Patent Application
20230206393
The following disclosure relates generally to techniques for automatically analyzing visual data of images acquired for a building to determine and use building information of multiple types based on analysis of visual data of combinations of multiple images, such as using visual overlap between pairs of images to determine information that includes inter-image pose and co-visibility and structural element locations and to generate a resulting floor plan for the building, and for subsequently using the generated floor plan in one or more manners such as to improve navigation of the building.
In various fields and circumstances, such as architectural analysis, property inspection, real estate acquisition and development, remodeling and improvement services, general contracting, automated navigation and other circumstances, it may be desirable to view information about the interior of a house, office, or other building without having to physically travel to and enter the building, including to determine actual as-built information about the building rather than design information from before the building is constructed. However, it can be difficult to effectively capture, represent and use such building interior information, including to display visual information captured within building interiors to users at remote locations (e.g., to enable a user to fully understand the layout and other details of the interior, including to control the display in a user-selected manner). In addition, while a floor plan of a building may provide some information about layout and other details of a building interior, such use of floor plans has some drawbacks in certain situations, including that floor plans can be difficult to construct and maintain, to accurately scale and populate with information about room interiors, to visualize and otherwise use, etc.
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The present disclosure describes techniques for using computing devices to perform automated operations related to analyzing visual data from images acquired in multiple rooms of a building to generate multiple types of building information (e.g., to include a floor plan for the building), such as by using a trained neural network to jointly generate the multiple types of building information by combining visual data from pairs of the images, and for subsequently using the generated building information in one or more further automated manners. The images may, for example, include panorama images (e.g., in an equirectangular projection format) and/or other types of images (e.g., in a rectilinear perspective or orthographic format) that are acquired at acquisition locations in or around a multi-room building (e.g., a house, office, etc.), referred to generally herein at times as ‘target images’—in addition, in at least some such embodiments, the automated building information generation is further performed without having or using information from any depth sensors or other distance-measuring devices about distances from a target image's acquisition location to walls or other objects in the surrounding building (e.g., by instead using only visual data of the images, such as RGB pixel data), while in other embodiments at least some depth information may be acquired and used. The generated floor plan for a building (including determined room shapes or other structural layouts of individual rooms within the building) and/or other types of generated building information may be further used in various manners in various embodiments, including for controlling navigation of mobile devices (e.g., autonomous vehicles), for display or other presentation over one or more computer networks on one or more client devices in corresponding GUIs (graphical user interfaces), etc. Additional details are included below regarding the automated analysis of visual data from images acquired in multiple rooms of a building to generate and use multiple types of building information (e.g., a floor plan information and/or other types of generated building information), and some or all of the techniques described herein may be performed via automated operations of an Inter-Image Mapping Information Generation Manager (“IIMIGM”) system in at least some embodiments, as discussed further below.
As noted above, automated operations of an IIMIGM system may include analyzing visual data from multiple target images acquired at a multi-room building, such as multiple panorama images acquired at multiple acquisition locations in the multiple rooms and optionally other areas of the building—in at least some embodiments, such panorama images each includes 360° of horizontal visual coverage around a vertical axis and visual coverage of some or all of the floor and/or ceiling in one or more rooms (e.g., 180° or more of vertical visual coverage), and each may in some situations be presented using an equirectangular projection (with vertical lines and other vertical information shown as straight lines in the projection, and with horizontal lines and other horizontal information in an acquired surrounding environment being shown in the projection in a curved manner if they are above or below a horizontal midpoint of the image, with an amount of curvature increasing as a distance from the horizontal centerline increases). In addition, such panorama images or other images may be in a ‘straightened’ format when they are analyzed in at least some embodiments, such that a column of pixels in such a straightened image corresponds to a vertical slice of information in a surrounding environment (e.g., a vertical plane), whether based on being acquired in such a straightened format (e.g., using a camera device having a vertical axis that is perfectly aligned with such vertical information in the surrounding environment or a direction of gravity) and/or being processed to modify the original visual data in the image to be in the straightened format (e.g., using information about a variation of the camera device from such a vertical axis; by using vertical information in the surrounding environment, such as an inter-wall border or door frame side; etc.). The image acquisition device(s) that acquires target images may, for example, be one or more mobile computing devices that each includes one or more cameras or other imaging systems (optionally including one or more fisheye lenses for use in acquiring panorama images), and optionally includes additional hardware sensors to acquire non-visual data, such as one or more inertial measurement unit (or “IMU”) sensors that acquire data reflecting the motion of the device, and/or may be one or more camera devices that each lacks computing capabilities and is optionally associated with a nearby mobile computing device.
As noted above, automated operations of an IIMIGM system may include generating multiple types of building information for a multi-room building based on analyzing visual data from multiple target images acquired at the building, with such building information also referred to as “mapping information” for the building at times herein, and with the generating of the multiple building information types being based at least in part on pairwise analysis of the multiple target images. For example, in at least some embodiments, a trained neural network may be used to analyze pairs of images and jointly determine multiple types of building information from the visual data of the two images of a pair, such as to perform an analysis of each of the image pixel columns of two straightened images to predict or otherwise determine some or all of the following: co-visibility information (e.g., whether the visual data of the image pixel column being analyzed is also visible in the other image of the pair, such as for both images to show a same vertical slice of a surrounding environment); image angular correspondence information (e.g., if the visual data of the image pixel column being analyzed is also visible in the other image of the pair, the one or more image pixel columns of the other image of the pair that contains visual data for the same vertical slice of the surrounding environment); wall-floor and/or wall-ceiling border information (e.g., if at least a portion of a wall and a boundary of that wall with a floor and/or a ceiling is present in the image pixel column being analyzed, one or more image pixel rows in that image pixel column that correspond to the wall-floor and/or wall-ceiling boundary); positions of structural wall elements and/or other structural elements (e.g., if at least a portion of one or more structural elements are present in the image pixel column being analyzed, one or more image pixel rows in that image pixel column that correspond to each of the structural elements); etc. Identified structural elements may have various forms in various embodiments, such as structural elements that are part of walls and/or ceilings and/or floors (e.g., windows and/or sky-lights; passages into and/or out of the room, such as doorways and other openings in walls, stairways, hallways, etc.; borders between adjacent walls; borders between walls and a floor; borders between walls and a ceiling; borders between a floor and a ceiling; corners (or solid geometry vertices) where at least three surfaces or planes meet; a fireplace; a sunken and/or elevated portion of a floor; an indented or extruding portion of a ceiling; etc.), optionally other fixed structural elements (e.g., countertops, bath tubs, sinks, islands, fireplaces, etc.). In addition, in at least some embodiments, some or all of the determined per-pixel column types of building information may be generated using probabilities or other likelihood values (e.g., an x % probability that an image pixel column's visual data is co-visible in the other image) and/or with a measure of uncertainty (e.g., based on a standard deviation for a predicted normal or non-normal probability distribution corresponding to a determined type of building information for an image pixel column, and optionally with a value selected from the probability distribution being used for the likely value for that building information type, such as a mean or median or mode).
In addition, the generating of the multiple types of building information based on automated operations of the IIMIGM system to perform pairwise analysis of visual data from multiple target images acquired at a building may further include, in at least some embodiments as part of analyzing a pair of images, using a combination of the visual data of the two images to determine additional types of building information, such as one or more of the following: locations of the structural elements (e.g., using bounding boxes and/or pixel masks for the two images); a 2D and/or 3D room shape or other structural layout for at least a portion of one or more rooms visible in the images (e.g., by combining information from the images about wall-floor and/or wall-ceiling boundaries, optionally with the locations of structural elements shown as part of the structural layout and/or with the acquisition locations of the images); inter-image directions and acquisition locations (in combination, referred to at times herein as inter-image “pose” information) and optionally a distance between the acquisition locations of the two images, such as in a relative and/or absolute manner (e.g., identifying one or more image pixel columns in each of the images that contain visual data of the other image's acquisition location or otherwise point toward that other acquisition location; identifying the acquisition locations of the images within the structural layout(s) of some or all of the one or more rooms visible in the images or otherwise at determined points; etc.); etc. As with the types of building information determined using per-pixel column analysis, some or all of the determined additional types of building information may be generated in at least some embodiments using probabilities or other likelihood values (e.g., a probability mask for the location of a structural element) and/or with a measure of uncertainty (e.g., using a predicted normal or non-normal probability distribution corresponding to a determined type of building information).
The generating of the multiple types of building information based on automated operations of the IIMIGM system from analysis of visual data from multiple target images acquired at a building may further include, in at least some embodiments, combining information from multiple image pairs to determine one or more further types of building information, such as one or more of the following: a partial or complete floor plan of the building; a group of ‘linked’ target images, such as based on inter-image directions between some or all pairs of images of the group, and optionally for use as a virtual tour of the building by using displayed user-selectable links shown on one or more of the displayed images of the group to cause display of a corresponding next image corresponding to the selected link; etc. As part of the generation of some or all such further types of building information, the automated operations of the IIMIGM system may include combining inter-image pose information from multiple pairs of images for some or all of target images, such as to cluster together the acquisition locations of those target images and determine global alignments of those acquisition locations (e.g., determining the acquisition locations of those some or all target images in a global common coordinate system, whether in a relative or absolute manner), and using the images' globally aligned acquisition locations and associated structural layout information to form a 2D and/or 3D floor plan (whether partial or complete, such as based on which target images are acquired and/or included in the common coordinate system).
In some embodiments, the IIMIGM system may further use additional data acquired during or near the acquisition of some or all target images (e.g., IMU motion data of an image acquisition device and/or accompanying mobile computing device, depth data to surrounding structural elements, etc.), while in other embodiments no such additional data may be used. In at least some such embodiments, the determined structural layout information from a pair of target images may be 2D structural information (e.g., indications of positions of walls relative to each other, optionally with additional information added such as locations of structural wall elements), while in other embodiments the determined structural layout information may include a partial or complete 3D structure for visible room(s) or other building area(s)—such a 3D structure from a pair of target images may correspond to an estimated partial or full room shape for each of one or more rooms visible in the visual data of the target images of the pair, such as, for example, a 3D point cloud (with a plurality of 3D data points corresponding to locations on the walls and optionally the floor and/or ceiling) and/or disconnected partial planar surfaces (corresponding to portions of the walls and optionally the floor and/or ceiling) and/or wireframe structural lines (e.g., to show one or more of borders between walls, borders between walls and ceiling, borders between walls and floor, outlines of doorways and/or other inter-room wall openings, outlines of windows, etc.). In addition, in embodiments in which such room shapes are generated, they may be further used as part of one or more additional operations, such as when generating a floor plan (e.g., to generate a 3D model floor plan using 3D room shapes, to generate a 2D floor plan by fitting 3D room shapes together and then removing height information, etc.), and/or when determining local alignment information (e.g., by aligning the 3D room shapes generated from two panorama images of a pair, such as using locations of inter-room passages and/or room shapes), and/or when performing global alignment information from determined local information for pairs of panorama images or other images. In at least some such embodiments, the determination of structural layout information for a pair of target images may further determine, within the determined layout(s) of the room(s) or other area(s), each of the target image's pose (the acquisition location of the target image, such as in three dimensions or degrees of freedom, and sometimes represented in a three-dimensional grid as an X, Y, Z tuple, and the orientation of the target image, such as in three additional dimensions or degrees of freedom, and sometimes represented as a three-dimensional rotational tuple or other directional vector), which is also referred to at times herein as an ‘acquisition pose’ or an ‘acquisition position’ of the target image. In addition, in at least some such embodiments, information about determined structural elements of rooms and other building areas may be used to fit structural layouts together, such as to match doorways and other wall openings between two rooms, to use windows for exterior walls that do not have another room on the other side (unless visual data available through a window between two rooms shows matches for images acquired in those two rooms) and that optionally have a matching external area on the other side. In some embodiments, local alignment information may be determined for, rather than a pair of images, one or more sub-groups each having two or more images (e.g., at least three images), and the group of inter-connected target images used to determine the global alignment information may include multiple such image sub-groups. Additional details are included below regarding the analysis of visual data of target images for a building to determine multiple types of building information for the building.
In addition, automated operations of the IIMIGM system and/or of one or more associated systems may further include using one or more types of determined building information for a building for one or more uses in one or more embodiments. Non-exclusive examples of such uses may include one or more of the following: displaying or otherwise presenting or providing information about a generated floor plan for the building and/or other generated mapping information for the building (e.g., a group of inter-linked images) to enable navigation of the building, such as physical navigation of the building by a vehicle or other device that moves under its own power (e.g., automated navigation by the device, user-assisted navigation by the device, etc.), physical navigation of the building by one or more users, virtual navigation of the building by one or more users, etc.; using one or more indicated target images to identify other images that have a threshold or other indicated amount of visual overlap with the indicated target image(s) and/or that otherwise satisfy one or more matching criteria (e.g., based on a quantity and/or percentage of an indicated target image's pixel columns that are co-visible with another identified image, using identified structural wall elements and/or generated structural layouts and/or determined inter-image pose information between an indicated target image and an other identified image, etc.), such as by searching other target images for the building, and/or by searching other images for a plurality of buildings (e.g., in situations in which the building(s) associated with the one or more indicated target image(s) are not known), and optionally for use in search results to a query that indicates the one or more target images; to provide feedback during an image acquisition session for a building, such as for one or more most recently acquired target images (e.g., in a real-time or near-real-time manner after the most recent image acquisition, such as within one or more seconds or minutes or fractions of a second) or other indicated target images for the building and with respect to other images acquired for the building (e.g., other images acquired during the image acquisition session), such as feedback based on an amount of visual overlap between the indicated target image(s) and one or more other identified images and/or based on one or more other feedback criteria (e.g., feedback to reflect whether there is sufficient coverage of the building and/or to direct acquisition of one or more additional images that have an indicated amount of visual overlap with other acquired images or that otherwise have indicated characteristics, such as based on a quantity and/or percentage of an indicated target image's pixel columns that are co-visible with another identified image, using identified structural wall elements and/or generated structural layouts and/or determined inter-image pose information between an indicated target image and an other identified image, etc.), etc. Additional details are included below regarding uses of building information of various types determined from analysis of visual data of target images for a building.
In addition, in some embodiments, the automated operations of the IIMIGM system include obtaining input information of one or more types from one or more users (e.g., system operator users of the IIMIGM system that assist in its operations, end users that obtain results of information from the IIMIGM system, etc.), such as to be incorporated into subsequent automated analyses in various manners, including to replace or supplement automatically generated information of the same type, to be used as constraints and/or prior probabilities during later automated analysis (e.g., by a trained neural network), etc. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the automated operations of the IIMIGM system further include obtaining and using additional types of information during its analysis activities, with non-exclusive examples of such additional types of information uses including the following: obtaining and using names or other tags for particular rooms or other building areas, such as for use in grouping target images whose acquisition locations are in such rooms or other areas; obtaining information to use as initial pose information for a target image (e.g., to be refined in subsequent automated determination of structural layout information from the target image); obtaining and using other image acquisition metadata to group target images or to otherwise assist in image analysis, such as to use image acquisition time information and/or order information to identify consecutive images that may be acquired in proximate acquisition locations; etc. Additional details are included below regarding other automated operations of the IIMIGM system in some embodiments and situations.
The described techniques provide various benefits in various embodiments, including to allow partial or complete floor plans of multi-room buildings and other structures to be automatically generated from target image(s) acquired for the building or other structure, including to provide more complete and accurate room shape information, and including in some embodiments without having or using information from depth sensors or other distance-measuring devices about distances from images' acquisition locations to walls or other objects in a surrounding building or other structure. Non-exclusive examples of additional such benefits of the described techniques include the following: the ability to identify other images that have at least a partial visual overlap with one or more indicated images, such as to provide corresponding search results; the ability to provide feedback during an image acquisition session about one or more indicated images that have been acquired (e.g., the most recently acquired image(s)) and/or about one or more additional images to be acquired, such as in a real-time or near-real-time manner with respect to acquisition of the indicated image(s); the ability to analyze the visual data of a target image to detect objects of interest in an enclosing room or other building area (e.g., structural wall elements, such as windows, doorways and other wall openings, etc.) and to determine locations of those detected objects in a determined layout for the enclosing room or other building area; the ability to analyze additional acquired data (e.g., movement data from one or more IMU sensors, visual data from one or more image sensors, etc.) to determine a travel path of an image acquisition device in multiple rooms, to identify wall openings (e.g., doorways, staircases, etc.) of the multiple rooms based at least in part on that additional data (and optionally on visual data of one or more target images acquired in the one or more rooms), and to optionally further use such information about identified wall openings as part of positioning together determined 2D room layouts and/or 3D room shapes of the multiple rooms; the ability to inter-connect multiple target images and display at least one of the target images with user-selectable visual indicators in the directions of other linked target images that when selected cause the display of a respective other one of the linked target images (e.g., as part of a virtual tour), such as by placing the various target images in a common coordinate system that shows at least their relative locations, or to otherwise determine at least directions between pairs of target images (e.g., based at least in part on an automated analysis of the visual contents of the target images in the pair, and optionally based on further movement data from the mobile computing device along a travel path between the target images), and to link the various target images using the determined inter-image directions; etc. Furthermore, the described automated techniques allow such room shape information to be determined more quickly than previously existing techniques, and in at least some embodiments with greater accuracy, including by using information acquired from the actual building environment (rather than from plans on how the building should theoretically be constructed), as well as enabling identifying changes to structural elements that occur after a building is initially constructed. Such described techniques further provide benefits in allowing improved automated navigation of a building by devices (e.g., semi-autonomous or fully-autonomous vehicles), based at least in part on the determined acquisition locations of images and/or the generated floor plan information (and optionally other generated mapping information), including to significantly reduce computing power and time used to attempt to otherwise learn a building's layout. In addition, in some embodiments, the described techniques may be used to provide an improved GUI in which a user may more accurately and quickly obtain information about a building's interior (e.g., for use in navigating that interior) and/or other associated areas, including in response to search requests, as part of providing personalized information to the user, as part of providing value estimates and/or other information about a building to a user, etc. Various other benefits are also provided by the described techniques, some of which are further described elsewhere herein.
For illustrative purposes, some embodiments are described below in which specific types of information are acquired, used and/or presented in specific ways for specific types of structures and by using specific types of devices—however, it will be understood that the described techniques may be used in other manners in other embodiments, and that the invention is thus not limited to the exemplary details provided. As one non-exclusive example, while floor plans may be generated for houses that do not include detailed measurements for particular rooms or for the overall houses, it will be appreciated that other types of floor plans or other mapping information may be similarly generated in other embodiments, including for buildings (or other structures or layouts) separate from houses (including to determine detailed measurements for particular rooms or for the overall buildings or for other structures or layouts), and/or for other types of environments in which different target images are acquired in different areas of the environment to generate a map for some or all of that environment (e.g., for roads, neighborhoods, cities, runways, etc.). As another non-exclusive example, while floor plans for houses or other buildings may be used for display to assist viewers in navigating the buildings, generated mapping information may be used in other manners in other embodiments. As yet another non-exclusive example, while some embodiments discuss obtaining and using data from one or more types of image acquisition devices (e.g., a mobile computing device and/or a separate camera device), in other embodiments the one or more devices used may have other forms, such as to use a mobile device that acquires some or all of the additional data but does not provide its own computing capabilities (e.g., an additional ‘non-computing’ mobile device), multiple separate mobile devices that each acquire some of the additional data (whether mobile computing devices and/or non-computing mobile devices), etc. In addition, the term “building” refers herein to any partially or fully enclosed structure, typically but not necessarily encompassing one or more rooms that visually or otherwise divide the interior space of the structure, and in some situations including one or more adjacent or otherwise associated external areas and/or external accessory structures—non-limiting examples of such buildings include houses, apartment buildings or individual apartments therein, condominiums, office buildings, commercial buildings or other wholesale and retail structures (e.g., shopping malls, department stores, warehouses, etc.), etc. The term “acquire” or “capture” as used herein with reference to a building interior, acquisition location, or other location (unless context clearly indicates otherwise) may refer to any recording, storage, or logging of media, sensor data, and/or other information related to spatial and/or visual characteristics and/or otherwise perceivable characteristics of the building interior or other location or subsets thereof, such as by a recording device or by another device that receives information from the recording device. As used herein, the term “panorama image” may refer to a visual representation that is based on, includes or is separable into multiple discrete component images originating from a substantially similar physical location in different directions and that depicts a larger field of view than any of the discrete component images depict individually, including images with a sufficiently wide-angle view from a physical location to include angles beyond that perceivable from a person's gaze in a single direction (e.g., greater than 120° or 150° or 180°, etc.). The term “sequence” of acquisition locations, as used herein, refers generally to two or more acquisition locations that are each visited at least once in a corresponding order, whether or not other non-acquisition locations are visited between them, and whether or not the visits to the acquisition locations occur during a single continuous period of time or at multiple different times, or by a single user and/or device or by multiple different users and/or devices. In addition, various details are provided in the drawings and text for exemplary purposes, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, with some details omitted and/or provided with greater prominence (e.g., via size and positioning) to enhance legibility and/or clarity. Furthermore, identical reference numbers may be used in the drawings to identify similar elements or acts.
In at least some embodiments and situations, one or more system operator users (not shown) of IIMIGM client computing devices 105 may optionally further interact over the network(s) 170 with the IIMIGM system 140, such as to assist with some of the automated operations of the IIMIGM system and/or for subsequently using information determined and generated by the IIMIGM system in one or more further automated manners. One or more other end users (not shown) of one or more other client computing devices 175 may further interact over one or more computer networks 170 with the IIMIGM system 140 and optionally the ICA system 160, such as to obtain and use generated floor plans and/or other generated mapping information, and/or to optionally interact with such a generated floor plan and/or other generated mapping information, and/or to obtain and optionally interact with additional information such as one or more associated target images (e.g., to change between a floor plan view and a view of a particular target image at an acquisition location within or near the floor plan; to change the horizontal and/or vertical viewing direction from which a corresponding subset of a panorama image is displayed, such as to determine a portion of a panorama image to which a current user viewing direction is directed, etc.), and/or to obtain information about images matching one or more indicated target images. In addition, in at least some embodiments and situations, a mobile image acquisition device 185 may further interact with the IIMIGM system during an image acquisition session to obtain feedback about images that have been acquired and/or that should be acquired, as discussed in greater detail elsewhere herein. In addition, while not illustrated in
In the computing environment of
In the example of
In operation, the mobile computing device 185 and/or camera device 184 (hereinafter for the example of
After visual data and optionally other information for the first acquisition location has been acquired, the image acquisition device(s) (and user, if present) may optionally proceed to a next acquisition location along a path 115 during the same image acquisition session (e.g., from acquisition location 210A to acquisition location 210B, etc.), optionally recording movement data during movement between the acquisition locations, such as video and/or other data from the hardware components (e.g., from one or more IMU sensors 148, from the imaging system 135, from the distance-measuring sensors 136, etc.). At the next acquisition location, the one or more image acquisition devices may similarly acquire one or more images from that acquisition location, and optionally additional data at or near that acquisition location. The process may repeat for some or all rooms of the building and optionally outside the building, as illustrated for acquisition locations 210A-210P, including in this example to acquire target panorama image(s) on an external deck or patio or balcony area 186, on a larger external back yard or patio area 187, in a separate side yard area 188, near or in an external additional accessory structure area 189 (e.g., a garage, shed, accessory dwelling unit, greenhouse, gazebo, car port, etc.) that may have one or more rooms, in a front yard outside the external doorway 190-1 (e.g., during a different image acquisition session than used to acquire some or all of the other target images), etc. Acquired video and/or other images for each acquisition location are further analyzed to generate a target panorama image for each of some or all of acquisition locations 210A-210P, including in some embodiments to stitch together multiple constituent images from an acquisition location to create a target panorama image for that acquisition location and/or to otherwise combine visual data in different images (e.g., objects and other elements, latent space features, etc.).
Additional details related to embodiments of generating and using linking information between panorama images, including using travel path information and/or elements or other features visible in multiple images, are included in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/693,286, filed Nov. 23, 2019 and entitled “Connecting And Using Building Data Acquired From Mobile Devices” (which includes disclosure of an example BICA system that is generally directed to obtaining and using linking information to inter-connect multiple panorama images acquired within one or more buildings or other structures), in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/080,604, filed Oct. 26, 2020 and entitled “Generating Floor Maps For Buildings From Automated Analysis Of Visual Data Of The Buildings' Interiors”; and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/035,619, filed Jun. 5, 2020 and entitled “Automated Generation On Mobile Devices Of Panorama Images For Buildings Locations And Subsequent Use”; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In addition to generating such target panorama images, further analysis may be performed in at least some embodiments by the IIMIGM system (e.g., concurrently with the image acquisition activities or subsequent to the image acquisition) to determine layouts (e.g., room shapes and optionally locations of identified structural elements and other objects) for each of the rooms (and optionally for other defined areas, such as a deck or other patio outside of the building or other external defined area), including to optionally determine acquisition position information for each target image, and to further determine a floor plan for the building and any associated surrounding area (e.g., a lot or parcel on which the building is situated) and/or other related mapping information for the building (e.g., a 3D model of the building and any associated surrounding area, an interconnected group of linked target panorama images, etc.). The overlapping features visible in the panorama images may be used in some situations to ‘link’ at least some of those panorama images and their acquisition locations together (with some corresponding directional lines 215 between example acquisition locations 210A-210C being shown for the sake of illustration), such as using the described techniques.
Additional details related to embodiments of a system providing at least some such functionality of an IIMIGM system or related system for generating floor plans and associated information and/or presenting floor plans and associated information are included in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/190,162, filed Nov. 14, 2018 and entitled “Automated Mapping Information Generation From Inter-Connected Images” (which includes disclosure of an example Floor Map Generation Manager, or FMGM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating and displaying a floor plan or other floor plan of a building using images acquired in and around the building); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/681,787, filed Nov. 12, 2019 and entitled “Presenting Integrated Building Information Using Three-Dimensional Building Models” (which includes disclosure of an example FMGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for displaying a floor plan or other floor plan of a building and associated information); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/841,581, filed Apr. 6, 2020 and entitled “Providing Simulated Lighting Information For Three-Dimensional Building Models” (which includes disclosure of an example FMGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for displaying a floor plan or other floor plan of a building and associated information); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/080,604, filed Oct. 26, 2020 and entitled “Generating floor plans For Buildings From Automated Analysis Of Visual Data Of The Buildings' Interiors” (which includes disclosure of an example VTFM system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating a floor plan or other floor plan of a building using visual data acquired in and around the building); and in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/807,135, filed Mar. 2, 2020 and entitled “Automated Tools For Generating Mapping Information For Buildings” (which includes disclosure of an example MIGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating a floor plan or other floor plan of a building using images acquired in and around the building); and in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/069,800, filed Oct. 13, 2020 and entitled “Automated Tools For Generating Building Mapping Information” (which includes disclosure of an example MIGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating mapping information for a building using images acquired in and around the building); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Moreover, further details related to embodiments of a system providing at least some such functionality of a system for using acquired images and/or generated floor plans are included in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/185,793, filed Feb. 25, 2021 and entitled “Automated Usability Assessment Of Buildings Using Visual Data Of Captured In-Room Images” (which includes disclosure of an example Building Usability Assessment Manager, or BUAM, system generally directed to automated operations for analyzing visual data from images acquired in building rooms to assess room layout and other usability information for the rooms and optionally for the overall building, and subsequently using the assessed usability information in one or more further automated manners); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Various details are provided with respect to
As noted above, in at least some embodiments and situations, some or all of the images acquired for a building may be panorama images that are each acquired at one of multiple acquisition locations in or around the building, such as to generate a panorama image at each such acquisition location from one or more of a video acquired at that acquisition location (e.g., a 360° video taken from a smartphone or other mobile device held by a user turning at that acquisition location), or multiple images acquired in multiple directions from the acquisition location (e.g., from a smartphone or other mobile device held by a user turning at that acquisition location; from automated rotation of a device at that acquisition location, such as on a tripod at that acquisition location; etc.), or a simultaneous acquisition of all the image information for a particular acquisition location (e.g., using one or more fisheye lenses), etc. It will be appreciated that such a panorama image may in some situations be presented using an equirectangular projection (with vertical lines and other vertical information in an environment being shown as straight lines in the projection, and with horizontal lines and other horizontal information in the environment being shown in the projection in a curved manner if they are above or below a horizontal centerline of the image and with an amount of curvature increasing as a distance from the horizontal centerline increases) and provide up to 360° coverage around horizontal and/or vertical axes (e.g., 360° of coverage along a horizontal plane and around a vertical axis), while in other embodiments the acquired panorama images or other images may include less than 360° of vertical coverage (e.g., for images with a width exceeding a height by more than a typical aspect ratio, such as at or exceeding 21:9 or 16:9 or 3:2 or 7:5 or 4:3 or 5:4 or 1:1, including for so-called ‘ultrawide’ lenses and resulting ultrawide images). In addition, it will be appreciated that a user viewing such a panorama image (or other image with sufficient horizontal and/or vertical coverage that only a portion of the image is displayed at any given time) may be permitted to move the viewing direction within the panorama image to different orientations to cause different subset images of the panorama image to be rendered, and that such a panorama image may in some situations be stored and/or presented using an equirectangular projection (including, if the panorama image is represented using an equirectangular projection, and if a particular subset image of it is being rendered, to convert the image being rendered into a planar coordinate system before it is displayed, such as into a perspective image). Furthermore, acquisition metadata regarding the acquisition of such panorama images may be obtained and used in various manners, such as data acquired from IMU sensors or other sensors of a mobile device as it is carried by a user or otherwise moved between acquisition locations—non-exclusive examples of such acquisition metadata may include one or more of acquisition time; acquisition location, such as GPS coordinates or other indication of location; acquisition direction and/or orientation; relative or absolute order of acquisition for multiple images acquired for a building or that are otherwise associated; etc., and such acquisition metadata may further optionally be used as part of determining the images' acquisition locations in at least some embodiments and situations, as discussed further below. Additional details are included below regarding automated operations of device(s) implementing an Image Capture and Analysis (ICA) system involved in acquiring images and optionally acquisition metadata, including with respect to
As is also noted above, a building floor plan having associated room layout or shape information for some or all rooms of the building may be generated in at least some embodiments, and further used in one or more manners, such as in the subsequent automated determination of an additional image's acquisition location within the building. A building floor plan with associated room shape information may have various forms in various embodiments, such as a 2D (two-dimensional) floor map of the building (e.g., an orthographic top view or other overhead view of a schematic floor map that does not include or display height information) and/or a 3D (three-dimensional) or 2.5D (two and a half-dimensional) floor map model of the building that does display height information. In addition, layouts and/or shapes of rooms of a building may be automatically determined in various manners in various embodiments, including in some embodiments at a time before automated determination of a particular image's acquisition location within the building. For example, in at least some embodiments, an Inter-Image Mapping Information Generation Manager (IIMIGM) system may analyze various target images acquired in and around a building in order to automatically determine room shapes of the building's rooms (e.g., 3D room shapes, 2D room shapes, etc., such as to reflect the geometry of the surrounding structural elements of the building)—the analysis may include, for example, automated operations to ‘register’ the camera positions for the images in a common frame of refence so as to ‘align’ the images and to estimate 3D locations and shapes of objects in the room, such as by determining features visible in the content of such images (e.g., to determine the direction and/or orientation of the acquisition device when it took particular images, a path through the room traveled by the acquisition device, etc.) and/or by determining and aggregating information about planes for detected features and normal (orthogonal) directions to those planes to identify planar surfaces for likely locations of walls and other surfaces of the room and to connect the various likely wall locations (e.g., using one or more constraints, such as having 90° angles between walls and/or between walls and the floor, as part of the so-called ‘Manhattan world assumption’) and form an estimated partial room shape for the room. After determining the estimated partial room layouts and/or shapes of the rooms in the building, the automated operations may, in at least some embodiments, further include positioning the multiple room shapes together to form a floor plan and/or other related mapping information for the building, such as by connecting the various room shapes, optionally based at least in part on information about doorways and staircases and other inter-room wall openings identified in particular rooms, and optionally based at least in part on determined travel path information of a mobile computing device between rooms. Additional details are included below regarding automated operations of device(s) implementing an IIMIGM system involved in determining room shapes and combining room shapes to generate a floor plan, including with respect to
In particular,
In this example, after the multiple panorama images 241 are provided to the IIMIGM system, they are each optionally converted in step 281 to a straightened spherical projection format, such as if not already in that format, with the output of step 281 including the target images in straightened spherical projection format 242, which, after step 281 is completed, are further provided as input to step 282 as well as later step 287, although in other embodiments the steps 281 and 282 may instead be performed at least partially concurrently (such as for step 282 to begin the analysis of a first pair of images that have already been analyzed in step 281, while step 281 concurrently performs its processing for additional images).
After step 281 (or concurrently with step 281 once step 281 has analyzed at least two images), the operations of the IIMIGM system continue in step 282, which takes as input the target images in straightened spherical projection format 242, selects the next pair of images (referred to as images A and B for the sake of reference), beginning with a first pair, and uses a trained neural network to jointly determine multiple types of predicted building information for the room(s) visible in the images of the pair 282, based at least in part on per-image pixel column analysis of visual data of each of the images, and with the determined building information in this example including data 243 (e.g., probabilities for per-pixel column co-visibilities and angular correspondence matches and locations of structural elements, such as windows, doorways and non-doorway openings, inter-wall borders, etc., as well as per-pixel column wall boundary with the floor and/or the ceiling, optionally with associated uncertainty information), as discussed in greater detail elsewhere herein—in at least some such embodiments, the order in which pairs of images are considered may be random. After step 282, the operations of the IIMIGM system continue in step 283, where a combination of visual data of the two images of the pair is used to determine one or more additional types of building information for the room(s) visible in the images (e.g., a 2D and/or 3D structural layout for the room(s), inter-image pose information for the images, and in-room acquisition locations of the images within the structural layout, etc.), such as by using data 243 and generating corresponding output image pair information 244. The automated operations then continue to determine if there are more pairs of images to compare (e.g., until all pairs of images have been compared), and if so returns to step 282 to select a next pair of images to compare. Otherwise, the automated operations continue to determine whether the determined building information from the analysis of the visual data of the pairs of images is for use in identifying matching images for one or more indicated target images, and if so continues to step 284, where the data 243 and 244 for the various pairs of images is used to identify other images (if any) matching the indicated target image(s) according to one or more specified matching criteria, and to provide the identified other images. After step 284, or if it determined not to perform step 284, the routine continues to determine whether the determined building information from the analysis of the visual data of the pairs of images is for use in generating and providing feedback with respect to one or more indicated target images, and if so continues to step 285, where the data 243 and 244 for the various pairs of images is used to identify feedback based on visual overlap of the indicated target image(s) with other images according to one or more specified feedback criteria, and to provide the feedback. After step 285, or if it determined not to perform step 285, the routine continues to determine whether the determined building information from the analysis of the visual data of the pairs of images is for use in generating further mapping information (e.g., a floor plan) for the building(s) corresponding to the target images, and if not continues to step 286 to store the determined information 243 and 244 for later use, and otherwise continues to step 287 where the data 243 and 244 for the various pairs of images is combined to generate global inter-image pose information 246 for at least some of the target images (e.g., in a common coordinate system). In step 289, the automated operations then use the globally aligned panorama information 246 and the structural layout information 244 to generate a floor plan 249 for the building based on the visual data of the target images 241, optionally with indications on the floor plan of the acquisition locations of the target images 242 and/or of some or all of the other information determined in blocks 281-285.
Information 273 of
In addition,
In addition to the per-image pixel column predicted types of building information 273-278, additional types of building information is determined based on a combination of the visual data of the two images, including structural layout information 275′ab based on the wall-floor boundary information 275 and inter-image pose information 252′ab, as illustrated as part of information 256g of
Additional details related to embodiments of a system providing at least some such functionality of an IIMIGM system or related system for generating floor plans and associated information and/or presenting floor plans and associated information, and/or of a system providing at least some such functionality of an ILDM (Image Location Determination Manager) system for determining acquisition positions of images, are included in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/190,162, filed Nov. 14, 2018 and entitled “Automated Mapping Information Generation From Inter-Connected Images” (which includes disclosure of an example Floor Map Generation Manager, or FMGM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating and displaying a floor map or other floor plan of a building using images acquired in and around the building); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/681,787, filed Nov. 12, 2019 and entitled “Presenting Integrated Building Information Using Three-Dimensional Building Models” (which includes disclosure of an example FMGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for displaying a floor map or other floor plan of a building and associated information); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/841,581, filed Apr. 6, 2020 and entitled “Providing Simulated Lighting Information For Three-Dimensional Building Models” (which includes disclosure of an example FMGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for displaying a floor map or other floor plan of a building and associated information); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/080,604, filed Oct. 26, 2020 and entitled “Generating Floor Maps For Buildings From Automated Analysis Of Visual Data Of The Buildings' Interiors” (which includes disclosure of an example Video-To-Floor Map, or VTFM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating a floor map or other floor plan of a building using video data acquired in and around the building); in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/035,619, filed Jun. 5, 2020 and entitled “Automated Generation On Mobile Devices Of Panorama Images For Buildings Locations And Subsequent Use”; in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/069,800, filed Oct. 13, 2020 and entitled “Automated Tools For Generating Building Mapping Information”; in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/807,135, filed Mar. 2, 2020 and entitled “Automated Tools For Generating Mapping Information For Buildings” (which includes disclosure of an example MIGM system that is generally directed to automated operations for generating a floor map or other floor plan of a building using images acquired in and around the building); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/013,323, filed Sep. 4, 2020 and entitled “Automated Analysis Of Image Contents To Determine The Acquisition Location Of The Image” (which includes disclosure of an example Image Location Mapping Manager, or ILMM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for determining acquisition positions of images); in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/150,958, filed Jan. 15, 2021 and entitled “Automated Determination Of Image Acquisition Locations In Building Interiors Using Multiple Data Capture Devices” (which includes disclosure of an example Image Location Determination Manager, or ILDM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for determining room shapes and acquisition positions of images); and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/117,372, filed Nov. 23, 2020 and entitled “Automated Determination Of Image Acquisition Locations In Building Interiors Using Determined Room Shapes” (which includes disclosure of an example Mapping Information Generation Manager, or MIGM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for determining acquisition positions of images); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition, further details related to embodiments of a system providing at least some such functionality of a system for using acquired images and/or generated floor plans are included in U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/185,793, filed Feb. 25, 2021 and entitled “Automated Usability Assessment Of Buildings Using Visual Data Of Captured In-Room Images” (which includes disclosure of an example Building Usability Assessment Manager, or BUAM, system that is generally directed to automated operations for analyzing visual data from images captured in rooms of a building to assess room layout and other usability information for the building's rooms and optionally for the overall building, and to subsequently using the assessed usability information in one or more further automated manners); which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In one non-exclusive example embodiment, the IIMIGM system may perform automated operations to determine, for a pair of panorama images (“panoramas”), 1) whether or not the two panoramas see the same wall structure, 2) what visual correspondences exist, 3) the wall structure and wall features (e.g., doors/windows) visible to both panoramas, and 4) the position of one panorama with respect to the coordinate system of the other, such as by jointly estimating these quantities from a single trained neural network in order to improve the performance of each single task through mutually beneficial context, as well as to simplify and speed up the extraction of the necessary information.
As part of the automated operations of this example embodiment, the neural network accepts a pair of straightened spherical panoramic images (e.g., captured by a camera device in which the camera axis is aligned with the vertical axis), which may or may not share the same space (i.e., may or may not, share visual overlap)—if the image is straightened, and provided walls are also vertically aligned, the wall depth is then a single shared value for a given image column. The neural network then estimates multiple quantities for each column of each image. In other embodiments and/or situations, other types of images may be received as input, such as images of different projections with unknown field-of-view (FOV) angle (e.g., perspective images from a pinhole camera), a partial panoramic image with equirectangular image projection or cylindrical image projection, images with RGB pixel data and/or other data channels (e.g., depth, synthetic aperture radar, etc.).
Types of determined building information may include the following:
As part of the automated operations of the IIMIGM system in this example embodiment, each image is passed through the same feature extractor, which applies multiple convolutional layers to extract features at multiple scales, which are then reshaped and concatenated to produce column-wise image features. The resultant features are then considered as two column-wise sequences and input to a transformer module for processing—such extracted features for an image may further be used as part of an image feature embedding vector to represent the image for later inter-image comparison (e.g., as part of a search for one or more other images that have a degree of match to a target image that satisfies a defined threshold), as discussed further below. As transformers process all sequence elements in parallel, without any inherent consideration of order, two embeddings are added to the image column feature sequences, as follows: positional embeddings (e.g., to encode sequence position, such as which image column a given sequence element corresponds to); and segment embeddings (e.g., to encode image membership, such as which image a given sequence element belongs to). The transformer encoder may include multiple blocks, each with a fixed layer structure. After adding the positional and segment embeddings to the column-wise image feature sequences, the sequences are concatenated length-wise and input to the first of the transformer encoder blocks. In each block, first a multi-headed layer of self attention is applied. The input sequence is mapped to Queries, Keys, and Values, and the scaled dot product attention, which is a function of the Queries and Keys, is used to create weights for an attention-weighted sum of the Values. In this way, for a given sequence position, the model can assess relevance of information at any other position in the input sequences; both intra and inter-image attention is applied. After the attention layer, a feedforward layer maps the results to the output. After both the attention and feed forward layers, the input sequence is added to the output sequence in the form of a skip connection, which allows information from the input to propagate directly unaffected to the output, and then a normalization is applied to the output to normalize the sample statistics. After the last transformer encoder block, a new sequence is output. From this sequence, either linear or convolutional layers can be used to predict the final column wise outputs, as well as the directly regressed relative pose, from the sequence that is produced by the transformer encoder. For joint estimation of the floor segmentation, first the floor boundary contour segmentations are produced. The floor segmentation of a first of the panoramas of a pair can then be projected based on the estimated pose to align with the other panorama's segmentation. The image features from both panoramas can then undergo a perspective projection to extract features from the floor and/or ceiling view. The first panorama image's image features can then be processed with a learned affine transformation conditioned on the estimated pose. Finally, the floor segmentations and the processed features can be concatenated, and a final joint floor segmentation produced via a block of convolutional layers.
In addition to direct pose regression learning as described above, the angular correspondence, co-visibility, and boundary contour can alternatively be used to derive the relative pose in a subsequent post-processing step. Together these three outputs emit point correspondences in the 2D floor plane, which can be used to optimize for relative pose rotation and translation through singular value decomposition, or through a RANSAC process. First, the process of deriving bi-directional point correspondences from the three column-wise outputs is as follows. For a given image pixel column in each panorama, the x,y coordinates (in the panorama's local coordinate system) of the wall boundary visible in this image column by projecting the boundary position from image coordinates to the floor plane using a known camera height. In combination, all image columns then produce a point cloud in the x,y plane, for each image. Where the predicted co-visibility is high, the predicted angular correspondences can then be used to match points in the point clouds of the two panoramas, resulting in two point clouds each in their local coordinate system, with point correspondences/matches between them. For each point, the trained neural network will generate an uncertainty score, which conveys the network's confidence in the prediction. The rotation and translation can then be directly solved for, using singular value decomposition-based rigid registration, or, can be used in a RANSAC routine. In singular value decomposition-based rigid registration, the uncertainty score can be used to weight the corresponding points. In other words, different points will have different importance in deriving the relative pose. In the iterative RANSAC process, at each iteration, two point pairs are randomly selected according to a probability. This probability is determined by the uncertainty scores of these two points. The points with low uncertainty score will have a high probability to be selected. From these two point correspondences a candidate rotation and translation can be derived. Once this R,t is applied to align the two panoramas' point clouds, a proximity-based point matching can be determined, and from this matching, the number of inliers and outliers can be determined to assess the pose goodness-of-fit. After multiple iterations, the matching from the candidate pose that resulted in the highest number of inliers can be used to do a final refinement to get the final RANSAC-based pose. Thus, three ways to extract relative pose are possible, as follows: direct pose regression as a model output; singular value decomposition (SVD)-based pose regression from point correspondences; and RANSAC-based pose regression from point correspondences.
Using joint prediction from a pair of images provides benefits with respect to attempts to do predictions from a single image, such as that occlusion and relative viewing position between camera and wall features in a single image may cause some wall features to have little-or-no field of view coverage from the single image, and are thus difficult to detect. Instead, by using image angular correspondence model output, column-wise matching between the panoramas of a pair exists, and based on the order of columns in one panorama, the column-wise feature corresponding to each image column in the other panorama can be resampled and reordered. After the column reorder, the re-shuffled features from one panorama will represent the similar image content as the other panorama at each column position, and the original column-wise feature from one panorama can be concatenated with reshuffled column-wise features of the other panorama at a per column level. A convolution layer and max pooling layer can then be used to eventually classify the types of each image column at one panorama (e.g., border, window, doorway, non-doorway wall opening, etc.) or to regress the per-column image depth at the one panorama, so as to fuse the information from 2 views together using image content from one panorama to enhance the prediction in the other panorama.
When run pair-wise on all target panoramas for a building, the co-visibility output can be used to cluster groups of panoramas as follows: for each pair, the resultant co-visibility can be aggregated into a score by taking the mean co-visible FOV fraction over the two images. This score then summarizes whether or not two panoramas share the same space, as well as the extent of the visual overlap. This pairwise information may then be used to aggregate panoramas into a connected component based on visual connectivity, e.g., if a given panorama has a co-visibility score greater than some threshold with any other panorama in an existing cluster, this panorama is then added into the cluster. By growing clusters in this way, connected component pose graphs are formed, with relative poses defined along edges between pairs of panoramas. Within each of these clusters, global coordinate systems can be derived by iteratively combining panoramas together in a greedy fashion based on the relative pose confidence, e.g., from the number of inliers computed on the registered point clouds, or from some learned confidence on the directly estimated pose or per-column wall depth/angular correspondence. As poor quality relative poses may result in poor global coordinates, outlier relative poses may be suppressed using e.g., cycle consistency by applying relative poses sequentially along connected triplets and checking rotational/positional agreement between start and end-point. Finally pose graph optimization may be applied to refine the global coordinate system accuracy, using the outlier-suppressed set of relative poses as constraints.
The outputs of the IIMIGM system of the example embodiments provide a variety of benefits and may be used in various manners. One example includes estimating the relative pose of one panorama to another, which may be considered to differ from prior approaches that perform image feature point matching in which a pose is conditioned on geometry—in contrast to such prior approaches, the IIMIGM system of the example embodiment may produce robust image content matching regardless of the amount of overlapping visual data between two images, as well as produce reliable feature matching for input images with mostly repetitive patterns or with a scarcity of salient features. Such prior approaches (e.g., image salient feature matching) have a higher level of requirement on the amount of similar contents between input images in order to produce robust matching features between two images. In addition, the structural features (e.g., for walls, inter-wall borders, and wall boundaries) predicted from combining visual data from two different acquisition locations may be higher quality compared to similar quantities that are attempted to be estimated with information from a single acquisition location alone. For example, if a first panorama of a pair has a better viewpoint of certain wall structure than the second panorama of the pair, the information provided by this first panorama can improve the quality of the geometry estimated from the second panorama. Thus, the visible wall geometry estimated from both acquisition locations can be combined and refined, either through projection to segmentation maps and processing through a series of convolutional layers, or via a post-processing step to integrate the information from each acquisition location, in order to generate a combined visible geometry, with wall features and layout, which can enable estimation of wall features and layout for larger spaces which may be only partially visible from any single acquisition location.
As one example use of outputs of the IIMIGM system, co-visibility data and/or image angular correspondence data can be used for guiding the acquisition of images (e.g., for use in generation of mapping information such as floor plans and/or virtual tours of linked images), such as to ensure that newly acquired images are visually overlapping with previously acquired images, to provide good transitions for generation of mapping information. For example, an ICA system and/or other image acquisition system can suggest missing connectivity between a newly captured image and existing images, or reject the newly acquired image. Furthermore, image angular correspondence data and inter-image pose data can determine an acquisition location of each image (e.g., within a surrounding structural layout) once a newly acquired image is obtained, and an image acquisition system can suggest one or more new acquisition locations at which to acquire one or more additional images that will improve the co-visibility among images. Thus, as a user acquires each new image, the IIMIGM system may determine co-visibility data and/or image angular correspondence data between the new image (or multiple new images) and the existing images to produce live acquisition feedback (e.g., in a real-time or near-real-time manner). To increase the speed of the image matching process, image embedding extraction and image embedding matching can be decoupled, such as to extract and store image feature embedding features for at least some images (e.g., that can be compared to quickly determine a degree of match between two images based on a degree of match between the two images' image feature embedding vectors), and with the image feature extraction performed only once per image even if the image is used for image matching as part of multiple different image pairs.
Various details have been provided with respect to
The server computing system(s) 300 and executing IIMIGM system 340 may communicate with other computing systems and devices via one or more networks 399 (e.g., the Internet, one or more cellular telephone networks, etc.), such as user client computing devices 390 (e.g., used to view floor plans, associated images and/or other related information), ICA server computing system(s) 380, one or more mobile computing devices 360 and optionally one or more camera devices 375 (e.g., for use as image acquisition devices), optionally other navigable devices 395 that receive and use floor plans and optionally other generated information for navigation purposes (e.g., for use by semi-autonomous or fully autonomous vehicles or other devices), and optionally other computing systems that are not shown (e.g., used to store and provide additional information related to buildings; used to acquire building interior data; used to store and provide information to client computing devices, such as additional supplemental information associated with images and their encompassing buildings or other surrounding environment; etc.). In some embodiments, some or all of the one or more camera devices 375 may directly communicate (e.g., wirelessly and/or via a cable or other physical connection, and optionally in a peer-to-peer manner) with one or more associated mobile computing devices 360 in their vicinity (e.g., to transmit acquired target images, to receive instructions to initiate a target image acquisition, etc.), whether in addition to or instead of performing communications via network 399, and with such associated mobile computing devices 360 able to provide acquired target images and optionally other acquired data that is received from one or more camera devices 375 over the network 399 to other computing systems and devices (e.g., server computing systems 380 and/or 300).
In the illustrated embodiment, an embodiment of the IIMIGM system 340 executes in memory 330 in order to perform at least some of the described techniques, such as by using the processor(s) 305 to execute software instructions of the system 340 in a manner that configures the processor(s) 305 and computing system(s) 300 to perform automated operations that implement those described techniques. The illustrated embodiment of the IIMIGM system may include one or more components, not shown, to each perform portions of the functionality of the IIMIGM system, and the memory may further optionally execute one or more other programs 335—as one example, one of the other programs 335 may include an executing copy of the ICA system in at least some embodiments (such as instead of or in addition to the ICA system 389 executing in memory 387 on the server computing system(s) 380) and/or may include an executing copy of a system for accessing building information (e.g., as discussed with respect to client computing devices 175 and the routine of
Some or all of the user client computing devices 390 (e.g., mobile devices), mobile computing devices 360, camera devices 375, other navigable devices 395 and other computing systems may similarly include some or all of the same types of components illustrated for server computing systems 300 and 380. As one non-limiting example, the mobile computing devices 360 are each shown to include one or more hardware CPU(s) 361, I/O components 362, storage 365, imaging system 364, IMU hardware sensors 369, optionally depth sensors (not shown), and memory 367, with one or both of a browser and one or more client applications 368 (e.g., an application specific to the IIMIGM system and/or ICA system) optionally executing within memory 367, such as to participate in communication with the IIMIGM system 340, ICA system 389, associated camera devices 375 and/or other computing systems. While particular components are not illustrated for the other navigable devices 395 or client computing systems 390, it will be appreciated they may include similar and/or additional components.
It will also be appreciated that computing systems 300 and 380 and camera devices 375 and the other systems and devices included within
It will also be appreciated that, while various items are illustrated as being stored in memory or on storage while being used, these items or portions of them may be transferred between memory and other storage devices for purposes of memory management and data integrity. Alternatively, in other embodiments some or all of the software components and/or systems may execute in memory on another device and communicate with the illustrated computing systems via inter-computer communication. Thus, in some embodiments, some or all of the described techniques may be performed by hardware means that include one or more processors and/or memory and/or storage when configured by one or more software programs (e.g., by the IIMIGM system 340 executing on server computing systems 300) and/or data structures, such as by execution of software instructions of the one or more software programs and/or by storage of such software instructions and/or data structures, and such as to perform algorithms as described in the flow charts and other disclosure herein. Furthermore, in some embodiments, some or all of the systems and/or components may be implemented or provided in other manners, such as by consisting of one or more means that are implemented partially or fully in firmware and/or hardware (e.g., rather than as a means implemented in whole or in part by software instructions that configure a particular CPU or other processor), including, but not limited to, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), standard integrated circuits, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), etc. Some or all of the components, systems and data structures may also be stored (e.g., as software instructions or structured data) on a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, such as a hard disk or flash drive or other non-volatile storage device, volatile or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM or flash RAM), a network storage device, or a portable media article (e.g., a DVD disk, a CD disk, an optical disk, a flash memory device, etc.) to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection. The systems, components and data structures may also in some embodiments be transmitted via generated data signals (e.g., as part of a carrier wave or other analog or digital propagated signal) on a variety of computer-readable transmission mediums, including wireless-based and wired/cable-based mediums, and may take a variety of forms (e.g., as part of a single or multiplexed analog signal, or as multiple discrete digital packets or frames). Such computer program products may also take other forms in other embodiments. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations.
The illustrated embodiment of the routine begins at block 405, where instructions or information are received. At block 410, the routine determines whether the received instructions or information indicate to acquire data representing a building (e.g., in the building interior), and if not continues to block 490. Otherwise, the routine proceeds to block 412 to receive an indication (e.g., from a user of a mobile computing device associated with one or more camera devices) to begin the image acquisition process at a first acquisition location. After block 412, the routine proceeds to block 415 in order to perform acquisition location image acquisition activities in order to acquire at least one 360° panorama image by at least one image acquisition device (and optionally one or more additional images and/or other additional data by a mobile computing device, such as from IMU sensors and/or depth sensors) for the acquisition location at the target building of interest, such as to provide horizontal coverage of at least 360° around a vertical axis. The routine may also optionally obtain annotation and/or other information from a user regarding the acquisition location and/or the surrounding environment, such as for later use in presentation of information regarding that acquisition location and/or surrounding environment. After block 415 is completed, the routine continues to block 417 to optionally initiate obtaining and providing feedback (e.g., to one or more users participating in the current image acquisition session) during the image acquisition session about one or more indicated target images (e.g., the image just acquired in block 415), such as by interacting with the MIGM system to obtain such feedback.
After block 417, the routine continues to block 420 to determine if there are more acquisition locations at which to acquire images, such as based on corresponding information provided by the user of the mobile computing device and/or to satisfy specified criteria (e.g., at least a specified quantity of panorama images to be acquired in each of some or all rooms of the target building and/or in each of one or more areas external to the target building). If so, the routine continues to block 422 to optionally initiate the acquisition of linking information (such as visual data, acceleration data from one or more IMU sensors, etc.) during movement of the mobile device along a travel path away from the current acquisition location and towards a next acquisition location for the building. As described elsewhere herein, the acquired linking information may include additional sensor data (e.g., from one or more IMU, or inertial measurement units, on the mobile computing device or otherwise carried by the user) and/or additional visual information (e.g., panorama images, other types of images, panoramic or non-panoramic video, etc.) recorded during such movement, and in some embodiments may be analyzed to determine a changing pose (location and orientation) of the mobile computing device during the movement, as well as information about a room shape of the enclosing room (or other area) and the path of the mobile computing device during the movement. Initiating the acquisition of such linking information may be performed in response to an explicit indication from a user of the mobile computing device or based on one or more automated analyses of information recorded from the mobile computing device. In addition, the routine in some embodiments may further optionally determine and provide one or more guidance cues to the user regarding the motion of the mobile device, quality of the sensor data and/or visual information being acquired during movement to the next acquisition location (e.g., by monitoring the movement of the mobile device), including information about associated lighting/environmental conditions, advisability of acquiring a next acquisition location, and any other suitable aspects of acquiring the linking information. Similarly, the routine may optionally obtain annotation and/or other information from the user regarding the travel path, such as for later use in presentation of information regarding that travel path or a resulting inter-panorama image connection link. In block 424, the routine then determines that the mobile computing device (and one or more associated camera devices) arrived at the next acquisition location (e.g., based on an indication from the user, based on the forward movement of the user stopping for at least a predefined amount of time, etc.), for use as the new current acquisition location, and returns to block 415 in order to perform the image acquisition activities for the new current acquisition location.
If it is instead determined in block 420 that there are not any more acquisition locations at which to acquire image information for the current building or other structure (or for the current image acquisition session), the routine proceeds to block 430 to optionally analyze the acquisition position information for the building or other structure, such as to identify possible additional coverage (and/or other information) to acquire within the building interior or otherwise associated with the building. For example, the ICA system may provide one or more notifications to the user regarding the information acquired during acquisition of the multiple acquisition locations and optionally corresponding linking information, such as if it determines that one or more segments of the recorded information are of insufficient or undesirable quality, or do not appear to provide complete coverage of the building. In addition, in at least some embodiments, if minimum criteria for images (e.g., a minimum quantity and/or type of images) have not been satisfied by the acquired images (e.g., at least two panorama images in each room, at most one panorama image in each room, panorama images within a maximum and/or minimum specified distance of each other, etc.), the ICA system may prompt or direct the acquisition of additional panorama images to satisfy such criteria. After block 430, the routine continues to block 435 to optionally preprocess the acquired 360° target panorama images before subsequent use for generating related mapping information (e.g., to place them in a straightened equirectangular format, to determine vanishing lines and vanishing points, etc.). In block 480, the images and any associated generated or obtained information is stored for later use.
If it is instead determined in block 410 that the instructions or other information recited in block 405 are not to acquire images and other data representing a building, the routine continues instead to block 490 to perform any other indicated operations as appropriate, such as any housekeeping tasks, to configure parameters to be used in various operations of the system (e.g., based at least in part on information specified by a user of the system, such as a user of a mobile device who acquires one or more building interiors, an operator user of the ICA system, etc.), to obtain and store other information about users of the system, to respond to requests for generated and stored information, etc.
Following blocks 480 or 490, the routine proceeds to block 495 to determine whether to continue, such as until an explicit indication to terminate is received, or instead only if an explicit indication to continue is received. If it is determined to continue, the routine returns to block 405 to await additional instructions or information, and if not proceeds to step 499 and ends.
The illustrated embodiment of the routine begins at block 505, where information or instructions are received. The routine continues to block 515 to obtain target images for a building and optionally associated dimension/scale information (e.g., to retrieve stored target images that were previously acquired and associated with an indicated building; to use target images supplied in block 505; to concurrently acquire such information, with
After block 515, the routine continues to block 520, where for each of the target images, the image is converted to a straightened projection format if not already in such a format (e.g., a straightened spherical projection format for a panorama image, a straightened spherical or rectilinear form for a non-panoramic image, etc.). In block 525, the routine then selects a next pair of the target images (beginning with a first pair), and then proceeds to block 530 to use a trained neural network to jointly determined multiple types of predicted building information for the room(s) visible in the images of the pair based at least in part on a per-image pixel column analysis of visual data of each of the images, such as probabilities for per-pixel column co-visibilities and angular correspondence matches and locations of structural elements (e.g., windows, doorways and non-doorway openings, inter-wall borders), and per-pixel column wall boundary with floor and/or ceiling, optionally with associated uncertainty information. In block 535, the routine then uses a combination of data from the images of the pair to determine additional types of building information for the room(s) visible in the images, such as a 2D and/or 3D structural layout for the room(s), inter-image pose information for the images, and optionally in-room acquisition locations of the images within the structural layout. After block 535, the routine in block 540 proceeds to determine if there are more pairs of images to compare, and if so returns to block 525 to select a next pair of images. Otherwise, the routine continues to block 550 where it determines whether to further use the determined types of building information from blocks 530-535 as part of further generating a floor plan for the building, such as based on the instructions or other information received in block 505, and if not continues to block 565. Otherwise, the routine continues to block 555 to combine information from the multiple image pairs to generate a global alignment of the acquisition locations of some or all of the target images, and in block 585 uses the global alignment information and determined structural layout information for the building rooms and/other building areas to generate at least one corresponding floor plan for the building, as well as optionally additional related mapping information.
If it is instead determined in block 550 not to use the determined types of building information from blocks 530-535 as part of generating a floor plan for the building, the routine continues to block 565 to determine whether to use the determined types of building information from blocks 530-535 as part of identifying one or more matching images (if any) for one or more indicated target images, such as based on the instructions or other information received in block 505. If so, the routine continues to block 570 to, with respect to the one or more indicated target images (e.g., as indicated in block 505 or identified in block 570 via one or more current user interactions), use information from analysis of pairs of images that each includes one of the indicated target images and another of the target images from blocks 530-535 to determine other of the target images (if any) that match the indicated target image(s) (e.g., that have an indicated amount of visual overlap with the indicated target image(s) and/or that satisfy other specified matching criteria, as discussed in greater detail elsewhere herein), and displays or otherwise provides determined other target images (e.g., provides them to routine 600 of
After blocks 570 or 580 or 585, the routine continues to block 588 to store the generated mapping information and/or other generated or determined information, and to optionally further use some or all of the determined and generated information, such as to provide the generated 2D floor plan and/or 3D computer model floor plan and/or other generated or determined information for display on one or more client devices and/or to one or more other devices for use in automating navigation of those devices and/or associated vehicles or other entities, to provide and use information about determined room layouts/shapes and/or a linked set of panorama images and/or about additional information determined about contents of rooms and/or passages between rooms, etc.
In block 590, the routine continues instead to perform one or more other indicated operations as appropriate. Such other operations may include, for example, receiving and responding to requests for previously generated floor plans and/or previously determined room layouts/shapes and/or other generated information (e.g., requests for such information for display on one or more client devices, requests for such information to provide it to one or more other devices for use in automated navigation, etc.), obtaining and storing information about buildings for use in later operations (e.g., information about dimensions, numbers or types of rooms, total square footage, adjacent or nearby other buildings, adjacent or nearby vegetation, exterior images, etc.), etc.
After blocks 588 or 590, the routine continues to block 595 to determine whether to continue, such as until an explicit indication to terminate is received, or instead only if an explicit indication to continue is received. If it is determined to continue, the routine returns to block 505 to wait for and receive additional instructions or information, and otherwise continues to block 599 and ends.
While not illustrated with respect to the automated operations shown in the example embodiment of
The illustrated embodiment of the routine begins at block 605, where instructions or information are received. At block 610, the routine determines whether the received instructions or information in block 605 are to display determined information for one or more target buildings, and if so continues to block 615 to determine whether the received instructions or information in block 605 are to select one or more target buildings using specified criteria, and if not continues to block 620 to obtain an indication of a target building to use from the user (e.g., based on a current user selection, such as from a displayed list or other user selection mechanism; based on information received in block 605; etc.). Otherwise, if it is determined in block 615 to select one or more target buildings from specified criteria, the routine continues instead to block 625, where it obtains indications of one or more search criteria to use, such as from current user selections or as indicated in the information or instructions received in block 605, and then searches stored information about buildings to determine one or more of the buildings that satisfy the search criteria. In the illustrated embodiment, the routine then further selects a best match target building from the one or more returned buildings (e.g., the returned other building with the highest similarity or other matching rating for the specified criteria, or using another selection technique indicated in the instructions or other information received in block 605).
After blocks 620 or 625, the routine continues to block 635 to retrieve a floor plan for the target building or other generated mapping information for the building, and optionally indications of associated linked information for the building interior and/or a surrounding location external to the building, and selects an initial view of the retrieved information (e.g., a view of the floor plan, a particular room shape, etc.). In block 640, the routine then displays or otherwise presents the current view of the retrieved information, and waits in block 645 for a user selection. After a user selection in block 645, if it is determined in block 650 that the user selection corresponds to adjusting the current view for the current target building (e.g., to change one or more aspects of the current view), the routine continues to block 655 to update the current view in accordance with the user selection, and then returns to block 640 to update the displayed or otherwise presented information accordingly. The user selection and corresponding updating of the current view may include, for example, displaying or otherwise presenting a piece of associated linked information that the user selects (e.g., a particular image associated with a displayed visual indication of a determined acquisition location, such as to overlay the associated linked information over at least some of the previous display), and/or changing how the current view is displayed (e.g., zooming in or out; rotating information if appropriate; selecting a new portion of the floor plan to be displayed or otherwise presented, such as with some or all of the new portion not being previously visible, or instead with the new portion being a subset of the previously visible information; etc.). If it is instead determined in block 650 that the user selection is not to display further information for the current target building (e.g., to display information for another building, to end the current display operations, etc.), the routine continues instead to block 695, and returns to block 605 to perform operations for the user selection if the user selection involves such further operations.
If it is instead determined in block 610 that the instructions or other information received in block 605 are not to present information representing a building, the routine continues instead to block 660 to determine whether the instructions or other information received in block 605 correspond to identifying other images (if any) corresponding to one or more indicated target images, and if continues to blocks 665-670 to perform such activities. In particular, the routine in block 665 receives the indications of the one or more target images for the matching (such as from information received in block 605 or based on one or more current interactions with a user) along with one or more matching criteria (e.g., an amount of visual overlap), and in block 670 identifies one or more other images (if any) that match the indicated target image(s), such as by interacting with the IIMIGM system to obtain the other image(s). The routine then displays or otherwise provides information in block 670 about the identified other image(s), such as to provide information about them as part of search results, to display one or more of the identified other image(s), etc. If it is instead determined in block 660 that the instructions or other information received in block 605 are not to identify other images corresponding to one or more indicated target images, the routine continues instead to block 675 to determine whether the instructions or other information received in block 605 correspond to obtaining and providing feedback during an image acquisition session with respect to one or more indicated target images (e.g., a most recently acquired image), and if so continues to block 680, and otherwise continues to block 690. In block 680, the routine obtains information about an amount of visual overlap and/or other relationship between the indicated target image(s) and other images acquired during the current image acquisition session and/or acquired for the current building, such as by interacting with the IIMIGM system, and displays or otherwise provides feedback in block 680 about the feedback.
In block 690, the routine continues instead to perform other indicated operations as appropriate, such as any housekeeping tasks, to configure parameters to be used in various operations of the system (e.g., based at least in part on information specified by a user of the system, such as a user of a mobile device who acquires one or more building interiors, an operator user of the IIMIGM system, etc., including for use in personalizing information display for a particular user in accordance with his/her preferences), to obtain and store other information about users of the system, to respond to requests for generated and stored information, etc.
Following blocks 670 or 680 or 690, or if it is determined in block 650 that the user selection does not correspond to the current building, the routine proceeds to block 695 to determine whether to continue, such as until an explicit indication to terminate is received, or instead only if an explicit indication to continue is received. If it is determined to continue (including if the user made a selection in block 645 related to a new building to present), the routine returns to block 605 to await additional instructions or information (or to continue directly on to block 635 if the user made a selection in block 645 related to a new building to present), and if not proceeds to step 699 and ends.
Aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. It will be further appreciated that in some implementations the functionality provided by the routines discussed above may be provided in alternative ways, such as being split among more routines or consolidated into fewer routines. Similarly, in some implementations illustrated routines may provide more or less functionality than is described, such as when other illustrated routines instead lack or include such functionality respectively, or when the amount of functionality that is provided is altered. In addition, while various operations may be illustrated as being performed in a particular manner (e.g., in serial or in parallel, or synchronous or asynchronous) and/or in a particular order, in other implementations the operations may be performed in other orders and in other manners. Any data structures discussed above may also be structured in different manners, such as by having a single data structure split into multiple data structures and/or by having multiple data structures consolidated into a single data structure. Similarly, in some implementations illustrated data structures may store more or less information than is described, such as when other illustrated data structures instead lack or include such information respectively, or when the amount or types of information that is stored is altered.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by corresponding claims and the elements recited by those claims. In addition, while certain aspects of the invention may be presented in certain claim forms at certain times, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any available claim form. For example, while only some aspects of the invention may be recited as being embodied in a computer-readable medium at particular times, other aspects may likewise be so embodied.
