Patent Application
20130231629
Absorbent articles for absorbing human discharges can appear similar in size and shape to regular cloth underwear which is designed to be laundered and reused two or more times. A disposable absorbent article is intended to be worn by persons, including infants, toddlers, or adults, and is designed for a single or temporary use and is meant to be disposed of after being used once instead of being laundered or dry cleaned for re-use. Some examples of disposable absorbent articles include infant diapers, training pants, adult incontinence garments, feminine pants, etc.
Some absorbent articles manufactured today resemble regular cloth underwear in that they have a waist opening and a pair of leg openings. Such pant-like disposable absorbent articles can be pulled up around the torso of a wearer in a similar fashion as regular cloth underwear. Still other pant-like disposable absorbent articles have an open or flat configuration and are designed to be placed adjacent to a wearer's torso and then rely upon one or more attachment tabs or fasteners to secure the article around the wearer's torso. This design is beneficial for bed bound users who may be immobile or for children who need assistance in securing the article in place. Still other adjustable, pant-like articles contain attachment means for opening and closing the waist opening after the article has been positioned around the wearer's torso. The adjustable article has an advantage in that the wearer does not have to remove outer clothing in order to check the status of the article or to remove the undergarment from their body.
With certain refastenable articles, such as adult incontinence underwear and enuresis pants, it is important that the garments look and feel as much as possible like “regular” underwear to promote an improved sense of normalcy to the wearer who suffers from incontinence or enuresis. Accordingly, there is a desire in certain cases to incorporate fastening systems in garments in such a way that the fastening system is relatively discreet in order to make the garment more like “regular” cloth underwear. One possible approach is to provide at least one garment-like, refastenable seam, provided by one or more strips of mechanical fastening material, such as a hook-and-loop style fastener. However, one potential drawback to such designs is that a garment-like refastenable seam may be difficult to detect and difficult to manipulate by the user of the product. In particular embodiments, when a fastener which lies relatively close to an edge of the base substrate to which it is applied, it can in some cases be difficult to locate the edge of the refastenable seam, and, once located, it can in some cases be difficult to grasp the edge of the refastenable seam so as to disengage the seam to allow the product to be opened and inspected or removed.
As a result, a disposable absorbent article including a refastenable seam or fastening portion that is garment-like yet easy to see and/or easy to grasp is needed.
Generally, an attachment member for use with absorbent articles is disclosed. The attachment member for a disposable absorbent article has a first side section securely attached to the disposable absorbent article, the first side having a first graphic. The attachment member has a second side releasably attached to the disposable article, the second side having a second graphic. In one embodiment, the first graphic has a first Pattern Complexity Value and the second graphic having a second Pattern Complexity Value, wherein the first Pattern Complexity Value and the second Pattern Complexity Value are different. In another embodiment, the first graphic has a first color and the second graphic has a second color, and the first color and the second color are different. In other embodiments, both the Pattern Complexity Value and the color of the first and second graphics are different. The change in appearance of the graphic on the attachment member allows for a user to more easily detect the presence of the releasable edge and allows for adjustment of the fit of the absorbent article.
An absorbent article including an attachment member as described above is also disclosed. Desirably, the first graphic corresponds with the graphic on the disposable absorbent article.
Generally, an attachment member for use with absorbent articles is disclosed. The attachment member for a disposable absorbent article has a first side section securely attached to the disposable absorbent article, the first side having a first graphic. The attachment member has a second side releasably attached to the disposable article, the second side having a second graphic. In one embodiment, the first graphic has a first Pattern Complexity Value and the second graphic having a second Pattern Complexity Value, wherein the first Pattern Complexity Value and the second Pattern Complexity Value are different. In another embodiment, the first graphic has a first color and the second graphic has a second color, and the first color and the second color are different. In other embodiments, both the Pattern Complexity Value and the color of the first and second graphics are different. The change in appearance of the graphic on the attachment member allows for a user to more easily detect the presence of the releasable edge and allows for adjustment of the fit of the absorbent article. Reference to the Figures shall be made in describing various embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments depicted in the Figures and described herein are merely representative examples. The various embodiments are suitable for use in conjunction with disposable absorbent articles such as refastenable adult incontinence underwear, pre-fastened disposable diapers, refastenable disposable training pants or swim pants, refastenable disposable enuresis garments, and the like. For illustration purposes, various embodiments shall be described in conjunction with refastenable incontinence or enuresis underwear.
Within the context of this specification, each term or phrase below will include the following meaning or meanings.
“Attached” refers to the joining, adhering, bonding, connecting, or the like, of two elements. Two elements will be considered to be attached together when they are attached directly to one another or indirectly to one another, such as when each is directly attached to intermediate elements.
“Disposable” refers to articles which are designed to be discarded after a limited use rather than being laundered or otherwise restored for reuse.
“Elastomeric” refers to a material or composite which can be elongated by at least 50% of its relaxed length and which will recover, upon release of the applied force, at least 20% of its elongation. It is generally preferred that the elastomeric material or composite be capable of being elongated by at least 100%, more preferably by at least 200%, of its relaxed length and recover, upon release of an applied force, at least 50% of its elongation.
“Longitudinal” and “transverse” have their customary meaning, as indicated by the longitudinal and transverse axes depicted in the Figures. The longitudinal axis lies in the plane of the article and is generally parallel to a vertical plane that bisects a standing wearer into left and right body halves when the article is worn. The transverse axis lies in the plane of the article generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
These terms may be defined with additional language in the remaining portions of the specification.
Referring to
The adjustable pant-like disposable absorbent article 10 includes a front waist region 12, a back waist region 14 and a chassis including absorbent assembly 16 secured to the front and back waist regions, 12 and 14 respectively. The front and back waist regions, 12 and 14 respectively, are joined together by a pair of seams 18 and 20 to form a waist opening 22 and a pair of leg openings 24 and 26.
The front waist region 12 and/or the back waist region 14 can be formed from a single piece of material or they can be formed as a laminate consisting of two or more layers. The layers of the laminate can be of the same material or different material. In one embodiment, a laminate is formed from a first layer and a second layer. Sandwiched between the first and second layers are two or more elastic strands. Desirably, from two to about a hundred elastic strands can be utilized in either the front or back waist regions, 12 and 14, depending upon the overall size of each panel. The elastic strands 56 can be formed from LYCRA, or a similar material. The diameter and/or cross-sectional configuration of the elastic strands 56, the decitex (weight in grams per 10,000 meters) of the elastic strands, and the tension imparted into the elastic strands 56 can all be varied to suit one's particular product needs. The number of elastic strands present in the front waist region 12 can be less than, equal to or greater than the number of elastic strands present in the back waist region 14. The exact number of elastic strands that are utilized should be sufficient to ensure that the disposable absorbent article 10 snuggly conforms to the wearer's torso.
The elastic strands can be coated with an adhesive. By adhesively coating each of the elastic strands, instead of slot coating a major portion of the inner surface of at least one of the first and second layers, softer front and back waist region, 12 and 14 respectively, can be obtained. Wearers of disposable absorbent articles prefer a product that has a softer feel since it is more underwear like.
In other embodiments, the elastomeric nonwoven material comprises an elastomeric film sandwiched between two nonwoven facing layers. U.S. Pat. No. 7,803,244 to Siqueira et al., hereby incorporated by reference, discloses particular examples of elastomeric nonwoven composites suitable for use in the adjustable article described herein.
It should be noted that the front and/or back waist regions, 12 and/or 14 respectively, can be formed from a breathable or a non-breathable material. Desirably, the front and back waist region, 12 and 14 respectively, are formed from a breathable material or a material that is treated or processed to be breathable. Spunbond and bonded carded webs are two breathable materials that work well as front and back waist regions, 12 and 14 respectively, in disposable absorbent articles. Bonded carded webs are produced and commercially sold by a variety of vendors. Other materials that can be used to form the front and back waist regions, 12 and 14 respectively, include woven and non-woven materials formed from natural or synthetic fibers; polyolefins, such as polypropylene or polyethylene; thermoplastic films; as well as other materials known to those skilled in the art. A metallocene polypropylene works very well since it has a soft feel and can be easily ultrasonically bonded to itself.
In the embodiment shown, the front waist region 12 includes a waist edge 28, a crotch edge 30 and a pair of side edges 32 and 34. In a three piece construction wherein an absorbent assembly 16 is secured between the front waist region 12 and the back waist region 14, the crotch edge 30 is well defined. In absorbent articles of a different construction, the crotch edge 30 can be an imaginary line transversely drawn between the pair of leg openings 24 and 26 at a location where one considers the front waist region 12 to end. The exact size and configuration of the front waist region 12 can vary to suit one's particular needs. The front waist region 12 has a first side section 36, a middle region 38 and a second side section 40. The front waist region 12 is completely severed between both the first side section 36 and the middle section 38 and the second side section 40 and the middle section 38 creating a first fully severed region, or gap, 42 and a second fully severed region 44. The first side section 36 is aligned adjacent to the side edge 32 at its leading edge forming the seam 18 and the second side section 40 is aligned adjacent to the side edge 34 at its leading edge forming the seam 18. The middle section 38 has a first edge and a second edge and is located between the first and second sections, 36 and 40 respectively. The terminal edge of the first side section is aligned adjacent to the first edge of the middle section 38 and the terminal edge of the second side section 40 is aligned adjacent to the second edge of the middle section 38. As depicted, the middle section 38 is centrally located and is bifurcated by the longitudinal axis 11 at a midpoint of the front waist region 12. In alternative embodiments, the fully severed regions, 42 and 44, may be perforated lines to allow for a user to break the perforations and create an adjustable severed region.
The first and second fully severed regions, 42 and 44, can be linear or non-linear in configuration. In
Still referring to
Still referring to
Desirably, in the pre-fastened condition, the first side sections 36 and the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12 do not overlap, and the second side section 40 and the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12 do not overlap in the severed regions 42, 44. In one exemplary embodiment, a first gap may be formed in the first severed region 42 between the first side section 36 and the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12 in the pre-fastened condition. In this embodiment, a second gap may be formed in the first severed region 44 between the second side section 40 and the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12 in the pre-fastened condition. In another exemplary embodiment, a terminal or outer edge of the first side section 36 abuts against the first edge of the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12 in the pre-fastened condition. In this embodiment, a terminal or outer edge of the second side section 40 abuts against the second edge of the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12 in the pre-fastened condition.
Referring again to
The first side portion 72 of each attachment member has a first graphic 78. The second side portion 74 of each attachment member has a second graphic 79. For purposes herein, a “graphic” means a pattern or color created by printing or colored laminate. When patterns or graphics are printed on the attachment member, the color may be printed on the outer surface, on an inner surface or between surfaces of the attachment member. For example, if the attachment member is a multilayer structure, the color or pattern may be printed between the layers or on the outer layer. When printing attachment members, the color or pattern may be applied to the outside surface of the attachment member, on the inside surface of the attachment member, or between layers of the attachment member if the attachment member has multiple layers.
As used herein, the term “color” is intended to mean an individual's perception of the spectral composition of visible light coming from a portion of an object. Color characteristics include hue, saturation and luminosity. Each is a separate color characteristic. Hue is the attribute of a color which allows it to be classified as a given color. Saturation, which is sometimes referred to as vividness, is the intensity of the color. Saturation is the degree of freedom from gray. Luminosity, sometimes referred to as value, is the degree of lightness (paleness) or darkness in a color. For example, a blue with white added is a pale color, e.g., baby blue, and blue with black added is a dark color, e.g., navy blue.
As used herein, the term “pattern” is used to describe the individual's perception of spatial variation of visible light due to contrasts in spatial variation of light due to the color, form, and texture of a portion of an object incorporated into the object by the manufacture of the elements. This contrast creates various visual distinct regions or lines sometimes referred to as “figures” within its surroundings sometimes referred to as “background.” Patterns can be formed by combinations of contrasting color, form, and texture relative to its surroundings. An element can have more than one pattern, but each pattern would be distinguishable, recognizable, and separate from the other patterns on the element. Pattern is also a term used to describe the observer's perception of combined effects of more than one color, form, or texture within a portion of an observer's field of view.
Desirably, the first graphic 78 on the first side portion 72 of the attachment member 68, 70 is different than the second graphic 79 on the second side portion 74 of the attachment member 68, 70. The different graphic on the second side portion provides a cue to the user of the releasable second side portion 74 of the attachment member so that the user may easily access the attachment member and readjust the fit of the article.
In one embodiment, the first graphic 78 has a first pattern and the second graphic 79 has a different second pattern. In some embodiments, the second graphic is more complex than the first graphic 78, and, in other embodiments, the second graphic 79 is less complex the first graphic 78. Each pattern has a Pattern Complexity Value as described and calculated below in the Test Method section. Desirably, the first graphic has a first Pattern Complexity Value and the second graphic having a second Pattern Complexity Value, wherein the ratio of the second Pattern Complexity Value to the first Pattern Complexity Value is between 1:10 and 50:1. More desirably, the ratio of the second Pattern Complexity Value to the first Pattern Complexity Value is at 3:2 and 20:1.
In another embodiment, the first graphic 78 includes a first color and the second graphic 79 has a different second color. Each pattern has a Color Difference Value as described and calculated below in the Test Method section. Desirably, a Color Difference Value between the first side and second side is at least 2.0. More desirably, a Color Difference Value between the first side and second side is between 3 and 20.
In some embodiments, the same color may be used in both the first side section 72 and the second side section 74 with different patterns in each side section. In other embodiments, the same patterns may be used in both the first side section 72 and the second side section 74 with different colors in each side section 72, 74. In still other embodiments, a different pattern and a different color may be used in each side section 72, 74. In still other embodiments, multiple colors and patterns may be used in each side section 72, 74. However, the first graphic 78 must also be contrasted against the second graphic 79 by color or pattern to provide a distinction and cue to the user. In still other embodiments, the pattern on the first graphic and the second graphic is the same, but the size of the pattern changes.
In some embodiments, the graphics 78, 79 on the attachment members 68, 70 coordinate with graphics on the remainder of the front panel region of the absorbent article. Desirably, the first graphic 78 matches the color and pattern of the absorbent article 10 to allow the attachment member 68, 70 to blend in with the rest of the article and look more underwear like while allowing for the second graphic to contrast and provide a distinction and cue to the user. In another embodiment, the color of the fastener 68, 70, corresponds with the color of the remainder of the absorbent article.
As illustrated in
In the embodiment shown in
While not required, each of the second side portions 74 of the attachment members 68 and 70 are depicted as extending almost the entire length of the fully severed portions 42 and 44. This means at least 50% of the distance between the waist end and the leg opening are covered by the attachment member. Desirably, the first attachment member and second attachment member extend at least 75% of the distance between the waist end and the leg opening. More desirably, the first attachment member and second attachment member completely extend at least 95% of the distance between the waist end and the leg opening. The second side portions 74 of the attachment member 68 can bridge across the first fully severed region 42 and the second side portion 74 of the other attachment member 70 can bridge across the second fully severed region 44. By extending substantially the entire length of and bridging the fully severed portions, 42 and 44, the attachment members cover the fully severed portions and provide a more underwear like appearance.
The second side portions 74 of the attachment members 68 and 70 can be releasably attached to the middle section 38 of the front waist region 12. Alternatively, the second side portions 74 of the attachment members 68 and 70 can be releasably attached to another region of the side sections of the front waist region 12. The attachment member 68, 70 may be constructed of a non-extensible or elastomeric material. Referring now to
In an alternative embodiment, the front waist region 12 extends the entire width of the absorbent article 10 and may be attached to the back waist region 14 by the attachment members 68 and 70. In another embodiment, the front waist region 12 extends the entire width of the absorbent article 10, is bonded by side seams 18 and 20 and has attachment members 68 and 70 located near the side seams 18, 20.
The complexity of a given graphic can be determined by using the Pattern Complexity Value (PCV or complexity value) measurement method described herein. Generally, the Pattern Complexity Value (PCV) method determines a numeric value of complexity for a printed graphic pattern via a combination of specific image analysis measurement parameters. The PCV method is performed using conventional optical image analysis techniques to detect graphic patterns and measure the complexity of the graphic patterns when viewed using a camera with incident lighting. An image analysis system controlled by an algorithm detects and measures several of the dimensional properties of the graphic pattern. The resulting dimensional measurement data are combined to calculate the PCV of a given pattern.
The method for determining the PCV of a given sample includes the step of acquiring the image of the sample. An exemplary setup for acquiring the image is representatively illustrated in
The sample 110 possessing a printed graphic design is placed on the auto stage 108 of a Leica Microsystems QWIN Pro Image Analysis system, under the optical axis of a 20 mm Nikon AF Nikkor lens 112 with an f-stop setting of 4. The Nikon lens 112 is attached to the Leica DFC 310 FX camera 102 using a c-mount adaptor. The distance from the front face of the Nikon lens 112 to the sample 110 is approximately 43 cm. The sample 110 is flattened and any wrinkles removed by covering it with a transparent glass plate and/or fastening it to the auto stage 108 surface using transparent adhesive tape at its outer edges. The sample 110 is illuminated with incident incandescent lighting using four, 150 watt, GE Reflector Flood lamps 114. The lamps 114 are attached to the KREONITE macro-viewer 106. The illumination level of the lamps is controlled with a POWERSTAT Variable Auto-transformer, type 3PN117C, available from Superior Electric, Co. having an office in Bristol, Conn.
The image analysis software platform used to acquire images and perform the dimensional measurements is a QWIN Pro (Version 3.5.1) available from Leica Microsystems, having an office in Heerbrugg, Switzerland. Prior to executing the algorithm below, the method for determining the PCV includes the step of shading correction. Additionally, if the sample includes colored graphics then color white balancing is undertaken and three command lines in the algorithm below (denoted with superscript tt) are changed to reflect color imaging in either red-green-blue (RGB) or hue-saturation-intensity (HSI) color space. Both the shading correction and the white balancing steps are performed using the QWIN software and a flat white background (e.g., a photographic positive from Polaroid 803 film) being illuminated by the flood lamps. The system and images are also accurately calibrated using the QWIN software and a standard ruler with metric markings at least as small as one a millimeter. The calibration is performed in the horizontal dimension of the video camera image.
Thus, the method for determining the PCV of a given sample also includes the step of performing the dimensional measurements. Specifically, an image analysis algorithm is used to acquire and process images as well as perform measurements using Quantimet User Interactive Programming System (QUIPS) language. The image analysis algorithm is reproduced below.
The QUIPS algorithm is then executed using the QWIN Pro software platform. The analyst is initially prompted to enter in sample identification information. This is followed by a prompting to enter in a base file name for saving the sample replicate specimen images. An opportunity is then given to set up and position the specimen of interest on the sample stage or platform beneath the camera. For most printed designs, a flat white background is suitable to detect the pattern in either gray-scale or color. In some cases, when the specimen is composed of a polymer film, a black background behind the flattened and unwrinkled specimen is suitable to obtain good detection of the pattern.
The sample is positioned so the longest dimension runs horizontally in the image, and the light illumination level of the four-flood lamps is adjusted using the POWERSTAT Variable Auto-transformer to obtain a white level reading of approximately 0.95. During this process of light adjustment, the QUIPS algorithm automatically displays the current white level value within a small window on the video screen. The algorithm then acquires and saves the image to a designated location—typically on the computer's hard drive. The analyst is then prompted to adjust the detection threshold in order to obtain the optimal detection that is possible. The delineation should be turned ‘on’ and the detection interactive window gray-scale histogram as well as visual observation should be used to ensure the best detection possible. For most printed designs, detection will be adjusted in ‘black’ mode in gray-scale or hue-saturation-intensity or red-green-blue mode in color. For polymer film patterns when using a black background, the gray-scale mode will likely need to be switched to ‘white’ mode.
After detection, the analyst is asked whether additional binary image processing is required to further optimize pattern detection. If the analyst believes additional processing will be beneficial, a value of ‘1’ is entered into the prompting window and the analyst is given two opportunities to optimize the binary detection to match the design to the extent possible. In order to check for detected fit versus the actual pattern, the analyst can toggle the ‘control’ and ‘B’ keys on the keyboard simultaneously to turn the overlying binary image on and off. A fit is considered good when the binary image closely matches with the printed pattern with respect to its boundaries and regions within said boundaries. If no additional processing is required, the analyst clicks ‘OK’ without entering any value into the prompting window. If ‘1’ is entered for additional processing, the first opportunity will be thru a ‘Binary Amend’ window showing various options such as ‘closing’ and ‘opening.’ The analyst can experiment to find a good option by changing the output to binary1 or higher. When a specific processing step(s) have been identified, the analyst must do so in such a way so that the final output is into binary0. The second binary ‘edit’ processing step allows for a selection of manual interactions (e.g. reject, accept, draw, etc.) with the image to clean it up for the measurement step of the algorithm. Again, the final step within the manually editing processing step must go into binary0 for the output. If no editing is required, the analyst clicks ‘OK’ and allows the algorithm to proceed.
After the option of additional processing, the algorithm will then prompt the analyst to manually select both measurement and image frame regions of interest (ROI). First, the measurement frame is selected to enclose the detected pattern over as much of the sample (e.g., framing region or focal region) as possible or at least enough to cover one unit cell if there is a pattern that repeats. Secondly, the image frame is selected to be just inside the boundaries of the previously selected measurement frame. The resulting image frame size should be two pixels less wide and long as the measurement frame and located within the measurement frame boundaries.
After the measurement and image frames have been selected, the algorithm will automatically perform measurements and output the data into two different spreadsheets. The first spreadsheet is labeled “data.xls” and is for the field data. The second spreadsheet is labeled “feature data.xls” and is for feature data. The following primary measurement parameter data will be located in the feature data.xls file after measurements and data transfer has occurred:
Area
Perimeter
Convex area
Convex perimeter
Number of features
The following primary measurement parameter data will be located in the data.xls file after measurements and data transfer has occurred. The field area and perimeter data located in the data.xls file are not used for calculations and should be within approximately 5% of those in the featuredata.xls file and may be used to collaborate the accuracy of the comparable area and perimeter data located in featuredata.xls file.
Area Fraction
Area
Perimeter
From these primary measurement parameter data, which are all totals for the selected image frame ROI, a number of secondary derived parameters can be calculated using the following calculations:
Fullness ratio=Sqrt.(area/convex area)
Convexity=convex perimeter/perimeter
Finally, the secondary parameters are combined with area fraction to calculate the PCV parameter:
PCV=(Area/Perimeter×Convexity/Fullness ratio)/Area Fraction
PCV will be in units of a linear distance, so the type of units chosen (e.g. millimeters vs. inches) for image pixel calibration will affect the magnitude of the resulting PCV.
Multiple replicates from a single sample can be performed during a single execution of the QUIPS algorithm. Primary dimensional data will be transferred to the EXCEL spreadsheets for each replicate. Between each replicate, a new sample is placed onto the auto-stage and adjusted via a joystick for image acquisition and analysis. The final sample mean PCV parameter is based on an N=5 analysis from five, separate, product specimen subsamples. A comparison between different samples can be performed using a Student's T analysis at the 90% confidence level.
The Pattern Complexity Value method returns a complexity value for a given graphic wherein the more complex the graphic the lower the complexity value. Likewise, the less complex the graphic the higher the complexity value. In other words, graphics having a lower complexity value are more complex than graphics having a relatively higher complexity value (i.e., the PCV is inversely proportional to the complexity of the graphic). The Pattern Complexity Value is measured along a transverse axis on the absorbent article.
To determine differences in color and intensity between graphics, color images of the given graphic patterns can be acquired using the QUIPS algorithm described herein. These images can then be measured for their pattern component L*a*b* color values using a number of software packages. For example, image processing and analysis packages such as Matlab (v.6.5.1, release 13; Mathworks), Adobe Photoshop, and Media Cybernetics Image Pro Plus are all suitable for measuring L*a*b* values of various colored graphics within a given pattern. Color values of the various graphic can also be measured using a BYK-Gardner Color-Guide Sphere set to the d65/10 for a fluorescent illuminant reading L*a*b* color values. After calibrating the instrument, samples possessing colored graphics were placed on top of the white backing tile, which is placed on a horizontal surface. The white backing tile comes standard with the equipment: (Color reflectance) 90 by 90 mm, Avian Technologies part number ATROG-Cstm-95. The instrument is placed on the sample and held level to the tile. Four replicate readings each of L*, a*, and b* were acquired per sample and averaged.
The differences between graphic colors and brightness can be quantified by a ΔE calculation which includes each of the L*a*b* values as illustrated below:
ΔE=[(L1−L2)2+(a1−a2)2+(b1−b2)2]
Two colors are considered different if they are just-noticeably different by a consumer. This difference is sometimes estimated by just-noticeable difference or differential threshold that has been quantified by ΔE*ab greater than 2.3 as described in ASTM D2244-09b Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates and the references cited therein. Although this just-noticeable difference is sufficient, a larger difference is preferable because the additional contrast between colors is believed to enhance the perceived complexity of the color graphics.
All colors described within the Examples are colors identified by the Color Matching System commercially available from Pantone, Inc. (Carlstadt, N.J.).
It should be understood that various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents to the embodiments of the absorbent article described herein which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present claims.
