous media to be treated by the chemically treated zeolite of the present invention, as well as a determination as to the amount and capacity of chemically treated zeolite required to treat the aqueous media to reach a pre-determined discharge level of arsenic. In preferred embodiments, the determination steps 204 and 206 are made so that the second or third or discharge level of arsenic is slightly below a threshold value, for example the MCL for arsenic in drinking water. Note that these steps include a determination of whether to bypass the chemically treated zeolite contact step (step 208) with a portion of the aqueous media at the first level of arsenic. This allows for a mixing of a portion of aqueous media at a first level of arsenic with treated aqueous media having an arsenic content at a second level, providing the discharge level of arsenic. In step 208, the determined flow of aqueous media is placed in contact with the determined amount of chemically treated zeolite for a sufficient amount of time, and within a pre-specified range of pH, to remove a predetermined amount of arsenic, preferably so that the arsenic is present in the discharge at levels below a target threshold, for example the MCL for arsenic in the United States. In step 210, the discharge level of arsenic in the aqueous media is measured and is preferably compared to the first and second levels of arsenic in the aqueous media.

[0061] In step 212, a portion of the spent zeolite is bled away from the aqueous media and replaced with an equal amount of fresh chemically treated zeolite. In step 214, the spent zeolite is disposed of in an arsenic approved landfill. In some cases, where the spent zeolite has an appropriate capacity for arsenic remaining, the zeolite can be reused in the treatment of aqueous media, and is added to the chemically treated zeolite in step 212, replacing fresh zeolite.

[0062] Referring to FIG. 3, a schematic showing a system 300 for removing arsenic from an aqueous medium is provided, the system having a housing member, i.e., an absorption column or tank 302, charged with a chemically treated zeolite. The housing member 302 containing the chemically treated zeolite can be operated as fixed or fluidized bed, or as a stirred reactor. The system also includes an arsenic monitoring device 304 to determine the arsenic levels at the feed 306 and a second arsenic monitoring device 304 for determining the arsenic levels at the discharge 308.

[0063] In use, the system 300 shown in FIG. 3 allows for the contact of the feed 306, having a first level of arsenic, with the chemically treated zeolite. The contacting step can be accomplished in a number of ways, including by a batch process, in which the aqueous medium is added to the column, agitated and removed, or in a continuous manner, where the aqueous medium is fed to the column inlet and allowed to pass through the column (up-flow or down-flow). Preferably, the aqueous medium is contacted with the chemically treated zeolite in an up-flow manner.

[0064] During the contact between the aqueous medium and the chemically treated zeolite, arsenic is absorbed to the chemically treated zeolite thereby decreasing the concentration of the arsenic in the discharged aqueous medium to a second level.

[0065] It should be noted that from an economic standpoint, it is desirable to remove only enough arsenic to keep the concentration of arsenic in the aqueous medium at the discharge just below a threshold level, for example the MCL for arsenic. The discharge level is preferably measured at a point in time when the aqueous medium is discharged from the system for further treatment by other processes. Adjustment of the discharge level of arsenic may be accomplished by adjusting the flow rate of the aqueous medium flowing through the tank, or the amount of chemically treated zeolite in the column to increase or decrease retention time. Additionally, an amount of aqueous medium containing arsenic at a first level may be diverted from passing through the housing member and blended with the aqueous medium exiting the housing member. This allows for an alternative method of adjusting the second level of arsenic in the aqueous medium. Further methods for adjusting the discharge level of arsenic involve the use of a continuous bleed of the chemically treated zeolite from the housing member, where an amount of chemically treated zeolite is replaced in the absorption column(s) on a regular basis. e.g., once a day, with fresh or partially loaded (with arsenic) chemically treated zeolite. Finally, the adjustment of the discharge level of arsenic can be accomplished by varying the amount of chemically treated zeolite present in the housing member(s). The amount of chemically treated zeolite used in the contact with the aqueous medium determines, in part, the capacity of the system. As such, the more chemically treated zeolite in the system, the greater will be the potential amount of arsenic that can be removed from the aqueous medium and conversely, the smaller the amount of chemically treated zeolite in the system, the smaller will be the potential amount of arsenic that can be removed from the aqueous medium.

[0066] With continued reference to FIG. 3, the aqueous medium can be re-circulated over the chemically treated zeolite in the housing member when the second level of arsenic is above a pre-determined threshold value (see dashed line 310). The aqueous medium can be re-circulated over the chemically treated zeolite, until the level of arsenic in the aqueous medium is appropriate for discharge from the system.

[0067] Referring again to FIG. 3, once the chemically treated zeolite is spent, or nearly spent, it is removed from the housing member and disposed of in an approved landfill 312. For purposes of the present invention, zeolite is spent when it is no longer effective in absorbing arsenic from the aqueous medium to an adequate level. Preferably, spent zeolite is removed from the housing member by means of vacuum suction, or other like procedures.

[0068] A determination as to whether chemically treated zeolite is spent is monitored by selecting a particular threshold level of arsenic, for example the MCL for arsenic, and monitoring the level that exits the chemically treated zeolite. It is also noted, that monitoring of the level of arsenic loaded onto the chemically treated zeolite is accomplished by estimating the number of bed volumes required to achieve a desired reduction in concentration of arsenic from the aqueous medium and measuring the flow of the aqueous medium through the chemically treated zeolite. The estimation is based on an analysis of the particular aqueous medium composition, the chemically treated zeolite absorption properties, the desired reduction of arsenic concentration in the discharge, the anticipated flow rate, the housing member size and the water treatment facility capacity.

[0069] Again with regard to FIG. 3, for example, the aqueous medium would be monitored until a second level of arsenic exits the housing member, or by monitoring the flow rate through the housing member. Once the second level of the aqueous medium exceeds the MCL, or the anticipated number of bed volumes is reached, breakthrough occurs.

[0070] Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. In FIG. 4A, a schematic showing system 400 having a pair of housing members 402, for example columns, having appropriate amounts of chemically treated zeolite, are placed in series for the removal of arsenic from an aqueous medium. The system 400 further includes a first arsenic monitoring device 404 for determining the first level of arsenic, and a second arsenic monitoring device 406 for determining the third level of arsenic or discharge level of arsenic. An additional arsenic monitoring device 408 can be included for determining the second level of arsenic, or the level of arsenic in the aqueous medium before it enters the second housing member, if needed.

[0071] In use, the aqueous medium having a first level of arsenic 410 enters the first housing member and contacts the first amount of chemically treated zeolite. The aqueous medium exits the first housing member having a second level of arsenic 412. The aqueous medium having a second level of arsenic enters the second housing member and contacts the second amount of chemically treated zeolite. The aqueous medium exits the second housing member having a third level of arsenic 414. In this embodiment, the third level of arsenic is also the discharge level of arsenic. It is envisioned that additional columns can be added to the system where necessary. Also note that the aqueous medium can be re-circulated over the first or second amount of chemically treated zeolite to achieve an additional decrease in the level of arsenic in the aqueous medium (see above) (dashed line 416).

[0072] Once the chemically treated zeolite in the first housing member is spent, the chemically treated zeolite is removed and fresh chemically treated zeolite added. This can be accomplished by physically replacing the first housing member with a new housing member, where the new housing member is charged with a pre-determined amount of chemically treated zeolite. The second housing member is moved in series to receive the first level of arsenic and the new housing member is placed in series to receive the aqueous medium containing the second level of arsenic (see FIG. 5). In this way the chemically treated zeolite is systematically moved from the second housing member in the series to the first member in the series to removal from or out of the series 420. In an alternative embodiment, the chemically treated zeolite is replaced without replacing the housing member itself. Here the flow of the aqueous medium having a first level of arsenic is switched to entirely go through the appropriate housing member while the other housing member has its spent chemically treated zeolite replaced with new chemically treated zeolite (see FIG. 4B). Also note, as shown in FIG. 4B, the design of the flow through the housing members may be altered to run in parallel. In this embodiment, once the chemically treated zeolite is spent, the flow is diverted to re-circulate through one of the two housing members, and the other housing member's spent material replaced with fresh chemically treated zeolite. Once completed the flow is diverted to the newly charged housing member and the chemically treated zeolite in other housing member can be replace if appropriate. The flow of aqueous medium, as shown in FIG. 4B, can be appropriately directed in the system by a series of valves 418, or other like devices.

[0073] It is envisioned that embodiments of the present invention could include additional housing members charged with chemically treated zeolite depending on the needs of the system, and any number of different combinations of in-series and in-parallel or mixtures of in-series and in-parallel designs are within the scope of the present invention.

[0074] In general, one million gallons a day of water can be treated through two 12×12 columns, each containing 8 to 9 feet of zeolite (see examples below).

[0075] The embodiments of the present invention provide for the disposal of spent chemically treated zeolite without the need to shut down the water treatment facility, and provides redundancy for the system should any one of the housing members fail for reasons such as bio-fouling, short-circuiting, leakage, or other potential mechanical difficulties.

[0076] Systems For Monitoring and Disposing of Arsenic From An Aqueous Medium

[0077] The present invention contemplates a system for operating the equipment required to remove arsenic from a target water source by an off-site provider, for example a company that specifically installs, monitors, trouble-shoots, and disposes of the zeolite materials in the tanks/columns of the present invention. The off-site provider is contemplated to be hired by a municipality or other like agency or group to maintain the arsenic levels in the municipalities water via the systems and methods of the present invention. The off-site provider is responsible for determining the arsenic removal requirements of the target water source, for example a water treatment facility, including the type and amount of chemically treated zeolite required, the number of tanks necessary to house the chemically treated zeolite, the design of the flow through the tanks, i.e., up-flow, down-flow or batch, and in-series or in-parallel, the flow rate of the aqueous medium, the length of time or bed volumes before disposal, and the spent zeolite disposal site. Note that other parameters may be involved in the operation of the arsenic removal system that could be handled by the off-site provided, such that the above list is meant for illustrative purposes. The off-site provider provides the benefit of maintenance free use of the arsenic removal technology to the water treatment facility manager without having the burden of maintaining, monitoring, replacing, refreshing, or disposing of the loaded zeolite material(s). This system provides a financial benefit to the municipality or other water rights holder, in that it allows the municipality to hire an arsenic removal specialist to efficiently remove and dispose of arsenic to levels that comply with the EPA.

[0078] The off-site provider installs the properly charged chemically treated zeolite materials at the water treatment facility and monitors the first level, second level, discharge level, etc of the arsenic in the water. The arsenic monitoring can be technician based, i.e., a technician goes to the installed system and takes samples from the feed and discharge for arsenic testing, or can be performed by a pre-programmed flow reading system that transmits, via wireless communication for example, the number of bed volumes or time elapsed that the system has been in use, and whether the estimated capacity of the chemically treated zeolite has been attained, to a off-site computer of other like instrument (the data can also be tabulated or graphed to establish trends and other useful information). The off-site monitoring unit can be equipped with a signaling means for alerting the off-site provider of over target times or bed volumes, or can be equipped to read sensors in the housing members or connection lines between housing members that alert the off-site provider of potential problems in flow-rate, pressure, etc. In one embodiment, the off-site provider has the capability of diverting the water supply from one source of chemically treated zeolite to a second source of chemically treated zeolite, when the provider receives a signal that the first source of chemically treated zeolite has contacted a pre-set threshold amount of aqueous medium or been in use for a pre-set amount of time. Preferably, the diversion can be accomplished from an off-location site via wireless signal transmission.

[0079] The off-site provider is responsible for coordinating any maintenance or troubleshooting issues that arise during the arsenic removal process. As such, alarms or other signaling devices may be included in the zeolite housing members to alert the provider of a potential malfunction in the system. Further, the off-site provider is responsible for the replacement and disposal of used or spent chemically treated zeolite, and in particular is responsible for the disposal of the spent chemically treated zeolite at approved arsenic disposal landfills.

[0080] This system if made possible by the simplicity of implementation, operation, monitoring, and servicing of the present invention. As described previously, the above-systems operate with housing members, for example columns charged with appropriate materials, which are easily built, maintained, and serviced. Several columns can be used in-parallel, or in-series, and any one of the columns can be replaced or shifted as desired, all with minimal interruption of the removal of arsenic from the process flow. These processes, as noted above, can be performed in an automated fashion from an off-site location. Thus, the technology could include a service structure wherein a column, a plurality of columns in parallel, a series of columns, or any combination thereof, is serviced (replaced or refreshed) by a separate entity than that which owns or operates the water treatment facility. In another embodiment the off-site provider simply manages the oversight of the arsenic removal and disposal system, either through its own know-how or by hiring and maintaining specialized service personnel or independent contractors.

[0081] Having generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended as limiting.

EXAMPLES

[0082] Note that the arsenic assay procedures used throughout the Examples section were performed by the Commercial Testing & Engineering lab (CT&E) at 4665 Paris St., Denver, Colo. Analysis were performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) according to EPA protocol number 7000. Iron, calcium, sodium, etc concentrations were all determine using standard atomic absorption techniques known in the art. These procedures were in accordance with EPA protocol number 6010.

[0083] Also note that the chemically treated zeolites shown in the Examples below were generally prepared according to the following protocol:

[0084] For laboratory scale experiments 500 grams of zeolite are placed in a four to eight liter container, and the container filled with water and stirred with a mechanical mixer for approximately thirty minutes. The zeolite was allowed to settle and the water (generally containing suspended clays and fines) decanted. Water was added to the settled solids, remixed, and decanted an additional one or two times. The settled solids are dried at low temperature (35° to 50° C.) and sieved on a 35- or 40-mesh screen to remove any remaining fines. On a larger scale, the clays and fines are removed from the zeolite using commercial scrubbing, and sizing devices such as trommels, classifiers, and vibrating screens.

[0085] To absorb the appropriate metal ion onto the zeolite, for laboratory scale experiments, 400 grams of dry, sieved zeolite are placed in a one gallon bottle with one hundred and fifty grams of commercial ferric sulfate and 3,500 ml water. The 150 grams ferric sulfate makes available approximately 2 milliequivalents (meq) ferric iron per gram of zeolite. A milliequivalent is defined as the amount of any element that will displace one milligram of hydrogen. It is in effect, a mass measurement adjusted for the electrical charge of the particular element.

[0086] The one gallon bottle is sealed and agitated on a roller apparatus for up to sixteen hours. Contact can also be accomplished using a one-gallon container and a mechanical stirrer, or other like technique. Once the ferric iron is loaded onto the zeolite, the ferric-loaded zeolite can be dewatered and any generated fines removed on a 35- or 40-mesh sieve. The dewatered zeolite is low-temperature dried, i.e., room temperature to 50° C. Note that on a larger scale, a column is loaded with the sieved zeolite and ferric sulfate solution circulated through the column for a pre-set number of bed volumes/time. After the zeolite is loaded with the ferric ions, the solution is drained from the column, the zeolite neutralized and rinsed, removed from the column and, if desired, low temperature dried. Other metal ions or mixtures of metal ions can be absorbed onto the zeolite by providing in the contact solution approximately 2 meq of metal ion per gram zeolite.

[0087] Note also that the pH of the metal ion-zeolite contact is preferably maintained between 2.0 and 2.5, requiring that the neutralization and rinse steps bring the pH up to approximately 4 to 5.5. This is typically done in a slow and controlled manner with the addition of NaOH or CaOH or other like base material.

Example 1

Preparation of Ferric-Loaded Zeolite

[0088] The data shown in FIG. 6, illustrates one embodiment for preparing a chemically treated zeolite in accordance with the present invention. Three thousand pounds of ferric form zeolite was prepared by charging two, 24 inch diameter columns each with 1500 pounds of 8×40 mesh zeolite. Two hundred fifty pounds commercial ferric sulfate (0.9 meq/g zeolite) was dissolved in 4700 pounds water (560 gallons) and circulated up-flow through the columns for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the solution containing 3.5 g/L iron at 2.25 pH was drained from the columns and discarded. Approximately 0.6 meq Fe/gram was loaded onto the zeolite.

[0089] A second volume of solution was prepared by dissolving 390 pounds commercial ferric sulfate (1.4 meq Fe/g zeolite) in 4700 pounds water. This solution was circulated through the columns for approximately 48 hours. The solution pH of 1.8 was raised to 2.1 by the addition of sodium hydroxide. After 48 hours the solution containing 1.1 g/L iron at 2.06 pH was drained from the columns and discarded. An additional 0.5 meq Fe/g was loaded on the zeolite (total loading of 1.1 meq Fe/g).

[0090] The column was then rinsed with water to remove the residual, soluble iron. A final volume of water was circulated through the columns. Sodium hydroxide was slowly added to the circulating solution until the pH was greater than 4.

[0091] The neutralization solution was drained from the column and the zeolite removed. The present Example illustrates the utility of the present invention for preparing a ferric-loaded zeolite for use in removing arsenic from an aqueous medium.

Example 2

Ferric-Loaded Zeolite Removes Arsenic With High Capacity

[0092] The data shown in FIGS. 7A-7C, were obtained by running the following fixed column test:

[0093] A series of two, 250 ml burets, were set-up in series, where each buret contained approximately 200 ml of ferric-loaded zeolite. Note that a small wad of glass wool was inserted into the bottom of each buret prior to the addition of the ferric-loaded zeolite. A solution reservoir was connected to the bottom of the first buret using a Masterflex pump.

[0094] A solution containing 10 gallons of tap water, 0.16 grams sodium arsenate (dibasic, heptahydrate), and 7.4 grams calcium chloride was prepared. The solution was pumped slowly up-flow through the ferric-loaded zeolite and collected at discharge for analysis. Discharge was analyzed for arsenic levels.

[0095] The data illustrated in FIG. 7, show that ferric-loaded zeolites are extremely effective in removing arsenic from aqueous medium. FIG. 7C represents the performance of the first “column”—note that the two columns used in the Example are in series. Again with regard to FIG. 7, the concentration of arsenic (in the form of arsenate) in an aqueous medium containing approximately 120 micrograms of arsenic per liter of aqueous medium (equivalent to 120 ppb) is effectively reduced to less than 10 ppb for about 1715 bed volumes. In other words, breakthrough did not occur for more than 1715 bed volumes.

Example 3

Other metal Ions Load Effectively Onto Zeolite

[0096] Preparation of loaded-zeolite materials was as described previously (above), except, that 50 grams of zeolite was contacted overnight in a beaker having water solutions as shown in Table 2. Each solution was mechanically stirred for a period of from 1 to 16 hours.

TABLE 2
Arsenic Absorption Using Barium,, Aluminum,
Calcium, Ferric And Ferrous-Loaded Zeolites
Purpose:	Evaluate Ba, Al, Ca, Fe++, and Fe+++ forms of zeolite for
	arsenic removal from water
Procedure:	Contact 50 gram portions of zeolite overnight in water
	solutions of the above to convert them to the respective forms.
	Add 2 meq/gram
	1	Use	12.2 grams BaC12.2H2O	in 500 ml water
	2	Use	11.1 grams A12(SO4)3.18H2O	in 500 ml water
	3	Use	11.8 grams CaNO3.4H2O	in 500 ml water
	4	Use	13.9 grams FeSO4.7H2O	in 500 ml water
	5	Use	9.4 grams Fe2(SO4)3.xH2O	in 500 ml water
	Sieve solutions to recover zeolite and rinse zeolite with water. Discard
	solutions.
	Contact each zeolite aliquot overnight with 3 liters demineralized
	water containing
		100 ppb arsenic as sodium arsenate
		6.7 milligrams Na2HasO4.7H2O in 16 liters water
		Take 1 liter water as head sample - 5-7-0
	Sieve solutions to recover zeolite.
	Submit solutions for arsenic.	Loaded onto Zeolite
	As, μg/l	Removal, %	meq/g	g/kg
Label:	5-7-0	95
	5-7-1	85	11%	0.00004	0.0006
	5-7-2	5	95%	0.00036	0.0054
	5-7-3	86	9%	0.00004	0.0005
	5-7-4	25	74%	0.00028	0.0042
	5-7-5	<5	>95%	0.00036	0.0054
Note:
Calculation assumes 75/5 as equivalent weight of arsenic

[0097] The data in Table 2 shows that a solution containing 100 ppb of arsenic as sodium arsenate, contacted with various chemically treated zeolites (including barium-loaded zeolite, aluminum-loaded zeolite, and ferric-loaded zeolite) resulted in the removal of an amount of arsenic from solution. For example, the barium-loaded zeolite removed approximately 11% of the arsenic, the aluminum-loaded zeolite removed approximately 95% of the arsenic and the ferric-loaded zeolite removed greater than 95% of the arsenic.

Example 4

Ferric-Loaded Zeolite is Effective At Removing Arsenite From Aqueous Medium

[0098] Five grams of ferric-loaded zeolite (prepared as described above) was contacted with 300 ml of demineralized water containing 300 ppb arsenic as sodium arsenite. Table 3 shows that approximately 75% of the arsenic in the form of arsenite is removed from the starting material.

TABLE 3
Removal Of Arsenic Using Ferric-Loaded Zeolites
Purpose:	Evaluate Fe+++ forms of zeolite for arsenite removal from
	water.
Procedure:	Contact 5 grams zeolite overnight with 300 milliliters
	demineralized water containing 300 ppb arsenic as sodium
	arsenite
	0.3 milligrams NaAsO2 in 500 milliliters water	As, ppb
	Take 200 ml balance as head sample - 6-5-0	538
	Submit final filtrate as 6-5-1	134
	Loaded on to zeolite	meq As(3)/g	0.0006
		g/kg	0.016
		Removal	75%
Note:
Calculation assumes 75/3 as equivalent weight of arsenic

[0099] The example illustrates the utility of using the present invention for removing arsenite from an aqueous medium.

Example 5

Ferric Hydroxide-Loaded Zeolite is Effective At Removing Arsenate From Aqueous Medium

[0100] The ferric-hydroxide-loaded zeolite was prepared as described previously. A 250-ml buret was charged with 200 ml of the ferric hydroxide loaded-zeolite for this particular Example.

[0101] The tabular data in FIGS. 8A and 8B shows that ferric hydroxide-loaded zeolite is effective in removing arsenic in the form of arsenate to levels below 20 ppb, having a capacity of approximately 1,300 bed volumes. The Example illustrates the utility of using ferric hydroxide-loaded zeolite for the removal of arsenate from an aqueous medium.

Example 6

Activated Alumina-Loaded Zeolite is Effective At Removing Arsenate From Aqueous Medium

[0102] A standard test solution of arsenic was prepared by combining one liter tap water with 1.575 grams sodium arsenate and 0.7 grams calcium chloride (the solution contained 385 mg arsenic/L). A ferric-loaded and activated alumina-loaded zeolite column was prepared as previously described. Note that the calcium chloride was added to simulate potentially high levels of calcium found in drinking water.

[0103] One hundred ml of the arsenic solution was contacted with varying amounts of either ferric-loaded zeolite or activated alumina-loaded zeolite in a flask for a period of 12 hours. As shown in Table 4, the ferric-loaded zeolite absorbed 6 grams of arsenic/kg, while the activated-alumina-loaded zeolite absorbed over 36.5 grams of arsenic/kg. This Example again shows the utility of the present invention for providing a high capacity arsenic removal system, the system can utilize several different loaded zeolites.

TABLE 4
Test To Determine Maximum Loading Of Arsenic On
Ferric-Loaded Zeolite And Activated Alumina
Purpose:	To determine maximum arsenic loading onto zeolite
Procedure:	Prepare 1 liter of arsenic solution
	Make up water for treatment. Pe 1 Liter
	1.575	grams sodium arsenate (dibasic, heptahydrate)
	0.7	grams calcium chloride (anhydrous)
	Loaded. Arsenic
	As, ms/l	meq/g	g/kg
Contact 100 mL arsenic solution with 385
1) 1	gram ferric form zeolite	325	0.400	6.0
2) 2	gram ferric form zeolite	260	0.417	6.3
3) 4	gram ferric form zeolite	145	0.400	6.0
4) 8	gram ferric form zeolite	20	0.304	4.6
	submit solutions for analysis
5) 1	gram AAFS-50	20	2.433	36.5
6) 2	gram AAFS-50	40	1.150	17.3
7) 4	gram AAFS-50	<3	0.637	9.6
8) 8	gram AAFS-50	<3	0.318	4.8
Note:
Calculation assumes 75/5 as equivalent weight of arsenic

Example 7

Industrial Scale Removal of Arsenic From an Aqueous Medium

[0104] The amount of chemically treated zeolite required for a particular use, and the size of the tank for commercial applications, are selected based on numerous parameters, including, but not limited to, average amount of trace elements in the aqueous medium, desired levels of reduction in arsenic, the water treatment facility size/capacity, and the type of chemically treated zeolite in use.

[0105] Predictable scale-up for the methods according to the present invention will be described in detail with respect to several parameters based on experimental data as described above and applied to a theoretical one million gallon per day (MGD) treatment facility. The aqueous medium contained an average of 20 ppb arsenic as arsenate and the desired reduction in concentration is to 10 ppb arsenic. The design flow rate of the tank is approximately 6 gal/ft2. The zeolite is 20×40 mesh clinoptilolite.

[0106] Table 5 summarizes a typical scale-up calculation for an industrial sized system. As shown in the Table, removal of 5 ppb arsenic requires 189 kg zeolite per day or 69 tons of zeolite per year. At a flow rate of 694 gallons/min the effective tank size will be approximately 12 feet in diameter and at least 12 feet in height. A system designed to these specifications will require replacement of the tank and/or zeolite every 187 days (about every 6 months).

TABLE 5
Arsenic Design Analysis
Delta arsenic recovered	15	umg/l	Assumption
umg arsenic/gallon	56.7	umg/gallon
Gallons/day	1,000,000	gallons	Assumption
Liters/day	3,785,000	liters
Zeolite capacity	300	mg As/kg zeolite	Assumption
mg arsenic/day recovered	56,775	mg arsenic/day
kilos zeolite loaded	189	kilos
per day
kilos per year for disposal	69,076	kilos
Tons per year for disposal	69	tons
Design flow rate of tank	6	gal./sq. ft.	Assumption
Flow rate of water to be	694	gpm
treated
Area needed	116	sq. ft.
Diameter of tanks	12	feet
kilos of zeolite per	25	kilos
cubic foot
kilos of zeolite per 1	2894	kilos
foot depth
days per foot of zeolite	15	days
in tank
Velocity in tank	0.80	ft/minute
EBCT needed	15	min.	Assumption
Depth of zeolite needed	12	ft
Tank Life	187	days

Example 8

Pilot Studies On Arsenic Removal Using 4 or 10 Column In-Series Systems

[0107] The systems and methods of the present invention were used in two pilot studies to treat 104,000 gallons (FIG. 9A) or 66,000 gallons (FIG. 9B) water. Water at the Meyers-Track, Pa., site was run through a series of 10 in-series 6″×8′ sized columns each containing 5′ of chemically treated zeolite, until a total of 104,812 gallons of water were treated. Arsenic levels were followed, and graphed. Note that the 10 column system removed arsenic from a feed level of arsenic in violation of the 10 ppb EPA arsenic level to discharge levels in the 2.5 ppb levels.

[0108] FIG. 9B illustrates a 4 column pilot study at Bernalilla, N. M., each column being 6″×8′ in size and containing 8′ of zeolite, to treat 66,000 gallons of water, where feed levels of arsenic were around 0.01 mg/L and discharge levels lowered to 0.002 mg/L.

[0109] The present Example again illustrates the utility of the present invention for removing arsenic from an aqueous medium, especially in light of the natural aqueous medium sources.

[0110] It should be understood for purposes of this disclosure, that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention that are well within the scope of the invention. Numerous other changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed in the spirit of the invention disclosed herein and as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A system for removing arsenic from a water source comprising: an amount of chemically treated zeolite for absorbing arsenic from the water source; and a housing member for constraining the chemically treated zeolite for contact with the water source; wherein, the water source has a first level of arsenic before it contacts the chemically treated zeolite and a second level of arsenic after it contacts the chemically treated zeolite, the second level of arsenic lower than the first level of arsenic in the water source.

2. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a second amount of chemically treated zeolite for absorbing arsenic from the water source after the water source has contacted the first amount of chemically treated zeolite; and a second housing member for constraining the second chemically treated zeolite for contact with the water source; wherein, the water source has a third level or arsenic after it contacts the second amount of chemically treated zeolite, the third level of arsenic lower than the second level of arsenic in the water source.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the first and second amounts of chemically treated zeolites are different types of loaded zeolite from each other.

4. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a flow meter for tracking the number of bed volumes of the water source to contact the chemically treated zeolite, wherein a threshold number of bed volumes has been pre-determined to represent the capacity of the chemically treated zeolite.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the housing member has a separate inlet for receiving the water source and outlet for discharging the water source.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the chemically treated zeolite is a ferric-loaded zeolite.

7. The system of claim 1 further comprising a vacuum device for removing the chemically treated zeolite from the housing member after the chemically treated zeolite has contacted the water source over a period of time, wherein the removed chemically treated zeolite is disposed of at an arsenic approved landfill.

8. A method for removing arsenic from an aqueous medium, the arsenic at a first level in the aqueous medium, the method comprising: contacting the aqueous medium with an amount of chemically treated zeolite for a period of time sufficient to remove arsenic in the aqueous medium from the first level to a lower level, wherein the chemically treated zeolite absorbs the arsenic and removes it from the aqueous medium.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the chemically treated zeolite is ferric-loaded zeolite.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the chemically treated zeolite is activated alumina-loaded zeolite.

11. The method of claim 8 further comprising: monitoring the level of arsenic in the aqueous medium after the aqueous medium has contacted the chemically treated zeolite, the monitored level a second level of arsenic.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the monitoring is accomplished by taking and analyzing samples of the aqueous medium after the aqueous medium has contacted the chemically treated zeolite.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein the monitoring is accomplished by calculating the number of bed volumes of aqueous medium required to reach the capacity of the chemically treated zeolite.

14. The method of claim 11 further comprising: establishing a threshold value for the second level of arsenic which indicates that the chemically treated zeolite is spent; and replacing at least a portion of the chemically treated zeolite when the second level of arsenic in the aqueous medium exceeds the threshold value.

15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: disposing of the replaced chemically treated zeolite at an arsenic approved landfill.

16. A method for operating an arsenic removal system by a first provider for a manager of a water source at a water treatment facility comprising: evaluating and establishing arsenic removal parameters by the first provider to achieve a desired reduction in arsenic from the water source, wherein the arsenic removal parameters comprise: a determination of the level of arsenic in the water source, a determination of the level of arsenic in the water source required by the manager of the water source, and the capacity of the arsenic removal system for removing arsenic from the water source; providing the water source with the arsenic removal system by the first provider in accordance with the arsenic removal parameters, wherein the water source is discharged from the arsenic removal system having the desired reduction in arsenic levels; maintaining the arsenic removal capacity of the arsenic removal system by the first provider over a period of predetermined time; and disposing of the arsenic removed from the water source by the arsenic removal system in an approved landfill by the first provider.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the arsenic removal system comprises a predetermined amount of chemically treated zeolite.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the first provider and the manager of the water source are separate entities.

19. A system for removing arsenic from a water source having a first level of arsenic comprising: an amount of chemically treated zeolite for absorbing arsenic from the water source; and a housing member for receiving the chemically treated zeolite and facilitating contact between the water source and the zeolite; wherein, after contacting the chemically treated zeolite the water has a second level of arsenic, the second level of arsenic lower than the first level of arsenic in the water source.