This invention relates to devices and methods for preparing melt blown fibers.
Nonwoven webs typically are formed using a meltblowing process in which filaments are extruded from a series of small orifices while being attenuated into fibers using hot air or other attenuating fluid. The attenuated fibers are formed into a web on a remotely-located collector or other suitable surface.
There has been an ongoing effort to improve the uniformity of nonwoven webs. Web uniformity typically is evaluated based on factors such as basis weight, average fiber diameter, web thickness or porosity. Process variables such as material throughput, air flow rate, die to collector distance, and the like can be altered or controlled to improve nonwoven web uniformity. In addition, changes can be made in the design of the meltblowing apparatus. References describing such measures include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,889,476, 5,236,641, 5,248,247, 5,260,003, 5,582,907, 5,728,407, 5,891,482 and 5,993,943.
The attenuating fluid typically is supplied to a manifold (e.g., an air manifold) attached to the side of the die body, optionally sent through a tortuous path in the manifold or in the die body, and then sent through attenuating fluid flow channels to exit near the filament orifices so that the attenuating fluid can impinge upon and draw down the extruded filaments into fibers. Representative manifolds, tortuous paths and flow channels are shown in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,889,476, 5,080,569, 5,098,636, 5,248,247, 5,260,003, 5,580,581, 5,607,701, 5,632,938, 5,667,749, 5,711,970, 5,725,812, 6,001,303 and 6,182,732.
Despite many years of effort by various researchers, fabrication of commercially suitable nonwoven webs still requires careful adjustment of the process variables and meltblowing apparatus parameters, and frequently requires that trial and error runs be performed in order to obtain satisfactory results. Fabrication of wide melt blown nonwoven webs with uniform properties can be especially difficult.
Although useful, macroscopic nonwoven web properties such as basis weight, average fiber diameter, web thickness or porosity may not always provide a sufficient basis for evaluating nonwoven web quality or uniformity. These macroscopic web properties typically are determined by cutting small swatches from various portions of the web or by using sensors to monitor portions of a moving web. These approaches can be susceptible to sampling and measurement errors that may skew the results, especially if used to evaluate low basis weight or highly porous webs. In addition, although a nonwoven web may exhibit uniform measured basis weight, fiber diameter, web thickness or porosity, the web may nonetheless exhibit nonuniform performance characteristics due to differences in attenuation of the individual web fibers. A more uniform web could be obtained if each extruded filament was subjected to identical or substantially identical streams of attenuating fluid. Ideally, the attenuating fluid streams would impinge upon the filaments at an identical volumetric flow rate and temperature along the width of the die. After attenuation and collection, the resulting attenuated fibers may have more uniform physical properties from fiber to fiber and may form higher quality or more uniform melt blown nonwoven webs.
The desired fiber physical property uniformity preferably is evaluated by determining one or more intrinsic physical or chemical properties of the collected fibers, e.g., their weight average or number average molecular weight, and more preferably their molecular weight distribution. Molecular weight distribution can conveniently be characterized in terms of polydispersity. By measuring properties of fibers rather than of web swatches, sampling errors are reduced and a more accurate measurement of web quality or uniformity can be obtained.
The present invention provides, in one aspect, a meltblowing apparatus comprising:
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for forming a fibrous web comprising:
The devices and methods of the invention can provide higher quality or more uniform melt blown nonwoven webs, including webs having more uniform physical properties from fiber to fiber. The devices and methods of the invention can be adjusted to provide uniform delivery of attenuating fluid to a meltblowing die over a variety of attenuating fluid flow rates and meltblowing die operating conditions. Preferred embodiments of the invention permit adjustment during meltblowing.
As used in this specification, the phrase “nonwoven web” refers to a fibrous web characterized by entanglement, and preferably having sufficient coherency and strength to be self-supporting.
The term “meltblowing” means a method for forming a nonwoven web by extruding a fiber-forming material through a plurality of orifices to form filaments while contacting the filaments with air or other fluid to attenuate the filaments into fibers and thereafter collecting a layer of the attenuated fibers.
The phrase “meltblowing temperatures” refers to the meltblowing die temperatures at which meltblowing typically is performed. Depending on the application, meltblowing temperatures can be as high as 315° C., 325° C. or even 340° C. or more.
The phrase “meltblowing die” refers to a die for use in meltblowing.
The term “passage” refers to an enclosed space in a meltblowing die or attenuating fluid manifold through which attenuating fluid flow can occur.
The phrase “distribution passage” refers to a passage in a meltblowing die or attenuating fluid manifold that communicates with a plurality of attenuating fluid outlets and that can affect the respective mass flow rates of attenuating fluid through such outlets.
The phrase “distribution characteristics” refers to the relative mass flow rates of attenuating fluid through a plurality of attenuating fluid outlets.
The phrase “changed while the die and manifold are assembled” refers to an alteration in the distribution characteristics of a distribution passage that is implemented while a manifold is fastened to a meltblowing die. This phrase does not exclude the possible temporary removal of other parts such as heat shields, insulation, access covers and the like from the die or manifold in order to carry out the adjustment.
The phrase “melt blown fibers” refers to fibers made using meltblowing. The aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter) of melt blown fibers is essentially infinite (e.g., generally at least about 10,000 or more), though melt blown fibers have been reported to be discontinuous. The fibers are long and entangled sufficiently that it is usually impossible to remove one complete melt blown fiber from a mass of such fibers or to trace one melt blown fiber from beginning to end.
The phrase “attenuate the filaments into fibers” refers to the conversion of a segment of a filament into a segment of greater length and smaller diameter.
The term “polydispersity” refers to the weight average molecular weight of a polymer divided by the number average molecular weight of the polymer, with both weight average and number average molecular weight being evaluated using gel permeation chromatography and a polystyrene standard.
The phrase “fibers having substantially uniform polydispersity” refers to melt blown fibers whose polydispersity differs from the average fiber polydispersity by less than ±5%.
Attenuating fluid (typically heated air) travels through conduits 20a and 20b and enters inlets 21a and 21b at either end of the manifolds 22. Each manifold 22 extends along the width of die 12 and has a midline 42 that corresponds generally to the midpoint of die 12. After passing through inlets 21a and 21b, the attenuating fluid is deflected by movable top wall 24a and 24b into a series of small orifices 26 spaced along manifold lower wall 27. The attenuating fluid next travels through a tortuous path past dams 28 and 30 and enters a plurality of attenuating fluid channels (such as channels 32a and 32b) spaced along the width of die 12. The attenuating fluid in some of the channels flows past a thermocouple such as thermocouple 34 and exits meltblowing die 12 through a plurality of attenuating fluid outlets (such as attenuating fluid outlets 36a and 36b) spaced along the width of die 12 near tip 16.
In the absence of movable top walls 24a and 24b and other possible influencing factors such as adjustable heat input devices that might be embedded in die 12, the attenuating fluid in manifold 22 would vary in temperature and pressure along the length of manifold 22. Because attenuating fluid will be extracted from manifold 22 at each orifice 26 (and assuming that walls 24a and 24b were not present), the attenuating fluid in manifold 22 would have a higher temperature and higher pressure proximate inlet ends 21a and 21b, and a lower temperature and lower pressure proximate midline 42. This temperature and pressure differential would cause a corresponding differential in the mass flow rates of attenuating fluid through the orifices 26, with a greater mass flow rate occurring proximate inlet ends 21a and 21b and a lower mass flow rate occurring proximate midline 42. Assuming that a constant pressure drop subsequently arises between the orifices 26 and the attenuating fluid outlets such as outlets 36a and 36b, the temperature of the attenuating fluid in the attenuating fluid channels (such as channels 32a and 32b) and at the attenuating fluid outlets (such as outlets 36a and 36b) would vary along the width of die 12 and a nonuniform nonwoven web would be produced.
Movable top walls 24a and 24b and adjusting bolt 38 preferably can be used to compensate for such temperature and pressure variation, preferably can provide for more uniform delivery of attenuating fluid to channels 32a and 32b, and preferably can permit adjustment, reduction or possible elimination of attenuating fluid mass flow rate and temperature differentials at the attenuating fluid outlets. Movable top walls 24a and 24b are fastened at their outboard ends via hinges 44 to manifold 22. At the adjustment position shown in
By moving bolt 38 in or out of manifold 22, the distribution characteristics of passages 48 and 50 can be adjusted in order to make the attenuating fluid mass flow rates and temperatures in the channels of die 12 more uniform. Bolt 38 passes through a threaded opening in fixed top wall 25 of manifold 22, and is held in place by locknut 40. The lower end of bolt 38 is free to rotate in an unthreaded hole in elongate rubbing block 46. The lower end of block 46 bears against the inboard ends of top walls 24a and 24b. The fluid pressure (e.g., air pressure) of the attenuating fluid entering manifold 22 will hold the inboard ends of walls 24a and 24b firmly against the lower surface of rubbing block 46. As bolt 38 is threaded in or out of manifold 22, the distribution characteristics of passages 48 and 50 will change. For a given attenuating fluid volumetric flow rate into manifold 22, an appropriate setting for bolt 38 and a corresponding shape for passages 48 and 50 usually can be found to provide uniformly distributed mass flow rates of the attenuating fluid along the length of manifold 22 and uniform attenuating fluid temperatures at the attenuating fluid outlets. Attainment of the desired passage distribution characteristics can be verified by monitoring the attenuating fluid temperature in several of the fluid flow channels such as channel 32a and channel 32b using a plurality of thermocouples 34 distributed along the width of die 12.
Further details regarding the manner in which meltblowing would be carried out with such an apparatus can be found, for example, in the patents cited above and in Wente, Van A., “Superfine Thermoplastic Fibers” in Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 48, p. 1342 et seq. (1956), or in Report No. 4364 of the Naval Research Laboratories, published May 25, 1954, entitled “Manufacture of Superfine Organic Fibers,” by Wente, V. A.; Boone, C, D.; and Fluharty, E. L.
Referring to FIG. 4 and
The passage 86 shown in
Those skilled in the art will recognize that attenuating fluid distribution passages having a variety of shapes and sizes can be employed in the present invention, and that a variety of adjustment mechanisms or techniques can be used to adjust the distribution characteristics of such passages. When air is used as the attenuating fluid, the passage preferably can accommodate volumetric air flow rates between about 20 and about 100 liters/minute/cm of passage length. Thus a meltblowing die having two parallel attenuating fluid manifolds preferably can accommodate volumetric air flow rates between about 40 and about 200 liters/minute/cm of die width. Preferably the adjustment can maintain the attenuating fluid temperature in the channels to ±5° C. along the width of the die, more preferably to ±3° C. Preferably the adjustment can be performed using simple mechanical tools and with minimal removal of heat shields, insulation or other components of the meltblowing die. More preferably, the adjustment can be performed during meltblowing. If desired, the adjustment can be automated using suitable sensors and controls and an appropriate feedback mechanism, e.g., to monitor die conditions or web characteristics.
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the meltblowing dies of the invention can include additional (e.g., secondary) attenuating fluid streams that operate in concert with one or more primary attenuating fluid streams to carry out meltblowing. For example, the meltblowing dies of the invention can include one or more secondary air passages whose distribution characteristics can be adjusted as described above.
Particularly preferred meltblowing die cavities for use in the meltblowing dies of the present invention are shown in copending application Ser. No. 10/177,446 entitled “NONWOVEN WEB DIE AND NONWOVEN WEBS MADE THEREWITH”, filed Jun. 20, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Preferably an array of such die cavities are arranged to form a wider or thicker web than could be obtained using a single die cavity.
Preferably, fiber-forming material is applied to the meltblowing dies of the present invention using a planetary gear metering pump such as shown in copending application Ser. No. 10/177,419 entitled “MELTBLOWING APPARATUS EMPLOYING PLANETARY GEAR METERING PUMP”, filed Jun. 20, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the meltblowing die does not need to be planar. A meltblowing apparatus of the invention can employ an annular die having a central axis of symmetry, for forming a cylindrical array of filaments. A die having a plurality of nonplanar (curved) die cavities can also be arranged around the circumference of a cylinder to form a larger diameter cylindrical array of filaments than would be obtained using only a single annular die cavity of similar die depth. A plurality of nested annular nonwoven dies of the invention can also be arranged around a central axis of symmetry to form a multilayered cylindrical array of filaments.
Preferred meltblowing systems of the invention may be operated using a flat temperature profile, with reduced reliance on adjustable heat input devices (e.g., electrical heaters mounted in the die body) or other compensatory measures to obtain uniform output. This may reduce thermally generated stresses within the die body and may discourage die cavity deflections that could cause localized basis weight nonuniformity. Heat input devices may be added to the dies of the invention if desired. Insulation may also be added to assist in controlling thermal behavior during operation of the die.
Preferred meltblowing systems of the invention can produce highly uniform webs. If evaluated using a series (e.g., 3 to 10) of 0.01 m2 samples cut from the near the ends and middle of a web (and sufficiently far away from the edges to avoid edge effects), preferred meltblowing systems of the invention may provide nonwoven webs having basis weight uniformities of ±2% or better, or even ±1% or better. Using similarly-collected samples, preferred meltblowing systems of the invention may provide nonwoven webs comprising at least one layer of melt blown fibers whose polydispersity differs from the average fiber polydispersity by less than ±5%, more preferably by less than ±3%.
A variety of synthetic or natural fiber-forming materials may be made into nonwoven webs using the meltblowing systems of the invention. Preferred synthetic materials include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, linear polyamides such as nylon 6 or nylon 11, polyurethane, poly(4-methyl pentene-1), and mixtures or combinations thereof. Preferred natural materials include bitumen or pitch (e.g., for making carbon fibers). The fiber-forming material can be in molten form or carried in a suitable solvent. Reactive monomers can also be employed in the invention, and reacted with one another as they pass to or through the die. The nonwoven webs may contain a mixture of fibers in a single layer (made for example, using two closely spaced die cavities sharing a common die tip), a plurality of layers (made for example, using a plurality of die cavities arranged in a stack), or one or more layers of multicomponent fibers (such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,256).
The fibers in nonwoven webs made using the meltblowing systems of the invention may have a variety of diameters. For example, the fibers may be ultrafine fibers averaging less than 5 or even less than 1 micrometer in diameter; microfibers averaging less than about 10 micrometers in diameter; or larger fibers averaging 25 micrometers or more in diameter.
The nonwoven webs made using the meltblowing systems of the invention may contain additional fibrous or particulate materials as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,016,599, 3,971,373 and 4,111,531. Other adjuvants such as dyes, pigments, fillers, abrasive particles, light stabilizers, fire retardants, absorbents, medicaments, etc., may also be added to the nonwoven webs. The addition of such adjuvants may be carried out by introducing them into the fiber-forming material stream, spraying them on the fibers as they are formed or after the nonwoven web has been collected, by padding, and using other techniques that will be familiar to those skilled in the art. For example, fiber finishes may be sprayed onto the nonwoven webs to improve hand and feel properties.
The completed nonwoven webs may vary widely in thickness. For most uses, webs having a thickness between about 0.05 and 15 centimeters are preferred. For some applications, two or more separately or concurrently formed nonwoven webs may be assembled as one thicker sheet product. For example, a laminate of spun bond, melt blown and spun bond fiber layers (such as the layers described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,732) can be assembled in an SMS configuration. Nonwoven webs may also be prepared using the meltblowing systems of the invention by depositing the stream of fibers onto another sheet material such as a porous nonwoven web that will form part of the completed web. Other structures, such as impermeable films, may be laminated to the nonwoven webs through mechanical engagement, heat bonding, or adhesives.
The nonwoven webs may be further processed after collection, e.g., by compacting through heat and pressure to cause point bonding, to control sheet caliper, to give the web a pattern or to increase the retention of particulate materials. The nonwoven webs may be electrically charged to enhance their filtration capabilities as by introducing charges into the fibers as they are formed, in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,682, or by charging the web after formation in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,571,679.
The nonwoven webs made using the meltblowing systems of the invention may have a wide variety of uses, including filtration media and filtration devices, medical fabrics, sanitary products, oil adsorbents, apparel fabrics, thermal or acoustical insulation, battery separators and capacitor insulation.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. This invention should not be restricted to that which has been set forth herein only for illustrative purposes.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20030234464 A1 | Dec 2003 | US |