Patent Application
20190070863
The present invention relates to printing, via a printer, onto a print media such as labels. More specifically, the invention relates to maintaining a strong, clear, uniform print density on the media when the pressure applied by a printhead varies along the length or width of the print media.
Home and office printers typically are used to print upon print media, such as paper and labels. Many printers, such as inkjet printers and thermal printers, employ the elements of a printhead and platen. Mechanical feed mechanisms feed a sheet of print media (such as paper, or a label or sheet of labels) between the printhead and the platen.
For many printers, a necessary component of the printing process is that pressure be applied by the printhead to the print media. The printhead presses on the print media, which is in turn supported by the platen.
For a print process to provide a consistent density of printing across the width of a print media, it is often desirable that the pressure on the print media should be consistent across the print media. Put another way, the pressure exerted on the print media by the printhead on one side of the media sheet, and the platen on the other side of the media sheet, should be consistent across the width of the media.
In some cases—for example, standard 8.5 inch by 11 inch paper fed through a typical office or home printer—the width of the print substantially spans the width of the printhead and the platen. In such cases, the printhead and the platen will tend to naturally exert a consistent level of pressure across the width of the print media.
Some print media, however, such as some labels fed through a printer, may not span the full width of the printhead and platen. If the labels span substantially less than the full width of the printhead/platen elements, the pressure across the print media may be uneven. In turn, if the pressure on the print media is uneven, the resulting print process may induce inconsistent levels of print on the media. That is, the print may be excessively dark towards one end of the print media and excessively light towards the other end of the print media.
What is needed, then, is a system and method for printing which identifies uneven pressure on a print media, and compensates for the uneven pressure, thereby ensuring consistent print density across the print media.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention embraces a printer configured to identify uneven print pressure on the print media, and to compensate for the uneven print pressure by varying the intensity of an applied contrast-inducing element (for example, and without limitation, heat) on the print media.
In an embodiment of the present system and method, the contrast-inducing element may be heat generated at points along the printhead, where the heat either (i) induces contrast on a heat-sensitive print media or (ii) melts ink from an ink ribbon on the print media.
In an exemplary embodiment, where the pressure on the print media is relatively more heavy towards a first end of the platen and printhead, the printhead is configured to apply a proportionate, relatively lesser intensity of the contrast-inducing element. Where the pressure on the print media is relatively less heavy towards a second, opposing end of the platen and printhead, the printhead is configured to apply a relatively greater intensity of the contrast-inducing element. Where the pressure on the print media is at a relative pressure midpoint, the printhead is configured to apply a relatively middle level of the contrast-inducing element. In this way, a consistent level of print density is achieved across the width of the print media.
In another aspect, the present invention embraces a method for a printer to identify uneven print pressure on the print media, and to compensate for the uneven print pressure by varying the intensity of an applied contrast-inducing element on the print media.
In an embodiment, where the pressure on the print media is relatively more heavy, the method regulates the printhead to apply a proportionate, relatively lesser intensity of the contrast-inducing element. Where the pressure on the print media is relatively less heavy, the method regulates the printhead to apply a relatively greater intensity of the contrast-inducing element. Where the pressure on the print media is at a relative pressure midpoint, the method regulates the printhead to apply a relatively middle level of the contrast-inducing element. In this way, a consistent level of print density is achieved across the width of the print media.
In an exemplary embodiment, pressure variation on the print media is determined by measuring the width of the print media, and comparing the width of the print media to the width of the printhead/platen combination.
As indicated above, in one exemplary embodiment the printer is a thermal printer, and the print media is thermal print media. The contrast-inducing element applied by the printhead is heat, and the intensity of the heat applied across the width of the printhead is varied to compensate for the pressure variations.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the printer is an inkjet printer, and the print media is paper or labels. The contrast-inducing element applied by the printhead is ink, and the time or pressure of application of ink, applied across the width of the printhead, is varied to compensate for the pressure variations.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the printer is a laser printer, and the print media is paper or labels. The contrast-inducing elements applied are both light and toner. Either or both of the light intensity or the density of toner, applied across the width of the paper by one or more printhead elements, is varied to compensate for the pressure variations.
The foregoing illustrative summary, as well as other exemplary objectives and/or advantages of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further explained within the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings.
In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures associated with computers, with printers, with electromechanical digital devices, with other digital devices, with data display, and/or with data storage or data transmission, have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.
Reference numbers are used throughout the figures, and the first digit of a reference number generally indicates the first drawing where the associated element appears. For example, an element 207 first appears in
Print Media, Physical Print Media, Paper, Labels: The terms print media, physical print media, paper, and labels 190 (see
Typical print media are often derivatives of wood pulp or polymers, and include conventional office paper, clear or tinted acetate media, news print, envelopes, mailing labels, product labels, and other kinds of labels. Thicker materials, such as cardstock or cardboard may be included as well.
Print media have a thickness, so that when fed through a printer they impose a gap between a printhead and a print platen. Typical commercial papers, such as those conventionally used in laser printers and thermal printers, generally vary in thickness from approximately 0.003″ to 0.007″.
In exemplary embodiments discussed throughout this document, reference may be made specifically to “paper” or “labels” 190; but it will be understood by persons skilled in the relevant arts that the operations, system elements, and methods of such exemplary applications may be applicable to media other than or in addition to the specifically mentioned “paper” or “labels.”
Contrast-inducing elements: A contrast-inducing element may be heat or light, or other forms of energy. The print media may itself be designed, for example with chemical coatings, so that its surface contrast, color, or shading can be selectively varied (for example, through selective application by the printer of heat or light) to create a persistent visual contrast.
Alternatively, for use in some printers, during a print process, print media is used to receive contrast-inducing elements such as ink, dye, or toner to create a persistent visual contrast (in black and white, shades of gray, and/or colors).
The persistent visual contrast on the print media, once induced by the printer, can be perceived by the human eye as text, images, shapes, symbols, or graphics.
Printer: A printer 100 (see
Typically, printers 100 are designed so that one or more sheets of paper, or one or more labels, or other print media, can be inserted or “fed” into the printer. In typical operation, multiple sheets, print media ribbons, or other media are inserted into a holding tray or other container element of the printer for temporary storage; in alternative embodiments, individual sheets of print media or individual labels may be hand-fed into a printer one at a time.
Command and content instructions are then sent to the printer electronically, for example from an external computer which is communicatively linked to the printer; the printer feeds a sheet of paper, or a label, or other print media into itself, towards a printhead within the printer; and the printhead of the printer then induces contrast (color) on the print media to imprint the appropriate contents onto the print media.
Exemplary Thermal Printer
The present system and method may be applicable to multiple different kinds of printers, including but not limited to thermal printers, LED printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and other kinds of printers as well.
The present invention embraces a printer which provides consistent print density on a print media by using:
(i) variations in the intensity of an applied contrast-inducing element (for example and without limitation, heat) to compensate for . . . .
(ii) . . . a variation of printhead pressure across the print media.
The exemplary embodiment described below pertains to an exemplary thermal printer. However, persons skilled in the relevant arts will appreciate that the system and method may be applied in other kinds of printers as well, including inkjet printers, LED printers, and laser printers.
Print Process—
Elements of printer 100 are presented here in the context of an exemplary print process which may employed by exemplary thermal printer 100:
Print Step (1), Raster Image Processing:
The document to be printed is encoded in a page description language such as PostScript, Printer Command Language (PCL), or Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS). This is typically performed by an external computer (not illustrated) which is connected to printer 100. In some cases, however, the source document is encoded on printer 100 itself, for example if printer 100 functions in a dual role as a document scanner. (Scanning elements are not illustrated in the figure.) In alternative embodiments, printer 100 receives the page in the form of an image (such as a graphics file, for example JPG or PNG) from an external device (for example, a computer or an external scanner).
Raster Lines (Scan Lines):
A raster image processor converts the page description into a bitmap which is stored in the printer's raster memory 111. Each horizontal strip of dots (also referred to as “pixels” 215) across the raster page is known as a raster line 210, and equivalently as a scan line 210 (see
Persons skilled in the relevant arts will appreciate that a “raster line” 210 is generally not the same as a “line” of text in a document. Depending on the dot-per-inch resolution of the print process and the point size of a printed line of text, a single line of text may typically be composed of anywhere from a few dozen raster lines to well over one hundred raster lines.
Print Step (2), Paper Feed:
Print media 190, such as individual sheets of paper, sheets with mailing labels, or a ribbon of labels, are fed into the printer via a media feed or tray 130. The print media 190 is routed through the printer to a printhead via guides 106, rollers 106, and/or other suitable media routing mechanics.
Print Step (3), Printing Raster Lines:
Printer 100 may use a variety of printheads and printing mechanisms to create contrast (typically black/white, grayscale contrast, and/or colors) to print media 190. Inkjet printers directly print ink onto the print media 190, while laser printers employ a complex combination of light, electrostatic charge, and toner to create contrast on the print media 190.
Exemplary thermal printer 100 employs a thermal printhead 118 with a series of heating elements 120, also referred to as “pinheads”, “pin dots”, or simply “dots” 120, which are closely spaced along the length of the thermal printhead 118. In an embodiment of the present system and method, a thermal print media 190, which may include for example thermal paper and thermal labels, is heat sensitive. Under the control of CPU 107, and possibly control circuits 113, heating elements 120 of thermal printhead 118 are heated to varying temperatures during the print process. The heat induces contrast on the thermal print media 190. In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated in the figures) printer 100 employs an ink ribbon, which is a ribbon substrate with ink on it. The heat from heating elements 120 melts the ink from the ribbon onto print media 190, and the transferred ink is the source of the contrast on the print media 190.
Generation of Raster Lines:
The final output is typically composed of numerous raster lines 210 (see again
In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated in the figures) printer 100 may employ a black print media 190 or other dark colored printer media 190. An ink ribbon with white ink or other light colored ink is then used. Heating elements 120 then melt the white/light-colored ink onto the dark print media 190. The degree of whiteness, that is, the intensity, of the resulting print or image (on the dark background) is proportional to the amount of heat employed. In this document, and for convenience of exposition only, it is generally assumed that print media 190 is white or light-colored, and any print or image which is then imprinted on the media is black, a shade of gray, or some color which presents contrast from the white print media.
Pressure of the Print Media, Heat from the Printhead, and Induced Contrast:
It will be noted from
In an embodiment of the present system and method, the induced contrast at a pixel point on print media 190 is proportionate to both the heat applied by a heating element 120 and the pressure applied by the same heating element 120. In an embodiment, print media 190 may be white or some other non-black color. Heat from a heating element 120 may induce a black or gray pixel 215 on print media 190. The darkness of a pixel 215 on a raster line 210 may increase with both increased heat and with increased pressure. If a consistent pressure is maintained during the print process, then the darkness of a pixel 215 on a raster line 210 increases in proportion with increased heat from a heating element 120.
Put another way: In an embodiment, print media 190 may be white or some other non-black color. Heat from a heating element 120 may induce a black or gray pixel on print media 190. The darkness of a pixel on a raster line increases with both increased heat, and with increased pressure. But if the pressure on print media 190 is consistent across the full width of the thermal printhead 118, then for all pixels across the width of the page, the darkness of any pixel will be consistent for a given level of applied heat at that pixel.
Print Step (4), Printing Multiple Raster Lines and Paper Release.
Printing the full print media is accomplished by continuing to feed the print media 190 through the printer, and repeating step (3) above multiple times, to print multiple successive raster lines. The multiple raster lines will create a completed image (text, graphics, or similar) on print media 190. The print media is then released from printer 100 via output tray 142.
Other Exemplary Printer Elements
Exemplary thermal printer 100 may employ other elements as well. Printer 100 may have an external shell or casing 102 which houses most or all of the printer elements. Control elements and paper feed elements may be partly or wholly on the exterior of external casing 102.
One or more motors and other electromechanical mechanisms, not illustrated in the figure, are typically employed for effectuating transfer of paper 100 and materials within printer 100.
A motherboard 105 typically holds and interconnects various microchips used to control and monitor printer 100. Motherboard 105 may include, for example and without limitation:
A central processing unit (CPU) 107 or microcontroller unit (MCU) 107 which provides for overall operational control of printer 100. This includes monitoring printer operations via sensors (not illustrated), and directing printer operations via various application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) 113 discussed further below.
Static memory 109 may store non-volatile operational code (such as internal device drivers) for printer 100. CPU 107 may employ the code stored in static memory 109 in order to maintain the operational control of printer 100.
Volatile memory 111, such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), may be used to store data received from external computers, such as page descriptions, raster images, and other data pertinent to the printing of particular documents.
Control of printer 100 may be maintained in various ways. In some embodiments, CPU 107 of printer 100 may directly control various elements of the printer (such as thermal printhead 118, motors and other mechanical servers, etc.). In other instances, control may be effectuated by CPU 107 via various application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) 113 which act as intermediary control circuits.
Control circuits 113 may support such functions as external input/output (for example, via USB ports, an Ethernet port, or wireless communications, not illustrated in the figure); a control interface for a user control panel or wireless remote on the outside of the printer (not illustrated in the figure); mechanical control of motors and other electromechanical elements; and control of thermal printhead 118.
A system bus 195 may serve to transfer data and messages between elements of motherboard 105, and between motherboard 105 and various other microchips, controllers, and sensors of printer 100.
Other Printer Embodiments:
Different printers 100 implement these steps described above in distinct ways, and some elements may be referred to by other terms or generic terms. For example, the elements directly responsible for printing onto the print media 100 may be referred to generically as the printhead 118.
Source of Pressure Variation on Print Media
It will be noted from
Panel (A):
Panel (A) of
Thermal printhead 118 and platen 122 are parallel too each other and configured to be in contact with each other if no print media 190 is between them.
In an embodiment of the present system and method, a contact pressure is applied to both thermal printhead 118 and platen 122 at suitable support points (typically at or near the ends of each element), with the contact pressure on each element opposing the contact pressure on the other. When no paper 190.1 is present between thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, then thermal printhead 118 and platen 122 are directly in contact and pressing against each other. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that such contact pressure may be provided by a variety of structural elements of printer 100, including interior support elements which may be flexible and provide tension or pressure, as well as springs, which are not illustrated in the figures. The direction of the opposing contact pressures is indicated by pressure arrows 202 (shown as dotted lines in the figure).
In an embodiment of the present system and method, platen 122 may have a compressible coating, such as rubber, which can compress to permit print media 190 to be interposed between platen 122 and thermal printhead 118.
Raster Lines:
Also illustrated in Panel (A) are some exemplary raster lines 210, showing the results of printing the letters “AH” as well as some pattern of raster lines 210 which may for example be part of a drawing, photograph, or graph. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that only a few exemplary raster lines 210 are illustrated, and that the entire image is composed of successive raster lines 210 (which may include one or more entirely blank lines 210.1).
For purposes of illustration only of some exemplary raster lines and their orientation on print media 190, blank or empty portions of raster lines 210 are shown in
For purposes of illustration and clarity of exposition only, and to clearly distinguish individual exemplary raster lines 210, the handful of exemplary raster lines 210 are shown in Panel (A) as separated by from each other, when in actual printing the full page is composed of many more substantially adjacent raster lines 210. For example, a 300 dot-per-inch (dpi) printing process which runs ten inches from top to bottom of the page may be composed of 10*300=3000 raster lines (some of which may, however, be blank or white raster lines).
Typically, except where white space is actually required in the shaping of alphanumeric text or in figures, raster lines 210 which employ contrast (that is, are not white across their entire length) are printed sufficiently close together, or even slightly overlapping, so as to create smooth, continuous image elements. In the figure, adjacent pixels 215 on a common, same raster line 210 are shown as adjacent and continuous, where applicable (such as the horizontal “bar” elements of the letters “A” and “H”).
Pixels:
A raster line may include any of black pixels 215, white pixels 215 (or more generally clear pixels 215, which simply reveal the underlying color of print media 190), colored pixels 215, and various intensities of pixels 215 (such as grayscale pixels or intensities of color pixels).
Panel (B):
Panel (B) presents another view of the elements shown in panel (A), including the full-width, centered paper 190.1
When paper 190.1 is fed between thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, paper 190.1 is subject to compression pressure along its width from the elements thermal printhead 118 and platen 122. In an embodiment of the present system and method, pressure 202 is applied equally at both ends of the pairing of printhead 118 and platen 122. In an alternative embodiment, pressure may be applied at multiple points along thermal printhead 118, but with the same level of pressure applied at each point. Because paper 190.1 substantially spans the width of thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, and is also substantially centered between the ends of both thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, paper 190.1 is subject to substantially consistent pressure along its entire width.
As a result, the pressure applied to paper 190.1 is substantially the same at each heating element 120 of thermal printhead 118. As a further result, the contrast induced on paper 190.1 at each specific heating element 120 depends only on the heat generated by that specific heating element 120. The heat generated at a pinhead 120 results from both the amount of electric power applied at the pinhead and the time duration of the power. Due to the consistent pressure along thermal printhead 118: If a same amount of power is applied at two (or more) different pinheads 122 along thermal printhead 118, a same amount of contrast is induced on print media 190 at the pixel generated by each such pinhead.
Panel (C):
Panel (C) of
As illustrated in the figure, the width of ribbon 190.2 is substantially less than the width of both thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, and is therefore referred to as a “narrow” ribbon 190.2, or more generally as a “narrow print media” 190.2. Moreover, the narrow print media 190.2 is fed so as to be substantially proximate to a common end of both thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, so that ribbon 190.2 is substantially off-center from a common center point (“X”) 195 of both thermal printhead 118 and platen 122.
In an embodiment of the present system and method, substantially the same pressures 202 are applied to thermal printhead 118 and platen 122 at the support points.
Panel (D): Panel (D) presents another view of the elements shown in panel (C), including the narrow, off-center ribbon 190.2. Unlike in the case for full-width paper 190.1 (as in panels (A) and (B)), because label ribbon 190.2 is narrow in width and is off-center, the effective applied pressure from thermal printhead 118 is NOT distributed uniformly along label ribbon 190.2.
Instead, label ribbon 190.2 functions as a fulcrum around which thermal printhead 118 is subject to a small but significant torque, as illustrated in panel (D). This results in ribbon 190.2 being compressed more at a first end, least at a second end, and in relative variations of pressure along its width.
When ribbon 190.2 is fed between thermal printhead 118 and platen 122, ribbon 190.2 is effectively subject to varied compression pressure 230 along its width from platen 122, and therefore varied pressure from the heating elements of thermal printhead 118. For example, at a first pinhead 120.1 there may be a pressure on ribbon 190.2 which is less than the average overall pressure; while at a second pinhead 120.2 there may be a pressure on ribbon 190.2 which is greater than the average overall compression pressure 230 on ribbon 190.2.
Print Contrast Inducement on Thermal Media
As is well known in the art, a thermal printhead 118 induces contrast on thermal print media 190 by the application of heat. In embodiments, the normal or typical background color of the thermal print media 190 may be white. In an embodiment, the application of heat induces in the thermal print media 118 various shades of gray up to and typically including a substantially black pixel. This is due to a heat-responsive chemical coating on the thermal print media 190. In an alternative embodiment, the thermal printhead melts ink from a print ribbon (not shown in the figures) onto the thermal print media 190.
The thermal printhead 118 applies heat from a linear row of consecutive, adjacent, and typically equally spaced heating elements (pinheads) 120. The pinheads 120 are heated by a current running through them. In an embodiment of the present system and method, the application of heat from pinheads 120 entails contact between the pinheads 120 and the thermal print media 190. In an alternative embodiment, the application of heat entails contact between the pinheads 120 and an ink ribbon (not shown in the figures), where the ink ribbon in turn has contact with print media 190. In either embodiment, pinheads 120 typically apply a pressure to the print media 190, which in some embodiments may be in the range of 30 kg-Newtons to 40 kg-Newtons.
The heat applied by a pinhead 120 may range from 50 degrees to 70 degrees Fahrenheit, up to 80 or even 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Higher temperatures results in higher contrast inducement, that is, darker (blacker) pixels.
As the print media 190 is mechanically advanced through printer 100, printhead 118 applies a series of raster lines 210 in rapid succession. Each raster line 210 is composed of multiple pixels 215 (which may include white “pixels”, if no heat is applied by a pinhead 120). As per above, pixels 215 vary in darkness from white to various shades of gray to black, with darker pixels resulting from the application of more heat by a pinhead 120. The accumulation of successive printed raster lines 210 results in the final two-dimensional printed image.
Pixel Darkness Dependent on Heat and Pressure:
The darkness of a pixel 215 printed on media 190 depends on both the pressure applied and the heat applied.
For purposes of illustration only, this document employs an exemplary scale for heat, pressure, and resulting pixel lightness/darkness for exemplary thermal printer 100. In various embodiments of the present system and method, and depending on the particular design of printer 100, the amount of heat and pressure required to generate a pixel 215 of a given intensity may vary from the exemplary numbers in the tables below.
Uniform Pressure:
In a first exemplary case, thermal printhead 118 may apply a substantially uniform pressure across the width of print media 190, for example 35 kg-Newtons. This corresponds to the exemplary print example of
Persons skilled in the relevant arts will recognize that other temperatures may be applied as well, with corresponding intermediate pixel intensities. In the exemplary case shown in Table 1, for instance, application of 65° (halfway between 60° and 70°) may result in a “light-to-medium gray” pixel, with an intensity of approximately 37% blackness.
It is apparent that with uniform pressure 202 across the width of print media 190, pixel intensities correlate with the temperature only at a pinhead 120. This results in uniformly consistent pixel intensities, for a given pinhead temperature, across the width of print media 190.
Non-Uniform Pressure:
In a second exemplary case, thermal printhead 118 may apply a substantially non-uniform pressure across the width of print media 190, for example ranging from 30 kg-Newtons to 40 kg-Newtons. This corresponds to the exemplary print example of
In Table 2, each body non-header cell in the table indicates Induced Pixel Color/Induced Pixel Intensity (percentage blackness).
As suggested by exemplary Table 2, if the pressure varies across the print media, then application of a same temperature (for example, 70 degrees) by a pinhead 120 will result in different pixel intensities for different pin pressures. At the extreme end of high temperature (for example, 90 degrees) with maximum pressure (for example, 40 kg-Newton), the pin may induce an excess contrast, forming an unacceptably large black pixel on print media 190. (This is indicated in the table by the 125% value of blackness, indicating a pixel which may “bleed” over in pixel size, resulting in a smeared image or blurred edges.) The result can be smudging or blurring of the final output.
Here again, persons skilled in the relevant arts will recognize that other temperatures and pressures may be applied as well, with corresponding intermediate pixel intensities. In the exemplary case shown in Table 2, for instance, application of 65° at 30 kg-Newton may result in a “very light gray” pixel, with an intensity of approximately 12% or 13% on the numeric scale. Similarly, application of 70° at 32.5 kg-Newton may result in the “light-to-medium gray” pixel, with an intensity of approximately 37% to 38% on the numeric scale.
In general: Uneven pressure across the width of print media 190, combined with a standard use of pin temperatures intended for consistent print pressures (as per Table 1 above), may result in inconsistent print output on print media 190. Inconsistent print output may be in the form of some areas of the print media 190 being excessively light, with other areas being excessively dark or smudged.
Method for Consistent Print Contrast
The present system and method provides for a substantially consistent level of print contrast and print quality across the width of print media 190, even when the pressure on print media 190 varies along the width of the print media due to a narrow print media 190.2 which is off-center from printhead 118 and platen 122.
The present system and method compensates for the pressure variations by adjusting the intensity of the applied contrast-inducing element (including for example and without limitation, adjusting the applied heat, applied light, or applied ink or toner) which is applied by the printhead 118. With respect to exemplary thermal printer 100, the method generally entails:
(1) Identifying parts (sections, regions, or areas) of print media 190 subject to an average pressure from printhead 118; parts of print media 190 subject to an above average pressure, and parts subject to a below average pressure.
(2) In an embodiment of the present system and method, the choice of pixel intensities is binary, meaning that a given pixel is either white or black. Each media type will have different intensity/power requirement in order to have a good quality print. For example, a Media/Label of a Type “A” may need an average 45% intensity in order to print black color. Lower power than that may not able to generate a black pixel. During printing, to generate a black pixel, a relatively higher pinhead temperature (for example, 48%) may be applied on parts of the print media subject to below average pressure 230.1; while to generate a black pixel on areas of the print media subject to above average pressure 230.2, the print process may employ a relatively lower pinhead temperature or power (for example, 42%).
In an alternative embodiment, different pixels may have different, designated levels of pixel darkness (for example, white, black, or a designated shade of gray). Alternatively, instead of different shades of darkness, different pixels may be of different sizes (that is, different diameters). Pixels of a designated degree of darkness (or pixel size) may require on average a certain power level, such as for example 40%. Here again, for a given pixel intensity (or size) the present system and may employ a relatively higher pinhead power (for example, 43%) on parts of the print media subject to below average pressure 230.1; similarly, on part of the print media subject to above average pressure, and for the same intended pixel size or intensity, the pinhead power may be reduced (for example, to 37%).
Print Media Width Detection:
In exemplary method 300, pressure variation across the width 210 of print media 300 is estimated based on the width of the print media 190 relative to the width 240 of thermal printhead 118 and/or platen 122.
In an embodiment, the method 300 may assume (and base pressure calculations on the assumption) that print media 190 is substantially aligned with a first end or a second end of printhead 118 and/or platen 122 (as illustrated for example in
In step 310 of method 300, printer 100 detects the width 210 of print media 190.
In an embodiment, discussed further below in conjunction with
In an alternative embodiment, printer 100 detects the width 210 of print media 190 via a mechanical detection element, such as a paper guide (not illustrated in the figures) which is configured to make contact with an edge or edges of print media 190. Such a paper guide may be set by a user of printer 100, or may be set automatically by electromechanical motion and sensing means (not illustrated in the figures).
In an alternative embodiment, printer 100 may detect the width 210 of print media 190 via a symbol, indicia, or other indicator on or in print media 190 itself. For example, print media 190 may have a bar code or matrix code at a feeder (front) end of the media, or may have microscopic bar or matrix codes imprinted on the media. Print media 190 may also have an attached RFID tag or microdot configured with print media information, including at least width 210. Other means for print media 190 to signal, to printer 100, the width 210 of print media 190 may be imagined as well. Printer 100 would have suitable detection apparatus to detect such width insignia.
Estimation of Pressure Variation:
In step 320, hardware processor 107 or control circuits 113 of printer 100 calculate the pressure variation across the width 210 of print media 190 based on the width of print media 190. Various calculations are possible.
In an embodiment, suitable pressure formulas or tables may be based upon laboratory tests of prototypes of printer 100 with various widths of print media 190 during printer design and development.
In an embodiment, a calculation is performed based on the width of the print media. See
In an alternative embodiment, pressure variations across the width 210 of print media 190 may be determined or estimated by other means. (See the discussion below in this document under the heading “Alternative Embodiments.”)
Step 330 is diagrammed as two alternative steps, 330.1 which applies for black/white only pixels, or in the alternative, step 330.2 which applies if pixels may be generated which are different shades (white, black, or shades of gray) or different diameters (from a smallest diameter pixel to a maximum size pixel).
In step 330.1, method 300 determines the appropriate heat for a pinhead 120 based on:
(i) the power required to print a black pixel assuming a uniform pressure across the entire width of the print media (the location of the black pixels being determined, in turn, by the intended raster line to be printed); and
(ii) the pressure, or pressure variation from the average print pressure, at the pinhead location for a given pixel.
In step 330.2, method 300 determines the appropriate heat for a pinhead 120 based on:
(i) the power required, on average, for an intended, specified print intensity or contrast for the pixel at the pinhead location (which, in turn, is determined by the intended intensity of pixels along the raster line to be printed); and
(ii) the pressure, or pressure variation from the average print pressure, at the pinhead location.
Here, the term “pinhead location” refers to a pinhead's distance along the width of print media 190. Pressure variations are associated with various distances along the width of print media 190.
In general, for pinheads 120 which exert a relatively higher than average pressure on print media 190, step 330 establishes a relatively below-average heat for the given pixel intensity. Similarly, for pinheads 120 which exert a relatively higher than average pressure on print media 190, step 330 establishes a relatively above-average heat for the given pixel intensity.
Table 3 pertains to method step 330.2, where various different pixel intensities or sizes may be printed. Table 3 is adapted from Table 2, already discussed above. Table 3 is an exemplary Pinhead Heat Table which provides an exemplary set of temperature adjustments to provide a consistent pixel color for various print pressures. The numbers shown are for purposes of illustration and are exemplary only. Other numbers may apply for particular printers 100 and printheads 118.
For example, and as can be seen from Table 3, to achieve a medium gray pixel color (50% black), a pinhead temperature of 80 degrees may be required if the pinhead pressure is at the lowest value of 30 kg-Newton; while to achieve the same medium-gray pixel color (50% black), a pinhead temperature of only 70 degrees may be requires at 35 kg-Newton pinhead pressure, and a temperature of only 60 degrees may be required at the highest pressure 40 kg-Newton pinhead pressure.
Persons skilled in the relevant arts will recognize that for a given intended print intensity, other temperatures may be applied as well depending on the pinhead pressure on print media 190. In the exemplary case shown in Table 3, at a pressure of 32.5 kg-Newtons, for instance, the application of approximately 75 degrees at the pinhead may result in the desired medium gray pixel color (50% black).
Stored Data Table and Interpolation During Printing:
In an embodiment of the present system and method, a Pinhead Heat Table or tables (or other data structure) similar to exemplary Table 3, which correlates media pressure and desired pixel intensity with a designated pin temperature, may be established during printer research, design, and development. Such a table or other data structure may then be stored in static memory 109 of printer 100 or control circuits 113, or otherwise employed during printing by CPU 107.
As per the discussion immediately above, for pixel intensities or paper pressures not specifically stored in the Pinhead Heat Table, intermediate intensities and pressures may be interpolated by CPU 107, and appropriate pin temperatures or pin power may be interpolated as well.
Printing:
In step 340, hardware processor 107 or control circuits 113 of printer 100 causes the pinheads 120 of thermal print element 118 to generate heat at the temperatures calculated in step 330, thereby printing a raster line 210.
Repeating the steps of the method to print multiple raster lines 210 causes thermal printer 100 to print the desired text, graphics or symbols on print media 190, with a consistent print density (for a given desired pixel output) across the width 210 of print media 190.
Other Types of Printers:
Persons skilled in the relevant arts will appreciate that the steps of method 300 can readily be adapted to other types of printers. For example, for an inkjet printer: For step 330, an inkjet printer may calculate, for a given pixel density (white, black, a designated medium gray, etc.) a variation in the amount of ink to output at an ink nozzle, to compensate for variations in the pressure at successive ink nozzles. Similar, suitable adaptations may be envisioned for others kinds of printers as well.
Exemplary Pressure and Heat Calculation
Obtaining Width:
In a first stage 410 of the calculations, a MAXIMUM WIDTH 210 of print media 190 is obtained via various printer hardware, as discussed elsewhere in this document.
It is assumed that the width of the printhead 118 or platen 122 is known from the design of the printer. Such data may be permanently stored in printer 100, for example in static memory 109.
Calculating Pressure Variation Across Width:
In a second stage 420 of the calculations, pressure or pressure variation across the width of the media is calculated, as a function of distance across the width (from zero (0) to a Width of Print Media (WPM)) from stage 410.
Pressure Variations and Media Width:
In an embodiment of the present system and method, the degree or extent of pressure variation across the print media may be inversely correlated with the ratio of (i) the width of the print media 190 and (ii) the width of platen 122 and thermal printhead 118. For example, if the width 210 print media 190 is 70% to 95% of the width 240 of platen 122, the pressure variation from one end of print media 190 to the other may be a relatively small pressure variation. For another example, if the width of print media 190 is only 5% to 30% of the width 240 of platen 122, the pressure variation across the width 210 of media 190 may be a relatively large pressure variation. For intermediate relative widths (for example, 30% to 70%, the pressure variation across the width 210 of media 190 may be moderate.
In an embodiment of the present system and method, pressure variations are determined via lab testing during product research and development. Pressure variations for different media-to-platen width ratios so obtained may then stored in printer 100 in non-volatile memory 109, and may be retrieved by processor 107 as needed during printing.
In an alternative embodiment, pressure variations across media 190 may be determined via calculations made during printing. In an embodiment, the following exemplary detailed calculations and/or data retrievals may be performed:
(i) WPM=Width 210 of print media,
(ii) Obtain an Average Pressure (AP) 429 on print media=a known value determined during printer development (or possibly various known values for different media widths 210 or different media types) and stored for example in static memory 109.
(iii) Obtain a known Maximum Possible Pressure Change value (MPPC)=a known value determined during printer development, and stored for example in static memory 109. (This value is not illustrated in
(iv) Calculate the End Point Pressure Variation (EPPV) from the MPPC
(v) Slope=2*(EPPV/WPM)
(vi) DS=any designated distance along the print media 190 from the print media edge, as determined for example by a choice of a particular heating element 120.
(vii) Pressure on Media (PM)
The above calculations are exemplary only. Other calculations may be performed within the scope and spirit of the present system and method in order to assess the pressure at points along media 190.
Calculate Power Applied to Printhead Pins:
In a third stage 430 of the calculations, the heat or power applied to printhead pins is calculated for each pinhead 120 of thermal printhead 118. In an embodiment, and for any selected or intended pixel intensity, there may be an linear relationship between the pinhead pressure, the applied heat at the pinhead, and the resulting printed pixel intensity. An exemplary formula may be Formula 1:
α*pinhead_pressure*pinhead_heat=pixel intensity
where α (alpha) is a constant of proportionality which may be determined during printer development and testing. In such an embodiment, during stage 430 of calculations, and for any selected or intended pixel intensity, an appropriate pinhead heat level may be determined as:
pinhead_heat=pixel_intensity/(α*pinhead_pressure)=pixel_intensity/(α*PM(DS))
PM, the pressure on the media at a pinhead, may be a linearly dependent function, depending on the linear position DS of the pinhead (see exemplary calculation stage 420, in particular step (vii) above). Persons skilled in the relevant arts will appreciate that at further distances trending from the lower pressure regions to higher pressure regions, the applied pinhead power decreases.
In an embodiment of the present system and method, where the pixels are either white or black, a pixel intensity of white may have a first fixed value, while a pixel intensity may have a second higher fixed value. In such an embodiment, pinhead heat may be determined as:
pinhead_heat=black_pixel_intensity/(α*PM(DS))
Persons skilled in the relevant arts will appreciate that the above formulas are exemplary only. During printer design and development, testing may reveal other suitable formulas or calculations to generate consistent pixel print intensity across the width of print media 190 for any particular, desired pixel intensity; or for printing which entails only black and white pixels.
Such suitable formulas or calculations may be implemented by the present system and method such that, for a given desired pixel intensity, a suitable power may be applied to a pinhead 122 to compensate for pressure variations across media 190. Such suitable formulas or calculations may be calculated by CPU 107 or control circuits 113 of thermal printer 100; and such formulas or computer code based thereon may be stored in static memory 109.
Formulas Suitable for Other Types of Printers:
In an alternative embodiment of the present system and method, formulas may be employed by printer 100 to determine other variations in the intensity of a contrast-inducing media (such as light or inkjet ink), such variations being designed to compensate for variations in the pressure applied on print media 190 by printhead 118.
For example, an inkjet printer may have multiple print nozzles designed to deliver ink across the width of a printhead. Nozzles at points of lower pressure may be designed to deliver more ink according to suitable formulas.
Exemplary Thermal Printer Configured to Compensate for Pressure on Print Media
The present system and method may be applicable to multiple different kinds of printers, including but not limited to thermal printers, LED printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and other kinds of printers as well. The system and method compensates for pressure variations on print media 190 during the print process. The system and method compensates for the pressure variations by adjusting the intensity of the applied contrast-inducing element (such as heat, light, ink, or toner) by printhead 118.
As discussed above, the present system and method may calculate or estimate pressure variations based on the width of print media 190. In an exemplary embodiment, printer 100 may employ the use of light to determine the width of print media 190.
Exemplary width detection system 500 includes an illumination source 505, which may be a fluorescent bulb, a halogen bulb, an LED or series of adjacent LEDs, a laser source, or other sources of illumination well known in the art. Illumination source 505 is positioned within printer 100 to be substantially parallel to the width of thermal printhead 118 and platen 122. Illumination source 505 is also of substantially the same width as thermal printhead 118 and platen 122. Illumination source 505 is therefore configured to substantially span the width of the widest print media 190 which may be used in printer 100.
Illumination source 505 is positioned so as to be on a first side of the flat surface of any print media 190 which may be present in printer 100 (for example, either one of above print media 190 or below print media 190 when the printer 100 is oriented as it would be in standard use).
Width detection system 500 also includes a light detector 510, for example a linear image sensor 510, which may include a series of adjacent photodetectors 515 positioned along the width of light detector 510. As with illumination source 505, light detector 510 is positioned within printer 100 to be substantially parallel to the width of thermal printhead 118 and platen 122; and so also parallel to illumination source 505.
Light detector 510 is also of substantially the same width as illumination source 505.
Light detector 510 is positioned so as to be on a second side of the flat surface of any print media 190 which may be present in printer 100, and so therefore be on an opposite side from light source 505. For example, if light source 505 is positioned above print media 190, then light detector 510 may be positioned below print media 190.
As a result, width detection system 500 is configured so that when print media 190 is present within printer 100, print media 190 is interposed or “sandwiched” between light source 505 and light detector 510. In consequence, print media 190 will be positioned to block light which emanates from light source 505, so that the light does not reach light detector 510.
If print media 190 is less than the full width of light detector 510, then print media 190 will only block light along its width.
Light detector 510 is coupled with hardware microprocessor 107 and/or control circuits 113 via bus 195 or other internal connections. Light detector 510 is configured to send a signal to microprocessor 107 and/or control circuits 113 indicating which photoreceptors 515 receive light 520, and which photoreceptors 515 do not receive light 520.
Microprocessor 107 and/or control circuits 113 can use the photoreceptor data to determine the width 210 of the current print media 190. A maximum possible media width for the printer may be stored, for example, in static memory 109 or in control circuits 113. Also stored in static memory 109 or in control circuits 113 may be the total number of photoreceptors on light detector 510. An exemplary formula for width determination is:
Media_Width=Maximum_Media_Width*Number_Of_Photoreceptors_Which_Receive_Light/Total_Number_Of_Photoreceptors
As discussed above, once the media width 210 has been determined, in exemplary embodiments it is possible to determine the pressure variations on print media 190. (See
In exemplary method 300 above, pressure variations along print media 190 are estimated based on a measurement of the width of print media 190.
In an alternative embodiment, platen 122 may be arranged and configured to have numerous, closely space, small pressure sensors embedded in or distributed along its entire surface. Such pressure sensors may provide direct measurements of the pressure applied to print media 190 at points along the width 210 of print media 190. Such pressure readings may then be used directly as a basis to determine compensatory changes in the heat applied by heating elements 120.
In an alternative embodiment, thermal printhead 118 may be arranged and configured to have small pressure sensors embedded within, for example directly behind heating elements 120. Such pressure sensors may provide direct measurements of the pressure applied to print media 190 at points along the width 210 of print media 190. Such pressure readings may then be used directly as a basis to determine compensatory changes in the heat applied by heating elements 120.
To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following commonly assigned patents, patent application publications, and patent applications:
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,832,725; 7,128,266; 7,159,783; 7,413,127; 7,726,575; 8,294,969; 8,317,105; 8,322,622; 8,366,005; 8,371,507; 8,376,233; 8,381,979; 8,390,909; 8,408,464; 8,408,468; 8,408,469; 8,424,768; 8,448,863; 8,457,013; 8,459,557; 8,469,272; 8,474,712; 8,479,992; 8,490,877; 8,517,271; 8,523,076; 8,528,818; 8,544,737; 8,548,242; 8,548,420; 8,550,335; 8,550,354; 8,550,357; 8,556,174; 8,556,176; 8,556,177; 8,559,767; 8,599,957; 8,561,895; 8,561,903; 8,561,905; 8,565,107; 8,571,307; 8,579,200; 8,583,924; 8,584,945; 8,587,595; 8,587,697; 8,588,869; 8,590,789; 8,596,539; 8,596,542; 8,596,543; 8,599,271; 8,599,957; 8,600,158; 8,600,167; 8,602,309; 8,608,053; 8,608,071; 8,611,309; 8,615,487; 8,616,454; 8,621,123; 8,622,303; 8,628,013; 8,628,015; 8,628,016; 8,629,926; 8,630,491; 8,635,309; 8,636,200; 8,636,212; 8,636,215; 8,636,224; 8,638,806; 8,640,958; 8,640,960; 8,643,717; 8,646,692; 8,646,694; 8,657,200; 8,659,397; 8,668,149; 8,678,285; 8,678,286; 8,682,077; 8,687,282; 8,692,927; 8,695,880; 8,698,949; 8,717,494; 8,717,494; 8,720,783; 8,723,804; 8,723,904; 8,727,223; 8,740,082; 8,740,085; 8,746,563; 8,750,445; 8,752,766; 8,756,059; 8,757,495; 8,760,563; 8,763,909; 8,777,108; 8,777,109; 8,779,898; 8,781,520; 8,783,573; 8,789,757; 8,789,758; 8,789,759; 8,794,520; 8,794,522; 8,794,525; 8,794,526; 8,798,367; 8,807,431; 8,807,432; 8,820,630; 8,822,848; 8,824,692; 8,824,696; 8,842,849; 8,844,822; 8,844,823; 8,849,019; 8,851,383; 8,854,633; 8,866,963; 8,868,421; 8,868,519; 8,868,802; 8,868,803; 8,870,074; 8,879,639; 8,880,426; 8,881,983; 8,881,987; 8,903,172; 8,908,995; 8,910,870; 8,910,875; 8,914,290; 8,914,788; 8,915,439; 8,915,444; 8,916,789; 8,918,250; 8,918,564; 8,925,818; 8,939,374; 8,942,480; 8,944,313; 8,944,327; 8,944,332; 8,950,678; 8,967,468; 8,971,346; 8,976,030; 8,976,368; 8,978,981; 8,978,983; 8,978,984; 8,985,456; 8,985,457; 8,985,459; 8,985,461; 8,988,578; 8,988,590; 8,991,704; 8,996,194; 8,996,384; 9,002,641; 9,007,368; 9,010,641; 9,015,513; 9,016,576; 9,022,288; 9,030,964; 9,033,240; 9,033,242; 9,036,054; 9,037,344; 9,038,911; 9,038,915; 9,047,098; 9,047,359; 9,047,420; 9,047,525; 9,047,531; 9,053,055; 9,053,378; 9,053,380; 9,058,526; 9,064,165; 9,064,165; 9,064,167; 9,064,168; 9,064,254; 9,066,032; 9,070,032; 9,076,459; 9,079,423; 9,080,856; 9,082,023; 9,082,031; 9,084,032; 9,087,250; 9,092,681; 9,092,682; 9,092,683; 9,093,141; 9,098,763; 9,104,929; 9,104,934; 9,107,484; 9,111,159; 9,111,166; 9,135,483; 9,137,009; 9,141,839; 9,147,096; 9,148,474; 9,158,000; 9,158,340; 9,158,953; 9,159,059; 9,165,174; 9,171,543; 9,183,425; 9,189,669; 9,195,844; 9,202,458; 9,208,366; 9,208,367; 9,219,836; 9,224,024; 9,224,027; 9,230,140; 9,235,553; 9,239,950; 9,245,492; 9,248,640; 9,250,652; 9,250,712; 9,251,411; 9,258,033; 9,262,633; 9,262,660; 9,262,662; 9,269,036; 9,270,782; 9,274,812; 9,275,388; 9,277,668; 9,280,693; 9,286,496; 9,298,964; 9,301,427; 9,313,377; 9,317,037; 9,319,548; 9,342,723; 9,361,882; 9,365,381; 9,373,018; 9,375,945; 9,378,403; 9,383,848; 9,384,374; 9,390,304; 9,390,596; 9,411,386; 9,412,242; 9,418,269; 9,418,270; 9,465,967; 9,423,318; 9,424,454; 9,436,860; 9,443,123; 9,443,222; 9,454,689; 9,464,885; 9,465,967; 9,478,983; 9,481,186; 9,487,113; 9,488,986; 9,489,782; 9,490,540; 9,491,729; 9,497,092; 9,507,974; 9,519,814; 9,521,331; 9,530,038; 9,572,901; 9,558,386; 9,606,581; 9,646,189; 9,646,191; 9,652,648; 9,652,653; 9,656,487; 9,659,198; 9,680,282; 9,697,401; 9,701,140; U.S. Design Pat. No. D702,237; U.S. Design Pat. No. D716,285; U.S. Design Pat. No. D723,560; U.S. Design Pat. No. D730,357; U.S. Design Pat. No. D730,901; U.S. Design Pat. No. D730,902; U.S. Design Pat. No. D734,339; U.S. Design Pat. No. D737,321; U.S. Design Pat. No. D754,205; U.S. Design Pat. No. D754,206; U.S. Design Pat. No. D757,009; U.S. Design Pat. No. D760,719; U.S. Design Pat. No. D762,604; U.S. Design Pat. No. D766,244; U.S. Design Pat. No. D777,166; U.S. Design Pat. No. D771,631; U.S. Design Pat. No. D783,601; U.S. Design Pat. No. D785,617; U.S. Design Pat. No. D785,636; U.S. Design Pat. No. D790,505; U.S. Design Pat. No. D790,546; International Publication No. 2013/163789; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0185432; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0134221; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177080; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177076; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177707; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0177749; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0265880; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0202554; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0111946; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0168511; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0168512; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0193423; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0194692; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0203647; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0223141; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0228382; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0248188; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0043312; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0082104; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0175341; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0175343; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0257744; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0257759; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0270346; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0292475; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0292477; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0293539; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0293540; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0306728; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0306731; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0307964; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0308625; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0313324; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0332996; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0001267; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0025584; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0034734; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0036848; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0039693; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0049120; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0049635; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0061306; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0063289; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0066136; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0067692; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0070005; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0071840; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0074746; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0076974; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0097249; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0098792; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0100813; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0103115; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0104413; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0104414; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0104416; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0106725; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0108010; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0108402; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0110485; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0125853; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0125999; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0129378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0131443; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0133379; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0136208; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0140585; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0152882; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0158770; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0159869; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0166759; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0168787; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0175165; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0191684; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0191913; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0197304; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0214631; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0217166; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0231500; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0247315; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263493; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263645; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0270196; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0270229; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0278387; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0288933; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0297058; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0299665; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0332590; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0351317; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0362184; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0363015; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0369511; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0374483; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0374485; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0001301; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0001304; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0009338; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0014416; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0021397; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0028104; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0029002; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0032709; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0039309; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0039878; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0040378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0049347; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0051992; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0053769; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0062366; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0063215; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0088522; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0096872; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0100196; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0102109; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0115035; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0127791; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0128116; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0133047; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0134470; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0136851; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0142492; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0144692; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0144698; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0149946; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0161429; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0178523; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0178537; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0178685; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0181109; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0199957; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0210199; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0212565; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0213647; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0220753; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0220901; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0227189; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0236984; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0239348; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0242658; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0248572; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0254485; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0261643; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0264624; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0268971; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0269402; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0288689; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0288896; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0310243; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0310244; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0310389; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0312780; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0327012; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0014251; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0025697; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0026838; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0026839; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0040982; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0042241; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0057230; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0062473; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0070944; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0092805; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0101936; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0104019; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0104274; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0109219; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0109220; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0109224; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0112631; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0112643; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0117627; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0124516; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0125217; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0125342; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0125873; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0133253; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171597; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171666; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171720; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171775; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0171777; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0174674; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0178479; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0178685; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0178707; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179132; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179143; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179368; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0179378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180130; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180133; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180136; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180594; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180663; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180678; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0180713; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0185136; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0185291; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0186926; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188861; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188939; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188940; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188941; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188942; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188943; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0188944; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189076; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189087; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189088; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189092; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189284; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189288; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189366; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189443; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189447; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0189489; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0192051; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0202951; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0202958; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0202959; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203021; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203429; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203797; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0203820; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0204623; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0204636; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0204638; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0227912; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0232891; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0292477; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0294779; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0306769; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0314276; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0314294; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0316190; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0323310; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0325677; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0327614; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0327930; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0328762; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0330218; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0343163; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0343176; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0364914; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0370220; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0372282; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0373847; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0377414; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0377417; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0010141; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0010328; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0010780; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0016714; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0018094; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0046603; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0047864; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0053146; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0053147; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0053647; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0055606; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0060316; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0061961; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0064634; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0083730; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091502; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091706; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091741; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0091904; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0092908; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0094238; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0098947; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0100949; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0108838; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0108895; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0118355; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0123598; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0124369; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0124396; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0124687; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0126873; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0126904; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0139012; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0140329; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0140731; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0147847; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0150124; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0169198; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0171035; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0171703; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0171803; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0180359; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0180577; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0181299; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0190192; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0193432; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0193461; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0193727; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0199266; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0200108; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0200275.
In the specification and/or figures, typical embodiments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. The use of the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.
In the description above, a flow charted technique may be described in a series of sequential actions. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, the sequence of the actions and the party performing the actions may be freely changed without departing from the scope of the teachings. Actions may be added, deleted, or altered in several ways. Similarly, the actions may be re-ordered or looped. Further, although processes, methods, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods, algorithms, or any combination thereof may be operable to be performed in alternative orders. Further, some actions within a process, method, or algorithm may be performed simultaneously during at least a point in time (e.g., actions performed in parallel), can also be performed in whole, in part, or any combination thereof.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following:
A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and 8 are true (or present).
