Patent Grant
10392604
This application is a national stage application under 35 USC 371 of International Application No. PCT/RU2016/050066, filed Nov. 3, 2016, which claims priority to Russian Patent Application No. 2015147703, filed Nov. 6, 2015, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 726932000700SEQLIST.txt, date recorded: Sep. 19, 2017, size: 42 KB).
The present invention relates to the field of medicine and virology, in particular, to an attenuated chimeric A virus, an attenuated influenza vector based thereon, and their use for the prevention and/or treatment of infectious diseases and for the treatment of oncological diseases.
Today, the most important protective measure against a viral infection and for limiting its spread is preventive vaccination. Modern vaccines, as a rule, induce the formation of antibodies to surface viral antigens. Vaccine effectiveness directly depends on the degree of matching between the antigenic structure of the virus strains containing in a vaccine and the strains circulating in the population. Surface proteins of the majority of viruses undergo constant antigenic variation (antigenic drift), necessitating constant updating of vaccine strain composition. The development of highly immunogenic and safe vaccines inducing the immune response of a broad spectrum of action is currently one of the major problems encountered in efficient influenza prevention.
Of all the viral respiratory diseases, influenza causes the most severe pathology and leads to the greatest damage to the population health and economy. The lack of population immunity to the periodically emerging new pandemic influenza strains makes influenza infection especially dangerous. It is known that the Spanish flu caused the death of 30 to 50 million people in 1918. Currently, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) data, each year approximately 20% of the population worldwide, including 5-10% of adults and 20-30% of children, become ill with influenza during seasonal epidemics (World Health Organization) at the website www.who.int under the directory biologicals/vaccines/influenza/en/ (accessed date: 28.03.2016)). Severe disease forms are recorded for 3-5 million cases, and 250,000 to 500,000 cases are lethal. Economic losses caused by influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) account for approximately 77% of the total damage from all infectious diseases. Significant losses are related both to the direct costs of patients' treatment and rehabilitation, as well as to the indirect losses caused by a decrease in productivity and reduction in corporate profits. Influenza and acute respiratory viral infections account for 12-14% of the total number of temporary disability cases.
The existing vaccines can be subdivided into two types: the attenuated (live, containing whole and active viruses exhibiting low pathogenicity) and inactivated (containing fragments of viral particles or whole inactive viruses) types. Live viruses that can replicate in an infected host elicit a strong and long-lasting immune response against the expressed antigens of these viruses. They effectively induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, and stimulate cytokine- and chemokine-mediated immune responses. Therefore, live attenuated viruses have certain advantages over vaccine compositions based on either inactivated immunogens or separate subunits of an immunogen, which generally stimulate only the humoral part of the immune system.
For vaccination of animals and humans from various infectious diseases, viruses of different families can be used as vectors expressing foreign genomic sequences. Vectors can be used in the cases where traditional killed or live vaccines cannot be produced or their effectiveness does not allow control of a disease. Among the existing antigen delivery systems, viral vectors occupy a special place because of the following properties: they have a natural mechanism of interaction with a cell and penetration into it, transfer foreign genetic material to the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell, and are able to provide long-lasting expression of an antigen, and the viral envelope protects the nucleic acid encoding an introduced transgene.
Not all viruses have the properties necessary to construct vectors for the production of effective attenuated recombinant vaccines. Currently, for the development of viral vector-based vaccines, most widely used viruses are poxviruses (Poxviridae) [J. Gen. Virol. 2005. V. 86. No. 11. P. 2925-2936], Newcastle disease virus (NDV) [Virol. 2001. V. 75. No. 23. P. 11868-11873] and adenoviruses (Adenoviridae) [Biotechnology. 2007. V. 5, P. 38-44]. Among the poxviruses used as a viral vector, the most popular virus is vaccinia virus having advantages, such as simplicity and low cost of production, as well as a high packing capacity (up to 25 kbp) [J. Gen. Virol. 2005. V. 86. No. 11. P. 2925-2936]. A serious disadvantage of vaccinia virus-based vectors is pre-existing immunity to this virus, which is present in a part of the human population as a result of immunization against smallpox. Therefore, it is advisable to use vectors based on poxviruses, such as canarypox (Canarypox) and poultry poxvirus (Flowpox). However, Canarypox and Flowpox induce weaker immune response to target antigens than the vaccinia virus and require repeated administration or use of adjuvants [Vaccine. 1991. V. 9. No. 5, P. 303-308]. A significant disadvantage of a NDV vaccine vector is that the effects of the administration of recombinant NDVs have not been sufficiently studied, and it is not clear whether NDV-based vaccines are safe for humans. In addition, NDV is characterized by a low packing capacity and difficulty in producing vectors carrying several target antigens [Chem. Biodivers. 2010. V. 7. No. 3. P. 677-689]. Adenoviruses also have a number of disadvantages limiting their use as vectors for gene transfer. The major disadvantages of adenoviral vectors are the following: (1) heterogeneous distribution of the viral receptors on the surface of cells in the body, which makes many cells insensitive to adenovirus infection; (2) the presence of a powerful protective immunity of the population to known adenoviral vectors; and (3) a theoretical possibility of integration of the adenovirus DNA genome into human chromosomes (Stephen S L, Montini E, Sivanandam V G, Al-Dhalimy M, Kestler H A, Finegold M, Grompe M, Kochanek S. Chromosomal integration of adenoviral vector DNA in vivo. J Virol. 2010 October; 84(19):9987-94. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00751-10. Epub 2010 Aug. 4).
Vectors constructed based on influenza virus have several advantages over other viral vectors, because:
The influenza virus belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae, which includes genera: influenza A, B, and C viruses. Genomes of influenza A and B viruses are structurally similar, and consist of eight RNA genome segments of negative polarity: PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NA, NP, M and NS (Chou Y Y, Vafabakhsh R, Doğanay S, Gao Q, Ha T, Palese P. One influenza virus particle packages eight unique viral RNAs as shown by FISH analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 Jun. 5; 109(23):9101-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206069109. Epub 2012 Apr. 30). The polymerase complex PB2, PB1, and PA transcribes one mRNA from each genomic fragment, which is translated to the protein of the same name. Messenger RNAs of genomic segments M and NS may be alternatively spliced to form mRNAs encoding M2 and NEP proteins, respectively. All proteins except NS1 and PB1-F2 (are available not in all strains) are structural components of a virus particle. Nonstructural protein NS1 accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and acts as an interferon inhibitor (Krug R M. Functions of the influenza A virus NS1 protein in antiviral defense. Curr Opin Virol. 2015 June; 12:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.007. Epub 2015 Jan. 29. Review).
The segmented structure of the influenza virus genome is an source of new different strains that are the result of the reassortment process. This is one of the mechanisms for the natural antigenic diversity of influenza viruses and the occurrence of influenza pandemics.
The antigenic properties of influenza virus are determined by the surface glycoproteins—hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) that form spikes on the virion surface. The HA molecule is responsible for the mechanisms of binding the virus to sialic acid receptors on a cell and fusing the viral and cell membranes for penetration of the genome into the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell. In the process of viral replication, the HA is cleaved (HA activation) by cellular proteases into two subunits—HA1 and HA2—that remain connected by a disulfide bond (Bullough P A, Hughson F M, Skehel J J, Wiley DC. Structure of influenza haemagglutinin at the pH of membrane fusion. Nature 1994; 371, 37-43). The HA molecule consists of two parts: a globular part comprising HA1 subunit and the stem region, which is formed mainly by HA2 and partially by the HA1 subunit. The globular part includes a receptor-binding site and five antigenic sites, and serves as the main target for the formation of antibodies. Antibodies that block virus binding to the cell receptor are neutralizing. The HA1 subunit is characterized by high variability. The HA stem that is located in close proximity to the viral membrane is highly conservative and characterized by low immunogenicity. The main function of the HA2 subunit is to ensure the fusion of the viral and the endosomal membranes; this subunit is highly conserved. According to the antigenic specificity, 18 subtypes of HA and 11 subtypes of NA are known to date for the influenza A virus. The subtypes H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H11, H12, H13, H16, H17, and H18 belong to the first group, and the subtypes H3, H4, H7, H10, H14, and H15 belong to the second group. At the same time, only the subtypes H1, H2, and H3 of influenza virus A and different antigenic variants of influenza virus B, which are circulating in the human population, are causing the pandemics and seasonal influenza epidemics.
The specific immunity generated after the disease or after vaccination by one influenza A virus subtype poorly protects from infection by the other virus subtypes. The immunity to any influenza virus A subtype does not protect from the infection by influenza virus B, and vice versa—immunization against the influenza virus B is not effective in regard to influenza virus A. In this regard, there is an urgent need for the development of a universal influenza vaccine effective against all known antigenic varieties of influenza A and B viruses.
Two mechanisms enable the extremely high variability of the influenza virus and, therefore, its ability to escape from the neutralizing antibodies: 1) accumulation of the point mutations leading to the change in the antigenic structure of the surface glycoproteins (antigenic drift) and 2) reassortment of the genomic segments. They lead to the emergence of new subtypes of viruses (antigenic shift) that can cause pandemics.
All of the existing influenza vaccines have low efficiency in elderly and infants (Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V, Ferroni E. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8, CD004879; Osterholm M T, Kelley N S, Sommer A, Belongia E A. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 12, 36-44; Pfleiderer M, Trouvin J H, Brasseur D, Granstrom M, Shivji R, Mura M, Cavaleri M. Summary of knowledge gaps related to quality and efficacy of current influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32, 4586-91). Furthermore, these vaccines can protect against the circulating virus only if the vaccine virus has the same antigenic properties as the epidemic strain. It is the high variability of the surface antigens of influenza virus—HA and NA—that necessitates annual vaccination and the updating of vaccine composition. It should be mentioned that seasonal vaccines that are developed according to the WHO recommendations are not effective in the case of the occurrence of a new influenza pandemic virus strain that is fundamentally different from all of the circulating strains, as it happened in 2009 when the pandemic virus A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09) emerged. One more example could be the low efficiency of the H3N2 component of the seasonal vaccine 2014 due to the emergence of the new antigenic variant of this virus subtype as a result of antigenic drift (Skowronski D M, Chambers C, Sabaiduc S, De Serres G, Dickinson J A, Winter A L, Drews S J, Fonseca K, Charest H, Gubbay J B, Petric M, Krajden M, Kwindt T L, Martineau C, Eshaghi A, Bastien N, Li Y. Interim estimates of 2014/15 vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) from Canada's Sentinel Physician Surveillance Network, January 2015. Euro Surveill 2015; 20). During the last 60 years, a lot of vaccines were developed that have certain advantages and shortcomings; however, none of the existing vaccines can solve the problem of influenza morbidity control because of their incapability of inducing cross-protective immunity to constantly evolving influenza viruses. In this regard, there is an urgent need for the development of an effective universal influenza vaccine that provides a long-lasting broad cross-protective immunity and is able to protect against the influenza A and B viruses of all known subtypes.
The function of all the known influenza vaccines inactivated (whole virion, split, or subunit) or live (attenuated cold adapted)—is to generate the immunity to the globular part of HA. In contrast to the variable globular part, the HA stem part of influenza A (groups I and II) and B viruses is much more conservative. There are known several mechanisms of direct and indirect neutralization for the antibodies induced to this part of HA. One of the mechanisms of direct neutralization contributes to the prevention of the HA conformational change that is necessary for the fusion peptide release and the subsequent fusion of the endosomal and viral membranes in order to deliver the viral genome into the cell. The second mechanism of the direct neutralization contributes to the prevention of HA cleavage to HA1 and HA2 subunits by antibodies interacting with the HA part that is located in the vicinity of the cleavage site. The antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cytotoxicity are involved in the mechanisms of indirect neutralization (Terajima M, Cruz J, Co M D, Lee J H, Kaur K, Wrammert J, Wilson P C, Ennis F A. Complement-dependent lysis of influenza a virus-infected cells by broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 2011; 85, 13463-7; Jegaskanda S, Weinfurter J T, Friedrich T C, Kent S J. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is associated with control of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection of macaques. J Virol 2013; 87, 5512-22).
Vaccination practically does not induce the antibodies to the HA stem region, while after the natural infection a small quantity of these antibodies could be detected (Moody M A, Zhang R, Walter E B, Woods C W, Ginsburg G S, McClain M T, Denny T N, Chen X, Munshaw S, Marshall D J, Whitesides J F, Drinker M S, Amos J D, Gurley T C, Eudailey J A, Foulger A, DeRosa K R, Parks R, Meyerhoff R R, Yu J S, Kozink D M, Barefoot B E, Ramsburg E A, Khurana S, Golding H, Vandergrift N A, Alam S M, Tomaras G D, Kepler T B, Kelsoe G, Liao H X, Haynes B F. H3N2 influenza infection elicits more cross-reactive and less clonally expanded anti-hemagglutinin antibodies than influenza vaccination. PLoS ONE 2011; 6, e25797).
The majority of the currently being developed approaches to the generation of the universal vaccine are targeting the conservative regions of the influenza virus proteins. The antibodies directed to the conservative proteins PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and M1 do not have neutralizing activity but could play an important role in virus elimination by means of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Several examples of generating a universal vaccine are based on HA2 subunit. The triple immunization of mice with peptides representing the ectodomain HA2 (23-185 amino acid residues) or the fusion peptide (1-38 amino acid residues) conjugated to the (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) (KLH) and Freund adjuvants induced the cross-reactive immunity leading to a decrease in the animal mortality when challenged with a lethal dose of heterologous virus strain (Stanekova Z, Kiraly J, Stropkovska A, Mikuskova T, Mucha V, Kostolansky F, Vareckova E. Heterosubtypic protective immunity against influenza A virus induced by fusion peptide of the hemagglutinin in comparison to ectodomain of M2 protein. Acta Virol 2011; 55, 61-7). More effective protection was developed in the case of vaccination with chimeric HA constructs. Krammer et al. showed that heterosubtypic humoral immunity is induced in mice immunized with chimeric proteins, containing the HA globular parts from the viruses of different subtypes in combination with the HA stem region of the same virus (Krammer F, Palese P, Steel J. Advances in universal influenza virus vaccine design and antibody mediated therapies based on conserved regions of the hemagglutinin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 386, 301-21; Krammer F, Hai R, Yondola M, Tan G S, Leyva-Grado V H, Ryder A B, Miller M S, Rose J K, Palese P, Garcia-Sastre A, Albrecht R A. Assessment of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity in ferrets. J Virol 2014; 88, 3432-42). The complicated immunization scheme that includes the animals electroporation using DNA, and double intramuscular and intranasal immunization with the protein constructs supplemented with the adjuvant poly (I:C) are the shortcomings of this approach.
The use of stabilized structures (mini-HA) generated by means of gene engineering, based on the amino acid sequence of the HA stem region of the H1N1 virus, serves as an example of a different approach to the generation of the universal influenza vaccine. Only the structures with the highest affinity to the antibodies that have a broad range of neutralizing activity were selected from the large library. The immunization of mice with these structures also protected the animals from death when challenged with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype (Impagliazzo A, Milder F, Kuipers H, Wagner M V, Zhu X, Hoffman R M, van Meersbergen R, Huizingh J, Wanningen P, Verspuij J, de Man M, Ding Z, Apetri A, Kukrer B, Sneekes-Vriese E, Tomkiewicz D, Laursen N S, Lee P S, Zakrzewska A, Dekking L, Tolboom J, Tettero L, van Meerten S, Yu W, Koudstaal W, Goudsmit J, Ward A B, Meijberg W, Wilson I A, Radosevic K. A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen. Science 2015; 349, 1301-6). The complete protection of mice from death was achieved by the double intramuscular immunization with 30 μg of the purified mini-HA protein supplemented with the Matrix-M adjuvant produced by Novavax.
The other prospective direction in the development of the universal influenza vaccine is based on the design of the self-assembling nanoparticles that significantly enhance the immunogenic properties of HA (Kanekiyo M, Wei C J, Yassine H M, McTamney P M, Boyington J C, Whittle J R, Rao S S, Kong W P, Wang L, Nabel G J. Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies. Nature 2013; 499, 102-6). The animals were immunized 2 or 3 times intramuscularly with nanoparticles supplemented with the new adjuvant SAS (Sigma Adjuvant System). In spite of the lack of the neutralizing antibodies after immunization with nanoparticles, the mice as well as ferrets turned out to be completely protected from death when infected with a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian virus.
One of the modern technologies for the generation of live vaccine is based on the construction of vaccine vectors that enable to express the antigens of one virus by the other virus. Different DNA-containing viruses, namely: adenovirus, herpesvirus, baculovirus, or poxvirus, are used as the vectors for the expression of influenza antigens (Dudek T, Knipe D M. Replication-defective viruses as vaccines and vaccine vectors. Virology 2006; 344, 230-9; He F, Madhan S, Kwang J. Baculovirus vector as a delivery vehicle for influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8, 455-67; Draper S J, Cottingham M G, Gilbert S C. Utilizing poxviral vectored vaccines for antibody induction-progress and prospects. Vaccine 2013; 31, 4223-30. Price G E, Soboleski M R, Lo C Y, Misplon J A, Pappas C, Houser K V, Tumpey T M, Epstein S L. Vaccination focusing immunity on conserved antigens protects mice and ferrets against virulent H1N1 and H5N1 influenza A viruses. Vaccine 2009; 27, 6512-21). Thus, the experiments with the adenovirus vector showed that the triple immunization with plasmid (50 μg) containing the sequences of the influenza A virus conservative proteins NP and M2, followed by intranasal infection with the two adenovirus vectors that express the same proteins, led to the complete protection of the mice and ferrets infected with the virus A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) or with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 subtype, from death and weight loss.
Thus, all of the discussed approaches of targeting an immune response to the conservative regions of influenza virus antigens prove the possibility of the generation of a vaccine that will protect from infection with different variants of influenza A virus. However, complex schemes of multiple vaccinations of animals by using immunological adjuvants of different nature were used to achieve this goal. In addition, none of the known experimental preparations of a universal influenza vaccine provided protection against influenza B virus. It should be added to this that the above experimental preparations require complex technological processes for the production of multicomponent vaccines, associated with an unacceptably high cost of the final product.
Expression of antigens in cells of the nasal cavity is known to induce systemic and local mucosal B- and T-cell immune responses. Numerous attempts have been made to use influenza viruses as vectors for delivery and expression of foreign genomic sequences in cells of the respiratory tract of animals. Among 8 genomic fragments of influenza A or B viruses, only NS genomic fragment was capable of stably holding genomic insertions of more than 800 nucleotides in the reading frame of NS1 nonstructural protein, without disrupting the structure of the resulting virions (Kittel C, Sereinig S, Ferko B, Stasakova J, Romanova J, Wolkerstorfer A, Katinger H, Egorov A. Rescue of influenza virus expressing GFP from the NS1 reading frame. Virology. 2004 Jun. 20; 324(1):67-73. PubMed PMID: 15183054). Moreover, among all influenza virus proteins, only NS1 protein normally containing 230-237 amino acid residues can be truncated to 50% at the carboxyl end, without significantly affecting the reproductive activity of the virus in cell cultures, chicken embryos or in the respiratory tract of animals (Egorov A, Brandt S, Sereinig S, Romanova J, Ferko B, Katinger D, Grassauer A, Alexandrova G, Katinger H, Muster T. Transfectant influenza A viruses with long deletions in the NS1 protein grow efficiently in Vero cells. J Virol. 1998 August; 72(8):6437-41. PubMed PMID: 9658085; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC109801). This truncation of the NS1 protein provides a space for introduction of long insertions of foreign genomic sequences without disrupting the morphology and basic functions of the virus, thus making it possible to construct genetically stable vectors. In this regard, influenza virus vectors based on influenza A virus were produced that encoded a truncated reading frame of from 80 to 126 amino acid residues of the NS1 protein, wherein the truncated reading frame could be elongated by insertions of antigen sequences of various bacterial and viral pathogens, for example by the protein sequences of mycobacterium tuberculosis, brucella abortus or human immunodeficiency virus (Tabynov K, Sansyzbay A, Kydyrbayev Z, Yespembetov B, Ryskeldinova S, Zinina N, Assanzhanova N, Sultankulova K, Sandybayev N, Khairullin B, Kuznetsova I, Ferko B, Egorov A. Influenza viral vectors expressing the Brucella OMP16 or L7/L12 proteins as vaccines against B. abortus infection. Virol J. 2014 Apr. 10; 11:69. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-11-69. PubMed PMID: 24716528; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3997475; Sereinig S, Stukova M, Zabolotnyh N, Ferko B, Kittel C, Romanova J, Vinogradova T, Katinger H, Kiselev O, Egorov A. Influenza virus NS vectors expressing the mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 protein induce CD4+ Th1 immune response and protect animals against tuberculosis challenge. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006 August; 13(8):898-904. PubMed PMID: 16893990; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1539114; Ferko B, Stasakova J, Sereinig S, Romanova J, Katinger D, Niebler B, Katinger H, Egorov A. Hyperattenuated recombinant influenza A virus nonstructural-protein-encoding vectors induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. J Virol. 2001 October; 75(19):8899-908. PubMed PMID: 11533153; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC114458). The constructs carrying NS1 protein truncated to 124 amino acid residues (hereinafter, the NS1-124 vectors) appeared to be optimal by the parameters of reproduction in chicken embryos and of immunogenicity in animals (Ferko B, Stasakova J, Romanova J, Kittel C, Sereinig S, Katinger H, Egorov A. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of replication-deficient influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes. J Virol. 2004 December; 78(23):13037-45. PubMed PMID: 15542655; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC524997).
Constructs with a more truncated NS1 protein had a reduced ability to grow in interferon-competent cells (MDCK cells, A549), including a 10-day-old chicken embryos, and were suitable for the production only in interferon-deficient Vero cells. On the other hand, vectors with an NS1 protein consisting of 124-126 amino acid residues varied in attenuation and were not safe enough in animals. For example, the reproduction level of viral vectors carrying ESAT-6 mycobacterial protein at a specified position could reach in mouse lungs the values close to those of pathogenic influenza viruses (104 and more of virus particles per gram lung tissue). Moreover, NS1-124 vectors, at an infective dose of >5.0 log/mouse, could cause a significant reproduction of the virus in the lung tissue of infected mice and the formation of visible lung pathology (Egorov A, Brandt S, Sereinig S, Romanova J, Ferko B, Katinger D, Grassauer A, Alexandrova G, Katinger H, Muster T. Transfectant influenza A viruses with long deletions in the NS1 protein grow efficiently in Vero cells. J Virol. 1998 August; 72(8):6437-41. PubMed PMID: 9658085; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC109801; Stukova M A, Sereinig S, Zabolotnyh N V, Ferko B, Kittel C, Romanova J, Vinogradova T I, Katinger H, Kiselev O I, Egorov A. Vaccine potential of influenza vectors expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 protein. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2006 May-July; 86(3-4):236-46. PubMed PMID: 16677861). Thus, influenza vectors with the NS1 reading frame truncated to 124 amino acid residues cannot be used for vaccination of humans because they do not correspond to the safety parameters developed for live influenza vaccines, where the essential condition is temperature sensitivity of the virus (a reduced reproductive ability at 39° C.) and the lack of active replication of the virus in the lower respiratory tract of animals (Maassab H F, Bryant M L. The development of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine for humans. Rev Med Virol. 1999 October-December; 9(4):237-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 10578119; Gendon IuZ. [Live cold-adapted influenza vaccine: state-of-the-art]. Vopr Virusol. 2011 January-February; 56(1):4-17. Review. Russian. PubMed PMID: 21427948; Aleksandrova G I, Gushchina M I, Klimov A I, Iotov V V. [Genetic basis for construction of the life influenza type A vaccine using temperature-sensitive mutants]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 1990 March; (3):3-8. Review. Russian. PubMed PMID: 2194119; Kendal A P. Cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccines developed in Russia: can they contribute to meeting the needs for influenza control in other countries? Eur J Epidemiol. 1997 July; 13(5):591-609. Review. PubMed PMID: 9258574).
Unlike licensed live influenza vaccines (LIVE allantoic INFLUENZA VACCINE ULTRAVAC® (RF) or Flumist® (USA)), known influenza vectors NS1-124 and constructions close to them did not possess the phenotypic temperature-sensitivity marker (ts phenotype) and had levels of reproduction in mouse lungs, close to the level of the wild-type virus with the full-length NS1 protein.
In 50-60th years of the 20th century, attempts were made to use influenza viruses as an oncolytic agent, which were based on the physician's observations of individual cases of cancer remission after recovering from influenza infection (Lindenmann J, Klein P A. Viral oncolysis: increased immunogenicity of host cellantigen associated with influenza virus. J Exp Med. 1967 Jul. 1; 126(1):93-108).
Since the development of genetic engineering techniques for influenza virus in the late 90s, this created a possibility of producing oncolytic influenza vectors with a modified NS1 protein. It was shown that truncation of the NS1 protein could lead to an enhancement in the oncolytic effect when introducing a recombinant virus into a tumor, due to stimulation of the innate immune system to which the NS1 protein is an antagonist (Sturlan S, Stremitzer S, Bauman S, Sachet M, Wolschek M, Ruthsatz T, Egorov A, Bergmann M. Endogenous expression of proteases in colon cancer cells facilitate influenza A viruses mediated oncolysis. Cancer Biol Ther. 2010 Sep. 15; 10(6):592-9; Ogbomo H, Michaelis M, Geiler J, van Rikxoort M, Muster T, Egorov A, Doerr H W, Cinatl J Jr. Tumor cells infected with oncolytic influenza A virus prime natural killer cells for lysis of resistant tumor cells. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2010 May; 199(2):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s00430-009-0139-0. Epub 2009 Dec. 15. PubMed PMID: 20012989; Efferson C L, Tsuda N, Kawano K, Nistal-Villán E, Sellappan S, Yu D, Murray J L, García-Sastre A, Ioannides C G. Prostate tumor cells infected with a recombinant influenza virus expressing a truncated NS1 protein activate cytolytic CD8+ cells to recognize noninfected tumor cells. J Virol. 2006 January; 80(1):383-94).
Moreover, the possibility of genetic engineering manipulations with the length of the influenza virus NS1 protein allowed the development of vectors whose effectiveness enhanced by the presence of the expression of an immunopotentiating agent, for example interleukin-15 (van Rikxoort M, Michaelis M, Wolschek M, Muster T, Egorov A, Seipelt J, Doerr H W, Cinatl J Jr. Oncolytic effects of a novel influenza A virus expressing interleukin-15 from the NS reading frame. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e36506).
These works unfortunately used influenza viruses capable of limited reproduction in some cell cultures that do not possess a necessary genetic stability of the transgene for large-scale production in chicken embryos, which are a substrate optimal for the production of influenza vaccine preparations.
Thus, there remains a need for new effective viral vectors, in particular attenuated influenza vectors, that are characterized by the lack of active reproduction of the virus in animal organisms and have temperature-sensitivity phenotype, and that can be used for the prevention and/or treatment of infectious diseases, as well as for the treatment of oncological diseases.
The present invention relates to an attenuated influenza A virus inducing a cross-protective response against influenza A and B viruses, comprising a chimeric NS fragment including a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein and a Nep gene heterologous sequence derived from influenza A subtype that differs from the subtype of said attenuated influenza A virus.
In particular, the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza A virus, wherein said truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein consisting of 80 to 130 amino acid residues, more preferably, wherein said truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein consisting of 124 amino acid residues.
One embodiment of the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza A virus, wherein said truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein is derived from H1N1 influenza virus subtype, and the Nep gene heterologous sequence is derived from H2N2 influenza virus subtype.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, an attenuated influenza A virus containing a chimeric NS fragment including a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein and a Nep gene heterologous sequence, wherein said truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein is derived from H1N1 influenza virus subtype, and the Nep gene heterologous sequence is derived from H2N2 influenza virus subtype and wherein said truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein consisting of 124 amino acid residues.
The invention also relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector expressing a protein or a fragment thereof selected from the group consisting of proteins or fragments thereof from bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, wherein the vector is an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention, in which a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence of at least one transgene encoding a protein or a fragment thereof from bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
One embodiment of the invention relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector expressing a protein or a fragment thereof that is selected from the group consisting of proteins of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Chlamydia, brucellosis causative agent, or a combination thereof.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector expressing a protein or a fragment thereof from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or protozoa, wherein said protein or a fragment thereof consists of 10 to 400 amino acids.
According to yet another embodiment of the invention, an attenuated influenza virus vector, wherein an insertion encodes an HA protein region from influenza virus, preferably where the HA protein region is an HA2 subunit region selected from the group consisting of 1-185 amino acids (aa) from influenza A virus, 1-186 aa from influenza B virus, 23-185 aa from influenza A virus, or 65-222 aa from influenza A virus.
The next embodiment of the invention is an attenuated influenza virus vector, wherein an insertion encodes a sequence of an influenza A or B virus HA2 subunit region of from 1 to 21 aa and a sequence of an influenza A virus NP protein region of from 243 to 251 aa.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector, wherein an insertion encodes protein ESAT-6, Ag85A, Ag85B, Mpt64, HspX, Mtb8.4, or 10.4 of mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a fragment thereof, in particular, wherein the viral genome sequence further comprises a sequence encoding a self-cleaving 2A peptide between sequences encoding NS1-124 and ESAT6.
The invention also relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector expressing a protein or a fragment thereof, wherein said vector is an attenuated influenza A virus comprising a chimeric NS fragment including a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein and a Nep gene heterologous sequence, wherein said truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein is derived from H1N1 influenza virus subtype, and the Nep gene heterologous sequence is derived from H2N2 influenza virus subtype and wherein said truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein consisting of 124 amino acid residues, wherein the truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence encoding 1-21 aa of an influenza B HA2 protein and 243-251 aa of an influenza A NP protein.
The invention further relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector having oncolytic activity, wherein said vector is an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention, wherein the truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence of at least one transgene encoding a protein or a fragment thereof from a bacterium, virus, or protozoan.
One embodiment of the invention is an attenuated influenza virus vector having oncolytic activity, wherein an insertion encodes a protein or a fragment thereof selected from the group consisting of proteins or fragments thereof from an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Chlamydia, or a combination thereof.
The next embodiment of the invention is an attenuated influenza virus having oncolytic activity, wherein said protein or a fragment thereof consists of 10 to 400 amino acids.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is an attenuated influenza virus vector having oncolytic activity, wherein an insertion encodes protein ESAT-6, Ag85A, Ag85B, Mpt64, HspX, Mtb8.4, or 10.4 of mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a fragment thereof, in particular, wherein the truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence encoding mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6, more preferably wherein the truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence encoding self-cleaving 2A peptide and a sequence encoding mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6.
The invention also relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector inducing a cross-protective response against influenza A and B viruses, comprising:
a nucleotide sequence of a PB2 protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the PB2 protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of a PB1 protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the PB1 protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of a PA protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the PA protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an NP protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the NP protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an M protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the M protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an HA protein gene derived from influenza A/California/7/09-like (H1N1pdm) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the HA protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an NA protein gene derived from influenza A/California/7/09-like (H1N1pdm) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the NA protein gene; and a nucleotide sequence of an NS protein chimeric gene including:
an NS1 protein reading frame derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), wherein said reading frame is truncated and encodes an NS1 protein consisting of 124 amino acid residues,
and a Nep gene sequence derived from influenza A/Singapore/1/57-like (H2N2) virus, or
a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to said sequence of the NS chimeric gene;
wherein said NS1 protein truncated reading frame is elongated by an insertion of a nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion peptide of an influenza B virus HA2 subunit region and a nucleotide sequence encoding a conservative B-cell epitope of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). In a specific embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of an NS protein chimeric gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO:21.
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of an infectious disease in a subject, comprising an effective amount of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention or an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention of influenza, comprising in an effective amount of an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In particular, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention comprises from 6.5 to 10.5 log EID50/ml of an attenuated influenza A virus and a buffer solution comprising from 0 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 0 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component, and from 0 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethylated starch.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition, wherein a buffer solution comprises from 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0.01 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 1 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0.1 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0.01 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component, and from 1 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethylated starch, preferably the monovalent salt is sodium chloride, the carbohydrate component is sucrose, trehalose, or lactose, the protein component is a human recombinant albumin, casitone, lactalbumin hydrolysate, or gelatin, the amino acid component is arginine, glycine, or sodium glutamate, and the imidazole-containing compound is L-carnosine or N,N′-bis[2-(1H-imidazol-5yl)ethyl]propanediamide.
Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of an infectious disease, wherein the infectious disease is caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, or a brucellosis causative agent. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a subject is a mammal or a bird; in particular, the subject is a human subject.
The invention also relates to a vaccine against an infectious disease, comprising an effective amount of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention or an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention also provides a vaccine against influenza, comprising in an effective amount of an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In particular, the vaccine according to the invention comprises from 6.5 to 10.5 log EID50/ml of an attenuated influenza virus vector and a buffer solution comprising from 0 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 0 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component, and from 0 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethylated starch.
Another embodiment of the invention is a vaccine in which a buffer solution comprises from 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0.01 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 1 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0.1 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0.01 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component, and from 1 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethylated starch. In a preferred embodiment, the monovalent salt in said buffer solution is sodium chloride, the carbohydrate component is sucrose, trehalose, or lactose, the protein component is a human recombinant albumin, casitone, lactalbumin hydrolysate, or gelatin, the amino acid component is arginine, glycine, or sodium glutamate, and the imidazole-containing compound is L-carnosine or N,N′-bis[2-(1H-imidazol-5yl)ethyl]propanediamide.
One embodiment of the invention is a vaccine against an infectious disease, wherein the infectious disease is caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, or a brucellosis causative agent.
The invention also relates to use of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention, an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the treatment and/or prevention of an infectious disease in a subject, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of a disease caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, or a brucellosis causative agent. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the subject is a mammal or a bird; in particular, the subject is a human subject.
The present invention also relates to use of an attenuated influenza virus vector or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the prevention of influenza in a subject.
The invention also relates to a method for treating and/or preventing an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention, an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, preferably, to a method of treating a disease caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, or a brucellosis causative agent. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the subject is a mammal or a bird; in particular, the subject is a human subject.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of an oncological disease in a subject, the comprising an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention or an attenuated vector according to the invention in an effective amount, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
One embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising from 8.5 to 10.5 log EID50/ml of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention or an attenuated influenza A virus vector according to the invention and a buffer solution comprising from 0 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 0 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, 0 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component, and from 0 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethylated starch, wherein in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a buffer solution comprises from 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0.01 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 1 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0.1 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0.01 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component, and from 1 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethylated starch.
Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition, wherein in the buffer solution, the monovalent salt is sodium chloride, the carbohydrate component is starch, the protein component is a human albumin, the amino acid component is arginine, and the an imidazole-containing compound is L-carnosine or N,N′-bis[2-(1H-imidazol-5yl)ethyl]propanediamide.
The present invention also relates to use of an attenuated virus vector according to the invention, an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the treatment of an oncological disease in a subject, in particular, a disease selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, cardioesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, and melanoma. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the subject is a human subject.
The present invention also relates a method for the treatment of an oncological disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the invention, an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the invention, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, preferably, to a method for treating an oncological disease selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, cardioesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, and melanoma.
In one embodiment of the invention, said administration is intratumor administration, administration to a cavity formed after surgical removal of a tumor, or intravenous administration.
The technical result of the present invention is to produce influenza viruses comprising a chimeric NS genomic fragment and corresponding influenza vectors with a high degree of safety in humans and animals, in particular, vectors that are characterized by the lack of active viral reproduction in the animal organism, have temperature-sensitivity phenotype and that may be used for the prevention and/or treatment of infectious diseases. Another technical result of the invention is to produce influenza viruses comprising a chimeric NS genomic fragment, possessing properties of a universal influenza vaccine in mucosal administration in the absence of adjuvants. In addition, the technical result is a high potential of the growth of the produced influenza viruses and influenza vectors in 10-day-old chicken embryos. Another technical result is to produce influenza vectors that have properties of a universal influenza vaccine. The technical result also is to produce influenza viruses and influenza vectors having oncolytic activity. Another technical result is to reduce the cost required for the production of an influenza vaccine, due to non-use of an adjuvant.
It is shown that genome fragments PB2, PB1, PA, Np and M are derived from the A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus; the surface HA and NA glycoprotein genes are derived from the A/California/7/09-like (H1N1pdm) virus; the NS genomic fragment has a chimeric structure encoding two proteins: 1) NS1 protein truncated to 124 amino acid residues, elongated by an insertion of a sequence of the N-terminal region of influenza B HA2 protein and by an insertion of a conservative B-cell epitope of influenza A NP protein; and 2) Nep protein having a sequence derived from a heterologous influenza A strain, H2N2 A/Singapore/1/57-like serological subtype.
The present invention relates to attenuated influenza A viruses that are produced by genetically engineered methods and that can be used for the treatment and/or prevention of infectious diseases, as well as for the treatment of oncological diseases.
In particular, the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza A virus inducing a cross-protective response against influenza A and B viruses, comprising a chimeric NS fragment including an NS1 truncated reading frame and a heterologous sequence of the Nep gene derived from influenza A subtype that differs from the subtype of said attenuated influenza A virus. Thus, the influenza A virus subtype for the sequence encoding a truncated NS1 protein differs from the virus subtype from which the Nep protein sequence was derived. In particular, one embodiment of the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza A virus, wherein said NS1 truncated reading frame is derived from influenza H1N1 subtype, and the heterologous sequence of Nep gene is derived from a human or animal influenza subtype of from H2 to H18 subtype.
Said truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein comprising from 80 to 130 amino acid residues, more preferably said truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein comprising 124 amino acid residues.
The present invention is particularly based on the fact that the inventors have found that the problem of insufficient attenuation (the absence of temperature sensitivity and a high reproduction level in mouse lungs) of influenza vectors, in particular the vector NS1-124, may be solved by modification of the second spliced protein product of an NS genomic fragment of influenza virus—Nep protein (NS2). A replacement of the Nep genomic sequence of influenza A virus, in particular A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus, with the Nep sequence derived from heterologous influenza strains, for example from A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) or A/Leningrad/134/47/57 (H2N2) virus, leads to the appearance of temperature-sensitivity phenotype and attenuation in influenza A virus, in particular A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. Based on this phenomenon, chimeric NS fragments of influenza virus were constructed that encode a truncated reading frame, NS1-124, of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus in combination with the Nep protein reading frame derived from H2N2 serological subtype. Reassortant influenza viruses based on A/PR/8/34 virus, regardless of the origin of surface antigens H1N1, H5N1 or H1N1pdm, carrying a chimeric NS genomic fragment were unable to provide active reproduction at 39° C. and in the mouse lungs (attenuation phenotype), but still provided reproduction to high titers in 10-day-old chicken embryos.
The present invention also relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector expressing an antigen or a fragment thereof selected from the group consisting of antigens or fragments thereof from bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, wherein the vector is an attenuated influenza A virus according to the present invention, in which a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence of at least one transgene encoding the antigen or a fragment thereof from bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. In general, the attenuated virus can be inserted into a transgene encoding a protein or a fragment thereof from any bacteria, virus or protozoa, pathogenic or non-pathogenic for animals and humans, in particular, the protein may be selected from the group consisting of proteins or their fragments from an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella abortus, herpes virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Chlamydia, brucellosis causative agent, or a combination thereof. In particular, the sequence of an insertion can encode an HA protein fragment of influenza virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6, Ag85A, Ag85B, Mpt64, HspX, Mtb8.4 or 10.4, or fragments thereof. The genomic sequence of an attenuated vector according to the present invention may further comprise a sequence encoding a self-cleaving 2A peptide between sequences encoding NS1-124 and ESAT6.
The antigen or fragment thereof encoded by the sequence of an insertion may have any size that is limited only by the ability of the genomic fragment to “receive” the nucleotide sequence encoding the antigen or fragment thereof. Preferably, the size of the antigen is from 10 to 400 amino acids. For example, the insertion may encode an HA protein fragment representing an HA2 subunit region selected from the group consisting of 1 to 185 amino acids of influenza A virus, 1 to 186 amino acids of influenza B virus, 23 to 185 amino acids of influenza A virus, or 65 to 222 amino acids of influenza A virus. The numbering of amino acids is given in accordance with the positions of the amino acids in HA2 subunit region of influenza virus from which the transgene is originated.
Another specific embodiment of an attenuated influenza virus vector according to the present invention is a vector in which an insertion encodes a sequence of an influenza A or B virus HA2 subunit region of from 1 to 21 amino acids and a sequence of an influenza A virus NP protein region of from 243 to 251 amino acids. These vector variants, despite a short insertion therein, have been surprisingly found to exhibit the best protective effectiveness against influenza B virus and heterologous antigenic subtypes of influenza A virus after a single immunization of mice, i.e. they exhibit the properties of a universal influenza vaccine.
The inventors found that insertions of foreign antigenic sequences into the NS1 reading frame, for example, after amino acid position 124, did not significantly affect the attenuation phenotype of a chimeric virus produced according to the present invention. Thus, various influenza vectors were obtained that possessed required production characteristics and manifested phenotypic and genotypic markers of attenuation in accordance with the requirements for live influenza vaccines. Regardless of the nature of insertions, the viruses showed their harmlessness for laboratory animals and the similarity of the manifested phenotypic marker of attenuation—the presence of is phenotype. The similarity in their genetic markers of attenuation was determined by the presence of a truncated reading frame of NS1 protein and by the presence of a heterologous sequence of Nep gene derived from another influenza A subtype. Depending on an insertion, the resulting vectors exhibited the properties of a universal influenza vaccine, a vaccine against tuberculosis, etc.
In particular, the present invention relates to an influenza A virus vaccine vector obtained by the genetic engineering method, which can be used to prevent influenza caused by all known strains, including influenza A and B viruses. In particular, the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza A virus inducing a cross-protective response against influenza A and B viruses, comprising a chimeric NS fragment including a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein and a Nep gene heterologous sequence derived from H2N2 influenza A virus subtype. Thus, the influenza A virus subtype of the sequence encoding a truncated NS1 protein differs from the virus subtype from which the sequence encoding Nep protein was derived. In particular, in the vaccine vector, the NS1 truncated reading frame is from influenza H1N1 subtype, and the Nep heterologous sequence is from H2N2 influenza subtype.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an attenuated influenza vector inducing a cross-protective response against influenza A and B viruses, comprising:
a nucleotide sequence of a PB2 protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the PB2 protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of a PB1 protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the PB1 protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of a PA protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the PA protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an NP protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the NP protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an M protein gene derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the M protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an HA protein gene derived from influenza A/California/7/09-like (H1N1pdm) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the HA protein gene;
a nucleotide sequence of an NA protein gene derived from influenza A/California/7/09-like (H1N1pdm) virus or a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the NA protein gene; and
a nucleotide sequence of an NS protein chimeric gene comprising
an NS1 protein reading frame derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus, wherein said reading frame is truncated and encodes an NS1 protein consisting of 124 amino acid residues,
and a Nep gene sequence derived from influenza A/Singapore/1/57-like (H2N2) virus, or
a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% or more (for example, 96, 97, 98, or 99%) sequence identity to said nucleotide sequence of the NS chimeric gene;
wherein said NS1 protein truncated reading frame is elongated by an insertion of a nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion peptide of an influenza B virus HA2 subunit region and a nucleotide sequence encoding a conservative B-cell epitope of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP).
This truncated reading frame encodes an NS1 protein having 124 amino acid residues that is elongated by two glycines, an insertion of the N-terminal region of the second hemagglutinin subunit HA2 of influenza B virus (23 amino acid residues) and an insertion of a sequence of the conservative B-cell epitope of influenza A virus (7 amino acid residues).
Surface glycoprotein genes of this vector are derived from influenza A/California/7/09 (H1N1pdm) virus. The genes of internal proteins PB2, PB1, RA, NP and M are derived from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. Thus, the influenza vector according to the invention is a complex genetic construct consisting of genomic sequences of various influenza strains, namely: 1) genes encoding PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and M are from A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus (PB2 (Genbank accession number: AB671295), PB1 (Genbank accession number: CY033583), PA (Genbank accession number: AF389117), NP (Genbank accession number: AF389119), M (Genbank accession number: AF389121)), 2) genes encoding HA and NA are from the A/California/7/09-like H1N1pdm virus (HA (GenBank: KM408964.1) and (NA GenBank: KM408965.1)), 3) NS gene is chimeric, wherein the NS protein reading frame of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus is truncated to 124 amino acid residues and is elongated by an insertion of a sequence encoding a fusion peptide of an influenza B virus HA2 subunit region and a sequence encoding a conservative B-cell epitope of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP), and the NEP protein reading frame is from H2N2 influenza virus subtype.
The present invention is based, in particular, on the fact that the inventors have unexpectedly found that in intranasal immunization of mice and ferrets with a vector having said structure, without adjuvants, protects the animals against the control infection not only with influenza A (H1N1) viruses but also with influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and influenza B viruses. Therefore, the vaccine vector has the properties of a universal influenza vaccine.
The term “universal vaccine” in the context of the present invention means a vaccine capable of protecting against all known and unknown variants of influenza virus. The usual “seasonal vaccines” protect only against viruses similar to those that are included in the vaccine composition.
The term “mucosal vaccine” means that the vaccine can be administered into the cavities of the respiratory and digestive tracts and applied to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, i.e. applied intranasally, orally, or sublingually.
An influenza vector based on A/PR/8/34 virus carrying a chimeric NS genomic fragment were unable to provide active reproduction at 39° C. and in the mouse lungs (attenuation phenotype), but still provided reproduction to high titers in 10-day-old chicken embryos.
The present invention also relates to an attenuated influenza virus vector having oncolytic activity, comprising an attenuated influenza A virus according to the present invention, in which a truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene is elongated by an insertion of a sequence of at least one transgene encoding an antigen or a fragment thereof of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Said antigen can be derived from any bacteria, viruses or protozoa that are pathogenic for animals, in particular the antigen can be selected from the group consisting of antigens of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Chlamydia, or a combination thereof. In particular, the inserted transgene can encode mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6, Ag85A, Ag85B, Mpt64, HspX, Mtb8.4 or 10.4 or fragments thereof; in addition, the truncated reading frame of an NS1 protein gene can be elongated by an insertion of a sequence encoding mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6.
The antigen or fragment thereof encoded by the sequence of an insertion may have any size that is limited only by the ability of an NS genomic fragment to “receive” the nucleotide sequence encoding the antigen or fragment thereof. Preferably, the size of the antigen is from 10 to 400 amino acids.
The inventors unexpectedly found that attenuated influenza vectors carrying a chimeric NS genomic fragment possess an enhanced oncolytic activity due to incorporation of a heterologous Nep gene, provided that the pathogenic antigen, in particular a bacterial antigen from the NS1 protein reading frame, is expressed. For example, a viral vector encoding mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Esat6 had higher activity than the known recombinant virus having a truncated NS1 protein but without an insertion. Without being bound to any theory, it can be assumed that a strong antituberculous immunity in a mammal contributes to the immune attack of a tumor infected with a virus expressing a tubercular protein.
The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions that contain an effective amount of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the present invention or an attenuated influenza vector according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be used in the treatment and/or prevention of an infectious disease in a subject, in particular an infectious disease caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, or Leishmania.
In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be used in the treatment of oncological diseases of various etiologies; in particular, an oncological disease can be selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, cardioesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, and melanoma.
A pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention can be formulated as a vaccine containing an effective amount of an attenuated influenza A virus according to the present invention or an attenuated influenza vector according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The term “subject” or “animal” as used herein means vertebrates that are prone to infection caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses or protozoa, including birds (waterfowl, chickens, etc.) and representatives of various mammalian species such as dogs, felines, wolves, ferrets, rodents (rats, mice, etc.), horses, cows, sheep, goats, pigs and primates. In one embodiment of the invention, the subject is a human subject.
The term “effective amount” means the amount of a virus or vector that, when administered to a subject in a single dose or as a part of a treatment cycle, is effective for the treatment and/or prevention with a therapeutic result. This amount can vary depending on the health status and physical condition of a patient, its age, taxonomic group of the subject being treated, a formulation, the estimation of medical situation by a treating physician and other important factors. It is believed that the amount can vary within a relatively wide range, which a skilled person can determine by standard methods. The pharmaceutical composition may contain from 6 to 10.5 log EID50/ml, more particularly from 6.5 to 10.5 log EID50/ml, in particular from 6 to 9.5 log EID50/ml, more particularly from 6.5 to 8.5 log EID50/ml of a chimeric influenza A virus according to the invention or influenza vector according to the invention.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier”, as used herein, means any carrier used in the field, in particular water, physiological saline, a buffer solution and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a buffer solution containing from 0 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole-containing compound, from 0 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component and from 0 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethyl starch, preferably said buffer solution contains from 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % of a monovalent salt, from 0.01 to 5 wt. % of an imidazole compound, from 1 to 5 wt. % of a carbohydrate component, from 0.1 to 2 wt. % of a protein component, from 0.01 to 2 wt. % of an amino acid component and from 1 to 10 wt. % of hydroxyethyl starch, most preferably the monovalent salt is sodium chloride, the carbohydrate component is sucrose, trehalose or lactose, the protein component is human albumin, casitone, lactalbumin hydrolyzate or gelatin, the amino acid component is arginine, glycine or sodium glutamate.
The imidazole-containing compound is L-carnosine or N,N′-bis[2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)ethyl]-propandiamide having formula:
Human albumin can be a recombinant albumin or donor albumin.
The present invention also relates to use of an attenuated influenza A virus, attenuated influenza virus vector or pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for the treatment and/or prevention of an infectious disease in a subject, in particular an infectious disease caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, or Leishmania.
The present invention also relates to the use of an attenuated influenza vector or pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for the prevention of influenza.
Additionally, the present invention also relates to methods of treatment, comprising administering to a subject an attenuated influenza A virus, attenuated influenza vector or pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention. The methods are intended for the treatment and/or prevention of an infectious disease caused by a pathogen viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, in particular infectious diseases caused by a pathogen selected from the group consisting of an influenza A virus, influenza B virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus types I and II, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, malaria parasite, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Trypanosoma, or Leishmania. In addition, the methods are intended for the treatment of oncological diseases in a subject, in particular, an oncological disease can be selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, cardioesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocellular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, and melanoma.
The administration to a subject can be made by any standard methods, in particular intramuscularly, intravenously, orally, sublingually, inhalationally or intranasally. The influenza vector or pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject one, two or more times; a single administration is preferred.
Additionally, in the case of treating cancer, the administration may be intratumor administration, administration to a cavity formed after surgical removal of a tumor, or intravenous administration.
The invention is illustrated below by its embodiments that are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Production of Influenza Vectors with a Modified NS Genomic Fragment
Recombinant viruses were assembled in several steps. At the first step, complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of all eight genomic fragments of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) were synthetically produced by using data from a genetic bank: pHbank-PR8-HA (Genbank accession number: EF467821.1), pHW-PR8-NA (Genbank accession number: AF389120.1), pHW-PR8-PB2 (Genbank accession number: AB671295), pHW-PR8-PB1 (Genbank accession number: CY033583), pHW-PR8-PA (Genbank accession number: AF389117), pHW-PR8-NP (Genbank accession number: AF389119), pHW-PR8-M (Genbank accession number: AF389121), pHW-PR8-NS (Genbank accession number: J02150.1)). At the second step, the synthesized sequences were cloned into a bidirectional plasmid pHW2000-based vector (Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster R G, A DNA from eight plasmids, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000; 97 (11): 6108-13). This plasmid vector, due to the presence of Pol I and Pol II promoters, provided simultaneous intracellular transcription of viral and corresponding messenger RNAs upon transfection of mammalian cells.
There were produced 7 plasmid clones encoding PB1, PB2, PA, HA, NA, NP, and M without modifications, and a set of variants of an NS genomic fragment with modifications, the principle of which is presented in
The nucleotide sequence of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus, including the encoding region and the 5′- and 3′-terminal non-coding regions (sequence number J02150 in the GenBank database), was used as the basis for the development of a chimeric construct of an NS genomic segment. Depending on the purpose, various variants of chimeric constructs of an NS genomic fragment were constructed, with the following common features: 1) replacement of the sequence encoding the Nep protein of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus with a sequence derived from H2N2 influenza virus subtype (strains: A/Singapore/1/57 and A/Leningrad/134/47/57) (
GAGGATGTCAAAAATGCAGTTGGAGTCCTCATCGGAGGACTTGAATGGA
ATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCTCTGAAACTCTACAGAGATTCGCTTGGAG
AAGCAGTAATGAGAATGGGAGACCTCCACTCACTCCAAAACAGAAACGA
GAAATGGCGGGAACAATTAGGTCAGAAGTTTGAAGAAATAAGATGGTTG
ATTGAAGAAGTGAGACACAAACTGAAGGTAACAGAGAATAGTTTTGAGC
AAATAACATTTATGCAAGCCTTACATCTATTGCTTGAAGTGGAGCAAGA
GATAAGAACTTTCTCATTTCAGCTTATTTAATAATAAAAAACACCCTTG
GGGGTCCTCATCGGAGGACTTGAATGGAATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCT
CTAAAACTCTACAGAGATTCGCTTGGTGAAACAGTAATGAGAATGGGAG
ACCTCCACTCACTCCAAAACAGAAACGGAAAATGGCGAGAACAATTAGG
TCAAAAGTTCGAAGAAATAAGATGGCTGATTGAAGAAGTGAGACACAAA
TTGAAGATAACAGAGAATAGTTTTGAGCAAATAACATTTATGCAAGCCT
TACAGCTACTATTTGAAGTGGAACAAGAGATAAGAACTTTCTCGTTTCA
GCTTATTTAATAATAAAAAACACCCTTGTTTCTACT
GGGGTCCTCATCGGAGGACTTGAATGGAATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCT
CTAAAACTCTACAGAGATTCGCTTGGAGAAGCAGTAATGAGAATGGGAG
ACCTCCACTCACTCCAAAACAGAAACGGAAAATGGCGAGAACAATTAGG
TCAAAAGTTCGAAGAAATAAGATGGCTGATTGAAGAAGTGAGACACAAA
TTGAAGATAACAGAGAATAGTTTTGAGCAAATAACATTTATACAAGCCT
TACAGCTACTATTTGAAGTGGAACAAGAGATAAGAACTTTCTCGTTTCA
GCTTATTTAATAATAAAAAACACCCTTGTTTCTACT
Thus, the constructed chimeric NS genomic fragments, when transcribed by the polymerase influenza virus complex, formed two types of messenger RNA: 1) NS1 mRNA translated in the form of an NS1 protein truncated to 124 amino acid residues and limited by stop codons or elongated by an insertion of sequences transgenes of different origin, the translation of which is limited by the stop codon cassette; 2) heterologous Nep mRNA derived from influenza A virus of another antigenic subtype. The translation variants of the recombinant NS1 protein with insertions are shown in
GLFGAIAGFIEGGWTGMIDGWYGYHHQNEQGSGYAA
DQKSTQNAINGITNKVNTVIEKMNIQFTAVGKEFNK
LEKRMENLNKKVDDGFLDIWTYNAELLVLLENERTL
DFHDSNVKNLYEKVKSQLKNNAKEIGNGCFEFYHKC
DNECMESVRNGTYDYPKYSEESKLNREKVDGVKLES
MGIYQ
AVGKEFNKLEKRMENLNKKVDDGFLDIWTYNAELLV
LLENERTLDFHDSNVKNLYEKVKSQLKNNAKEIGNG
CFEFYHKCDNECMESVRNGTYDYPKYSEESKLNREK
VDGVKLESMGIYQILAIYSTVASSLVLLVSLGAISF
WMCSNGSLQCRICI
GYHHQNEQGSGYAADQKSTQNAINGITNKVNTVIEK
MNIQFTAVGKEFNKLEKRMENLNKKVDDGFLDIWTY
NAELLVLLENERTLDFHDSNVKNLYEKVKSQLKNNA
KEIGNGCFEFYHKCDNECMESVRNGTYDYPKYSEES
KLNREKVDGVKLESMGIYQ
GFFGAIAGFLEGGWEGMIAGWHGYTSHGAHGVAVAA
DLKSTQEAINKITKNLNSLSELEVKNLQRLSGAMNG
LHDEILELDEKVDDLRADTISSQIELAVLLSNEGII
NSEDEHLLALERKLKKMLGPSAVEIGNGCFETKHKC
NQTCLDRIAAGTFNAGDFSLPTFD
GLFGAIAGFIEGGWTGMIDGW-GG-RESRNPGNA
GFFGAIAGFLEGGWEGMIAGW-GG-RESRNPGNA
MTEQQWNFAGIEAAASAIQGNVTSIHSLLDEGKQSL
TKLAAAWGGSGSEAYQGVQQKWDATATELNNALQNL
ARTISEAGQAMASTEGNVTGMFA
NFDLLKLAGDVESNPGP
-
MTEQQWNFAGIEAAASAIQGNVTSIHSLLDEGKQSL
TKLAAAWGGSGSEAYQGVQQKWDATATELNNALQNL
ARTISEAGQAMASTEGNVTGMFA
RMLGDVMAV-AAA-NLLTTPKFT-AAA-
RMLGDVMAV
Recombinant viruses were assembled by transfection of VERO cells with seven plasmids encoding genomic unmodified fragments of influenza virus, and with one of variants of a chimeric NS genomic fragment by the plasmid DNA electroporation method (Cell Line Nucleofector® Kit V (Lonza)) according to the instruction for use. After transfection, the cells were incubated in Optipro medium (Invitrogen) for 96 hours at 34° C. with the addition of 1 μg/ml trypsin to ensure post-translational cleavage of the hemagglutinin precursor into HA1 and HA2 subunits. The viral harvest from Vero cells was used to infect 10-day-old chicken embryos (SPF). Embryos were incubated for 48 hours at 34° C., after which allantoic fluids having a positive titer in the haemagglutination reaction were used for the second passage on chicken embryos. Allantoic liquids of the second passage were aliquoted and stored at −80° C. The second passage material was used to control the genetic structure of the chimeric NS fragment and the presence of the transgene by producing the RT-PCR product and its sequencing. In addition, the second passage material was used to determine the phenotypic markers of recombinant viral strains and vectors and to determine the genetic stability of the transgene for 5 passages in chicken embryos.
Determination of Temperature-Sensitivity Phenotype and Attenuation of Heterologous Nep-Carrying Recombinant Viruses
The temperature sensitivity of viruses was determined by comparative titration of the infectious activity of viruses on Vero cells at an optimal temperature of 34° C. and an elevated temperature of 39° C., in 96-well plates. The virus titers were counted by the Reed-Muench method after incubation for 96 hours, taking into account the development of the cytopathic effect in the plate wells (Reed, L J, Muench, H. (1938). “The A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints.” The American Journal of Hygiene 27: 493-497.).
Moreover, in intranasal infection of mice under mild anesthesia with said viruses in a dose of 6 log/mouse, viruses—carriers of a heterologous Nep gene had a decreased reproduction ability in the lung tissues (p<0.002), compared with the wild-type virus or NS124/Nep PR8 virus having a homologous Nep (
Determination of the ts Phenotype and Attenuation of Vectors Carrying a Chimeric NS Genomic Fragment and Various Insertions in the Reading Frame of an NS1 Protein
A wide set of vectors encoding insertions of different nature was produced to determine the effect of insertions of foreign sequences into the reading frame of an NS1 protein on the ts phenotype of viruses comprising a chimeric Nep gene. The viruses with insertions shown in
To determine the effect of insertions on the attenuation (att) of vector strains for animals, the mice were challenged intranasally, under mild anesthesia, with virus-containing allantoic fluids of chicken embryos infected with the viruses or vectors represented in
Protective Response to Heterologous Strains of Influenza A and B Viruses in Control Infection of Mice
The protective activity to heterologous antigen variants of influenza virus was determined by using viruses with surface antigens from A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus carrying a chimeric NS genomic fragment with a Nep sequence from virus A/Leningrad/134/47/57 (H2N2). The following recombinant viruses were used that encoded hemagglutinin HA2 subunit regions in the NS1 reading frame: 1) vector NS124-HA2(A)-185 expressing the full-length influenza A virus HA2 ectodomain of 185 amino acid residues (
As can be seen in
Production of an Influenza Vector with a Modified NS Genomic Fragment Encoding a Sequence of Influenza B Virus HA2 Region and H1N1pdm Virus Surface Glycoproteins
A recombinant virus was assembled in several steps. At the first step, complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of 5 genomic fragments (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M) of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus (PB2 (Genbank accession number: AB671295), PB1 (Genbank accession number: CY033583), PA (Genbank accession number: AF389117), NP (Genbank accession number: AF389119), M (Genbank accession number: AF389121)) and 2 genomic fragments (HA, NA) of A/California/7/09-like virus (HA (GenBank: KM408964.1) and (NA GenBank: KM408965.1)) were produced, and a chimeric NS genomic fragment composed of the sequences related to H1N1 virus (NS1 gene), H2N2 virus (Nep gene) and the sequences of two peptides from an influenza B virus HA2 region and an influenza A virus NP region was synthesized.
At the second step, the synthesized sequences were cloned into a bidirectional plasmid pHW2000-based vector (Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster R G, A DNA from eight plasmids, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000; 97 (11):6108-13.). This plasmid vector, due to the presence of Pol I and Pol II promoters, provides simultaneous intracellular transcription of viral and corresponding messenger RNAs upon transfection of mammalian cells.
GAGCTATTGCTGGTTTCTTGGAAGGAGGATGGGAAGGAATGATTGCAGGTTGGGGAGGAAGAGAGAGCC
GGAACCCAGGGAATGCTTGATAATAAGCGGCCGCAGTGTGATTTTTGACCGGCTGGAGACTCTAATATT
Recombinant viruses were assembled by transfection of VERO cells with eight plasmids encoding genomic unmodified fragments of influenza virus, and with a chimeric NS genomic fragment by the plasmid DNA electroporation method (Cell Line Nucleofector® Kit V (Lonza)) according to the instruction for use. After transfection, the cells were incubated in Optipro medium (Invitrogen) for 96 hours at 34° C. with the addition of 1 μg/ml trypsin to ensure post-translational cleavage of the hemagglutinin precursor into HA1 and HA2 subunits. The viral harvest from Vero cells was used to infect 10-day-old chicken embryos (SPF). Embryos were incubated for 48 hours at 34° C., after which allantoic fluids having a positive titer in the haemagglutination reaction were used for next passages on chicken embryos. Allantoic fluids of 7 passages were purified with tangential flow filtration and lyophilized for storage. The animals were immunized after dissolution of the lyophilisate with an equivalent volume of distilled water.
Protective Response to Heterologous Strains of Influenza A and B Viruses in Control Infection of Mice
The protective activity to heterologous antigen variants of influenza virus was determined by intranasal immunization of mice with an influenza vector at a dose of 6.8 log EID50/mouse in a volume of 50 μl under mild anesthesia, once or twice with a 3 week period. At twenty-one days after the last immunization, the animals were subjected to the control infection with mouse-pathogenic heterologous influenza strains: homologous A/California/7/09 (H1N1pdm) or heterologous A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), A/Mississippi/85/1(H3N2) or influenza B/Lee/40 virus in a dose corresponding to 3-5 LD50, respectively.
As can be seen in
As can be seen in FIG. 3B9B, the control infection of non-immune mice with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus resulted in their death in 100% cases. However, the mice immunized once or twice with the virus preparation were reliably protected from death.
As can be seen in
As can be seen in
Thus, the influenza vector carrying a chimeric NS genomic fragment showed the properties of a universal influenza vaccine effective against heterologous antigenic subtypes of both influenza A virus and influenza B virus.
Protective Response to a Heterologous Influenza A (H3N2) Strain in the Control Infection of Ferrets
Ferrets are an optimal, model recommended by the WHO for studying the effectiveness of influenza vaccines and drugs. The protective activity to a heterologous antigen variant of influenza virus was determined by immunization of ferrets (9 animals per group) with the influenza vector produced in Example 5 at a dose of 7.5 log EID50/ferret, administered intranasal in a volume of 500 μl under mild anesthesia, once or twice with a 3 week period. At twenty-one days after the last immunization, the animals were subjected to the control infection with the ferret-pathogenic A/St.Petersburg/224/2015 (H3N2) virus. As shown in
The effect of the vaccination on the reproduction of the control virus in the respiratory tract of ferrets was studied by using nasal washings taken in animals on Days 2, 4 and 6 to determine the concentration of the infectious virus by titration of 50% cytopathic dose in the MDCK cell culture. As can be seen in
Thus, even a single vaccination of ferrets with the influenza vector resulted in the protection of animals from clinical manifestations in the form of a temperature reaction and facilitated the accelerated elimination of the control heterologous strain from the respiratory tract. Repeated immunization accelerated the process of viral elimination.
Oncolytic Effect of Influenza Vector Encoding Mycobacterial Protein Esat6
The oncolytic potential of attenuated influenza vectors carrying a chimeric NS genomic fragment with a heterologous Nep gene was determined by treating with the viruses a mouse melanoma induced by the administration of 106 B16 cells in a volume of 30 μl to the subcutaneous space of the right hind foot. Each group contained 10 animals. The therapy was performed on day 5 after the administration of tumor cells, by injection of 30 μl of the viral preparation or a phosphate buffer solution directly into the tumor growth zone. Injections were performed 4 times every third day, after which the rate of an increase in the volume of the affected foot and the survival rate of the animals were assessed for 85 days. The animals with tumors that reached 2000 mm3 were euthanized for ethical reasons and were considered dead.
The melanoma was treated with a vector expressing mycobacterial antigen Esat6 in a design providing for 2A-mediated posttranslational cleavage of protein Esat-6 from the C-terminal region of a truncated NS1 protein of influenza NS124-2A-Esat6 virus (
Formulation of an Influenza Virus-Based Vaccine for Intranasal Immunization
A vaccine containing the influenza vector produced in Example 1 or Example 5 in an amount of 6.5 to 8.5 log 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50)/ml, and a buffer stabilizing solution containing 0.9 wt. % chloride solution, 0.5 wt. % L-carnosine, 2.5 wt. % sucrose, 1 wt. % recombinant albumin, 1 wt. % L-arginine and 3 wt. % hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (molecular weight is 130 kDa, the degree of molar substitution is 0.4).
Formulation of an Influenza Virus-Based Vaccine for Intranasal Immunization
A vaccine containing the influenza vector produced in Example 1 or Example 5 in an amount of 6.5 to 8.5 log 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50)/ml, and a buffer stabilizing solution containing 0.9 wt. % chloride solution, 0.1 wt. % L-carnosine, 2.5 wt. % sucrose, 1 wt. % recombinant albumin, 1 wt. % L-arginine and 3 wt. % hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (molecular weight is 130 kDa, the degree of molar substitution is 0.4).
The Formulation of an Influenza Virus-Based Vaccine for Oncolytic Purposes
A vaccine containing the influenza vector produced in Example 1 or Example 5 in an amount of 6.5 to 10.5 log 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50)/ml, and a buffer stabilizing solution containing 1.35 wt. % chloride solution, 0.5 wt. % L-carnosine, 1 wt. % recombinant albumin, 1 wt. % L-arginine and 3 wt. % hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (molecular weight is 130 kDa, the degree of molar substitution is 0.4).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015147703 | Nov 2015 | RU | national |
| 2016111907 | Mar 2016 | RU | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU2016/050066 | 11/3/2016 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017/078577 | 5/11/2017 | WO | A |
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