Patent Application
20240068176
The invention relates to asphalt distributors.
Asphalt distributors are used in building and maintaining roadways, particularly using the chip and seal technique. In the chip and seal technique, asphalt is first sprayed often onto existing paving by an asphalt distributor. The sprayed asphalt is then covered with “chips,” typically aggregate. The asphalt binds the chips so they stay in place. Asphalt distributors have a number of discrete sprays arranged typically substantially linearly so that asphalt can be sprayed across a width of the roadway that is often wider than the asphalt distributor. An exemplary asphalt distributor is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,870.
Problems arise if too little or too much asphalt is applied. If too little is applied, the chips won't stay in place. If too much is applied, the asphalt will puddle on the surface of the roadway and the asphalt will spread onto vehicles driving on the roadway. Uneven applications of asphalt will contribute to inconsistent road surfaces, creating bumps and ridges. Therefore it is important to maintain an even application rate (e.g., volume per area) over the entire area being coated in asphalt.
Conventional asphalt distributors are designed to have an even application rate and can achieve this for relatively straight roadways. Conventional asphalt distributors have trouble maintaining the application rate when the width of spray is much less than the width of the asphalt distributor, i.e., few sprays are being used, and the asphalt spraying flowrate becomes small. Commonly, this occurs when applying asphalt is sprayed in turnarounds, intersections and shoulders. Alternatively, because of the difficulty in maintaining accurately a low flow rate, a higher flowrate may be used by deliberate overspraying, i.e., spraying where asphalt is not needed. A need therefore exists for an asphalt distributor that can maintain an even application rate across a wide range of flowrates or in all applications that an asphalt distributor is likely to be used.
Asphalt distributors having an even application rate across a wide flowrate range have been attempted. Theoretically, an asphalt distributor having a two-speed hydraulic motor driving the asphalt pump could provide a wide flowrate range. However, in practice when the speed on the hydraulic motor changes, the spray fluctuates visibly. The fluctuation may cause the spray from the sprayers to not overlap properly or for the spray to surge. Either type of fluctuation could cause roadway inspectors to give the paving a failing grade. A need therefore exists for an asphalt distributor having a two-or-more-speed motor that can change hydraulic motor speed while maintaining an even application rate.
Historically, asphalt distributors have had manual transmissions with a clutch. As the number of drivers proficient in shifting gears with a clutch declines, the popularity of asphalt distributors with automatic transmissions increases. However, in addition to the increased cost of an automatic transmission versus a manual transmission, there is an additional cost of a drop box for an automatic transmission to drive the hydraulic system because manual transmissions are capable of operating at a higher rpm without making the distributor go faster. The added drop box adds $8,000 to $10,000 to the cost of an asphalt distributor. A need therefore exists for an asphalt distributor having an automatic transmission that is not so costly.
In one embodiment of the invention, an asphalt distributor for spraying asphalt onto the ground is provided. The ground is typically a prepared pavement. The asphalt distributor has a multispeed hydraulic motor having a first speed and a second speed. The multispeed hydraulic motor may have additional speeds, but two speeds are preferred. The asphalt distributor also has an asphalt pump mechanically driven by the multispeed hydraulic motor. There may be a gear box (typically non-adjustable) to change the rate of rotation between the asphalt pump and the multispeed hydraulic motor. The asphalt distributor has a controller for controlling the flow rate of asphalt being sprayed. The controller has a gain for controlling the flow rate. The gain has a value for the first speed, a value for the second speed, and a value for a transition for a change in speed between the first and second speeds. The value for the transition is different from the value for the first speed and the value for the second speed. The gain may have more than one value during the transition in which case at least one of these values is different from the value for the first speed and the value for the second speed.
The asphalt distributor may also have one or more axles for supporting the vehicle on the ground, a vessel for holding the material to be spread on or into the ground, a plurality of valves for controlling the lateral extent of distribution of the material on or into the ground; a control panel for controlling valves, and a plurality of spray nozzles. Each of the valves are typically in fluid communication with one or more of the spray nozzles. The spray nozzles are typically arranged laterally to distribute material across the maximum lateral extent of distribution when all of the valves are open. The asphalt distributor may have a heater for the vessel. The pump is operable to pump liquid from the vessel through the open control valves and out the corresponding nozzles.
The asphalt distributor may have an engine and a hydraulic pump driven by the engine. The controller changes the flow rate of hydraulic fluid pumped by the hydraulic pump for achieving the desired asphalt flow rate. The engine is typically an internal combustion engine, gasoline or diesel, but could be electric.
The transition may have a predetermined duration. The predetermined duration is expected to be 1 second or less, preferably less than 750 ms, preferably less than 250 ms for the transition from a higher speed to a lower speed. Alternatively, the transition ends when the relative error is below about 10%, and more preferably below about 5%.
There may be two transitions, one from first to second speed and one from second to first speed. The value for a transition for a change in speed between the first and second speeds is the transition for a change in speed from the first speed to the second speed. The gain for controlling the flow rate may have a value for a transition for a change in speed from the second speed to the first speed. This value may also be different than the value for first speed and the value for second speed.
The gain can be a proportional gain, an integral gain or a derivative gain. The controller can have two gains, typically, a proportional gain and an integral gain.
The value of the gain during the transition may be dynamically adjusted, preferably by the controller, i.e., the controller has a dynamic adjustment capability or feature for dynamic adjustment of the gain during the transition. The dynamic adjustment of the gain may include an increase in the proportional gain of the controller. Preferably, the increase in the proportional gain is a function of the relative error. Preferably, the increase increases as the relative error increases. The dynamic adjustment of the gains may include a decrease in an integral gain of the controller. Preferably, the decrease in the integral gain is a function of the relative error. Preferably, the decrease increases as the relative error decreases.
The value of the gain may be static during the transition. In particular, the integral gain may be set to zero, particularly for transitions from a higher speed to a lower speed.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of controlling the flowrate of an asphalt pump driven by a multispeed hydraulic motor during a transition for a speed change of the motor is provided. The method includes adjusting a gain of a controller controlling the flowrate during the transition. Preferably, the asphalt pump is mechanically driven by the multispeed hydraulic motor. Preferably, the adjustment is dynamic.
Preferably the adjustment includes increasing a proportional gain of the controller relative to the proportional gain for the speed that the speed is being changed to.
Preferably adjusting the gain include decreasing an integral gain of the controller relative to the integral gain for the speed that the speed is being changed to.
Preferably, the method also includes measuring the flowrate of the asphalt pump and calculating the relative error of the flowrate based on the measured flowrate.
Preferably, adjusting a gain includes dynamically adjusting a proportional gain of the controller as a function of the relative error. Preferably, the function is linear.
Preferably, adjusting a gain comprises dynamically adjusting an integral gain of the controller as a function of the relative error. Preferably, the function is linear.
Preferably, adjusting the gain includes adjusting the value of the gain relative to the value of the gain for the speed to which the speed is being changed. Preferably, the method includes terminating the transition after a predetermined duration followed by controlling the flowrate of the asphalt pump using the value of the gain for the speed to which the speed was changed.
In an embodiment of the invention, an asphalt distributor 10 is provided. Fluid distributor 10 includes a motorized vehicle 12 (shown in phantom), typically a truck, having a cab 14, one or more side view mirrors 15, two or more axles 16, a chassis 18, and a tank or vessel 20 mounted to chassis 18. Tank 20 is used to store the asphalt to be distributed, i.e., sprayed. Tank 20 may be heated by a heater 21 of any suitable kind. Heater 21 is shown schematically as an electric heater.
Fluid distributor 10 has an engine 22 (shown schematically), which drives a transmission 24 (shown schematically) and a power take off 28. Engine 22 may be any suitable engine such as an internal combustion engine, diesel or gasoline, or an electric motor. Transmission 24 may be any suitable transmission for driving one or more axles 16, such as a manual transmission or an automatic transmission. Transmission 24 is connected to a power takeoff 28. Engine 22 drives transmission 24 which drives power take off 28, which in turn drives a hydrostatic transmission 29. Alternatively, engine 22 can drive hydrostatic transmission 29 via a front crank shaft for a manual or automatic transmission.
Hydrostatic transmission 29 includes a hydraulic drive pump 30, a multi-speed hydraulic motor 32, and an optional gear box 34. Hydraulic drive pump 30 pumps hydraulic fluid which causes hydraulic motor 32 to rotate thereby driving gear box 34. Hydraulic drive pump 30 is an axial piston motor having a continuously adjustable swashplate. Gear box 34 is used to convert the rate of rotation from ω2 to ω3. Typically gear box 34 is fixed such that the ratio of ω2 to ω3 is fixed. Hydraulic motor 32 may be any suitable multi-speed motor including an axial piston motor having an adjustable swashplate, such as the Bosch Rexroth A10. Hydraulic motor typically has 2 speeds, but can have more speeds.
Hydrostatic transmission 29 is connected to and drives asphalt pump 36, typically via gear box 34. Pump 36 may be of any suitable type. Preferably, it is of constant displacement, metering type such as a gear pump. Pump 36 draws fluid from tank 20 via an intake port 38 having an intake valve 40.
Asphalt pump 36 pumps asphalt from tank 20 to an asphalt distribution system 42 located at the rear end of vehicle 12. Working from the end backwards, asphalt distribution system 42 has spray nozzles 44 (or outlets) for spraying the asphalt, control valves 46, spray bar 48, and conduit/piping system means 50. Spray nozzles 44 are arranged on spray bar 48, typically uniformly spaced along spray bar 48. Spray bar 48 may be extendable or fixed. Fixed spray bars have a length that typically is approximately the same as or narrower than vehicle 12. Extendable spray bars of any suitable design are designed to extend beyond the width of vehicle 12 in operation, but to retract to be at or less than the width of vehicle 12 for ease of transportation. As shown, spray bar 48 is extendable having pivotal end portions 48a and 48b and a central portion 48c. Pivotal end portions are sometimes called spray bar wings. Alternatively, spray bar 48 could be a variable width spray bar having central portion 48c and end portions that move in and out in several positions. End portion 48a is shown in the extended position with spraying occurring in
Asphalt distributor 10 has a control panel 52 for controlling the distribution of asphalt. Control panel 52 is typically located in cab 14 so that the operator of asphalt distributor 10 can drive vehicle 12 while controlling the distribution of asphalt via control valves 46. Asphalt distributor 10 has a controller 54 for controlling the flowrate of asphalt. Controller 54 measures the flowrate from pump 36 by a flowmeter 56 based on any suitable method. The flowmeter need not be located at the location shown in
In addition to having gains, controller 54 has programming to provide an even flowrate when the speed of motor 32 changes. When motor 32 is a two-speed motor, the programming preferably implements algorithm 70 shown in
At step 74, controller 54 checks the flowrate and compares it to the change point for changing to the low flowrate mode. If the flowrate is above the low change point, the algorithm returns to step 72. If not, controller 54 causes the speed of motor 32 to change to low in step 76 (or to initiate the change to low speed) thereby initiating a transition to low speed. Essentially simultaneously to step 76, e.g., immediately before or after, optionally in step 78, controller 54 starts a timer at 0. In step 80, controller 54 calculates the absolute relative error denoted as Erel in equation 1 below.
E
rel
=|q
SP
−q|/q
SP (eq. 1)
where qSP is the desired flowrate or setpoint and q is the measured or calculated flowrate.
In step 82, scaling factors SFP and SFI are calculated for gains KP and KI of controller 54 based on equations 2 and 3 below.
SF
P=(Smax,P−Smin,P)*Erel+Smin,P (eq. 2)
SF
I=(Smax,I−Smin,I)*Erel+Smin,I (eq 3)
where Smax represents the most that the scale factor SF can be assuming a maximum error of 100%; Smin represents the minimum that the scale factor SF can be, i.e, the scale factor when the absolute relative error is 0. The value of the scale factor maximums and minimums are based in part on the inventors' insight into the process including that the integral gain should generally be reduced as the integral term has less relevance when the speed of hydraulic motor 32 changes, especially initially.
In step 84, new gains are calculated based on the scale factors as set forth in equations 4 and 5 below.
K
Pscaled
=SF
P
*K
P,low (eq. 4)
K
Iscaled
=SF
I
*K
I,low (eq. 5)
KP,low and KI,low represents the normal gains in low flowrate mode (step 90), i.e., outside any transition. Of course, steps 80, 82 and 84 can be combined in a single step or two steps. As can be seen, the gains are dynamically adjusted by a linear function of the relative error in step 84.
The new gains, KPscaled and KIscaled, are then used by controller 54 instead of KP,low and KI,low in step 86 to correct the flowrate in the ordinary manner. It is contemplated that if derivative control is used that its gain could be zero or minimized during the transition in a way similar to the integral gain or increased.
In step 88, controller 54 checks to see if the criterion or criteria for ending the transition period has occurred. One criterion can be whether the timer (or elapsed time of the transition period) has reached a target to account for the time that it takes the motor to change speed. Another criterion can be whether the error is below a certain threshold, for example 10%, or more preferably 5%. Other suitable criteria are possible. The criteria may be used in combination in various ways, e.g, two criteria have to be met before ending the transition period or either of two criteria have to be met before ending the transition period.
If the criterion or criteria are not satisfied then the next step is step 80 and the transition period continues until the criterion or criteria are satisfied.
If the criterion or criteria are satisfied then the next step is step 90 thereby ending the transition to low flowrate mode. At step 90, controller 54 is in the low flowrate mode, which means that it is using gain(s) tuned to achieve proper control for low flowrates. In low flowrate mode, controller 54 use the error and gains KP,low and KI,low to adjust the flowrate of hydraulic fluid produced by drive pump 30 as is conventional for a PID controller.
Conceivably, another criterion for ending the transition to low speed mode could be whether the flowrate setpoint is above the high change point (use of this criterion is not shown in
At step 92, controller 54 checks the flowrate and compares it to the change point for changing to high flowrate mode. If the flowrate is below the high change point, the algorithm returns to step 90. The high change point is usually different and higher than the low change point to avoid a situation where the motor is having to change speed frequently. If not, controller 54 causes the speed of motor 32 to change to high in step 94 (or to initiate the change to high speed) thereby initiating a transition to high speed. Essentially simultaneously to step 94, e.g., immediately before or after, optionally in step 96, controller 54 starts a timer at 0. In step 98, controller 54 calculates the absolute relative error denoted as Erel. In step 100, scaling factors SFP and SFI are calculated for gains KP and KI of controller 54 based on equations 2 and 3, but note that the value of constants Smax,P, Smin,P, Smax,I and Smin,I may be different between steps 100 and 82.
In step 102, new gains are calculated based on the scale factors as set forth in equations 6 and 7 below.
K
P,scaled
=SF
P
*K
P,high (eq. 6)
K
I,scaled
=SF
I
*K
I,high (eq. 7)
KP,high and KI,high represents the normal gain in high flowrate mode (step 72), i.e., outside any transition. Of course, steps 98, 100 and 102 can be combined in a single step or two steps. As can be seen the gains are dynamically adjusted by a linear function of the relative error in step 102.
The new gains, KP,scaled and KI,scaled, are then used by controller 54 instead of KP,high and KI,high in step 104 to correct the flowrate in the ordinary manner. It is contemplated that if derivative control is used that its gain could be zero or minimized during the transition in a way similar to the integral gain or increased.
In step 106, controller 54 checks to see if the criterion or criteria for ending the transition period has occurred similar to step 88. If elapsed time is a criterion, the elapsed time target for step 106 can be different than the one for step 88 because the amount of time to change speed can vary depending on the speed. If the criterion or criteria are not satisfied then the next step is step 98 and the transition period continues until the criterion or criteria are satisfied.
If the criterion or criteria are satisfied then the next step is step 72, previously discussed, thereby ending the transition to high flowrate mode.
Conceivably, another criterion for ending the transition to low speed mode could be whether the flowrate setpoint is above the low change point (use of this criterion is not shown in
Experimentation was performed on an asphalt distributor having a Rexroth A10 hydraulic motor. It was found that much better performance could be achieved using a multispeed hydraulic motor versus a single speed motor over a wide range of flowrates avoiding sprayers to not overlap properly or for the spray to surge. The following settings for the transition from low to high flowrate were found empirically to give excellent results.
Criteria for ending transition was an elapsed time of 100 ms.
If Erel is 25% or 0.25, the scale factors have the following values.
SF
P=(5−1)*0.25+1=2.0
SF
I=(4−0)*0.25+0=1.0
If Erel is 10% or 0.1, the scale factors have the following values.
SF
P=(5−1)*0.1+1=1.4
SF
I=(4−0)*0.1+0=0.4
If Erel is 1% or 0.01, the scale factors have the following values.
SF
P=(5−1)*0.01+1=1.04
SF
I=(4−0)*0.01+0=0.04
If Erel is 0% or 0.00, the scale factors have the following values.
SF
P=(5−1)*0.00+1=1.00
SF
I=(4−0)*0.00+0=0.00
As can be seen, the gains vary based on the value of Erel. For values of Erel below 0.25, the effect is to decrease the integral gain, KI. For all values of Erel except zero, the proportional gain is increased. For all practical values of the relative error, SFP is higher than SFI. This is because, pursuant to the inventors' insight, the integral term has less importance during the transition to low flowrate mode.
The following settings for the transition from low to high flowrate were found empirically to give excellent results.
Criteria for ending transition was an elapsed time of 500 ms.
If Erel is 25% or 0.25, the scale factors have the following values.
SF
P=(1−1)*0.25+1=1
SF
I=(0−0)*0.25+0=0.0
If Erel is 1% or 0.01, the scale factors have the following values.
SF
P=(1−1)*0.01+1=1
SF
I=(0−0)*0.01+0=0.0
As can be seen, SFP is always 1 and SFI is always 0 during the transition from high to low speed. This is because, pursuant to the inventors' insight, the integral term has less importance during transitions.
Relative error, Erel is defined as the absolute value of the error, i.e., actual value minus the target value, divided by the target value.
While the invention has been described with respect to certain embodiments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, it is to be understood that the invention is capable of numerous changes, modifications and rearrangements, and such changes, modifications and rearrangements are intended to be covered by the following claims.
