Patent Application
20210033634
The present invention concerns the technical field of volumetric measurement and volumetric instruments and provides novel devices and methods for the determination of the volume of a fluid.
A trend in biotechnology and chemistry is to use smaller and smaller amounts of liquid in order to use expensive substances effectively or to be able to carry out as many tests as possible from often limited sample quantities (volumes). Other trends include the automation and parallelization of experiments. Volumetric instruments should therefore deliver ever smaller volumes. In order to be able to precisely calibrate volumetric instruments, the test methods must be able to produce reliable results in these volume ranges.
Volumetric measurement is essential in the chemical or biological laboratory. In modern micro-scale applications, for example in microbiology, genetics or tissue engineering, there is a high demand for the dispensing of small volumes of liquids at high precision and accuracy. Furthermore, modern chemical and biological laboratory practice mainly relies on disposables such as vials, reaction cup or multiwell-plates, for the handling of fluids. Such disposables are generally not very accurate when used for determining the volume of a fluid contained therein. There is a need for single or repeated determination of the actual volume contained within such a disposable vessel. Furthermore, accurate volumetric measurements are essential for known techniques of quantitative chemical analysis, such as titration, and are useable in automated titration devices.
Common automated fluid dispensing devices, such as micro-pipettes and the like, need to be initially tested in production and then periodically calibrated to ensure precise dosing of fluids. In any case, measuring instruments have to be monitored to confirm the instruments' accuracy or to document measuring uncertainty. For example, in the medical and pharmaceutical field, for the manufacture and testing for medicinal products, but also for diagnostic uses there are regulations that calibration certificates are to be issued and conformity of calibration are issued on a periodic base. Relevant standards for the calibration of volumetric instruments are the ISO 8655 and IWA 15: 2015, where the ISO 8655 for manual volumetric instruments application, such as pipettes, and the IWA 15: 2015 for automatic devices.
The preferred method for volumetric calibration according to ISO 8655 is gravimetry, i.e. the determination of a volume of a liquid by means of weighing the liquid. Here, the volume is calculated from the density of the liquid and its weight. This method is the more difficult to perform and more prone to errors, the smaller the volumes to be determined. In addition to the environmental conditions, such as location, temperature, humidity, the evaporation has a significant impact on the measurement result. These parameters are partly included in the calculation. The gravimetric process is time consuming and difficult to automate. Automated devices where volumetry is performed by means of photometric methods are mostly given preference over the gravimetric method. The photometric method is better suited for automation. The volume is determined according to Lambert-Beer's law, i.e. calculated via the absorption of a known dye, the concentration and the thickness of the measuring cuvette. As with the gravimetric method, the volume is also indirectly determined here.
There is a need for an improved volumetric device that can be automatically operated and is capable of measuring small laboratory scale fluid volumes with high accuracy and high reproducibility at high speed. Particularly, there is a need for an automated volumetric device that is capable of high -throughput and/or parallel measurement, in disposables and multiwell-plates.
The present invention solves the underlying technical problem by means of a device and method where defined sub-volumes, i.e. aliquots, are generated from the total fluid volume to be determined. These sub-volumes are either detected by a detector and counted or may be dispensed and printed in the form of an array on a sample carrier and the spots obtained on the carrier are counted. From the number of sub-volumes counted the original total volume of the fluid is calculated. Thus, the present invention advantageously allows for easy volumetric metering of an unknown volume of a fluid by dividing the total volume of the fluid into a plurality of basically uniform partial volumes of known, i.e. pre-determined, volume and to count the number of partials to derive the total volume of the fluid therefrom. The metering device of the present invention particularly takes advantage of a quantizing device capable of quickly and reliably forming uniform volume fractions of a total volume. The volumetric device of the present invention is primarily apt for fluids in laboratory scale, i.e. small, volumes, particularly in the range of 100 μL to 1 mL. which is present or is received in a small vessel, such as a vial or reaction cup. The volumetric device of the present invention is useable for biological cell and tissue culture applications and for micro-scale chemical reactions. The volumetric device is primarily useable for automated volumetry of total volumes of a fluid for use in automated determination of unknown volumes of fluids and/or for single or periodic testing and/or calibration of fluid dispensing or metering devices such as micro-pipettes or automated multi-channel dispensers.
In a first aspect, there is provided a volumetric device for the automated measurement of the total volume of a fluid. According to the invention the volumetric device comprises:
In particular, the device comprises at least one vessel, such as a fixed fluid receiver or an exchangeable or detachable disposable such as reaction tubes, vials, cups and multiwell-plates. This at least one vessel is specifically designed for receiving the fluid to be metered. In the alternative, the device provides at least one holder for receiving at least one of said exchangeable or detachable vessels which may receive or may already contain the fluid to be metered. According to the invention, the device comprises at least one quantizing device which is integrated within the at least one vessel to receive all fluid from the vessel and to quantize all of the fluid into a plurality of uniform partial volumes, i.e. aliquots of the total volume of the fluid. This quantizing device is further characterized in that it is capable of repetitively releasing a plurality of droplets, wherein each droplet contains said uniform partial volume from said total volume to be determined. The device further comprises at least one detector or an arrangement of detectors for individually detecting each droplet of the plurality of droplets released from the quantizing device, and it further comprises a counter which is in signal-connection to the at least one detector for counting each droplet event detected by said detector.
Basically, the accuracy of the volumetric measurement depends on the size of the partial volume, i.e. aliquot, generated by the quantizing device. The time necessary to perform the volumetric measurement primarily depends on the frequency the quantizing device to form partial volumes from the total volume of the fluid. A vessel and quantizing device without any residual volume after emptying is practically unattainable. As appreciated by the skilled person it is not essential that the device is in fact dead volume free, in the context of the present invention the phrases “receiving all fluid from the vessel” and “quantizing all fluid” does not necessarily require, but yet it is preferred, that the vessel is completely emptied from the fluid and no remainder of the fluid to be metered remains un-quantized. Rather it is required that, in particular in repeated use of the device, in the vessel there is always left the same residual amount or dead volume of the fluid. It is to be understood that (1) if the residual volume is known and (2) the more “systematic” such residual volume is reproduced in the device in repeated measurements, the more accurately the device can perform volume measurement task.
In particular, the quantizing device is a capillary valve, comprising at least one capillary to hold the fluid within the capillary by means of cohesive and adhesive forces with the fluid and at the interface between the capillary wall and the fluid. The capillary valve is normally closed in that it does not lead the fluid through the capillary when no pressure is applied to the fluid. For example, in a gravity-fed system, the fluid rests above the capillary valve, but the hydrostatic pressure at the site of the capillary does not exceed the resistance to flow within the capillary and thus, the fluid does not flow through the capillary. By applying additional pressure to the fluid on the capillary, the resistance to flow is overcome and the fluid flows through the capillary as long as this additional pressure is maintained. Hence, the capillary valve can be opened by applying additional pressure, primarily in the form of one or more pulses of pressure, to the fluid at the capillary and thereby driving portions of the fluid, in particular, one or more droplets of the fluid through the capillary valve, each time the fluid pressure exceeds a certain level. In a particular embodiment, each pressure pulse applied to the fluid results in the release of a single droplet of uniform partial volume of the fluid. Alternatively, more than one pressure pulse is applied in series or in a burst to effect the release of a single droplet of said partial volume.
The amount of the uniform partial volume of each droplet, i.e. aliquot, can be pre-determined by selection of the dimensions of the capillary, but is also dependent on the molecular and electronic forces at the interface between the walls of the capillary and the fluid, and is also dependent on the viscosity of the fluid. The amount of the uniform partial can also be pre-determined by selection of the characteristics, i.e. time course and/or amplitude, of the one or more pressure pulse applied. Typical partial volumes range from about 1 nL to about 100 nL.
According to the invention, the vessel contained or received in the volumetric device of the present invention has an open top side for providing access to the fluid contained therein and a bottom tip for the release of the fluid. The bottom tip comprises or consists of the quantizing device, which preferably is in the form of a capillary valve. Accordingly, the capillary valve is integrated into the bottom tip of the vessel. A particular embodiment thereof, the vessel is a disposable vial or reaction cup or a multiwell-plate where in the bottom tip at least one capillary is formed. In this particular embodiment, the vessel with the integrated capillary valve form a dispensing nozzle and thus the basic elements of the quantizing device. In this embodiment, the quantizing device is substantially comprised of the vessel as such and the capillary valve formed in the bottom tip of the vessel. To complete the functional element of the quantizing device, a pressure generator, more particular a pulse generator, is present. The embodiment thereof according to the invention is described in the following.
According to the invention, the volumetric device further comprises a driver head which is attachable to the vessel, in particular to the open top end of the vessel. The driver head is specifically designed for rapid application of individual pressure pulses onto the fluid contained in the vessel. Particularly, once the vessel receives the fluid to be measured and/or the vessel containing the fluid is received in the holder of the device, the driver head can swivel over the vessel and can be brought in connection to the vessel to seal the volume of the vessel for applying pressure pulses onto the fluid contained in the vessel. In a preferred embodiment, the driver head comprises at least one pressure driver to generate one or more pulses of increased pressure, which is selected from electromagnetic or electrodynamic or piezo-electric membrane pumps and from a valve or valve assembly that is operable to temporarily connect to a pressure accumulator tank.
In preferred embodiments, the droplet detector is selected from the group consisting of: light detectors, photoelectric barriers, capacitive sensors and piezoelectric sensors and combinations of any two or three thereof.
In a particular embodiment, the volumetric device of the present invention further comprises a receiver vessel for receiving the plurality of droplets released from the quantizing device. In a preferred variant thereof, the receiver vessel is detachable from the device.
In a particular embodiment, the volumetric device of the present invention further comprises a microcontroller, which is programmed to calculate the total volume of the fluid from the total number of droplets of partial volume, given the predetermined partial volume of each droplet.
In a second aspect, there is provided a method of determining the total volume of a fluid, the method comprising the step (a): receiving the fluid to be metered in a vessel, and step (b): emptying and concomitantly, i.e. at the same time and instance, quantizing all of said total volume from the vessel by repeated action, thus to produce a plurality of droplets of uniform partial volume (aliquot), until all volume of fluid (10) is released. In step (b) the fluid is quantized into the plurality of uniform partial volumes by means of repeated micro-dosing steps, each micro-dosing step yielding one quantum of said partial volume. In step (c) each of said droplets is individually detecting and counting as it is released in step (b) or afterwards. In step (d) the total volume of the fluid is automatically calculated from the total number of all droplets that have been dosed, released, detected and counted during steps (b) and (c).
Accordingly, the uniform partial volume is the volume of one droplet. One droplet may have a volume of 5 nL to 50 nL. A typical and preferred droplet volume is about 10 nL. Accordingly, the uniform partial volume is the volume of one droplet. The total volume of the fluid, i.e. liquid, to be determined typically ranges from about 1 mL to 100 μL. Thus it is preferred that the uniform partial volume, i.e. the droplet volume, ranges is from 1/10,000 to 1/1,000,000, more particularly from 1/100,000 to 1/1,000,000, of the expected total volume of the fluid to be measured.
According to the invention, the fluid is quantized in step (b) by repeated dosing steps, wherein each one dosing step includes the step (b1): to apply one or more pressure pulse to the fluid, and step (b2): to thus drive a fraction of said fluid through a capillary valve, which is integrated into the vessel, preferably in the bottom tip of the vessel, to produce one droplet of said uniform partial volume.
Particularly, step (c) includes step (c1): detecting the incidence of a droplet released in step (b) and counting each incidence, and step (c2): determining the individual speed of each droplet released in step (b). Particularly, step (d) includes step (d1): automatically calculating the actual individual volume of each detected droplet from the individual speed of said droplet, and step (d2): automatically calculating the total volume of the fluid from the total number of droplets detected in step (c) and from the actual individual volumes of the droplets calculated in step (d1).
Alternatively preferred, step (c) includes step (c3): receiving all volume of each droplet (11) released in step (b) on a movable surface or carrier, and step (c4) controlled moving of the surface after each droplet (11) received so as to generate an array of stains, each stain being preferably located at a predetermined array position on said surface, and step (c5): automatically analyzing a two-dimensional profile of light density or light transmission of said array if stains to count the stains and thus to determine the total number of droplets released and/or to determine the size of each stain and thus to determine the actual individual volume of the droplets released.
By that the individual volume of each droplet dispensed can be determined, which increases the precision of the measurement over the mere assumption that each droplet has the same uniform partial volume by about 10 times. More particularly, the predetermined uniform partial volume determines the range or order of magnitude of the aliquot or quantum only. The determination of the actual individual volume of each droplet allows an individual adaptation of the size of each quantum in terms of fractions of each quantum and thereby allows for a more precise measurement.
According to the small dimensions of the dosing and metering devices of the present invention, a plurality of such metering devices can be arranged at small distances to one another. The device of the invention thus can easily be parallelized, for example, common 8-channel pipettes have a distance of the dosing channels of 9 mm. Such standard dimensions for a parallel arrangement can be easily adopted by the device of the invention. There is thus provided a device for parallel, i.e. multichannel, dosing and parallel simultaneous metering of fluids.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides the use of the volumetric device of the invention for the purpose of single or periodic volume calibration of fluid dispensing metering devices.
The invention also concerns the following aspects:
In a first particular aspect, there is provided a volumetric device for the automated measurement of the total volume of a fluid comprising: a vessel for receiving the fluid or a holder for receiving a vessel containing the fluid; and a quantizing device, which is in direct fluid-connection to or integrated within the vessel for receiving all fluid from the vessel and quantizing all fluid into a plurality of uniform partial volumes and repetitively releasing a plurality of droplets, each of said uniform partial volume; and a detector for individually detecting each droplet of the plurality of droplets released from the quantizing device; and a counter in signal-connection to the detector for counting each droplet event detected.
In a second particular aspect, there is provided the device of this first particular aspect, wherein the quantizing device is a capillary valve normally closed and drivable to open by individual pressure pulses applicable to the fluid, thereby releasing each one droplet of uniform partial volume upon one or more pressure pulse applied.
In a third particular aspect, there is provided the device of this first or second particular aspect, wherein the vessel has an open top end for access to the fluid contained therein and a bottom tip for the release of the fluid.
In a forth particular aspect, there is provided the device of this third particular aspect, wherein the quantizing device is integrated into the bottom tip of the vessel.
In a fifth particular aspect, there is provided the device of this forth particular aspect, this device further comprising a driver head attachable directly to the open top end of the vessel for repetitive application of individual pressure pulses onto the fluid contained in the vessel.
In a sixth particular aspect, there is provided the device of any one of the first to fifth particular aspects, wherein the droplet detector is selected from the group consisting of: light detectors, photoelectric barriers, capacitive sensors and piezoelectric sensors and combinations of any two or three thereof.
In a seventh particular aspect, there is provided the device of any one of the first to sixth particular aspects, this device further comprising a receiver vessel for receiving the plurality of droplets released from the from the quantizing device, the receiver vessel optionally being detachable from the volumetric device.
In an eighth particular aspect, there is provided the device of any one of the first to seventh particular aspects, this device further comprising a microcontroller, programmed to calculate the total volume of the fluid from the total number of droplets of partial volume of said fluid, given the predetermined partial volume of each droplet.
In a ninth particular aspect, there is provided the device of any one of the first to eighth particular aspects, wherein the at least one exchangeable vessel to be received within the holder is selected from the group of disposable containers comprising: reaction tubes, vials, cups and multiwell-plates.
In a tenth particular aspect, there is provided a method of volumetric measurement of the total volume of a fluid, comprising the steps of step (a) of receiving the fluid to be metered in a vessel; step (b) of emptying and concomitantly quantizing all of said fluid from the vessel repeatedly to produce a plurality of droplets of uniform partial volume until all volume of fluid is released, wherein the fluid is quantized into the plurality of uniform partial volumes by means of repeated dosing steps, each dosing step yielding one quantum of said partial volume; and step (c) of individual detecting and counting each of said droplets released in step (b); and step (d) of automatic calculating the total volume of the fluid from the total number of all droplets that have been dosed, released, detected and counted during steps (b) and (c).
In an eleventh particular aspect, there is provided the method of the tenth particular aspect, wherein in step (b) the uniform partial volume is from 1/100 to 1/10,000 of the expected total volume of the fluid to be metered.
In a twelfth particular aspect, there is provided the method of the tenth or eleventh particular aspect, wherein in step (b) the fluid is quantized by repeated dosing steps, wherein each one dosing step includes the steps of step (b1) of applying one or more pressure pulse to the fluid and thus step (b2) of driving a fraction of said fluid through a capillary valve to produce one droplet of said uniform partial volume.
In a thirteenth particular aspect, there is provided the method of any one of the tenth to twelfth particular aspects, wherein step (c) includes the steps of: step (c1) of detecting the incidence of a droplet released in step (b) and counting each incidence, and step (c2) of determining the individual speed of each droplet released in step (b); and wherein step (d) includes the steps of: step (d1) of automatically calculating the actual individual volume of each detected droplet from the individual speed of said droplet, and step (d2) of automatically calculating the total volume of the fluid from the total number of droplets detected in step (c) and from the actual individual volumes of the droplets calculated in step (d1).
In a fourteenth particular aspect, there is provided the method of any one of the tenth to thirteenth particular aspects, wherein step (c) includes the steps of: step (c3) of receiving all volume of each droplet released in step (b) on a movable surface, step (c4) of controlled moving of the surface after each droplet received so as to generate an array of stains, each stain preferably located at a predetermined array position on said surface, and step (c5) of automatically analyzing a two-dimensional profile of light density or light transmission of said array if stains to count the stains and thus to determine the total number of droplets released and/or to determine the size of each stain and thus to determine the actual individual volume of the droplets released.
In a fifteenth particular aspect, there is provided the use of the volumetric device of any one of the first to ninth particular aspects for the single or periodic volume calibration of a fluid dispensing metering device.
The present invention and particular embodiments thereof are explained in more detail in the following:
The device may comprise of the following components: a compressed air device with preset pressure-stable air (at least 3 MPa), a driver head, containing the pressure pulse generator connected to the air device, the driver head can be bent upwards and away from the vessel into a resting non-operating state, a sealing and management of the pressure pulse, a pressure-pulse driven dispensing nozzle, a detection device for detecting the drops, a waste container to catch the released drops.
The quantizing device may consist of a dosing nozzle in particular a conical vessel with a precisely made capillary opening in the bottom. The opening is circular and preferably has a diameter of 60 μm. Due to the capillary action in the opening, a liquid with appropriate surface tension cannot flow through the opening under balanced pressure conditions. The pressure pulse generator is preferably designed as a 3/2-way valve with a quick-switching function. In the switched-off state, the space above the liquid of the metering nozzle is connected to the environment and the pressure conditions are balanced. By means of a short (500 to 1000 ms) closure of the valve, the space is connected to the applied compressed air and there flows compressed air from the upstream compressed air device through the valve. Since the valve is switched only briefly and the space above the metering nozzle is directly switched back to the environment, the short switching creates a pressure pulse wave, which is introduced from the valve into the vessel of the vessel and nozzle of the quantizing device. The liquid in the dosing nozzle receives a shock from the pressure wave, the capillary force in the nozzle tip is overcome and a drop is metered from the nozzle, i.e. the vessel comprising the nozzle. The opening in the bottom of the vessel thus has the function of a threshold valve. With clearly defined preconditions: liquid properties, length of the pressure wave, height of the applied pre-pressure, etc., the volume of the drop is highly accurate and reproducible. Repeated application of the pressure wave repeated drops are delivered.
By a conical inlet of the metering nozzle to the bottom opening and by hydrophobic surface properties in the interior of the metering nozzle, this can be completely emptied in the way. The total volume filled can thus be divided into a defined number of small drops. For a high precision, a very high accuracy of the metering nozzle opening is required.
The ideal metering nozzle is therefore constructed so that the body of the vessel is made of plastic. In the bottom of the vessel is a silicon wafer, which is injection-molded by injection molding. In the middle of the plate is the hole with the appropriate diameter. In silicon, the hole can be made with high precision etching. The ideal dosing liquid optimally flows from above into the capillary, so that the dosing nozzle can be completely emptied.
In order to support this, it may be advantageous if the liquid 1 is covered with a second liquid. The liquid 2 can therefore not mix with liquid 2 and has a lower density, so it floats on top. By this effect, the upper liquid acts as a flexible cylinder, which presses the liquid to be measured 1 in the direction of metering. So it is ensured that liquid 1 can be completely printed until only liquid 2 is present in the well.
The dosing nozzle i.e. the vessel can be intended for single use. To allow the nozzle to be refilled, the metering nozzle can be removed from the device. For this purpose, a movable drawer device with a holder is preferably provided. The drawer device may receive the vessel or nozzle as well as the waste container and the detection device. These parts thus can be easily removed from the device. To accomplish this, the vessel and dosing nozzle are disconnectible from the pressure pulse generator. The pressure pulse generator is located in a driver head that can lift up or fold away. In a preferred embodiment, the driver head is suspended on a hinge which is preferably located at the rear of the actual device. The driver head's arm may be hinged about a spring. In operation, the driver head with the pressure pulse generator is pressed in the closed state by gravity and/or spring tension onto the top side of the vessel and seals it by a sealing ring, which sits flush on the upper edge of the vessel. In the resting phase, the driver head is pushed upwards and held by means of an electromagnet arranged below. The seal is separated from the vessel and the drawer can be moved out to the front of the device. When the drawer is moved out, both the vessel and nozzle and the waste container can be exchanged.
Residual fluid films, pots in edges and undercuts, aerosol formations during dosing or evaporation in the time between filling and measurement result in residual volumes in a vessel and/or quantizing device. This is to be avoided. Therefore, the device is constructed so that—the residual volume in the dosing vessel is as small as possible and—the residual volume in the same device under controllable environmental conditions is always reproducibly the same and thus gives a systematic error which can be corrected by calculation. To ensure this, the following features, alone or in combination, of the dosing vessel and quantizing device are preferred:
In a particular embodiment the vessel and quantizing device is specifically designed and formed, that the capillary in the bottom automatically sucks liquid as soon as the vessel is filled with liquid and that the capillary in always in fluidic contact with any possible residual volume in the vessel. It is to be avoided that this fluidic contact is interrupted, for example, by an air bubble formed at the bottom of the vessel in vicinity of the capillary. Such bubble would lead to a random error, since during dosing some residual volume is prevented from entering the capillary and will be disadvantageously retained in the vessel. It is thus preferred that inside geometry of the dosing vessel shows a steady surface, i.e having no edges or corners in which liquid droplets could be retained. In a preferred embodiment the inside geometry of the dosing vessel is rotationally symmetrical and conically tapers towards onto the bottom tip and the capillary, so that the capillary “suction” is intensified downwards by means of gravity and an uniform trailing of the residual liquid is ensured. It is particularly preferred that shortly above the actual capillary, the vessel's inside is still shaped so wide that it can be filled with a hand-held pipette so as to ensure that the fluid to be metered is dispensed from the pipette into the vessel of the metering device as close as possible to the capillary, to ensure during the initial filling with a pipette that the liquid is already in contact with the capillary and without the occurrence of any air bubbles.
For feeding of all the liquid contained in the vessel into the capillary also the wetting properties of the surfaces of the metering vessel are important. In the case of water, hydrophilic properties with a small contact angle are ideal for the capillary. With larger diameters in the vessel, hydrophobic properties with a larger contact angle promote feeding of fluid onto the capillary by gravity. In a preferred embodiment it is provided that the larger the diameter of the vessel wall and the larger the distance above the capillary, the wetting angle between the fluid and the vessel inner surface is decreasing to support full emptying of the vessel. The closer to the capillary, the wetting angle is increasing to support safe feeding of the fluid into the capillary.
Thus in a preferred embodiment, the vessel has a hydrophobic inner surface in a region toward its top end and has a hydrophilic inner surface in a region toward its bottom tip. The wetting angle in the hydrophobic region is preferably about 60°-90°.
In a preferred embodiment the metering method, the vessel is pre-filled with another fluid of similar physical and chemical characteristics of the fluid of interest and then the vessel is emptied by performing the dosing process until all retrievable fluid is emptied from the vessel, except for an unavoidable residual volume which may remain in the dosing system i.e. vessel and quantizing device, i.e. in particular the capillary valve. After that preceding measure any residual volume of the system is compensated and the fluid of interest is dispensed for the actual metering of its volume according to the method described herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18154963.5 | Feb 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/052436 | 1/31/2019 | WO | 00 |
