Automated polarization correction

Abstract

A chirped pulse amplification system includes one or more polarization compensator configured to compensate for polarization altering elements with the chirped pulse amplification system. The polarization compensator is responsive to a sensor configured to provide feedback to the polarization compensator. In some embodiments, the chirped pulse amplification system further includes a controller configured to automatically adjust the polarization compensator responsive to the sensor. The sensor is optionally a power sensor.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The application is in the field of pulsed laser systems, and more specifically in the field of chirped pulse amplification systems.

2. Related Art

Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is very useful for producing ultrashort-duration high-intensity pulses for use in high peak power ultrashort pulse laser systems. CPA increases the energy of an ultrashort laser pulse while avoiding optical amplifier damage. In this technique, the duration of the pulse is increased by first dispersing the ultrashort laser pulse temporally as a function of wavelength (a process called “chirping”) to produce a chirped pulse, amplifying the chirped pulse, and then recompressing the chirped pulse to significantly shorten its duration. Lengthening the pulse in time reduces the peak power of the pulse and, thus, allows energy to be added to the pulse without reaching a damage threshold of the pulse amplifier and other optical components.

Some elements in a CPA system are polarization sensitive. For example, the performance of a pulse compressor that uses gratings to compress a laser pulse is highly polarization sensitive. Some elements in a CPA system alter polarizing in ways that are not precisely predictable. For example, passage of a pulse through a non polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber optic may alter the polarization of the pulse somewhat. This alteration can include a transformation of the polarization state into linear, circular or elliptical polarization.

The degree to which polarization is altered may be temperature or pulse power dependent, and may, therefore, be time dependent. This is a problem when subsequent elements within the CPA system are polarization sensitive, because their performance may be dependent on, for example, the temperature of polarization altering elements.

There is, therefore, a need for improved methods of managing polarization in CPA systems.

SUMMARY

The invention includes systems and methods of managing polarization in CPA systems. In some embodiments, these systems and methods include automatic polarization compensation after a pulse has passed through a polarization altering optic, and in some embodiments, they include automatic polarization compensation prior to a polarization altering optic. These two approaches are referred to herein as post-compensation and pre-compensation, respectively.

Both approaches to polarization compensation optionally include a method of automatically adjusting a polarization compensation element in response to a signal from a sensor. This adjustment may continue while the CPA system is operated and, thus, be responsive to changes in polarization resulting from time dependent characteristics, such as temperature or pulse power.

Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a source of chirped laser pulses, a pulse amplifier configured to amplify the chirped laser pulses to produce amplified laser pulses, a sensor configured to measure a characteristic of the amplified laser pulses, a variable polarization compensator configured to modify a polarization of the chirped laser pulses, a controller configured to receive an output of the sensor responsive to the characteristic and to control the polarization compensator responsive to the output, and a pulse compressor configured to temporally compress the amplified laser pulses.

Various embodiments of the invention include a method of adjusting a polarization of a laser pulse, the method comprising a) performing a first broad scan using a first birefringent optic to determine a first preferred position, b) selecting a second birefringent optic, c) performing a second broad scan using the second birefringent optic to determine a second preferred position, d) selecting the first birefringent optic, e) performing a narrow scan using the first birefringent optic to determine a third preferred position, f) selecting the second birefringent optic, g) performing a narrow scan using the second birefringent optic to determine a fourth preferred position, and h) directing the laser pulse though the first birefringent optic and the second birefringent optic to adjust the polarization of the laser pulse.

Various embodiments of the invention include a method comprising generating a chirped laser pulse, amplifying the chirped laser pulse, measuring a characteristic of the chirped laser pulse, compressing the chirped laser pulse, and adjusting a polarization of the chirped laser pulse prior to compressing the chirped laser pulse, responsive to the characteristic of the chirped laser pulse.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a chirped pulse amplification system including post amplifier polarization correction, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a chirped pulse amplification system including pre-amplifier polarization correction, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a polarization compensator, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of identifying preferred characteristics of a polarization compensator, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of generating a laser pulse, according to various embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In various embodiments of the invention, a polarization compensator is included in a CPA laser system. The polarization compensator is typically disposed relative to one or more polarization altering elements and a polarization sensitive element of the CPA system. The polarization altering element may be any element, such as an amplifier, that causes an undesirable change in polarization of a light pulse. This change of polarization state may be dependent on factors such as temperature or pulse power. Therefore, the extent of undesirable change in polarization may change over time. The polarization sensitive element is an element whose efficiency is dependent on a proper polarization of input light pulses. For example, the performance of a grating based compressor or isolator is dependent on the polarization of input light. If the input light does not properly match the polarization requirements of a grating compressor, light energy is lost and/or the compression is not as efficient as it could be. This will result in a degradation of the power and quality of output pulses.

In some embodiments, the polarization compensator is disposed between the polarization altering element and the polarization sensitive element. In these embodiments, the polarization compensator is configured to modify polarization so as to compensate for the effects of the polarization altering element after a laser pulse has passed through the polarization altering element. In some embodiments, the polarization compensator is disposed before both the polarization altering element and the polarization sensitive element. In these embodiments, the polarization compensator is configured to pre-compensate the polarization of a laser pulse such that after the laser pulse passes through the polarization altering element the laser pulse has a polarization appropriate for the polarization sensitive element.

The polarization compensator is configured to modify polarization responsive to a controller, which in turn is responsive to a sensor configured to measure one or more characteristics of a laser pulse. The sensor and controller provide a feedback mechanism configured to optimize operation of the polarization compensator and the output of the CPA laser system.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 including post amplifier polarization correction, according to various embodiments of the invention. Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 includes a Seed Source 110 and an optional Stretcher 120. Together, Seed Source 110 and Stretcher 120 form a source of chirped laser pulses. In various embodiments, Seed Source 110 comprises, for example, a ring laser, a laser oscillator, a quasi-continuous wave laser, or the like. Stretcher 120 is configured to stretch a laser pulse in space and time to generate a chirped laser pulse. Stretcher 120 is optional in embodiments wherein Seed Source 110 produces chirped laser pulses directly. Various embodiments of Stretcher 120 include gratings, acousto-optic dispersive filters, tunable filters, a fiber Bragg grating, a Bragg fiber, or the like.

Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 further includes an Amplifier 130 configured to amplify the chirped laser pulse. In various embodiments, Amplifier 130 includes a fiber-amplifier pumped by pump diodes, a semiconductor optical amplifier, a rod-type fiber, bulk solid state amplifier, or the like. For example, in some embodiments, Amplifier 130 includes a solid state optical amplifier, such as Nd:YAG or Yb:YAG. In some embodiments, Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 comprises more than one amplifier. Amplifier 130 can be a polarization changing element in that it may alter the polarization state of a laser pulse during amplification. This change in polarization state may be dependent on power of the laser pulse, temperature of Amplifier 130, stress-induced or vibration-induced birefringence. For example, a change in polarization state may increase over time as the amplification process changes the temperature of Amplifier 130.

Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 further includes a variable Polarization Compensator 140. Polarization compensator is configured to modify a laser pulse polarization. This modification is typically configured to compensate for any change in polarization state caused by Amplifier 130 and/or other elements within Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100. Polarization Compensator 140 can include, for example, a pair of birefringent wave plates, an electro-optic, a liquid crystal, a fiber-based polarization controller, or the like. Polarization Compensator 140 can be either active or passive, and is optionally configured to modify polarization to more than compensate for polarization changes caused by other elements. For example, Polarization Compensator 140 can be configured to compensate for a polarization change caused by another element and also rotate polarization by 90 degrees.

The polarization modification performed by Polarization Compensator 140 is variable. In some embodiments, the modification is varied by changing a position of part of Polarization Compensator 140. For example, a birefringent wave plate may be rotated in order to vary polarization. This rotation may be accomplished using a stepper motor. In some embodiments, the modification is varied by applying an electric or magnetic field to part of Polarization Compensator 140. For example, an electric field may be applied to an electro-optic to vary polarization.

The polarization modification performed by Polarization Compensator 140 is responsive to a Controller 160. Controller 160 is a logic device configured to receive a signal from a Sensor 150, to process the signal from Sensor 150, and to send control signals to Polarization Compensator 140 in response to the processed signal. In some embodiments, Controller 160 is further configured to scan Polarization Compensator 140 so as to identify a preferred state of Polarization Compensator 140. This preferred state may include a preferred position, a preferred electric field, and/or a preferred magnetic field. The preferred state is typically a state that results in a desired characteristic of the output of Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100. Controller 160 includes a microprocessor, electronic circuit, software, firmware, hardware, or the like.

Sensor 150 is configured to determine one or more characteristics of a laser pulse. These characteristics can include, for example, polarization, power, pulse width, beam width, dispersion, mode, or the like. For example, in one embodiment, Sensor 150 includes a power sensor configured to measure a power of a laser pulse and to provide a signal to Controller 160 representative of the measured power.

Typically, Sensor 150 and Polarization Compensator 140 are separated by one, two or more polarization sensitive elements of Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100. For example, in the embodiments illustrated by FIG. 1, Polarization Compensator 140 and Sensor 150 are separated by a Pulse Compressor 170. Pulse Compressor 170 may include, for example a grating pair, a Treacy compressor, a fiber Bragg grating, a Bragg fiber, a volume Bragg grating or the like. Sensor 150 is disposed to provide feedback to Polarization Compensator 140 responsive to the output of the polarization sensitive element. In some embodiments, this feedback is used to adjust Polarization Compensator 140 so as to optimize the output of the polarization sensitive element. Other polarization sensitive elements that may be disposed between Polarization Compensator 140 and Sensor 150 include polarizers, mirrors, faraday rotators, diffractive optical elements, or the like. Polarization Compensator 140 is optionally integrated with Amplifier 130. For example, both Polarization compensator 140 and Amplifier 130 may include optical fibers directly coupled to each other.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating alternative embodiments of Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 including pre-amplifier polarization correction. In these embodiments, Polarization Compensator 140 is disposed before Amplifier 130 and is configured to pre-compensate a laser pulse such that the pulse has a preferred polarization after passing through Amplifier 130. If Polarization Compensator 140 is disposed prior to Amplifier 130 then Polarization Compensator 140 need not be configured to handle the energies of amplified pulses.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of Polarization Compensator 140, according to various embodiments of the invention. In these particular embodiments, Polarization Compensator 140 includes a pair of birefringent Wave Plates 310A and 310B disposed within a Path 320 of a laser pulse. Typically, one of Wave Plates 310A is a quarter-wave plate, while the other is a half-wave plate. Wave Plates 310A and 310 B are birefringent in that they have an angle dependent index of refraction. Thus, the index of refraction in a First Axis 330A is different from the index of refraction in a Second Axis 330B. Modification of the polarization of a laser pulse is dependent on the relative angles between the polarization of the laser pulse, First Axis 330A and Second Axis 330B. To vary the modification of the polarization of the laser pulse, Wave Plates 310A and 310B are each independently rotated in the plane defined by First Axis 330A and Second Axis 330B. While Wave Plates 310A and 310B are illustrated in FIG. 3 include a rectangular shape, alternative embodiments include square, circular or other shapes.

Wave Plates 310A and 310B are typically rotated using a stepper motor, a piezoelectric, an electric, magnetic or pneumatic actuator, or the like. For example, in some embodiments each of Wave Plates 310A and 310B are rotated using a stepper motor (not shown). Because each of Wave Plates 310A and 310B are optionally configured to be rotated a full 360 degrees, the stepper motor does not necessarily need a positioning encoder.

Wave Plates 310A and 310B are optionally disposed such that Path 320 strikes each at an angle slightly off normal to a Front Surface 340.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of identifying preferred characteristics of Wave Plates 310A and 310B, according to various embodiments of the invention. This method includes an iterative process in which each of Wave Plates 310A and 310B are independently moved to identify a series of progressively better positions. In a Full Scan Step 410, Wave Plate 310A is rotated to identify a preferred position. This rotation may be as much as 180 or 360 degrees. During the rotation the output signal of Sensor 150 is monitored and a maximum (or minimum) in a pulse characteristic (e.g., power or polarization) is identified. The number of degrees by which Wave Plate 310A is rotated is typically sufficient to identify the maximum. In some embodiments, this includes a rotation of at least 45 degrees. The position of Wave Plate 310A at which this maximum (or minimum) occurs is considered a preferred position for Wave Plate 310A. This position is dependent on the position of Wave Plate 310B during Full Scan Step 410. In most embodiments, only one of Wave Plates 310A and 310B is moved at the same time. Typically, Full Scan Step 410 results in a significant variation in the output of Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100.

In a Switch Plate Step 420, the Wave Plate 310B is selected for movement. Because, only one of Wave Plate 310A and 310B are typically moved at the same time, Switch Plate Step 420 optionally includes switching a single stepper motor driver from a stepper motor associated with Wave Plate 310A to a stepper motor associated with Wave Plate 310B.

In a Full Scan Step 430, Wave Plate 310B is rotated to identify a preferred position of Wave Plate 310B. This rotation may be as much as 180 or 360 degrees, and in some embodiments, at least 45 degrees. As in Full Scan Step 410, the output signal of Sensor 150 is monitored and a maximum (or minimum) in a pulse characteristic is identified. This maximum (or minimum) is considered a preferred position for Wave Plate 310B.

In a Switch Plate Step 440, Wave Plate 310A is selected for movement.

In a Reduced Scan Step 450, Wave Plate 310A is again rotated in order to find a new preferred position. Reduced Scan Step 450 typically includes less rotation of Wave Plate 310A than Full Scan Step 410. For example, in various embodiments, Reduced Scan Step 450 includes rotations of less than 45, 30, 20 10 and 5 degrees. Because of the movement of Wave Plate 310B that took place in Full Scan Step 430, the preferred position of Wave Plate 310A that was found in Full Scan Step 410 is normally different from the new preferred position of Wave Plate 310A that is found in Reduced Scan Step 450.

In a Switch Plate Step 460, Wave Plate 310B is selected for movement.

In a Reduced Scan 470, Wave Plate 310B is again rotated in order to find a new preferred position. Reduced Scan Step 470 typically includes less rotation of Wave Plate 310B than Full Scan Step 430. For example, in various embodiments, Reduced Scan Step 450 includes rotations of less than 45, 30, 20 10 and 5 degrees.

In a Switch Plate Step 480, Wave Plate 310A is selected for movement. Steps 450-480 are then optionally repeated. In various embodiments, Steps 450-480 are repeated on a periodic basis, e.g., at least every 5 seconds, 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, 2 minutes, 5 minutes or 10 minutes. In some embodiments, steps 450-480 are repeated until a desired pulse power is achieved. The rotation in Reduced Scan Steps 450 and 470 typically result in less of an impact in the output of Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 than the rotation in Full Scan Steps 410 and 430. As such, Steps 450-480 are optionally performed while the output of Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 is being applied to an end use.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of generating a laser pulse, according to various embodiments of the invention. This method includes generating one or more laser pulses, passing the one or more laser pulses through an element that causes a change in polarization state of the laser pulses, measuring the one or more laser pulses to identify a preferred modification of the polarization state, and modifying the polarization state to compensate for the change in polarization state. While the method illustrated by FIG. 5 is discussed in terms of a single pulse, the method is typically applied to a series of pulses such that steps performed in response to a first pulse effect subsequent pulses.

In a Generate Chirped Pulse Step 510, at least one chirped laser pulse is generated. This pulse may be generated using Seed Source 110 and Stretcher 120, or using an alternative source of chirped laser pulses.

In an Amplify Pulse Step 520, the chirped pulse generated in Generate Chirped Pulse Step 510 is amplified using Amplifier 130. This amplification process may result in a change in the state of polarization of the laser pulse.

In a Measure Pulse Step 530, the amplified pulse is measured using Sensor 150. This measurement may include a power measurement, a polarization measurement, a pulse width measurement, a mode measurement, and/or the like.

In an Adjust Polarization Step 540, Polarization Compensator 140 is adjusted, for example using Steps 450-480 of FIG. 4, responsive to the measurement made in Measure Pulse Step 530. This adjustment results in a change in the polarization of subsequent pulses.

In a Compress Step 550, the chirped pulse is compressed using Pulse Compressor 170.

The order of the steps illustrated in FIG. 5 can vary significantly in different embodiments of the invention. For example, Measure Pulse Step 530 may occur before or after Compress Pulse Step 550. Adjust Polarization Step 540 may occur before or after Amplify Pulse Step 520. Typically, Measure Pulse Step 530 is applied to a first pulse and the effect of Adjust Polarization Step 540 is experienced by a second subsequent pulse.

Several embodiments are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations are covered by the above teachings and within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope thereof. For example, Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 may include a plurality of Polarization Compensator 140 and/or a plurality of Sensor 150. Chirped Pulse Amplification System 100 may include a delivery fiber and Sensor 150 may be configured to measure a characteristic of a pulse after the pulse passes through the delivery or compressor fiber.

The embodiments discussed herein are illustrative of the present invention. As these embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to illustrations, various modifications or adaptations of the methods and or specific structures described may become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such modifications, adaptations, or variations that rely upon the teachings of the present invention, and through which these teachings have advanced the art, are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Hence, these descriptions and drawings should not be considered in a limiting sense, as it is understood that the present invention is in no way limited to only the embodiments illustrated.

Claims

1. A system comprising: a source of chirped laser pulses;a variable polarization compensator configured to modify a polarization of the chirped laser pulses;a single-pass pulse amplifier configured to alter polarization of the entire chirped laser pulses without optical feedback and to amplify the chirped laser pulses modified by the variable polarization compensator to produce amplified laser pulses, the variable polarization compensator modification configured to compensate for a change in polarization state caused by the pulse amplifier;a polarization sensor configured to measure the polarization state of the amplified laser pulses;a controller configured to receive an output of the polarization sensor responsive to the measured polarization and to control the variable polarization compensator responsive to the output; anda pulse compressor configured to temporally compress the amplified laser pulses.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator is disposed to pre-compensate the chirped laser pulses before the chirped laser pulses are amplified by the pulse amplifier.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator is disposed to modify the polarization of the chirped laser pulses after the chirped laser pulses are amplified by the pulse amplifier and before the chirped laser pulses are compressed using the pulse compressor.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator is disposed to modify the polarization of the chirped laser pulses after the chirped laser pulses are amplified by the pulse amplifier and after the chirped laser pulses are compressed using the pulse compressor.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the source of chirped laser pulses includes a pulse stretcher.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the pulse amplifier includes a fiber amplifier.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the pulse compressor includes a Bragg fiber.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator includes a birefringent optic.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator includes two birefringent plates.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator includes two birefringent plates configured to be moved using a single controller.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the variable polarization compensator includes an electro-optic or a liquid crystal.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the variable polarization compensator on a periodic basis at least every 5 minutes.

13. A method comprising: generating a chirped laser pulse;amplifying the chirped laser pulse with a single-pass amplifier that excludes optical feedback;measuring the polarization of the chirped laser pulse;compressing the chirped laser pulse; andadjusting a polarization of the entire chirped laser pulse prior to compressing the chirped laser pulse, responsive to the polarization characteristic of the chirped laser pulse.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein generating the chirped laser pulse includes stretching a seed pulse.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of amplifying the chirped laser pulse includes using a fiber amplifier.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of amplifying the chirped laser pulse includes using a rod-type fiber.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of amplifying the chirped laser pulse includes using a bulk solid state amplifier.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of compressing the chirped laser pulse is performed using a polarization sensitive device.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of measuring a characteristic of the chirped laser pulse is performed before the step of compressing the chirped pulse.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of measuring a characteristic of the chirped laser pulse is performed after the step of compressing the chirped pulse.

21. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of amplifying the chirped laser pulse is performed after the step of adjusting the polarization.

22. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adjusting the polarization is performed after the step of amplifying the chirped laser pulse.