Patent Application
20110264280
The disclosure relates generally to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems for conditioning the air of an inside space of a building or other structure, and more particularly, to demand control ventilation systems.
Most modern buildings use some sort of an HVAC system to control the environment conditions inside of the building. Such HVAC systems can be configured to control a number of different environmental conditions including, for example, temperature, humidity, air quality and/or other environmental conditions, as desired. In many HVAC systems, air from the building's inside space is drawn into return ducts and provided back to the HVAC system, where the return air is conditioned and provided back to the inside space. To meet desired ventilation requirements, some HVAC systems include a demand control ventilation system (DCV). DCV systems often include an exhaust port for exhausting at least some of the return air to the outside environment, and/or an intake port for bringing fresh air into the HVAC system. In some instances, a damper system is provided to control how much return air is exhausted and/or how much outside air is brought into the building. In many instances, the air supplied by the HVAC system to the inside space can be a mixture of fresh outside air and return air, depending on the conditions.
In some cases, an exhaust and/or intake port can be part of an economizer unit, which in some instances can help provide the demand control ventilation function. That is, in addition to providing a desired level of ventilation to the building, such an economizer may, under certain conditions, act as a first stage of cooling to help decrease energy usage of the HVAC system. In one example, an economizer may draw in cooler outside air to provide essentially “free” cooling during some cooling cycles.
In many cases, economizer/DCV systems (e.g. >60%) are not properly calibrated during the commissioning process, or are never commissioned at all. Calibration during the commissioning process can be considered complicated and time consuming for a typical installation technician. Even if properly calibrated during the commissioning process, the calibration may be completed under certain environmental conditions. Over time, and as the environmental conditions or the performance of the system components changes, the initial calibration may become less than optimal.
The disclosure relates generally to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems for conditioning the air of an inside space of a building or other structure, and more particularly, to demand control ventilation systems that are capable of drawing outside air into an HVAC air stream. In some illustrative embodiments, the demand control ventilation system may be automatically calibrated from time to time. This may help keep the operation of the demand control ventilation system relatively optimized over time and under changing conditions.
In an illustrative but non-limiting example, a Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) system for a building may include a damper for controlling a flow of outside air into the building, and a controller for controlling the position of the damper. The controller may be programmed to automatically execute a calibration algorithm from time to time to calibrate one or more calibration damper positions such that a predetermined flow of outside air is drawn through the damper and into the building at each of the one or more calibration damper positions. In some cases, the identified damper positions for each of the one or more calibration damper positions may be stored in a memory during the calibration process, such as a non-volatile memory. The controller may reference the one or more calibration damper positions during subsequent normal operation of the Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) system. This may help keep the operation of the demand control ventilation system relatively optimized over time and under changing conditions.
The above summary is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the invention.
The following description should be read with reference to the drawings. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected illustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure may be more completely understood in consideration of the following description of various illustrative embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit aspects of the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings in which similar elements in different drawings are numbered the same. The detailed description and the drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict illustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The illustrative embodiments depicted are intended only as exemplary. Selected features of any illustrative embodiment may be incorporated into an additional embodiment unless clearly stated to the contrary.
As shown, demand control ventilation (DCV) system 130 of the HVAC system 102 may employ one or more dampers within the various ducts of the DCV system 130 to control air flows. In some instances, these dampers may include an exhaust damper 120 to regulate the fraction of the return air stream 112 that is exhausted 121 from the building 104, an intake damper 122 to regulate the flow of an incoming outside air stream 123 into the building 104, and/or a return damper 124 to regulate the flow of the retained return air stream 125 to mix with the incoming outside air stream 123. In some cases, the dampers 120, 122, and/or 124 may be mechanically coupled together to open and close in a coordinated manner, but this is not required. For example, in some illustrative embodiments, dampers 120 and 122 may open and close together or in sequence, and damper 124 may open and close in an opposite manner to dampers 120 and 122. When so provided, when damper 122 is opened to allow more of the outside air stream 123 into the building 104, damper 120 may also open to allow a similar amount of the return air stream 112 to be exhausted 121 from the building 104. The return air damper 124 may close as the dampers 120 and 122 open. This arrangement may help balance the pressure inside the HVAC system 102 and building 104. In some illustrative embodiments, more or fewer of the dampers 120, 122, and 124 may be employed, but the teachings of this disclosure may be applied advantageously to any suitable HVAC system.
In some embodiments, the Demand control ventilation (DCV) system, including the dampers 120, 122, 124 and/or associated duct work, may be included in an economizer unit, but this is not required. Under some conditions, such an economizer unit may be used to provide a first stage of free cooling by mixing cooler incoming outside air 123 with the sometimes warmer retained return air 125 to provide a cooler mixed air stream 132 to the cooling coils of the HVAC unit 106. Note that in the present disclosure, “return air” may refer to the return air stream 112, before it has been (possibly) divided into an exhaust air stream 121 and a retained return air stream 125, and in other cases, “return air” or “return air stream” may refer to the retained return air stream, regardless of whether the retained return air stream includes the entire return air stream 112 or only a fraction thereof. It generally will be clear from context what “return air” refers to, and in the case of referring to the contribution of inside air to the mixed air stream 132, it generally is to be understood that the retained return air stream 125, which originates from the return air stream 112, may be referred to as “return air.”
In some instances, the HVAC system 102 may include a heat exchanger generally shown at 134 to transfer heat energy between the incoming outside air stream 123 and the exhausted air stream 121, which may be useful under some operating conditions.
Decisions for when and how to use the DCV/Economizer 130 may depend on strategies that consider current and/or past conditions of outside air and/or indoor air. In some instances, the HVAC system 102 of
The HVAC system of
A controller, such as controller 142, may be provided to control the HVAC system 102. Controller 142 may be any suitable controller. Controller 142 may be a controller for the entire HVAC system 102, or any appropriate subset or subsets of the HVAC system 102 such as the DCV/Economizer 130. Physically, it may be a stand-alone unit or units, or it may be integrated with hardware, such as with DCV/Economizer 130. Controller 142 may be configured to receive information from any suitable source, such as the inside 138, return 140, mixed 144, and/or outside 136 sensors, and it may be configured to issue commands to any appropriate component of the HVAC system 102, such as dampers 120, 122, 124, fan 119, HVAC unit 106, etc. It is contemplated that controller 142 may be configured and programmed in any suitable manner.
In the event that controller 142 is integrated with hardware or located, for instance with a rooftop unit, it may difficult to determine if the HVAC system 102 and/or DCV/Economizer 130 is functioning properly without physically visiting the controller 142. In some instances, a remote monitoring device, such as remote monitoring device 146, may be provided to allow the building owner and/or building occupant to monitor the HVAC system 102 and/or DCV/Economizer 130 without physically visiting the controller 142 or the HVAC unit(s) 106. It is contemplated that in some embodiments, remote monitoring device 146 may be located within building 104, or other location which allows for convenient access to the remote monitoring device 146. In some instances, the remote monitoring device 146 may provide alerts and system faults in real time to the user. In some embodiments, remote monitoring device 146 may allow remote configuration of the HVAC system 102 and/or DCV/Economizer 130 in order to change control points or other parameters without physically visiting the system 102 as discussed in more detail with respect to
Control module 212 of the illustrative Controller 210 may be configured to help control the comfort level (i.e. heating, cooling, ventilation, and/or air quality, etc.) of at least a portion of the building or structure 104 by controlling one or more dampers 120, 122, 124 and/or activating one or more HVAC components 106, as illustrative in
Memory 222 may be used to store any desired information, such as the aforementioned HVAC schedules, temperature setpoints, humidity setpoints, trend logs, timers, fan speeds, damper positions, environmental settings, and any other settings and/or information as desired. Control module 12 may store information within memory 222 and may subsequently retrieve the stored information. Memory 222 may include any suitable type of memory, such as, for example, random-access memory (RAM), read-only member (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, or any other suitable memory, as desired. In some instances, memory 222 may store one or more control programs for execution by the processor 220.
Wireless interface 214 of the Controller 210 may be configured to wirelessly communicate (i.e. transmit and/or receive signals) with a wireless interface of one or more HVAC controllers (and/or HVAC components 106). For example, wireless interface 214 may be configured to communicate with a wireless interface of an HVAC controller and send and/or receive signals that corresponding to, for example, a temperature sensed by temperature sensor, a humidity sensed by the humidity sensor, heat and/or cool set points, ventilation settings, indoor and/or outdoor air temperatures, equipment status, scheduling, trend logs, and/or any other suitable information and/or data. It is contemplated that the wireless interface 214 may include, for example, a radio frequency (RF) wireless interface, an infrared wireless interface, a microwave wireless interface, an optical interface, and/or any other suitable wireless interface, as desired. While a wireless interface 214 is shown in
The optional user interface 216 may be any suitable interface that is configured to display and/or solicit information as well as permit a user to enter data and/or other settings, as desired. In some cases, user interface 216 may allow a user or technician to program and/or modify one or more control parameters of Controller 210, such as programming a set point, a time, an equipment status and/or parameter, as desired. In some instances, the user interface 216 may include a touch screen, a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and keypad, a dot matrix display, a computer, buttons and/or any other suitable interface, as desired. In one example, at least some of the parameters and/or settings may be transmitted to the Controller 210 via wireless interface 214. In some instances, user interface 216 may be configured to alert the user to system faults occurring in the system using, for example, audio and/or visual alerts.
In some embodiments, the HVAC system 102, such as illustrated in
The thermostat 306 may be part of or in communication with a DCV/economizer controller 302. As discussed above, DCV/economizer controller 302 may be programmed to control ventilation to the building 104 based on actual occupancy using carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors. For example, in addition to operating the HVAC unit(s) to provide a desired temperature, the HVAC system 102 may also be configured to bring a certain amount of fresh ventilation into a building as set out in building codes. When DCV/economizer controller 302 is so provided, DCV/economizer controller 302 may communicate with damper actuator 308 to selectively open and close dampers based on the amount of ventilation needed. For example DCV/economizer controller 302 may receive a signal from a CO2 sensor 312. When the amount of CO2 in the building is at a threshold level, the DCV/economizer controller 302 may relay a signal to the damper actuator 308 to open a damper (for example, damper 122 in
In some instances, the DCV/economizer controller 302 may be in communication with a remote monitoring device 318, or may be incorporated into the remote monitoring device 318. In one illustrative example, remote monitoring device 318 may display operational parameters which may allow the user to monitor the HVAC system 102 remotely. For example, the remote monitoring device 318 may indicate that status of an HVAC unit (e.g. on/off), if free cooling (economizer mode) is available, DCV status (e.g. on/off), temperature/humidity readings from the various sensors, CO2 levels (parts per million, ppm), fan speed (e.g. low/high), building occupancy, etc. The remote monitoring device 318 may be further configured to allow a user to input various parameters such as CO2 threshold setpoints, temperature setpoints, percent of ventilation at high/low fan speeds, minimum and maximum calibration ventilation flow rates at one or more calibration damper positions—sometimes at various fan speeds, etc., to be provided to the DCV/economizer controller 302. The remote monitoring device 318 may be further configured to provide a user with system alerts and/or system faults. For example, the remote monitoring device may be able to alert the user to a malfunction within the rooftop unit 304 that the user may otherwise be unaware of This may allow a user to maintain a DCV system/economizer 130 more effectively. The remote monitoring device 318 may be configured to provide an alert such as, but not limited to, an audible alarm, an indicator light, and/or display and/or send a message when a fault has been detected. The remote monitoring device 318 may be in communication with the controller 302 via a wired, wireless or any other suitable interface, as desired.
As illustrated in
In one illustrative embodiment, and prior to operating controller 302, the system 102 may be calibrated based on a minimum and a maximum desired ventilation rate by, for example, changing the damper positions and/or changing a fan speed (e.g. of fan 119) between a low and a high setting. In some instances, the HVAC system 102 may be automatically calibrated from time to time, or in some cases, effectively continuously calibrated. As used herein, calibration may refer to, among other things, calibration of the system during initial installation of the system, or a re-calibration of the system during a subsequent system checkout (e.g. to help ensure proper functioning after the initial calibration). In some cases, the controller 302 may be calibrated at both a maximum fan speed and a minimum fan speed, for both a code mandated ventilation rate required for the building 104 during maximum occupancy (hereinafter Vbz) and for a code mandated minimum ventilation rate required for building material out-gassing (hereinafter Va).
The calibration/commissioning process may include calibrating minimum (Va) and maximum (Vbz) damper position settings based on desired minimum and maximum ventilation rates. These damper settings are sometimes called out in the HVAC system design documents for the building supplied by an engineering firm that designed the system, and may be expressed as a percentage of ventilation (or percentage of fresh air in the mixed air stream). To help program the system's 102 minimum and maximum ventilation rates, temporary or permanent calibration sensors may be placed at the outside air intake 108, the return air duct 112 and/or at the mixed air duct 132. In one example, temperature may be used to measure ventilation rate. In some cases, a minimum differential of 10 degrees Fahrenheit is desired between the return air temperature (RAT) and the outdoor air temperature (OAT) to conduct a calibration. Once this condition is met, the following readings may be collected, and the readings may be used as inputs to Equation 1 below:
(OAT−RAT)×% Ventilation+RAT=MAT {Equation 1}
where OAT=Outside air temperature, RAT=Return air temperature, and MAT=Mixed air temperature. During the calibration, the outdoor and/or return air dampers may be repositioned by the controller until the correct ventilation percentage (% Ventilation) is achieved for each minimum and maximum ventilation settings. The controller 302 may then be programmed to interpolate an intermediate ventilation rate, depending on actual, sensed or scheduled occupancy, by modulating between these two calibrated damper positions (or extrapolating beyond the values). This calibration may be performed for each fan speed of fan 119 of the HVAC system 102.
In some cases, the controller 302 may be programmed to use a mixed air temperature sensor to determine a return air temperature and/or an outside air temperature. In one example, and to determine the fresh air temperature, the controller 302 may close return air damper 124 and open fresh air damper 122 (see
In some instances, it may be desirable for the controller 302 to automatically calibrate the DCV/economizer system 130.
Based on the parameters, the controller 302 may calculate the ventilation percentages 404 for Vbz and Va. The controller 302 may then monitor the signals from outdoor temperature sensor 314 and return air temperature sensor 316 for suitable conditions for calibration, as shown at block 406. For example, the controller 302 may monitor the temperature difference between the outdoor air and the return air for a differential of at least 10 degrees Fahrenheit. Once such a condition is detected, and in some cases, the controller 302 may compare the current conditions to the conditions during the previous calibration 408. If the current conditions are better than the conditions during the previous calibration (e.g. a larger temperature differential), the controller 302 may automatically recalibrate 412 the system 130 based on the current conditions. If the current conditions are worse than the conditions during the previous calibration (e.g. a smaller temperature differential), the controller 302 may do nothing 410 and continue monitoring the temperature sensors 314, 316 for more ideal conditions for calibration at block 406.
In some embodiments, the controller 302 may automatically calibrate the DCV/economizer system 130 from time to time. When so provided, the DCV/economizer system 130 may continually optimize itself for changing environmental and/or equipment conditions. In some instances, the controller 302 may be caused, either during system boot-up or in a test or calibration mode, to perform a complete system checkout in order to help ensure that the HVAC system 102 is functioning properly.
Referring to block 504, the controller 302 may first determine if the DCV/economizer system 130 requires calibration 504. If not, the controller 302 does nothing and the damper calibration process is ended at block 542. If it is determined that the DCV/economizer system 130 requires calibration, and in some illustrative embodiments, the controller 302 may disable all compressor stages 506 for the duration of the calibration process. The controller 302 may then check the return air temperature sensor 508 for a valid return air temperature reading. Next, controller 302 may determine the temperature differential 314 between the return air temperature and the outdoor air temperature. In order for the illustrative damper calibration process 500 to continue 516, the temperature differential must meet the requirements (e.g. greater than 10° F.), and the current conditions must be better than the conditions under which the previous calibration occurred. If either of these is not true, the controller 302 does nothing and the damper calibration process is ended at block 542.
If the current conditions meet the requirements 516, the controller 302 may check for an optional expansion module 518. In some instances, an optional expansion module 518 may provide extended input/output capabilities to the controller. For example, an expansion module 518 may allow for multiple fan speeds (for example, but not limited to, high and low fan speeds). If an expansion module 518 is present, the controller 302 may then check the fan speed 520 of the HVAC system 102. If the fan speed is set to low, the controller 302 may compute the percent of ventilation necessary 524 for both Va and Vbz at low fan speed (VaLS and VbzLS, respectively). The percent of ventilation at low fan speed may be calculated by the following equations:
VaLS=Va
—
CFM/MAX—CFM—LS {Equation 2}
VbzLS=Vbz
—
CFM/MAX—CFM—LS {Equation 3}
where VaLS is the percent of ventilation for minimum building occupancy at low fan speed, Va_CFM is the volume (in cubic feet per minute) of air flow needed to meet the minimum ventilation requirements, VbzLS is the percent of ventilation for maximum building occupancy at low fan speed, Va_CFM is the volume (in cubic feet per minute) of air flow needed to meet the maximum ventilation requirements, and MAX_CFM_LS is the maximum amount of air volume (in cubic feet per minute) the fan can provide at low fan speed.
If the fan speed is not low, or an expansion module 518 is not connected, the controller 302 may compute the percent of ventilation necessary 522 for both Va and Vbz at high fan speed (VaHS and VbzHS, respectively). The percent of ventilation at high fan speed may be calculated by the following equations:
VaHS=Va
—
CFM/MAX—CFM—HS {Equation 4}
VbzHS=Vbz
—
CFM/MAX—CFM—HS {Equation 5}
where VaHS is the percent of ventilation for minimum building occupancy at high fan speed, Va_CFM is the volume (in cubic feet per minute) of air flow needed to meet the minimum ventilation requirements, VbzHS is the percent of ventilation for maximum building occupancy at high fan speed, Va_CFM is the volume (in cubic feet per minute) of air flow needed to meet the maximum ventilation requirements, and MAX_CFM_HS is the maximum amount of air volume (in cubic feet per minute) the fan can provide at high fan speed.
Once the percent of ventilation for Va and Vbz has been determined, the controller 302 may check if the minimum damper positions have been determined at block 526 to achieve the desired mixed air temperature (MAT) for Va. If the damper positions have not been determined, the controller 302 may compute 532 the mixed air temperature for Va given the sensed return air temperature, outside air temperature and the desired percent of ventilation Va. The controller 302 may then adjust the intake and/or exhaust dampers 122, 120 until the required MAT has been reached, as indicated at block 534. The corresponding damper position may be saved within a memory of the controller 302.
Once the damper position has been determined for Va, the controller 302 may determine if a validation recheck 528 of the return air temperature and temperature differential (RAT−OAT) has been performed. In some instances, the damper calibration process 500 may be iterative such that the calibration process 500 is cycled through until the damper position has been determined for both Va and Vbz at a high fan speed and a low fan speed (if available). In some instances, the damper positions for Va may already be determined when the controller 302 arrives at the decision block 526 for Va damper position. In this instance, the controller may not determine the damper position, but instead may check if a validation recheck 528 of the return air temperature and temperature differential (RAT−OAT) has been performed in order to help ensure that the calibration has been completed under suitable conditions. If a recheck 528 has not been performed, the dampers 120, 122 may be closed and the conditions may be verified by beginning the temperature sensor checks 508 again. In some embodiments, the calibration of the damper positions 532, 534, 436, 538 may be performed with an Adaptive Intelligent Action (AIA) function block.
If the recheck 528 has been performed, the controller 302 may compute 536 the mixed air temperature for Vbz. The intake damper 122 may be opened at shown at block 538 until the required MAT has been reached. The corresponding damper positioned may be saved within a memory of the controller 302. Once the damper position has been determined for Vbz, the controller 302 may return control of the dampers for normal system operation 540, at which point the calibration process 500 is complete as shown at block 542. As discussed above, the calibration process 500 may be performed at, for example, system boot up, at a predetermined frequency, upon user initiation through a test and calibration mode, and or at any other suitable time as desired.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention may be manifested in a variety of forms other than the specific embodiments described and contemplated herein. Accordingly, departure in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as described in the appended claims.
