Patent Application
20120283410
The present invention relates to the field of drug deliver and more particularly to biological targeting groups and uses thereof.
The development of new therapeutic agents has dramatically improved the quality of life and survival rate of patients suffering from a variety of disorders. However, drug delivery innovations are needed to improve the success rate of these treatments. Specifically, delivery systems are still needed which effectively minimize premature excretion and/or metabolism of therapeutic agents and deliver these agents specifically to diseased cells thereby reducing their toxicity to healthy cells.
Rationally-designed, nanoscopic drug carriers, or “nanovectors,” offer a promising approach to achieving these goals due to their inherent ability to overcome many biological barriers. Moreover, their multi-functionality permits the incorporation of cell-targeting groups, diagnostic agents, and a multitude of drugs in a single delivery system. Polymer micelles, formed by the molecular assembly of functional, amphiphilic block copolymers, represent one notable type of multifunctional nanovector.
Polymer micelles are particularly attractive due to their ability to deliver large payloads of a variety of drugs (e.g. small molecule, proteins, and DNA/RNA therapeutics), their improved in vivo stability as compared to other colloidal carriers (e.g. liposomes), and their nanoscopic size which allows for passive accumulation in diseased tissues, such as solid tumors, by the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. Using appropriate surface functionality, polymer micelles are further decorated with cell-targeting groups and permeation enhancers that can actively target diseased cells and aid in cellular entry, resulting in improved cell-specific delivery.
The ability to target the nanoparticles is of importance in allowing for specific imaging of unhealthy cells, e.g. tumors. In order to accomplish this several groups have shown that over expressed receptors can be used as targeting groups. Examples of these targeting groups include Folate, Her-2 peptide, etc. Typically, conjugation reactions are carried out using the primary amine functionality on proteins (e.g. lysine or protein end-group). Because most proteins contain a multitude of lysines and arginines, such conjugation occurs uncontrollably at multiple sites on the protein. This is particularly problematic when lysines or arginines are located around the active site of an enzyme or other biomolecule. Moreover, the attachment of targeting units directly to the nanoparticle surface through ligand attachment include the fact that this bonding is not permanent. The ligands have the tendency to debond from the nanoparticle surface, especially as the nanoparticles are diluted. Thus, it would be advantageous to provide targeting groups that are readily conjugated to a nanoparticle, or other biologically relevant material, in a manner that is sufficiently stable for targeted delivery.
Click chemistry is a popular method of bioconjugation due to its high reactivity and selectivity, even in biological media. See Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2004-2021; and Wang, Q.; Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B.; Finn, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3192-3193. In addition, currently available recombinant techniques permit the introduction of azides and alkyne-bearing non-canonical amino acids into proteins, cells, viruses, bacteria, and other biological entities that consist of or display proteins. See Link, A. J.; Vink, M. K. S.; Tirrell, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10598-10602; Deiters, A.; Cropp, T. A.; Mukherji, M.; Chin, J. W.; Anderson, C.; Schultz, P. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11782-11783.
In one aspect of the invention, oligopeptide targeting groups are conjugated to a moiety that is suitable for metal free click chemistry (also known as copper free click chemistry) to give a “metal free click functionalized targeting group”. In contrast to standard click chemistry, also known as copper assisted click chemistry (CuACC), metal free click chemistry occurs between either a strained, cyclic alkyne or an alkyne precursor such as an oxanorbornadiene, and an azide group. As the name implies, no metal catalyst is necessary for the reaction to occur. Examples of such chemistries include cyclooctyne derivatives (Codelli, et. al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 11486-11493; Jewett, et. al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 3688-3690; Ning, et. al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 2253-2255), difluoro-oxanorbornene derivatives (van Berkel, et. al. Chem Bio Chem, 2007, 8, 1504-1508), or nitrile oxide derivatives (Lutz, et. al. Macromolecules, 2009, 42, 5411-5413). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the use of metal free click conditions offers certain advantages for the encapsulation of polynucleotides. Certain examples of metal free click chemistry are shown in Scheme 1.
Certain metal-free click moieties are known in the literature. Examples include 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO)
(from Ning et. al; Angew Chem Int Ed, 2008, 47, 2253); difluorinated cyclooctynes (DIFO or DFO)
(from Codelli, et. al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 11486-11493.); biarylazacyclooctynone (BARAC)
(from Jewett et. al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 3688); or bicyclononyne (BCN)
In some embodiments, the “metal free click-functionalized” moiety is an acetylene or an acetylene derivative which is capable of undergoing [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with complementary azide-bearing molecules and biomolecules without the use of a metal catalyst. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized moiety attached to any targeting group described herein.
Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the embodiments, sub-embodiments, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
As used herein, the term “contrast agent” (also known as “contrast media” and “radiocontrast agents”) refers to a compound used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures during MRI, PET, ultrasound, X-ray, or fluorescence imaging. Such agents include semiconductor materials, such as CdSe, CdS, CdTe, PdSe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdS/ZnS, and CdTe/ZnS. Contrast agents also include magnetic materials such as: Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, Co, Ni, FePt, CoPt, CoO, Fe3Pt, Fe2Pt, Co3Pt, Co2Pt, and FeOOH.
The term “targeting group”, as used herein refers to any molecule, macromolecule, or biomacromolecule which selectively binds to receptors that are over-expressed on specific cell types. Such molecules can be attached to the functionalized end-group of a PEG for cell specific delivery of proteins, viruses, DNA plasmids, oligonucleotides (e.g. siRNA, miRNA, antisense therapeutics, aptamers, etc.), drugs, dyes, and primary or secondary labels which are bound to the opposite PEG end-group. Such targeting groups include, but or not limited to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (e.g. IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE antibodies), sugars (e.g. mannose, mannose-6-phosphate, galactose), proteins (e.g. transferrin), oligopeptides (e.g. cyclic and acylic RGD-containing oligopedtides), oligonucleotides (e.g. aptamers), and vitamins (e.g. folate).
The term “permeation enhancer”, as used herein refers to any molecule, macromolecule, or biomacromolecule which aids in or promotes the permeation of cellular membranes and/or the membranes of intracellular compartments (e.g. endosome, lysosome, etc.) Such molecules can be attached to the functionalized end-group of a PEG to aid in the intracellular and/or cytoplasmic delivery of proteins, viruses, DNA plasmids, oligonucleotides (e.g. siRNA, miRNA, antisense therapeutics, aptamers, etc.), drugs, dyes, and primary or secondary labels which are bound to the opposite PEG end-group. Such permeation enhancers include, but are not limited to, oligopeptides containing protein transduction domains such as the HIV-1Tat peptide sequence (GRKKRRQRRR) or oligoarginine (RRRRRRRRR). Oligopeptides which undergo conformational changes in varying pH environments such oligohistidine (HHHHH) also promote cell entry and endosomal escape.
As used herein, the term “poly(amino acid)” or “amino acid block” refers to a covalently linked amino acid chain wherein each monomer is an amino acid unit. Such amino acid units include natural and unnatural amino acids. In certain embodiments, each amino acid unit is in the L-configuration. Such poly(amino acids) include those having suitably protected functional groups. For example, amino acid monomers may have hydroxyl or amino moieties which are optionally protected by a suitable hydroxyl protecting group or a suitable amine protecting group, as appropriate. Such suitable hydroxyl protecting groups and suitable amine protecting groups are described in more detail herein, infra. As used herein, an amino acid block comprises one or more monomers or a set of two or more monomers. In certain embodiments, an amino acid block comprises one or more monomers such that the overall block is hydrophilic. In other embodiments, an amino acid block comprises one or more monomers such that the overall block is hydrophobic. In still other embodiments, amino acid blocks of the present invention include random amino acid blocks, ie blocks comprising a mixture of amino acid residues.
As used herein, the phrase “natural amino acid side-chain group” refers to the side-chain group of any of the 20 amino acids naturally occurring in proteins. Such natural amino acids include the nonpolar, or hydrophobic amino acids, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and proline. Cysteine is sometimes classified as nonpolar or hydrophobic and other times as polar. Natural amino acids also include polar, or hydrophilic amino acids, such as tyrosine, serine, threonine, aspartic acid (also known as aspartate, when charged), glutamic acid (also known as glutamate, when charged), asparagine, and glutamine. Certain polar, or hydrophilic, amino acids have charged side-chains. Such charged amino acids include lysine, arginine, and histidine. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that protection of a polar or hydrophilic amino acid side-chain can render that amino acid nonpolar. For example, a suitably protected tyrosine hydroxyl group can render that tyroine nonpolar and hydrophobic by virtue of protecting the hydroxyl group.
As used herein, the phrase “unnatural amino acid side-chain group” refers to amino acids not included in the list of 20 amino acids naturally occurring in proteins, as described above. Such amino acids include the D-isomer of any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Unnatural amino acids also include homoserine, ornithine, and thyroxine. Other unnatural amino acids side-chains are well know to one of ordinary skill in the art and include unnatural aliphatic side chains. Other unnatural amino acids include modified amino acids, including those that are N-alkylated, cyclized, phosphorylated, acetylated, amidated, azidylated, labelled, and the like.
The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, denotes a hydrocarbon moiety that may be straight-chain (i.e., unbranched), branched, or cyclic (including fused, bridging, and spiro-fused polycyclic) and may be completely saturated or may contain one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-10 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-8 carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments aliphatic groups contain 1-4 carbon atoms. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon. This includes any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen, or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring including ═N— as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl, —NH— as in pyrrolidinyl, or ═N(R†)— as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl.
The term “unsaturated”, as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.
The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains three to seven ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”.
As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH2)0-4Ro; —(CH2)0-4ORo; —O—(CH2)0-4C(O)ORo; —(CH2)0-4CH(ORo)2; —(CH2)0-4SRo; —(CH2)0-4Ph, which may be substituted with Ro; —(CH2)0-4O(CH2)0-1Ph which may be substituted with Ro; —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with Ro; —NO2; —CN; —N3; —(CH2)0-4N(Ro)2; —(CH2)0-4N(Ro)C(O)Ro; —N(Ro)C(S)Ro; —(CH2)0-4N(Ro)C(O)NRo)2; —N(Ro)C(S)NRo2; —(CH2)0-4N(Ro)C(O)ORo; —N(Ro)N(Ro)C(O)Ro; —N(Ro)N(Ro)C(O)NRo2; —N(Ro)N(Ro)C(O)ORo; —(CH2)0-4C(O)Ro; —C(S)Ro; —(CH2)0-4C(O)ORo; —(CH2)0-4C(O)SRo; —(CH2)0-4C(O)OSiRo3; —(CH2)0-4OC(O)Ro; —OC(O)(CH2)0-4SR—, SC(S)SRo; —(CH2)0-4SC(O)Ro; —(CH2)0-4C(O)NRo2; —C(S)NRo2; —C(S)SRo; —SC(S)SRo, —(CH2)0-4OC(O)NRo2; —C(O)N(ORo)Ro; —C(O)C(O)Ro; —C(O)CH2C(O)Ro; —C(NORoRo; —(CH2)0-4SSRo; —(CH2)0-4S(O)2Ro; —(CH2)0-4S(O)2ORo; —(CH2)0-4OS(O)2Ro; —S(O)2NRo2; —(CH2)0-4S(O)Ro; —N(Ro)S(O)2NRo2; —N(Ro)S(O)2Ro; —N(ORo)Ro; —C(NH)NRo2; —P(O)2Ro; —P(O)Ro2; —OP(O)Ro2; —OP(O)(ORo)2; SiRo3; —(C1-4 straight or branched)alkylene)O—N(Ro)2; or —(C1-4 straight or branched)alkylene)C(O)O—N(Ro)2, wherein each Ro may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of Ro, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.
Suitable monovalent substituents on Ro (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of Ro together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, —(CH2)0-2R•, -(haloR•), —(CH2)0-2OH, —(CH2)0-2OR•, —(CH2)0-2CH(OR•)2; —O(haloR•), —CN, —N3, —(CH2)0-2C(O)R•, —(CH2)0-2C(O)OH, —(CH2)0-2C(O)OR•, —(CH2)0-2SR•, —(CH2)0-2SH, —(CH2)0-2NH2, —(CH2)0-2NHR•, —(CH2)0-2NR•2, —NO2, —SiR•3, —OSiR•3, —C(O)SR•, —(C1-4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR•, or —SSR• wherein each R• is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C1-4 aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of Ro include ═O and ═S.
Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*2, ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)2R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*2))2-3O—, or —S(C(R*2))2-3S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*2)2-3O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. A suitable tetravalent substituent that is bound to vicinal substitutable methylene carbons of an “optionally substituted” group is the dicobalt hexacarbonyl cluster represented by
when depicted with the methylenes which bear it.
Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, —R•, -(haloR•), —OH, —OR•, —O(haloR•), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR•, —NH2, —NHR•, —NR•2, or —NO2, wherein each R• is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1-4 aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include —R†, —NR†2, —C(O)R†, —C(O)OR†, —C(O)C(O)R†, —C(O)CH2C(O)R†, —S(O)2R†, —S(O)2NR†2, —C(S)NR†2, —C(NH)NR†2, or —N(R†)S(O)2R†; wherein each R† is independently hydrogen, C1 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R† are independently halogen, —R•, -(haloR•), —OH, —OR•, —O(haloR•), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR•, —NH2, —NHR•, —NR•2, or —NO2, wherein each R• is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1-4 aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
Protected hydroxyl groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of suitably protected hydroxyl groups further include, but are not limited to, esters, carbonates, sulfonates allyl ethers, ethers, silyl ethers, alkyl ethers, arylalkyl ethers, and alkoxyalkyl ethers. Examples of suitable esters include formates, acetates, proprionates, pentanoates, crotonates, and benzoates. Specific examples of suitable esters include formate, benzoyl formate, chloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate, 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, pivaloate (trimethylacetate), crotonate, 4-methoxy-crotonate, benzoate, p-benzylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate. Examples of suitable carbonates include 9-fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, vinyl, allyl, and p-nitrobenzyl carbonate. Examples of suitable silyl ethers include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl ether, and other trialkylsilyl ethers. Examples of suitable alkyl ethers include methyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, trityl, t-butyl, and allyl ether, or derivatives thereof. Alkoxyalkyl ethers include acetals such as methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl, benzyloxymethyl, beta-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, and tetrahydropyran-2-yl ether. Examples of suitable arylalkyl ethers include benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl (MPM), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, O-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, 2- and 4-picolyl ethers.
Protected amines are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Greene (1999). Suitable mono-protected amines further include, but are not limited to, aralkylamines, carbamates, allyl amines, amides, and the like. Examples of suitable mono-protected amino moieties include t-butyloxycarbonylamino (—NHBOC), ethyloxycarbonylamino, methyloxycarbonylamino, trichloroethyloxycarbonylamino, allyloxycarbonylamino (—NHAlloc), benzyloxocarbonylamino (—NHCBZ), allylamino, benzylamino (—NHBn), fluorenylmethylcarbonyl (—NHFmoc), formamido, acetamido, chloroacetamido, dichloroacetamido, trichloroacetamido, phenylacetamido, trifluoroacetamido, benzamido, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, and the like. Suitable di-protected amines include amines that are substituted with two substituents independently selected from those described above as mono-protected amines, and further include cyclic imides, such as phthalimide, maleimide, succinimide, and the like. Suitable di-protected amines also include pyrroles and the like, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,2,5]azadisilolidine and the like, and azide.
Protected aldehydes are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Greene (1999). Suitable protected aldehydes further include, but are not limited to, acyclic acetals, cyclic acetals, hydrazones, imines, and the like. Examples of such groups include dimethyl acetal, diethyl acetal, diisopropyl acetal, dibenzyl acetal, bis(2-nitrobenzyl)acetal, 1,3-dioxanes, 1,3-dioxolanes, semicarbazones, and derivatives thereof.
Protected carboxylic acids are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Greene (1999). Suitable protected carboxylic acids further include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic esters, optionally substituted aryl esters, silyl esters, activated esters, amides, hydrazides, and the like. Examples of such ester groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, benzyl, and phenyl ester, wherein each group is optionally substituted. Additional suitable protected carboxylic acids include oxazolines and ortho esters.
Protected thiols are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Greene (1999). Suitable protected thiols further include, but are not limited to, disulfides, thioethers, silyl thioethers, thioesters, thiocarbonates, and thiocarbamates, and the like. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl thioethers, benzyl and substituted benzyl thioethers, triphenylmethyl thioethers, and trichloroethoxycarbonyl thioester, to name but a few.
A “crown ether moiety” is the radical of a crown ether. A crown ether is a monocyclic polyether comprised of repeating units of —CH2CH2O—. Examples of crown ethers include 12-crown-4,15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6.
Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13C— or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as in neutron scattering experiments, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.
As used herein, the term “detectable moiety” is used interchangeably with the term “label” and relates to any moiety capable of being detected (e.g., primary labels and secondary labels). A “detectable moiety” or “label” is the radical of a detectable compound.
“Primary” labels include radioisotope-containing moieties (e.g., moieties that contain 32P, 33P, 35S, or 14C), mass-tags, and fluorescent labels, and are signal-generating reporter groups which can be detected without further modifications.
Other primary labels include those useful for positron emission tomography including molecules containing radioisotopes (e.g. 18F) or ligands with bound radioactive metals (e.g. 62Cu). In other embodiments, primary labels are contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging such as gadolinium, gadolinium chelates, or iron oxide (e.g Fe3O4 and Fe2O3) particles. Similarly, semiconducting nanoparticles (e.g. cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride) are useful as fluorescent labels. Other metal nanoparticles (e.g colloidal gold) also serve as primary labels.
“Secondary” labels include moieties such as biotin, or protein antigens, that require the presence of a second compound to produce a detectable signal. For example, in the case of a biotin label, the second compound may include streptavidin-enzyme conjugates. In the case of an antigen label, the second compound may include an antibody-enzyme conjugate. Additionally, certain fluorescent groups can act as secondary labels by transferring energy to another compound or group in a process of nonradiative fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), causing the second compound or group to then generate the signal that is detected.
Unless otherwise indicated, radioisotope-containing moieties are optionally substituted hydrocarbon groups that contain at least one radioisotope. Unless otherwise indicated, radioisotope-containing moieties contain from 1-40 carbon atoms and one radioisotope. In certain embodiments, radioisotope-containing moieties contain from 1-20 carbon atoms and one radioisotope.
The terms “fluorescent label”, “fluorescent group”, “fluorescent compound”, “fluorescent dye”, and “fluorophore”, as used herein, refer to compounds or moieties that absorb light energy at a defined excitation wavelength and emit light energy at a different wavelength. Examples of fluorescent compounds include, but are not limited to: Alexa Fluor dyes (Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660 and Alexa Fluor 680), AMCA, AMCA-S, BODIPY dyes (BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY TR, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665), Carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, Coumarin 343, Cyanine dyes (Cy3, Cy5, Cy3.5, Cy5.5), Dansyl, Dapoxyl, Dialkylaminocoumarin, 4′,5′-Dichloro-2′,7′-dimethoxy-fluorescein, DM-NERF, Eosin, Erythrosin, Fluorescein, FAM, Hydroxycoumarin, IRDyes (IRD40, IRD 700, IRD 800), JOE, Lissamine rhodamine B, Marina Blue, Methoxycoumarin, Naphthofluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, PyMPO, Pyrene, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Rhodol Green, 2′,4′,5′,7′-Tetra-bromosulfone-fluorescein, Tetramethyl-rhodamine (TMR), Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), Texas Red, Texas Red-X.
The term “mass-tag” as used herein refers to any moiety that is capable of being uniquely detected by virtue of its mass using mass spectrometry (MS) detection techniques. Examples of mass-tags include electrophore release tags such as N-[3-[4′-[(p-Methoxytetrafluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl]-3-methylglyceronyl]isonipecotic Acid, 4′-[2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(pentafluorophenoxyl)]methyl acetophenone, and their derivatives. The synthesis and utility of these mass-tags is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,650,750, 4,709,016, 5,360,8191, 5,516,931, 5,602,273, 5,604,104, 5,610,020, and 5,650,270. Other examples of mass-tags include, but are not limited to, nucleotides, dideoxynucleotides, oligonucleotides of varying length and base composition, oligopeptides, oligosaccharides, and other synthetic polymers of varying length and monomer composition. A large variety of organic molecules, both neutral and charged (biomolecules or synthetic compounds) of an appropriate mass range (100-2000 Daltons) may also be used as mass-tags.
The term “substrate”, as used herein refers to any material or macromolecular complex to which a functionalized end-group of a block copolymer can be attached. Examples of commonly used substrates include, but are not limited to, glass surfaces, silica surfaces, plastic surfaces, metal surfaces, surfaces containing a metalic or chemical coating, membranes (eg., nylon, polysulfone, silica), micro-beads (eg., latex, polystyrene, or other polymer), porous polymer matrices (eg., polyacrylamide gel, polysaccharide, polymethacrylate), macromolecular complexes (eg., protein, polysaccharide).
A. Metal Free Click-Functionalized Targeting Groups
As described above, the present invention provides targeting groups that are functionalized in a manner suitable for click chemistry. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized Her-2 binding peptide. Her-2 is a clinically validated receptor target and is over-expressed in 20-30% of breast cancers (Stern D. F., Breast Cancer Res. 2000, 2(3), 176, Fantin V. R., et. al., Cancer Res. 2005, 65(15), 6891). Her-2 over-expression leads to constitutive activation of cell signaling pathways that result in increased cell growth and survival. Her-2-binding peptides have been developed which retain much of the potency of full-length antibodies such as trastuzamab (i.e. Herceptin) (Fantin V. R. et. al., Cancer Res. 2005, 65(15), 6891, Park B. W., et. al., Nat. Biotechnol. 2000, 18(2), 194).
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-a, I-b, or I-c:
In certain embodiments, the R group is an activated alkyne. In other embodiments, R is a cyclic alkyne. In other embodiments, R is a cyclooctyne derivative. In yet other embodiments, R is an alkyne precursor. In another embodiment, R is an oxanobornadiene or oxime (as a nitrile oxide precursor). In some embodiments, the R group is —CH═N—OR, wherein R is as defined and described herein. In certain embodiments, the R group is —CH═N—OH. In other embodiments, the R is
In still other embodiments, the R group is
In yet other embodiments, the R group is
In other embodiments, the R group is
In some embodiments, the R group is
In certain embodiments, the R group is
In certain embodiments, the R group is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclooctynol. In other embodiments, the R group
is where R0 is as defined above. In other embodiments, the R group is
where R0 is as defined above.
In certain embodiments, the R group is BCN or a BCN derivative. In other embodiments, the R group is
In other embodiments, the R group is
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized uPAR antagonist. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a transmembrane receptor that plays a key role in cell motility and invasion (Mazar A. P., Anticancer Drugs 2001, 12(5), 387). uPAR is an attractive target in cancer therapy as it over-expressed in many types of cancer and expression is usually indicative of a poor patient prognosis (Foekens, J. A., et. al. Cancer Res. 2000, 60(3), 636). Indeed, many antagonists toward uPAR, or uPAR itself, have been developed and have been shown to suppress tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo (Reuning, U. et. al., Curr. Pharm. Des. 2003, 9(19), 1529, Romer, J., et. al. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2004, 10(19), 2359).
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e, II-f, II-g, II-h, II-k, II-l, II-m, II-n, and II-o, below:
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized CXCR4 antagonist. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that was identified as a co-receptor for HIV entry (De Clercq, E., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2(7), 581). CXCR4 has also been found to be over-expressed in a majority of breast cancers as described by Muller and colleagues (Muller, A., et. al., Nature 2001, 410(6824), 50). A number of small molecular antagonists have also been developed towards CXCR4 (De Clercq, E., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2(7), 581, Gerlach, L. O., et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276(17), 14153, Tamamura, H., et. al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1(21), 3656, Tamamura, H., et. al., Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2006, 6(9), 989, Tamamura, H., et. al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 4(12), 2354). Other inhibitors of CXCR4, such as short interfering RNA, have also shown remarkable anti-cancer activity in vivo, verifying CXCR4 as a pre-clinical target for cancer therapy (Lapteva, N., et. al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2005, 12(1), 84, Liang, Z., et. al., Cancer Res. 2004, 64(12), 4302, Liang, Z. et. al., Cancer Res. 2005, 65(3), 967, Smith, M. C., et. al., Cancer Res. 2004, 64(23), 8604).
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized folate targeting group. The folate receptor is over-expressed in many epithelial cancers, such as ovarian, colorectal, and breast cancer (Ross, J. F., et. al., Cancer 1994, 73(9), 2432, Jhaveri, M. S., et. al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 2004, 3(12), 1505). In addition to being highly overexpressed in cancer cells, little or no expression is found in normal cells (Elnakat, H., et. al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56(8), 1067, Weitman, S. D., et. al., Cancer Res. 1992, 52(12), 3396). The non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties of folate make it an excellent ligand for cancer cell targeting.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a a click-functionalized compound of formula III:
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized GRP78 peptide antagonist. GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein) is a heat shock protein that functions to regulate protein folding and vesicle trafficking (Kim, Y., et. al., Biochemistry 2006, 45(31), 9434). Although expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum in normal cells, it is over-expressed on the surface of many cancer cells (Kim, Y., et. al., Biochemistry 2006, 45(31), 9434, Arap, M. A., et. al., Cancer Cell 2004, 6(3), 275, Liu, Y., et. al., Mol. Pharm. 2007). Two groups have independently designed peptides that target GRP78 in vitro and in vivo (Arap, M. A., et. al., Cancer Cell 2004, 6(3), 275, Liu, Y., et. al., Mol. Pharm. 2007).
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a click-functionalized GRP78 targeting group of formulae IV-a through IV-f:
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized integrin binding peptide. In other embodiments, the present invention provides a click-functionalized RGD peptide. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that function in binding to the extracellular matrix. Attachment of cells to substrata via intergrins induces cell signaling pathways that are essential for cell-survival; therefore, disruption of integrin-mediated attachment is a logical intervention for cancer therapy (Hehlgans, S., et. al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2007, 1775(1), 163). Small linear and cyclic peptides based on the peptide motif RGD have shown excellent integrin binding (Ruoslahti, E., et. al., Science 1987, 238(4826), 491). Additional RGD sequences have demonstrated the ability to penetrate tumor tissues (Ruoslahti, E., et. al., Cancer Cell 2009, 16, 510). Example sequences include CRGDKGPDC, CRGDRGPDC, CRGDKGPEC, and CRGDRGPEC.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulae V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, V-e, and V-f:
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist peptides. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor (LHRHR) was found to be overexpressed in a number of cancer types, including breast, ovarian and prostate cancer cells (Dharap, S. S., et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102(36), 12962). LHRH antagonist peptides have been synthesized are effective in cancer-cell targeting (Dharap, S. S., et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102(36), 12962). In one embodiment, peptide antagonists toward LHRHR are conjugated to polymer micelles for tumor-specific targeting of cancer.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulae VI-a, VI-b, VI-c, VI-d, and VI-e:
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized aminopeptidase targeting peptide. Aminopeptidase N (CD13) is a tumor specific receptor that is predominantly expressed in blood vessels surrounding solid tumors. A three amino acid peptide (NGR) was identified to be a cell-binding motif that bound to the receptor aminopeptidase N (Arap, W., et. al., Science 1998, 279(5349), 377, Pasqualini, R., et. al., Cancer Res. 2000, 60(3), 722). The NGR peptide, along with other peptides that target the closely related aminopeptidase A (Marchio, S., et. al., Cancer Cell 2004, 5(2), 151) are targeting group for cancer cells.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulae VII-a, VII-b, VII-c, and VII-d:
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a click-functionalized cell permeating peptide. Cell permeating peptides based on transduction domains such as those derived from the HIV-1 Tat protein are promising candidates to improve the intracellular delivery of therapeutic macromolecules and drug delivery systems. HIV-1 Tat, and other protein transduction domains, efficiently cross the plasma membranes of cells in an energy dependent fashion, demonstrate effective endosomal escape, and localize in the cell nucleus. (Lindgren, M., et. al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2000, 21, 99, Jeang, K. T., et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 28837, Green, M., et. al., Cell 1988, 55, 1179). The domain responsible for the cellular uptake of HIV-1 Tat consists of the highly basic region, amino acid residues 49-57 (RKKRRQRRR) (Pepinsky, R. B., et. al., DNA Cell Biol. 1994, 13, 1011, Vive's, E., et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 16010, Fawell, S., et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 664). While the detailed mechanism for the cellular uptake of HIV-1 Tat remains speculative, the attachment of the HIV TAT PTD and other cationic PTDs (e.g. oligoarginine and penetratin) has been shown to dramatically increase the permeability of drug delivery systems to cells in vitro. (Torchilin, V. P., et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 98, 8786, Snyder, E. L., et. al., Pharm. Res. 2004, 21, 389, Letoha, T., et. al. J. Mol. Recognit. 2003, 16(5), 272).
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulae VIII-a, VIII-b, VIII-c, VIII-d, VIII-e, and VIII-f:
As described herein, the present invention provides targeting groups functionalized for metal free click chemistry. As described above, targeting groups include synthetic peptides having an ability to selectively bind to receptors that are over-expressed on specific cell types. Exemplary targeting groups suitable for derivitization as metal free click-functionalized targeting groups in accordance with the present invention include those set forth in Tables 1-31, below. It will be appreciated that the peptide sequences shown in Tables 1-31, are presented N-terminus to C-terminus, left to right. In a case where a sequence runs over to multiple lines in a row, the each line is a continuation of the sequence on the line above it, left to right.
Additional exemplary targeting groups suitable for derivitization as metal free click-functionalized targeting groups in accordance with the present invention include those set forth in Tables 32-38, below. Exemplary peptides that have been shown to be useful for targeting tumors in general in vivo are listed in Table 32.
Additional exemplary targeting groups suitable for derivitization as metal free click-functionalized targeting groups in accordance with the present invention include those set forth in Tables 33-38, below. Exemplary peptides that have been shown to be potentially useful for targeting specific receptors on tumors cells or specific tumor types are listed in Tables 33-38.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the peptide sequences in Tables 1-38 can be metal free click-functionalized at an amine-terminus or at a carboxylate-terminus.
As described above, Tables 1-38 represent lists of synthetic homing peptides, i.e., peptides that home to specific tissues, both normal and cancer. Such peptides are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,576,239, 6,306,365, 6,303,573, 6,296,832, 6,232,287, 6,180,084, 6,174,687, 6,068,829, 5,622,699, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2001/0046498, 2002/0041898, 2003/0008819, 2003/0077826, PCT application PCT/GB02/04017(WO 03/020751), and by Aina, O. et al., Mol Pharm 2007, 4(5), 631.
Those skilled in the art will recognize methods for identifying and characterizing tissue-homing peptides. For example, see Arap, W., et al., Science 1998, 279(5349), 377, Pasqualini R. and Ruoslahti, E., Nature 1996, 380(6572), 364, Rajotte, D. et al., J. Clin Invest 1998, 102(2), 430, Laakkonen, P., et al., Nat. Med. 2002, 8(7), 751, Essler, M. and Ruoslahti E. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99(4), 2252, Joyce J., et al., Cancer Cell 2003, 4(5), 393, Montet X., et al., Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17(4), 905, and Hoffman J. et al., Cancer Cell 2003, 4(5), 383.
According to another embodiment, the invention provides a metal free click derivative of transferrin. Transferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein, and transferrin receptors have been reported to upregulated in cancer cells. Furthermore, the modification of surface amine groups is possible with suitable electrophiles. (See Bellocq, et. al; Bioconjugate Chem., 2003, 14, 1122-1132.)
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula IX:
In some embodiments, x is 1-5. In certain embodiments, x is 1. In other embodiments, x is 2. In yet other embodiments, x is 3. In other embodiments, x is 4. In other embodiments, x is 5. In another embodiment, x is 2-10.
According to another embodiment, the invention provides a metal free click derivative of endothelial growth factor protein (EGF) or portion thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula X:
According to another embodiment, the invention provides a metal free click derivative of endothelial growth factor protein (EGF) or portion thereof.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a metal free click-functionalized endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting peptide. EGFR was shown to be over expressed in lung, breast, bladder, and ovarian cancers. (See Song, et. al.; The FASEB Journal, 2009, 23, 1396-1404.)
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula XI:
Compositions
According to one embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a polymer micelle conjugated to a targeting group described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. According to another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a nanoparticle conjugated to a targeting group described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. In certain embodiments, such compositions are formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In other embodiments, the composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient. In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention are formulated for parenteral administration.
The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N+(C1-4 alkyl)4 salts. This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
The compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of the present invention are enterically coated.
Alternatively, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
For topical applications, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration.
The amount of the compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, the compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of the drug can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.
It will be appreciated that dosages typically employed for the encapsulated drug are contemplated by the present invention. In certain embodiments, a patient is administered a drug-loaded micelle of the present invention wherein the dosage of the drug is equivalent to what is typically administered for that drug. In other embodiments, a patient is administered a drug-loaded micelle of the present invention wherein the dosage of the drug is lower than is typically administered for that drug.
It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention.
The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/452,610, filed Mar. 14, 2011, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61452610 | Mar 2011 | US |
