Patent Grant
12086583
The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for operating, monitoring, assessing, or insuring autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles.
Vehicles are typically operated by a human vehicle operator who controls both steering and motive controls. Operator error, inattention, inexperience, misuse, or distraction leads to many vehicle accidents each year, resulting in injury and damage. Autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles augment vehicle operators' information or replace vehicle operators' control commands to operate the vehicle in whole or part with computer systems based upon information from sensors within the vehicle.
Vehicle or automobile insurance exists to provide financial protection against physical damage and/or bodily injury resulting from traffic accidents and against liability that could arise therefrom. Typically, a customer purchases a vehicle insurance policy for a policy rate having a specified term. In exchange for payments from the insured customer, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils, acts, or events as specified by the language of the insurance policy. The payments from the insured are generally referred to as “premiums,” and typically are paid on behalf of the insured over time at periodic intervals. An insurance policy may remain “in-force” while premium payments are made during the term or length of coverage of the policy as indicated in the policy. An insurance policy may “lapse” (or have a status or state of “lapsed”), for example, when premium payments are not being paid or if the insured or the insurer cancels the policy.
Premiums may be typically determined based upon a selected level of insurance coverage, location of vehicle operation, vehicle model, and characteristics or demographics of the vehicle operator. The characteristics of a vehicle operator that affect premiums may include age, years operating vehicles of the same class, prior incidents involving vehicle operation, and losses reported by the vehicle operator to the insurer or a previous insurer. Past and current premium determination methods do not, however, account for use of autonomous vehicle operating features. The present embodiments may, inter alia, alleviate this and/or other drawbacks associated with conventional techniques.
The present embodiments may be related to autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle functionality, including driverless operation, accident avoidance, or collision warning systems. These autonomous vehicle operation features may either assist the vehicle operator to more safely or efficiently operate a vehicle or may take full control of vehicle operation under some or all circumstances. The present embodiments may also facilitate risk assessment and premium determination for vehicle insurance policies covering vehicles with autonomous operation features. For instance, a consumer may opt-in to a rewards program that rewards them, such as in the form of insurance discounts, for affirmatively sharing data related to their vehicles and/or autonomous features with an insurance provider.
In accordance with the described embodiments, the disclosure herein generally addresses systems and methods for generating or updating a usage-based insurance policy for one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, which may include one or more sensors. A computer associated with the vehicle (such as an on-board computer, mobile device, or server communicatively connected to the vehicle), an insurance provider (such as a server), or an insurance customer (such as a personal computer, mobile device, or smart phone) may (1) receive a request to generate an insurance policy covering use of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles by an insurance customer; (2) determine one or more risk levels associated with use of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle by the insurance customer; (3) determine one or more aspects of the insurance policy based upon the determined one or more risk levels and the information regarding intended vehicle usage; (4) cause at least a portion of the insurance policy to be presented to the insurance customer for review; (5) receive an indication of acceptance of the insurance policy from the insurance customer; and/or (6) cause the insurance policy to be issued to the insurance customer. The request to generate the insurance policy may include information regarding intended vehicle usage. The information regarding intended vehicle usage may include information regarding frequency of use of the rented autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles may include an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle rented by the insurance customer.
In some embodiments, the determined one or more aspects of the insurance policy may include a route of operation of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles. In further embodiments, the determined one or more aspects of the insurance policy may include one or more costs based upon the intended usage of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, which intended usage may be measured in distance and/or duration of vehicle operation. The one or more costs may further be based upon one or more of the following: a route of operation, a time of day of operation, a duration of a vehicle trip, a distance of a vehicle trip, weather conditions, traffic conditions, and/or geographic location of a vehicle trip. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more costs may further be based upon one or more of the following: autonomous operation features of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, versions of the autonomous operation features of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle, and/or use of the autonomous operation features of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles.
In each of the embodiments or aspects described above, the methods may be provided in corresponding computer systems including at least one or more processors and a non-transitory program memory coupled to the one or more processors and storing executable instructions. The computer systems may further include or be communicatively connected to one or more sensors, communication components or devices, or other equipment as described herein. In yet another aspect, a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions corresponding to each of the embodiments or aspects described above may be provided. Each of the methods or executable instructions of the computer systems or computer-readable media may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.
Advantages will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiments which have been shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the present embodiments may be capable of other and different embodiments, and their details are capable of modification in various respects. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
The figures described below depict various aspects of the applications, methods, and systems disclosed herein. It should be understood that each figure depicts an embodiment of a particular aspect of the disclosed applications, systems and methods, and that each of the figures is intended to accord with a possible embodiment thereof. Furthermore, wherever possible, the following description refers to the reference numerals included in the following figures, in which features depicted in multiple figures are designated with consistent reference numerals.
The systems and methods disclosed herein generally relate to evaluating, monitoring, and managing risks related to the operation of autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles having autonomous (or semi-autonomous) operation features. The systems and methods further relate to pricing and processing vehicle insurance policies for autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles. The autonomous operation features may take full control of the vehicle under certain conditions, viz. fully autonomous operation, or the autonomous operation features may assist the vehicle operator in operating the vehicle, viz. partially autonomous operation. Fully autonomous operation features may include systems within the vehicle that pilot the vehicle to a destination with or without a vehicle operator present (e.g., an operating system for a driverless car). Partially autonomous operation features may assist the vehicle operator in limited ways (e.g., automatic braking or collision avoidance systems).
The type and quality of the autonomous operation features may affect the risks related to operating a vehicle, both individually and/or in combination. In addition, configurations and settings of the autonomous operation features may further impact the risks. To account for the effects on such risks, some embodiments evaluate the quality of each autonomous operation feature and/or combination of features. Additional embodiments evaluate the risks associated with the vehicle operator interacting with the autonomous operation features. Further embodiments address the relative risks associated with control of some aspects of vehicle control by the autonomous operation features or by the vehicle operator. Still further embodiments address use of information received or generated by the autonomous operation features to manage risk and/or damage.
Some autonomous operation features may be adapted for use under particular conditions, such as city driving or highway driving. Additionally, the vehicle operator may be able to configure settings relating to the features or may enable or disable the features individually or in groups. For example, the vehicle operator may select a mode of operation for the autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle, which may adjust settings for one or more autonomous operation features. Therefore, some embodiments monitor use of the autonomous operation features, which may include the settings or levels of feature use during vehicle operation, as well as the selection of features or settings of the autonomous operation features chosen by the vehicle operator.
Information obtained by monitoring feature usage may be used to determine risk levels associated with vehicle operation, either generally or in relation to a vehicle operator. In such situations, total risk may be determined by a weighted combination of the risk levels associated with operation while autonomous operation features are enabled (with relevant settings) and the risk levels associated with operation while autonomous operation features are disabled. For fully autonomous vehicles, settings or configurations relating to vehicle operation may be monitored and used in determining vehicle operating risk.
In addition to use in controlling the vehicle, information regarding the risks associated with vehicle operation with and without the autonomous operation features may then be used to determine risk categories or premiums for a vehicle insurance policy covering a vehicle with autonomous operation features. Risk category or price may be determined based upon factors relating to the evaluated effectiveness of the autonomous vehicle features. The risk or price determination may also include traditional factors, such as location, vehicle type, and level of vehicle use. For fully autonomous vehicles, factors relating to vehicle operators may be excluded entirely. For partially autonomous vehicles, factors relating to vehicle operators may be reduced in proportion to the evaluated effectiveness and monitored usage levels of the autonomous operation features. For vehicles with autonomous communication features that obtain information from external sources (e.g., other vehicles or infrastructure), the risk level and/or price determination may also include an assessment of the availability of external sources of information. Location and/or timing of vehicle use may thus be monitored and/or weighted to determine the risk associated with operation of the vehicle.
The present embodiments may relate to assessing and pricing insurance based upon autonomous (or semi-autonomous) functionality of a vehicle, utilization of the autonomous (or semi-autonomous) functionality of the vehicle, and/or operation of the vehicle by a human operator. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator may not control the operations of the vehicle directly, in which case the assessment, rating, and pricing of insurance may exclude consideration of the vehicle operator. A smart vehicle may maneuver itself without human intervention and/or include sensors, processors, computer instructions, and/or other components that may perform or direct certain actions conventionally performed by a human operator.
An analysis of how artificial intelligence facilitates avoiding accidents and/or mitigates the severity of accidents may be used to build a database and/or model of risk assessment. After which, automobile insurance risk and/or premiums (as well as insurance discounts, rewards, and/or points) may be adjusted based upon autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle functionality, such as by groups of autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality or individual features. In one aspect, an evaluation may be performed on how artificial intelligence, and the usage thereof, impacts automobile accidents and/or automobile insurance claims.
The types of autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle-related functionality or technology that may be used with the present embodiments to replace human driver actions may include and/or be related to the following types of functionality: (a) fully autonomous (driverless); (b) limited driver control; (c) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communication; (d) vehicle-to-infrastructure (and/or vice versa) wireless communication; (e) automatic or semi-automatic steering; (f) automatic or semi-automatic acceleration; (g) automatic or semi-automatic braking; (h) automatic or semi-automatic blind spot monitoring; (i) automatic or semi-automatic collision warning; (j) adaptive cruise control; (k) automatic or semi-automatic parking/parking assistance; (l) automatic or semi-automatic collision preparation (windows roll up, seat adjusts upright, brakes pre-charge, etc.); (m) driver acuity/alertness monitoring; (n) pedestrian detection; (o) autonomous or semi-autonomous backup systems; (p) road mapping systems; (q) software security and anti-hacking measures; (r) theft prevention/automatic return; (s) automatic or semi-automatic driving without occupants; and/or other functionality. Additionally or alternatively, the autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality or technology may include and/or may be related to: (t) driver alertness or responsive monitoring; (u) pedestrian detection; (v) artificial intelligence and/or back-up systems; (w) navigation or GPS-related systems; (x) security and/or anti-hacking measures; and/or (y) theft prevention systems.
The adjustments to automobile insurance rates or premiums based upon the autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle-related functionality or technology may take into account the impact of such functionality or technology on the likelihood of a vehicle accident or collision occurring. For instance, a processor may analyze historical accident information and/or test data involving vehicles having autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality. Factors that may be analyzed and/or accounted for that are related to insurance risk, accident information, or test data may include (1) point of impact; (2) type of road; (3) time of day; (4) weather conditions; (5) road construction; (6) type/length of trip; (7) vehicle style; (8) level of pedestrian traffic; (9) level of vehicle congestion; (10) atypical situations (such as manual traffic signaling); (11) availability of internet connection for the vehicle; and/or other factors. These types of factors may also be weighted according to historical accident information, predicted accidents, vehicle trends, test data, and/or other considerations.
In one aspect, the benefit of one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous functionalities or capabilities may be determined, weighted, and/or otherwise characterized. For instance, the benefit of certain autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality may be substantially greater in city or congested traffic, as compared to open road or country driving traffic. Additionally or alternatively, certain autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality may only work effectively below a certain speed, e.g., during city driving or driving in congestion. Other autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality may operate more effectively on the highway and away from city traffic, such as cruise control. Further individual autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality may be impacted by weather, such as rain or snow, and/or time of day (day light versus night). As an example, fully automatic or semi-automatic lane detection warnings may be impacted by rain, snow, ice, and/or the amount of sunlight (all of which may impact the imaging or visibility of lane markings painted onto a road surface, and/or road markers or street signs).
Automobile insurance premiums, rates, discounts, rewards, refunds, points, or other costs may be adjusted based upon the percentage of time or vehicle usage that the vehicle is the driver, i.e., the amount of time a specific driver uses each type of autonomous (or even semi-autonomous) vehicle functionality. Such premiums, rates, discounts, rewards, refunds, points, or other costs may further be adjusted based upon the extent of use of the autonomous operation features, including settings or modes impacting the operation of the autonomous operation features. Moreover, information regarding the vehicle environment during use (e.g., weather, traffic, time of day, etc.) may be included in insurance adjustment determinations, as may traditional information regarding one or more vehicle operators (and the extent to which each vehicle operator uses the vehicle).
Such usage information for a particular vehicle may be gathered over time and/or via remote wireless communication with the vehicle. One embodiment may involve a processor on the vehicle, such as within a vehicle control system or dashboard, monitoring in real-time the vehicle operator and/or the use of autonomous operation features while the vehicle is operating. Other types of monitoring may be remotely performed, such as via wireless communication between the vehicle and a remote server, or wireless communication between a vehicle-mounted dedicated device (that is configured to gather autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality usage information) and a remote server.
Additionally, in some embodiments, the vehicle may transmit and/or receive communications to or from external sources, such as other vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (e.g., a bridge, traffic light, railroad crossing, toll both, marker, sign, or other equipment along the side of a road or highway), pedestrians, databases, or other information sources external to the vehicle. Such communication may allow the vehicle to obtain information regarding other vehicles, obstacles, road conditions, or environmental conditions that could not be detected by sensors disposed within the vehicle. For example, V2V communication may allow a vehicle to identify other vehicles approaching an intersection even when the direct line between the vehicle and the other vehicles is obscured by buildings. As another example, the V2V wireless communication from a first vehicle to a second vehicle (following the first vehicle) may indicate that the first vehicle is braking, which may include the degree to which the vehicle is braking. In response, the second vehicle may automatically or autonomously brake in advance of detecting the deceleration of the first vehicle based upon sensor data.
Insurance premiums, rates, ratings, discounts, rewards, special offers, points, programs, refunds, claims, claim amounts, or other costs associated with an insurance policy may be adjusted for, or may otherwise take into account, the foregoing functionality and/or the other functionality described herein. For instance, insurance policies may be updated based upon installed autonomous operation features, the extent of use of the autonomous operation features, V2V wireless communication, and/or vehicle-to-infrastructure or infrastructure-to-vehicle wireless communication. The present embodiments may assess and price insurance risks at least in part based upon autonomous operation features that replace some actions of the vehicle operator in controlling the vehicle, including settings and operating status of the autonomous operation features.
The front-end components 102 may be disposed within or communicatively connected to one or more on-board computers 114, which may be permanently or removably installed in the vehicle 108. The on-board computer 114 may interface with the one or more sensors 120 within the vehicle 108 (e.g., an ignition sensor, an odometer, a system clock, a speedometer, a tachometer, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a compass, a geolocation unit, a camera, a distance sensor, etc.), which sensors may also be incorporated within or connected to the on-board computer 114. The front-end components 102 may further include a communication component 122 to transmit information to and receive information from external sources, including other vehicles, infrastructure, or the back-end components 104. In some embodiments, the mobile device 110 may supplement the functions performed by the on-board computer 114 described herein by, for example, sending or receiving information to and from the mobile server 140 via the network 130. In other embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may perform all of the functions of the mobile device 110 described herein, in which case no mobile device 110 may be present in the system 100. Either or both of the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 may communicate with the network 130 over links 112 and 118, respectively. Additionally, the mobile device 110 and on-board computer 114 may communicate with one another directly over link 116.
The mobile device 110 may be either a general-use personal computer, cellular phone, smart phone, tablet computer, phablet, wearable electronics, PDA (personal digital assistant), smart glasses, smart watches, smart bracelet, pager, computing device configured for wired or wireless RF (radio frequency) communication, a dedicated vehicle use monitoring device, and/or other mobile computing device. Although only one mobile device 110 is illustrated, it should be understood that a plurality of mobile devices 110 may be used in some embodiments. The on-board computer 114 may be a general-use on-board computer capable of performing many functions relating to vehicle operation or a dedicated computer for autonomous vehicle operation. Further, the on-board computer 114 may be installed by the manufacturer of the vehicle 108 or as an aftermarket modification or addition to the vehicle 108. In some embodiments or under certain conditions, the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 may function as thin-client devices that outsource some or most of the processing to the server 140.
The sensors 120 may be removably or fixedly installed within the vehicle 108 and may be disposed in various arrangements to provide information to the autonomous operation features. Among the sensors 120 may be included one or more of a GPS (Global Positioning System) unit, other satellite-based navigation unit, a radar unit, a LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) unit, an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, a camera, an accelerometer, a tachometer, and/or a speedometer. Some of the sensors 120 (e.g., radar, LIDAR, or camera units) may actively or passively scan the vehicle environment for obstacles (e.g., other vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, etc.), lane markings, or signs or signals. Other sensors 120 (e.g., GPS, accelerometer, or tachometer units) may provide data for determining the location or movement of the vehicle 108. Other sensors 120 may be directed to the interior or passenger compartment of the vehicle 108, such as cameras, microphones, pressure sensors, thermometers, or similar sensors to monitor the vehicle operator and/or passengers within the vehicle 108. Information generated or received by the sensors 120 may be communicated to the on-board computer 114 or the mobile device 110 for use in autonomous vehicle operation.
In some embodiments, the communication component 122 may receive information from external sources, such as other vehicles or infrastructure. The communication component 122 may also send information regarding the vehicle 108 to external sources. To send and receive information, the communication component 122 may include a transmitter and a receiver designed to operate according to predetermined specifications, such as the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) channel, wireless telephony, Wi-Fi, or other existing or later-developed communications protocols. The received information may supplement the data received from the sensors 120 to implement the autonomous operation features. For example, the communication component 122 may receive information that an autonomous vehicle ahead of the vehicle 108 is reducing speed, allowing the adjustments in the autonomous operation of the vehicle 108.
In further embodiments, the front-end components may include an infrastructure communication device 124 for monitoring the status of one or more infrastructure components 126. The infrastructure communication device 124 may include or be communicatively connected to one or more sensors (not shown) for detecting information relating to the condition of the infrastructure component 126. The sensors (not shown) may generate data relating to weather conditions, traffic conditions, or operating status of the infrastructure component 126. The infrastructure communication device 124 may be configured to receive the sensor data generated and determine a condition of the infrastructure component 126, such as weather conditions, road integrity, construction, traffic, available parking spaces, etc. The infrastructure communication device 124 may further be configured to communicate information to vehicles 108 via the communication component 122. In some embodiments, the infrastructure communication device 124 may receive information from the vehicles 108, while, in other embodiments, the infrastructure communication device 124 may only transmit information to the vehicles 108.
In addition to receiving information from the sensors 120, the on-board computer 114 may directly or indirectly control the operation of the vehicle 108 according to various autonomous operation features. The autonomous operation features may include software applications or routines implemented by the on-board computer 114 to control the steering, braking, or throttle of the vehicle 108. To facilitate such control, the on-board computer 114 may be communicatively connected to the controls or components of the vehicle 108 by various electrical or electromechanical control components (not shown). In embodiments involving fully autonomous vehicles, the vehicle 108 may be operable only through such control components (not shown). In other embodiments, the control components may be disposed within or supplement other vehicle operator control components (not shown), such as steering wheels, accelerator or brake pedals, or ignition switches.
In some embodiments, the front-end components 102 may communicate with the back-end components 104 via the network 130. The network 130 may be a proprietary network, a secure public interne, a virtual private network or some other type of network, such as dedicated access lines, plain ordinary telephone lines, satellite links, cellular data networks, combinations of these. Where the network 130 comprises the Internet, data communications may take place over the network 130 via an Internet communication protocol.
The back-end components 104 may include one or more servers 140. Each server 140 may include one or more computer processors adapted and configured to execute various software applications and components of the autonomous vehicle insurance system 100, in addition to other software applications. The server 140 may further include a database 146, which may be adapted to store data related to the operation of the vehicle 108 and its autonomous operation features. Such data might include, for example, dates and times of vehicle use, duration of vehicle use, use and settings of autonomous operation features, speed of the vehicle 108, RPM or other tachometer readings of the vehicle 108, lateral and longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle 108, incidents or near collisions of the vehicle 108, communication between the autonomous operation features and external sources, environmental conditions of vehicle operation (e.g., weather, traffic, road condition, etc.), errors or failures of autonomous operation features, or other data relating to use of the vehicle 108 and the autonomous operation features, which may be uploaded to the server 140 via the network 130. The server 140 may access data stored in the database 146 when executing various functions and tasks associated with the evaluating feature effectiveness or assessing risk relating to an autonomous vehicle.
Although the autonomous vehicle insurance system 100 is shown to include one vehicle 108, one mobile device 110, one on-board computer 114, and one server 140, it should be understood that different numbers of vehicles 108, mobile devices 110, on-board computers 114, and/or servers 140 may be utilized. For example, the system 100 may include a plurality of servers 140 and hundreds of mobile devices 110 or on-board computers 114, all of which may be interconnected via the network 130. Furthermore, the database storage or processing performed by the one or more servers 140 may be distributed among a plurality of servers 140 in an arrangement known as “cloud computing.” This configuration may provide various advantages, such as enabling near real-time uploads and downloads of information as well as periodic uploads and downloads of information. This may in turn support a thin-client embodiment of the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 discussed herein.
The server 140 may have a controller 155 that is operatively connected to the database 146 via a link 156. It should be noted that, while not shown, additional databases may be linked to the controller 155 in a known manner. For example, separate databases may be used for autonomous operation feature information, vehicle insurance policy information, and vehicle use information. The controller 155 may include a program memory 160, a processor 162 (which may be called a microcontroller or a microprocessor), a random-access memory (RAM) 164, and an input/output (I/O) circuit 166, all of which may be interconnected via an address/data bus 165. It should be appreciated that although only one microprocessor 162 is shown, the controller 155 may include multiple microprocessors 162. Similarly, the memory of the controller 155 may include multiple RAMs 164 and multiple program memories 160. Although the I/O circuit 166 is shown as a single block, it should be appreciated that the I/O circuit 166 may include a number of different types of I/O circuits. The RAM 164 and program memories 160 may be implemented as semiconductor memories, magnetically readable memories, or optically readable memories, for example. The controller 155 may also be operatively connected to the network 130 via a link 135.
The server 140 may further include a number of software applications stored in a program memory 160. The various software applications on the server 140 may include an autonomous operation information monitoring application 141 for receiving information regarding the vehicle 108 and its autonomous operation features, a feature evaluation application 142 for determining the effectiveness of autonomous operation features under various conditions, a compatibility evaluation application 143 for determining the effectiveness of combinations of autonomous operation features, a risk assessment application 144 for determining a risk category associated with an insurance policy covering an autonomous vehicle, and an autonomous vehicle insurance policy purchase application 145 for offering and facilitating purchase or renewal of an insurance policy covering an autonomous vehicle. The various software applications may be executed on the same computer processor or on different computer processors.
The various software applications may include various software routines stored in the program memory 160 to implement various modules using the process 162. Additionally, or alternatively, the software applications or routines may interact with various hardware modules that may be installed within or connected to the server 140. Such modules may implement part of all of the various exemplary methods discussed herein or other related embodiments. Such modules may include a vehicle control module for determining and implementing control decisions to operate the vehicle 108, a system status module for determining the operating status of autonomous operation features, a monitoring module for monitoring the operation of the vehicle 108, a remediation module for correcting abnormal operating states of autonomous operation features, an insurance module for determining risks and costs associated with operation of the vehicle 108, an alert module for generating and presenting alerts regarding the vehicle 108 or the vehicle operator, a risk assessment module for determining risks associated with operation of the vehicle 108 by the autonomous operation features or by the vehicle operator, an identification module for identifying or verifying the identity of the vehicle operator, an information module for obtaining information regarding a vehicle operator or vehicle 108, a use cost module for determining costs associated with operation of the vehicle 108, a comparison module for comparing one or more costs associated with owning or operating the vehicle 108, an update module for updating an autonomous operation feature of the vehicle 108, or other modules.
Similar to the controller 155, the controller 204 may include a program memory 208, one or more microcontrollers or microprocessors (MP) 210, a RAM 212, and an I/O circuit 216, all of which are interconnected via an address/data bus 214. The program memory 208 may include an operating system 226, a data storage 228, a plurality of software applications 230, and/or a plurality of software routines 240. The operating system 226, for example, may include one of a plurality of general purpose or mobile platforms, such as the Android™, iOS®, or Windows® systems, developed by Google Inc., Apple Inc., and Microsoft Corporation, respectively. Alternatively, the operating system 226 may be a custom operating system designed for autonomous vehicle operation using the on-board computer 114. The data storage 228 may include data such as user profiles and preferences, application data for the plurality of applications 230, routine data for the plurality of routines 240, and other data related to the autonomous operation features. In some embodiments, the controller 204 may also include, or otherwise be communicatively connected to, other data storage mechanisms (e.g., one or more hard disk drives, optical storage drives, solid state storage devices, etc.) that reside within the vehicle 108.
As discussed with reference to the controller 155, it should be appreciated that although
The one or more processors 210 may be adapted and configured to execute any of one or more of the plurality of software applications 230 or any one or more of the plurality of software routines 240 residing in the program memory 204, in addition to other software applications. One of the plurality of applications 230 may be an autonomous vehicle operation application 232 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for performing the various tasks associated with implementing one or more of the autonomous operation features according to the autonomous vehicle operation method 300. Another of the plurality of applications 230 may be an autonomous communication application 234 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for transmitting and receiving autonomous operation information to or from external sources via the communication unit 220. Still another application of the plurality of applications 230 may include an autonomous operation monitoring application 236 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for sending information regarding autonomous operation of the vehicle to the server 140 via the network 130.
The plurality of software applications 230 may call various of the plurality of software routines 240 to perform functions relating to autonomous vehicle operation, monitoring, or communication. In some embodiments, the plurality of software routines may further assess risk levels or determine insurance policy costs and adjustments. One of the plurality of software routines 240 may be a configuration routine 242 to receive settings from the vehicle operator to configure the operating parameters of an autonomous operation feature. Another of the plurality of software routines 240 may be a sensor control routine 244 to transmit instructions to a sensor 120 and receive data from the sensor 120. Still another of the plurality of software routines 240 may be an autonomous control routine 246 that performs a type of autonomous control, such as collision avoidance, lane centering, and/or speed control. In some embodiments, the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 may cause a plurality of autonomous control routines 246 to determine control actions required for autonomous vehicle operation. Similarly, one of the plurality of software routines 240 may be a monitoring and reporting routine 248 that monitors and transmits information regarding autonomous vehicle operation to the server 140 via the network 130. Yet another of the plurality of software routines 240 may be an autonomous communication routine 250 for receiving and transmitting information between the vehicle 108 and external sources to improve the effectiveness of the autonomous operation features.
Any of the plurality of software routines 240 may be designed to operate independently of the software applications 230 or in conjunction with the software applications 230 to implement modules associated with the methods discussed herein using the microprocessor 210 of the controller 204. Additionally, or alternatively, the software applications 230 or software routines 240 may interact with various hardware modules that may be installed within or connected to the mobile device 110 or the on-board computer 114. Such modules may implement part of all of the various exemplary methods discussed herein or other related embodiments.
For instance, such modules may include a vehicle control module for determining and implementing control decisions to operate the vehicle 108, a system status module for determining the operating status of autonomous operation features, a monitoring module for monitoring the operation of the vehicle 108, a remediation module for correcting abnormal operating states of autonomous operation features, an insurance module for determining risks and costs associated with operation of the vehicle 108, an alert module for generating and presenting alerts regarding the vehicle 108 or the vehicle operator, a risk assessment module for determining risks associated with operation of the vehicle 108 by the autonomous operation features or by the vehicle operator, an identification module for identifying or verifying the identity of the vehicle operator, an information module for obtaining information regarding a vehicle operator or vehicle 108, a use cost module for determining costs associated with operation of the vehicle 108, a comparison module for comparing one or more costs associated with owning or operating the vehicle 108, an update module for updating an autonomous operation feature of the vehicle 108, and/or other modules.
When implementing the exemplary autonomous vehicle operation method 300, the controller 204 of the on-board computer 114 may implement a vehicle control module by the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 to communicate with the sensors 120 to receive information regarding the vehicle 108 and its environment and process that information for autonomous operation of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, including external source communication via the communication component 122 or the communication unit 220, the controller 204 may further implement a communication module based upon the autonomous communication application 234 to receive information for external sources, such as other autonomous vehicles, smart infrastructure (e.g., electronically communicating roadways, traffic signals, or parking structures), or other sources of relevant information (e.g., weather, traffic, local amenities). Some external sources of information may be connected to the controller 204 via the network 130, such as the server 140 or internet-connected third-party databases (not shown). Although the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 and the autonomous communication application 234 are shown as two separate applications, it should be understood that the functions of the autonomous operation features may be combined or separated into any number of the software applications 230 or the software routines 240.
In some embodiments, the controller 204 may further implement a monitoring module by the autonomous operation monitoring application 236 to communicate with the server 140 to provide information regarding autonomous vehicle operation. This may include information regarding settings or configurations of autonomous operation features, data from the sensors 120 regarding the vehicle environment, data from the sensors 120 regarding the response of the vehicle 108 to its environment, communications sent or received using the communication component 122 or the communication unit 220, operating status of the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 and the autonomous communication application 234, and/or commands sent from the on-board computer 114 to the control components (not shown) to operate the vehicle 108. The information may be received and stored by the server 140 implementing the autonomous operation information monitoring application 141, and the server 140 may then determine the effectiveness of autonomous operation under various conditions by implementing the feature evaluation application 142 and the compatibility evaluation application 143. The effectiveness of autonomous operation features and the extent of their use may be further used to determine risk associated with operation of the autonomous vehicle by the server 140 implementing a risk assessment module or insurance module associated with the risk assessment application 144.
In addition to connections to the sensors 120, the mobile device 110 or the on-board computer 114 may include additional sensors, such as the GPS unit 206 or the accelerometer 224, which may provide information regarding the vehicle 108 for autonomous operation and other purposes. Furthermore, the communication unit 220 may communicate with other autonomous vehicles, infrastructure, or other external sources of information to transmit and receive information relating to autonomous vehicle operation. The communication unit 220 may communicate with the external sources via the network 130 or via any suitable wireless communication protocol network, such as wireless telephony (e.g., GSM, CDMA, LTE, etc.), Wi-Fi (802.11 standards), WiMAX, Bluetooth, infrared or radio frequency communication, etc. Furthermore, the communication unit 220 may provide input signals to the controller 204 via the I/O circuit 216. The communication unit 220 may also transmit sensor data, device status information, control signals, and/or other output from the controller 204 to one or more external sensors within the vehicle 108, mobile devices 110, on-board computers 114, and/or servers 140.
The mobile device 110 and/or the on-board computer 114 may include a user-input device (not shown) for receiving instructions or information from the vehicle operator, such as settings relating to an autonomous operation feature. The user-input device (not shown) may include a “soft” keyboard that is displayed on the display 202, an external hardware keyboard communicating via a wired or a wireless connection (e.g., a Bluetooth keyboard), an external mouse, a microphone, or any other suitable user-input device. The user-input device (not shown) may also include a microphone capable of receiving user voice input.
For other autonomous vehicles, the settings may include enabling or disabling particular autonomous operation features, specifying thresholds for autonomous operation, specifying warnings or other information to be presented to the vehicle operator, specifying autonomous communication types to send or receive, specifying conditions under which to enable or disable autonomous operation features, and/or specifying other constraints on feature operation. For example, a vehicle operator may set the maximum speed for an adaptive cruise control feature with automatic lane centering. In some embodiments, the settings may further include a specification of whether the vehicle 108 should be operating as a fully or partially autonomous vehicle. In embodiments where only one autonomous operation feature is enabled, the start signal may consist of a request to perform a particular task (e.g., autonomous parking) and/or to enable a particular feature (e.g., autonomous braking for collision avoidance). In other embodiments, the start signal may be generated automatically by the controller 204 based upon predetermined settings (e.g., when the vehicle 108 exceeds a certain speed and/or is operating in low-light conditions). In some embodiments, the controller 204 may generate a start signal when communication from an external source is received (e.g., when the vehicle 108 is on a smart highway or near another autonomous vehicle).
After receiving the start signal at block 302, the controller 204 may receive sensor data from the sensors 120 during vehicle operation at block 304. In some embodiments, the controller 204 may also receive information from external sources through the communication component 122 and/or the communication unit 220. The sensor data may be stored in the RAM 212 for use by the autonomous vehicle operation application 232. In some embodiments, the sensor data may be recorded in the data storage 228 and/or transmitted to the server 140 via the network 130. The sensor data may alternately either be received by the controller 204 as raw data measurements from one of the sensors 120 and/or may be preprocessed by the sensor 120 prior to being received by the controller 204. For example, a tachometer reading may be received as raw data and/or may be preprocessed to indicate vehicle movement or position. As another example, a sensor 120 comprising a radar and/or LIDAR unit may include a processor to preprocess the measured signals and send data representing detected objects in 3-dimensional space to the controller 204.
The autonomous vehicle operation application 232, other applications 230, and/or routines 240 may cause the controller 204 to process the received sensor data at block 306 in accordance with the autonomous operation features. The controller 204 may process the sensor data to determine whether an autonomous control action is required and/or to determine adjustments to the controls of the vehicle 108. For example, the controller 204 may receive sensor data indicating a decreasing distance to a nearby object in the vehicle's path and process the received sensor data to determine whether to begin braking (and, if so, how abruptly to slow the vehicle 108). As another example, the controller 204 may process the sensor data to determine whether the vehicle 108 is remaining with its intended path (e.g., within lanes on a roadway). If the vehicle 108 is beginning to drift or slide (e.g., as on ice or water), the controller 204 may determine appropriate adjustments to the controls of the vehicle to maintain the desired bearing. If the vehicle 108 is moving within the desired path, the controller 204 may nonetheless determine whether adjustments are required to continue following the desired route (e.g., following a winding road). Under some conditions, the controller 204 may determine to maintain the controls based upon the sensor data (e.g., when holding a steady speed on a straight road).
When the controller 204 determines an autonomous control action is required at block 308, the controller 204 may cause the control components of the vehicle 108 to adjust the operating controls of the vehicle to achieve desired operation at block 310. For example, the controller 204 may send a signal to open or close the throttle of the vehicle 108 to achieve a desired speed. Alternatively, the controller 204 may control the steering of the vehicle 108 to adjust the direction of movement. In some embodiments, the vehicle 108 may transmit a message or indication of a change in velocity or position using the communication component 122 and/or the communication unit 220, which signal may be used by other autonomous vehicles to adjust their controls. As discussed further below, the controller 204 may also log or transmit the autonomous control actions to the server 140 via the network 130 for analysis.
The controller 204 may continue to receive and process sensor data at blocks 304 and 306 until an end signal is received by the controller 204 at block 312. The end signal may be automatically generated by the controller 204 upon the occurrence of certain criteria (e.g., the destination is reached or environmental conditions require manual operation of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operator). Additionally, or alternatively, the vehicle operator may pause, terminate, and/or disable the autonomous operation feature or features using the user-input device or by manually operating the vehicle's controls, such as by depressing a pedal or turning a steering instrument. When the autonomous operation features are disabled or terminated, the controller 204 may either continue vehicle operation without the autonomous features or may shut off the vehicle 108, depending upon the circumstances.
Where control of the vehicle 108 must be returned to the vehicle operator, the controller 204 may alert the vehicle operator in advance of returning to manual operation. The alert may include a visual, audio, and/or other indication to obtain the attention of the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the controller 204 may further determine whether the vehicle operator is capable of resuming manual operation before terminating autonomous operation. If the vehicle operator is determined not be capable of resuming operation, the controller 204 may cause the vehicle to stop and/or take other appropriate action.
The method 400 may continue monitoring operation of the vehicle 108 at block 420, and adjustments may be made to the risk levels and insurance costs. If the settings associated with the autonomous operation features are determined to have changed at block 422 (e.g., as a result of the vehicle operator taking manual operation of additional controls), the one or more risk levels may be determined based upon the new settings at block 412, in which case the blocks 414-422 may be repeated. When no changes have been made to the settings, the method 400 may further check for changes to the environmental conditions and/or operating status of the autonomous operation features at block 424. If changes are determined to have occurred at block 424, the one or more risk levels may be determined based upon the new settings at block 412, as at block 422. When no changes have occurred, the method 400 may determine whether vehicle operations are ongoing or whether operation is complete at block 426. When vehicle operation is ongoing, the method 400 may continue to monitor vehicle operation at block 420. When vehicle operation is complete, information regarding operation of the vehicle may be recorded at block 428, at which point the method 400 may terminate.
At block 402, the on-board computer 114 may receive an indication of vehicle operation. This indication may be received from the vehicle operator (either directly or through the mobile device 110), and/or it may be generated automatically. For example, the on-board computer 114 or the mobile device 110 may automatically generate an indication of vehicle operation when the vehicle starts operation (e.g., upon engine ignition, system power-up, movement of the vehicle 108, etc.). Upon receiving the indication of vehicle operation, the on-board computer 114 may initiate a system check and/or begin recording information regarding operation of the vehicle 108.
At block 404, the on-board computer 114 may determine the configuration and operating status of one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle 108. This may include determining the configuration, settings, and/or operating status of one or more hardware or software modules for controlling part or all of the vehicle operation, aftermarket components disposed within the vehicle to provide information regarding vehicle operation, and/or sensors 120 disposed within the vehicle. In some embodiments, a software version, model version, and/or other identification of the feature or sensor may be determined. In further embodiments, the autonomous operation feature may be tested to assess proper functioning, which may be accomplished using a test routine or other means. Additionally, the sensors 120 or the communication component 122 may be assessed to determine their operating status (e.g., quality of communication connections, signal quality, noise, responsiveness, accuracy, etc.). In some embodiments, test signals may be sent to one or more of the sensors 120, responses to which may be received and/or assessed by the on-board computer to determine operating status. In further embodiments, signals received from a plurality of sensors may be compared to determine whether any of the sensors are malfunctioning. Additionally, signals received from the sensors may be used, in some embodiments, to calibrate the sensors.
At block 406, the on-board computer 114 may determine the identity of the vehicle operator. To determine the identity of the vehicle operator, the on-board computer 114 may receive and process information regarding the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the received information may include sensor data from one or more sensors 120 configured to monitor the interior of the vehicle. For example, a camera or other photographic sensor may provide photographic information regarding the vehicle operator, which may be processed and compared with other photographic data for a plurality of persons to determine the identity of the vehicle operator. In further embodiments, the on-board computer may receive information from a mobile computing device associated with the vehicle operator, such as a mobile phone or wearable computing device. For example, a mobile phone may connect to the on-board computer 114, which may identify the vehicle operator. Additional steps may be taken to verify the identity of the vehicle operator, such as comparing a weight sensed on a seat or use of voice recognition algorithms.
At block 408, the on-board computer 114 may determine and/or access a vehicle operator profile based upon the identity of the vehicle operator determined at block 406. The vehicle operator profile may include information regarding the vehicle operator's style of operating the vehicle, including information regarding past operation of one or more vehicles by the vehicle operator. This information may further contain past vehicle operator selections of settings for one or more autonomous operation features. In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may request or access the vehicle operator profiled based upon the determined identity. In other embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may generate the vehicle operator profile from information associated with the identified vehicle operator. The vehicle operator profile may include information relating to one or more risks associated with operation of the vehicle by the vehicle operator. For example, the vehicle operator profile for a driver may include information relating to risk levels based upon past driving patters or habits in a variety of relevant environments, which may include risk levels associated with manual operation of the vehicle by the driver. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator profile may include information regarding default settings used by the vehicle operator for the autonomous operation features.
At block 410, the on-board computer 114 may determine environmental conditions within which the vehicle 108 is or is likely to be operating. Such environmental conditions may include weather, traffic, road conditions, time of day, location of operation, type of road, and/or other information relevant to operation of the vehicle. The environmental conditions may be determined based upon signals received from the sensors 120, from external data received through the communication component 122, and/or from a combination of sources. The environmental conditions may then be used in determining risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle 108.
At block 412, the on-board computer may determine one or more risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle 108. The risk levels may be determined based upon a combination of risk factors relating to the autonomous operation features and/or risk factors relating to the vehicle operation. Risks associated with the autonomous operation features may be determined based upon the configuration and/or operating status of the autonomous operation features, the settings of the autonomous operation features, and the vehicle environment. Risks associated with the vehicle operation may be determined based upon the autonomous operation features settings (i.e., the extent to which the vehicle operator will be controlling vehicle operations) and/or the vehicle operator profile. The combined risk may account for the likelihood of the autonomous operation features and/or the vehicle operator controlling vehicle operations with respect to relevant functions of the vehicle 108.
At block 414, the on-board computer 114 may determine a cost associated with an insurance policy based upon the one or more risks. In some embodiments, the server 140 may receive information regarding the vehicle operator and the autonomous operation features and/or may determine the cost associated with the insurance policy based upon the risks. The cost may be based upon risk levels associated with separate autonomous operation features, interaction between autonomous operation features, the design and capabilities of the vehicle 108, the past operating history of the vehicle operator as included in the vehicle operator profile, and/or other information regarding the probability of an accident, collision, and/or other loss event involving the vehicle 108. Each of the separate risks may depend upon the environmental conditions, and the risks may be weighted based upon the likelihood of each situation. In some embodiments, a total risk may be determined relating to operation of the vehicle under foreseeable conditions with specific settings and configurations of autonomous operation features by a specific vehicle operator. The total risk may be used to determine one or more costs associated with the insurance policy, such as a premium and/or discount.
In some embodiments, information regarding the cost associated with the insurance policy may be presented to the vehicle operator or insurance customer at block 416. The information may be presented by a display, such as the display 202 of the on-board computer 114 or the mobile device 110. The information may be presented either for informational purposes or to receive acceptance of the vehicle operator or insurance customer. The insurance cost information may include an indication of one or more of a premium, rate, rating, discount, reward, special offer, points level, program, refund, and/or other costs associated with one or more insurance policies. Additionally, or alternatively, summary information may be presented regarding insurance costs, including a risk level (e.g., high risk, low risk, a risk/cost level on a spectrum, etc.). In some embodiments, presentation of insurance cost information may be suppressed or delayed (e.g., cost information may be presented in summary form on a periodic billing statement).
In further embodiments, options or recommendations regarding the cost associated with the insurance policy may be presented to the vehicle operator or insurance customer at block 418. The options or recommendations may likewise be presented by a display, such as the display 202 of the on-board computer 114 and/or the mobile device 110. The options or recommendations may include information regarding costs associated with other settings or configurations of the autonomous operation features (e.g., enabling additional features, selecting an operating mode with lower risks under the determined environmental conditions, etc.). In some embodiments, the recommendations or options may be presented for informational purposes only, requiring the vehicle operator or insurance customer to make any adjustments separately (e.g., through a settings module or other means of adjusting settings for the autonomous operation features). In other embodiments, the vehicle operator or insurance customer may select one or more of the options, whereby adjustments to the configuration or settings of the autonomous operation features may be caused to be implemented by the on-board computer 114 or other controlling device. In some embodiments, the options or recommendations may include options or recommendations to update the software version of one or more autonomous operation features, in which case information regarding a cost associated with updating the features (if applicable) may be presented. Once the information and/or options or recommendations regarding insurance costs have been presented at blocks 416-418 (including, in some embodiments, while such presentation is occurring), the on-board computer 114 may monitor operation of the vehicle 108.
At block 420, the on-board computer 114 may monitor operation of the vehicle 108, including autonomous operation feature control decisions, signals from the sensors 120, external data from the communication component 122, and/or control decisions of the vehicle operator. Monitoring vehicle operation may include monitoring data received directly from the features, sensors, and/or other components, as well as summary information regarding the condition, movement, and/or environment of the vehicle 108. The on-board computer 114 and/or mobile device 110 may cause the operating data to be stored or recorded, either locally in the data storage 228 and/or via server 140 in the program memory 160 and/or the database 146. Monitoring may continue until vehicle operation is complete (e.g., the vehicle has reached its destination and shut down), including during any updates or adjustments.
At block 422, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether any changes have been made to the settings or configuration of the autonomous operation features. If such changes or adjustments have been made, the on-board computer 114 may proceed to determine new risk levels and insurance costs at blocks 412-414 and/or present the information to the vehicle operator or insurance customer at blocks 416-418, as discussed above. In some embodiments, minor changes below a minimum change threshold may be ignored when determining whether any changes have been made. In further embodiments, the cumulate effect of a plurality of such minor changes below the minimum change threshold may be considered as a change at block 422 when the cumulative effect of the minor changes reaches and/or exceeds the minimum change threshold. When no changes to the settings or configuration of the autonomous operation features are determined to have been made at block 422, the on-board computer 114 may further determine whether any changes in the environmental conditions and/or operating status of the autonomous operation features or sensors have occurred. Although these steps are illustrated separately for clarity, it should be understood that they may be further divided or combined in various embodiments.
At block 424, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether any changes have occurred to the environmental conditions of the vehicle 108 and/or the operating status of the autonomous operation features, sensors 120, or communication component 122. Such changes may occur when weather or traffic conditions change, when sensors 120 malfunction or become blocked by debris, and/or when the vehicle 108 leaves an area where external data is available via the communication component 122. When such changes occur, the risk levels associated with control of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operator and the autonomous operation features may likewise change. Therefore, it may be advantageous to adjust the use of the autonomous operation features to account for such changes. Thus, the on-board computer 114 may proceed to determine new risk levels and insurance costs at blocks 412-414 and/or present the information to the vehicle operator or insurance customer at blocks 416-418, as discussed above, when such changes are determined to have occurred at block 424. Similar to the determination at block 422, minor changes below a minimum change threshold may be ignored at block 424, unless the cumulative effect of the changes reaches or exceeds the minimum change threshold. When no changes are determined to have occurred at block 424, the method 400 may continue to monitor the operation of the vehicle 108 until vehicle operation is determined to have ended.
At block 426, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether vehicle operations are complete. This may include determining whether a command to shut down the vehicle 108 has been received, whether the vehicle 108 has remained idle at a destination for a predetermined period of time, and/or whether the vehicle operator has exited the vehicle 108. Until operation is determined at block 426 to be complete (i.e., when the vehicle trip has concluded), the on-board computer 114 may continue to monitor vehicle operation at block 420, as discussed above. When operation is determined to be complete at block 426, the on-board computer 114 may further cause a record of the operation of the vehicle 108 to be made or stored. Such records may include operating data (in full or summary form) and may be used for assessing risks associated with one or more autonomous operation features or the vehicle operator. As noted above, in some embodiments, records of operating data may be generated and stored continually during operation. In some embodiments, the partial or completed records may be transmitted to the server 140 to be stored in the database 146. After completion and recordation of the vehicle operation, the method 400 may terminate.
Upon receiving a request to determine the operating status of the autonomous operation features of the vehicle 108 at block 502, the configuration of the sensors 120 may be determined at block 504. The functioning of autonomous operation feature software routines may further be determined at block 506. A test signal may be transmitted to the sensors 120 at block 508, and/or sensor data may be received at block 510. The sensor data may include a response to the test signal, as well as other signals from the sensors based upon the vehicle environment or operation of the vehicle 108. Based upon the received information, the operating status of the autonomous operation features and components may be determined at block 512. If any impairments are detected at block 514, the method 500 may attempt to remediate the impairments at block 516. If impairments are detected to remain at block 518 after the remediation attempt, an alert may be generated and presented to the vehicle operator or an insurance customer at block 520. When no impairments are detected or after presentation of the alert, a report indicating the operational status of the autonomous operation features may be generated at block 522. In some embodiments, the report may be transmitted to an insurer at block 524, and/or a cost associated with an insurance policy associated with the vehicle 108 may be determined at block 526. The determined cost may be presented with the report at block 528 to the vehicle operator or insurance customer. Once the report has been presented, the exemplary method may end.
Exemplary vehicle operation hand-off method 700 may be implemented at any time when one or more autonomous operation features are controlling part or all of the operation of the vehicle 108. The method 700 may begin by identifying the vehicle operator at block 702 and receiving a vehicle operator profile for the vehicle operator at block 704. At block 706, the operating data (including, in some embodiments, sensor data and external data) may be received and used to monitor operation of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, a request to disable one or more autonomous operation features may be received from the vehicle operator at block 732. Autonomous risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle 108 by the autonomous operation features and operator risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operator may be determined at block 708 and 710, respectively. The determined risk levels may be used at block 712 to determine whether to disable one or more autonomous operation features. In some embodiments, the determination of whether to disable one or more autonomous operation features may further be based upon the preparedness level of the vehicle operator determined at block 716.
When it is determined to disable one or more autonomous operation features at block 714, the method 700 may transfer control to the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, this may include determining whether the vehicle operator is able to safely assume control by determining whether the vehicle operator's preparedness level is above a transfer threshold level at block 718. If so, an alert may be presented to the vehicle operator at block 720 to notify the vehicle operator of the transfer of control from the one or more autonomous operation features before transferring operation at block 722. If the vehicle operator's preparedness level is determined to be below the transfer threshold but above a minimum threshold at block 724, an alert may be presented at block 730 to attempt to prepare the vehicle operator to assume control if the risk levels associated with continued operation by the autonomous operation features do not exceed a critical risk threshold at block 726. Once the alert is presented to the vehicle operator at block 730, the vehicle operator's preparedness level may be determined again at block 716 and evaluated at block 718. If the risk levels exceed the critical threshold at block 726 or the vehicle operator's preparedness level is below the minimum threshold at block 724, the vehicle 108 may discontinue operation at block 728 and the method 700 may end.
When it is determined not to disable the one or more autonomous operation features at block 714, the method 700 may continue to monitor the operating data at block 706. If the vehicle operator requested that one or more autonomous operation features be disabled, the method 700 may present an alert at block 734 to notify the vehicle operator that disabling the autonomous operation features is not recommended. In some embodiments, options to override the determination not to disable the autonomous operation features may be presented to the vehicle operator at block 736, which the vehicle operator may select at block 738. If the vehicle operator is determined at block 740 to have not selected an option to override the determination, the method 700 may continue to monitor operation data at block 706. If the vehicle operator is determined at block 740 to have selected an option to override the determination, control of operation may be transferred from the one or more autonomous operation features to the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, one or more risk levels associated with disabling the autonomous operation features may be determined at block 742. If the risk levels are determined to be below a critical threshold at block 744, control may be transferred to the vehicle operator. If the risk levels meet or exceed the critical threshold at block 744, the vehicle 108 may instead discontinue operation at block 728 and the method 700 may end.
At block 802, the on-board computer 114 may receive a request to identify the vehicle operator of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, the request may be automatically generated by the on-board computer 114 or another device upon receiving an indication of an attempt to start and/or operate the vehicle 108. The attempt to start the vehicle 108 may include an ignition command, a system power-up sequence, and/or an attempt to start the vehicle 108 by circumventing the ordinary start-up sequence. In further embodiments, the request may be generated when a potential vehicle operator is determined to be present in the vehicle (e.g., when the vehicle operator sits in a driver's seat).
At blocks 804-810, the on-board computer 114 may receive identifying information regarding the vehicle operator and/or determine the identity of the vehicle operator based upon the identifying information. The on-board computer 114 may receive either or both of sensor data or an identifying indication of the vehicle operator's identity. Either or both branches illustrated in
At block 804, the on-board computer 114 may receive sensor data regarding the vehicle operator from one or more sensors 120 of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, the sensor data may include data from a physiological sensor disposed within the vehicle. For example, a fingerprint reader may be disposed within a steering apparatus and/or a heart rate monitor may be disposed within a seatbelt. Other sensor may be used to provide identifying information based upon the image, voice, and/or other characteristics of the vehicle operator.
At block 806, the on-board computer 114 may determine the identity of the vehicle operator based upon the received sensor data. In some embodiments, this may include comparing the sensor data to known characteristics of a plurality of known vehicle operators, which may include previously recorded sensor data. The characteristics of the plurality of known vehicle operators may be access from the data storage 228 and/or database 146. In some embodiments, the server 140 may determine and/or verify the identity of the vehicle operator based upon sensor data transmitted via the network 130. In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may first attempt to determine the identity of the vehicle operator, but may transmit information to the server 140 for identification if the vehicle operator cannot be identified by the on-board computer 114. When attempts to identify the vehicle operator fail, the on-board computer 114 may determine that the vehicle operator may be a new user of the vehicle in some embodiments. Information regarding the new user may be recorded, and additional information may be requested from the new user. Alternatively, the on-board computer 114 may determine a default profile for an unidentified vehicle operator.
At block 808, the on-board computer 114 may receive an indication of the vehicle operator's identity from another device. The indication of vehicle operator identity may include a signal that directly or indirectly identifies the vehicle operator. For example, the mobile device 110 of the vehicle operator may wirelessly connect to the on-board computer 114 (e.g., via Bluetooth), which may directly identify the mobile device 110 and indirectly identify the vehicle operator as a person associated with the mobile device 110. As another example, a wearable computing and/or identification device (e.g., a key fob or personal RFID tag) may communicate with and/or be read by the on-board computer 114, which may directly identify the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, other indications of vehicle operator identity may be received, such as a selection on the display 202 of a vehicle operator and/or a personal identification number entered upon vehicle start-up. It will be readily apparent that some indications of vehicle operator identity may be susceptible to use by persons other than the associated vehicle operator. In some embodiments, therefore, the on-board computer 114 may further verify the received identifying information at block 808. Verification at block 810 may be effected by comparison and/or analysis of sensor data and/or other information collected by the on-board computer 114 regarding the vehicle operator, as discussed above with respect to block 806. For example, the vehicle operator's weight and/or height determined from sensor data may be compared with previously recorded information to determine whether the vehicle operator matches the identity received at block 808.
At block 812, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether the identified vehicle operator is authorized to operate the vehicle 108. Where the vehicle operator cannot be identified, the vehicle operator may be treated as unauthorized. In some embodiments, however, an unauthorized vehicle operator may receive authorization to operate the vehicle. For example, if the on-board computer 114 determines an authorized vehicle operator is present in the vehicle, the authorized vehicle operator may be able to authorize operation of the vehicle by the previously unauthorized vehicle operator. In some embodiments, such authorization may not be permitted or may be permitted with restrictions and/or limitations. For example, the on-board computer 114 may first determine that the unauthorized vehicle operator may be a validly licensed operator of vehicles of the type of vehicle 108, and/or an insurance policy rate adjustment may be required. If such conditions are met, the unauthorized vehicle operator may become authorized, either generally or for a limited scope of use.
If the vehicle operator is not authorized, the on-board computer 114 may generate an alert at block 814. In some embodiments, the alert may be presented to the vehicle operator. In further embodiments, the alert may be presented to one or more persons and/or entities associated with the vehicle 108 (e.g., a vehicle owner, an insurance customer, an insurer, etc.). The alert may include information regarding the vehicle operator, the vehicle 108, and/or the attempted unauthorized operation. In some embodiments, sensor data such as images of the vehicle operator may be captured and transmitted to the server 140, where such data may be stored for future use (e.g., identifying a person attempting to steal the vehicle 108). At block 816, the on-board computer 114 may limit and/or restrict the operation of the vehicle 108 based upon the unauthorized vehicle operator. In some embodiments, such limits may include causing the vehicle 108 not to operate or to operate only in a fully autonomous mode. In other embodiments, certain functions or features of the vehicle 108 may be disabled. In further embodiments, operation may be limited to a core set of vehicle features by unauthorized vehicle operators to permit emergency use.
If the vehicle operator is determined to be authorized at block 812, the on-board computer 114 may determine a vehicle operator profile for the vehicle operator at block 818. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator profile may be determined by accessing information stored in the data storage 228 and/or receiving the vehicle operator profile from the server 140 via network 130. The vehicle operator profile may include information regarding the vehicle operator, including information regarding past operation of one or more vehicles by the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator profile may include information regarding one or more risk levels associated with the vehicle operator. For example, the vehicle operator profile may include a plurality of risk levels associated with operation of vehicles by the vehicle operator in a plurality of environmental conditions (e.g., driving on dry limited-access highways with light traffic, driving on congested limited-access highways with heavy traffic during rush hour, driving on icy residential streets during the day, etc.). Vehicle operator profiles are discussed in further detail elsewhere herein, at least with respect to
At block 820, the on-board computer 114 may determine an insurance policy associated with the vehicle operator and/or the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, the insurance policy may be determined by reference to the vehicle operator profile. The insurance policy may cover operation of any vehicle by the vehicle operator, operation of the vehicle 108 by any vehicle operator, operation of a limited set of vehicles by the vehicle operator, operation of the vehicle 108 by a limited set of vehicle operators, and/or operation of a set of vehicle by a set of vehicle operators. For example, the insurance policy may cover operation of the vehicle 108 by a plurality of vehicle operators, each of whom may have a separate vehicle operator profile associated with a separate set of risk levels. In some embodiments, an insurance policy covering a plurality of vehicle operators may include a plurality of costs associated with operation of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operators. Thus, operation of the vehicle 108 by a vehicle operation with higher risk levels may result in a higher cost than operation of the vehicle 108 by another vehicle operator with lower risk levels, even though both vehicle operators are covered by the same insurance policy. Alternatively, or additionally, the vehicle 108 may be associated with a plurality of insurance policies, each associated with one or more vehicle operators. In such embodiments, one or more vehicle insurance policies associated with the vehicle 108 may be determined at block 820 that are also associated with the identified vehicle operator.
At blocks 822-826, the on-board computer 114 may monitor vehicle operation and/or adjust the vehicle operator profile and/or the insurance policy until vehicle operation is determined at block 828 to be complete. When operation is determined at block 828 to be complete, the method 800 may terminate.
At block 822, the on-board computer 114 may monitor information regarding the operation of the vehicle 108. The information may include operating data regarding the configuration and/or settings of the autonomous operation features and/or the sensors 120, decision data from the autonomous operation features, processed and/or unprocessed sensor data from the sensors 120, external data from the communication component 122, and/or control commands of the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the information may further include information regarding the vehicle operator, such as the operator's physical, mental, and/or emotional state. For example, information regarding the vehicle operator's attentiveness when operating the vehicle 108 and/or when the autonomous operation features are operating the vehicle 108 may be monitored. In some embodiments, the information monitored at block 822 may include one of the following: manual operation commands by the vehicle operator, autonomous feature settings, autonomous feature configuration, and/or autonomous operation feature operating status. In further embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may record the received information in the data storage 228 and/or cause the information to be recorded in the database 146.
At block 824, the on-board computer 114 may adjust the vehicle operator profile based upon the information received at block 822. In some embodiments, this may include adjusting one or more risk levels associated with the vehicle operator. The adjustments may be based upon the operation of the vehicle by the vehicle operator, as well as the selection of autonomous operation features and/or settings of the autonomous operation features used during vehicle operation.
At block 826, the on-board computer 114 may adjust the insurance policy based upon the information received and/or recorded at block 822. In some embodiments, the adjustment may be based at least in part upon one or more risk levels determined for the vehicle operator based upon the monitored information. Adjusting the insurance policy may include determining a cost associated with the insurance policy and/or a change to a cost associated with the insurance policy based upon the monitored information. Such costs may include a premium, rate, rating, discount, reward, special offer, points level, and/or refund. In some embodiments, the cost and/or change in the cost may be based upon the operation of the vehicle 108 by the one or more autonomous operation features, the operation of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operator, and/or a combination of the operation by the autonomous operation features and the vehicle operator. When both the vehicle operator and the autonomous operation features control at least part of the vehicle operation, the extent to which each controls operation of the vehicle 108 may be used to determine the cost and/or change in cost associated with the insurance policy. In further embodiments, the cost may be determined at least in part based upon the duration of vehicle operation and/or the distance of vehicle operation. For example, the insurance policy may include a cost per mile traveled and/or a cost per hour of travel.
At block 902, the on-board computer 114 may determine the identity of the vehicle operator, as discussed above. Once the vehicle operator identity is determined, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether a vehicle operator profile exists at block 904. If no vehicle operator profile can be found at block 904, the on-board computer 114 may monitor the operation of the vehicle 108 at block 906, as discussed above. In some embodiments, the monitoring at block 906 may include obtaining a snapshot of the operating data (including information regarding the vehicle environment) and/or data regarding the vehicle operator at a point in time or over a short period of time. In other embodiments, the vehicle operations may be monitored at block 906 until the vehicle is stopped and/or shut down. At block 908, the on-board computer 114 may generate a vehicle operator profile for the vehicle operator based upon the monitored information regarding the operation of the vehicle, which may be recorded in the data storage 228 and/or the database 146 at block 910. If a vehicle operator profile is found at block 904 (such as a vehicle operator profile previously generated using information from a separate instance of vehicle operation), the on-board computer 114 may access the vehicle operator profile at block 912.
The vehicle operator profile may include information regarding the vehicle operator, including an operating style of the vehicle operation. The operating style may include information regarding frequency with which the vehicle operator operates the vehicle manually, uses one or more autonomous operation features, selects one or more settings for the autonomous operation features, and/or takes control from the autonomous operation features under various conditions. The operating style may further include information regarding observed control decisions made by the vehicle operator, such as rate of acceleration, frequency of lane changes, use of vehicle signaling devices, distances maintained from other vehicles or pedestrians, and/or other aspects of vehicle operation. For example, vehicle operator decisions regarding how long to stop at a stop sign and/or when to begin accelerating from such a stop in the presence of other vehicles or pedestrians may be included in the operating style. The vehicle operator profile may further include information regarding vehicle operator skill levels, as described below. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator profile may include a risk profile or information regarding one or more risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle by the vehicle operator. Such risk levels may be associated with particular configurations and/or settings of autonomous operation features or particular conditions of the vehicle environment (e.g., time of day, traffic levels, weather, etc.).
In further embodiments, the vehicle operator profile may include information regarding attentiveness of the vehicle operator while the vehicle is being autonomously operated. For example, some vehicle operators may typically pay attention to road conditions while a vehicle is operating in a fully autonomous mode, while other vehicle operators may typically engage in other activities. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator profile may include information regarding decisions made by the vehicle operator regarding actions that would result in adjustments to costs associated with an insurance policy (e.g., accepting or rejecting recommendations to optimize autonomous operation feature use to lower insurance costs).
The vehicle operator profile or vehicle operator behavior data may indicate how well the specific vehicle operator drives in rain, snow, sleet, ice, heavy traffic, road construction, stop-and-go traffic, bumper-to-bumper traffic, country or rural traffic, and/or city or downtown street traffic. The current environment (or condition) may include or be rain, ice, snow, fog, heavy traffic, bumper-to-bumper traffic, road construction, city traffic, country or rural traffic, and/or may be associated with a type of road, such as a two-lane or four-lane highway, and/or downtown city street or other street having several traffic lights.
Once the vehicle operator profile is determined by generating the profile and/or accessing the profile, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether vehicle operation is ongoing at block 914. In some embodiments, vehicle operation may be determined to be ongoing until the vehicle 108 has reached a destination and/or has shut down. If operation is ongoing, the on-board computer 114 may monitor vehicle operations and/or adjust the vehicle operator profile or autonomous operation feature settings at blocks 916-924.
At block 916, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether the vehicle operator has selected an operating mode of the vehicle 108. The operating mode may include one or more settings or configurations of autonomous operation features. For example, operating modes may include adjustments to settings that cause the autonomous operation features to control the vehicle 108 in a more or less aggressive manner with respect to speed, distance from other vehicles, distance from pedestrians, etc. As an example, the settings may cause the vehicle 108 to remain at least a minimum distance from other vehicles (which may depend upon vehicle speed or road conditions), and modes may set different minimum distances. Examples of modes may include a city driving mode, a highway driving mode, a rush operation mode, a smooth operation mode, a cautious mode, and/or a user-defined mode.
In some embodiments, an operating mode may be based upon the vehicle operator profile. For example, the vehicle profile may include information indicating an operating style of the vehicle operator based upon observations of control commands by the vehicle operator, which profile information may be used to generate an operation mode that mimics the style of the vehicle operator. Thus, if the vehicle operator typically stops at stop signs for a particular length of time, the operating style may mimic this length of time to provide an experience that seems normal or customary to the vehicle operator. If a selection of an operating mode is determined to have been received at block 916, the on-board computer 114 may adjust the settings of one or more autonomous operation features based upon the selected operating mode at block 918. If no selection is received at block 916, the system may continue to monitor vehicle operation at block 920.
At block 920, the on-board computer 114 may monitor operation of the vehicle 108, which may include operating data, vehicle environment data, and/or vehicle operator data, as discussed above. At intervals, upon completion of a trip, upon receipt of a sufficient quantity of data from monitoring vehicle operation, and/or at other fixed or variable times, the on-board computer 114 may determine adjustments to the vehicle operator profile at block 922. In some embodiments, determining adjustments may include determining a temporary vehicle operator profile based upon the monitored operation information, which may be weighted and combined with the existing vehicle operator profile to determine an updated vehicle operator profile. At block 924, the on-board computer 114 may update the vehicle operator profile based upon the adjustments determined at block 922. In some embodiments, the updated vehicle operator profile may be recorded or stored in the data storage 228 and/or the database 146.
When the on-board computer 114 determine that vehicle operation is no longer ongoing at block 914, the on-board computer 114 may further determine one or more risk levels associated with the vehicle operator at block 926. In some embodiments, the one or more risk levels may be determined by the mobile device 110 and/or the server 140. These risk levels may include risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operator, operation of the vehicle 108 by the autonomous operation features using modes and/or settings selected by the vehicle operator, and/or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the risk levels may be based upon information included in the vehicle operator profile, including information regarding the operating style of the vehicle operator. The risk levels may be determined based upon the monitored information regarding vehicle operation using actual and/or expected loss rates associated with vehicle operation. The actual and/or expected loss rates may be based upon information regarding accidents of other vehicles and/or test results from virtual and/or physical testing of the autonomous operation features, as discussed elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the determined risk levels may be included in or used to update the vehicle operator profile.
At block 928, the on-board computer 114 may determine one or more skill levels associated with the vehicle operator based upon the vehicle operator profile. The one or more skill levels may indicate the ability of the vehicle operator to safely perform control functions to manually operate the vehicle 108. Such information may be used to determine and/or certify competence of the vehicle operator for manual operation of the vehicle, including in conditions where the autonomous operation features must transfer control to the vehicle operator, as discussed above. In some embodiments, the determined skill levels may include a level within a range of skill levels, while in other embodiments, the determined skill levels may simply indicate whether the vehicle operator has a required minimum competency level. As with the risk levels, the skill levels may be determined for a plurality of types of operating functions (e.g., steering, obstacle avoidance, braking, navigation, traffic signal recognition and observance, etc.). In some embodiments, the one or more skill levels may be determined by the server 140 or another general-purpose or special-purpose computing device communicatively connected to the vehicle 108.
At block 930, the on-board computer 114 may generate a report including information regarding the one or more determined skill levels of the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the report may certify the one or more skill levels. In some embodiments, the skill levels may be certified by a computing device (such as the server 140 or a special-purpose computer device) not under the control of the vehicle operator. For example, device associated with an insurer and/or a third party (who may be authorized or licensed to certify vehicle operator skill levels) may monitor the vehicle operation and/or receive data from the on-board computer regarding vehicle operation. The insurer and/or third party device may then process the data to ensure reliability before determining and/or certifying the one or more skill levels of the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the report may further include information regarding the date and time of certification, along with information regarding the certifying entity. In further embodiments, the one or more skill levels may be determined based upon information from the vehicle operator operating the vehicle 108 within a test environment for the purpose of determining the skill levels. The test environment may be a closed test environment and/or a section of one or more public roadways used for evaluation of the vehicle operator's skill levels. In some embodiments, the report may further be transmitted to the server 140 via the network 130.
At block 932, the server 140 may determine a cost associated with an insurance policy associated with the vehicle operator. The cost may include a premium, discount, per-use fee, and/or other type of cost, as discussed elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the cost may be determined based upon the one or more risk levels and/or the vehicle operator skill levels. The cost may further be determined based upon one or more of the following: duration of operation by the vehicle operator, distance of operation by the vehicle operator, and/or extent of operation by the vehicle operator. For example, the cost may include a component of costs per mile travelled and/or costs per hour of vehicle use. In some embodiments, the cost may be based upon an operating mode selected by the vehicle operator. The operating mode may cause the settings associated with autonomous operation features of the vehicle to be set to values that may be associated with higher or lower risk levels. Thus, the insurance policy cost may be based at least in part upon duration of operation using the selected operating mode, distance of operation using the selected operating mode, and/or extent of operation by the one or more autonomous operation features based upon the vehicle operator profile. Additionally, or alternatively, the determination of the cost associated with the insurance policy may include determining an adjustment to the insurance policy and/or to one or more costs associated with the insurance policy.
At block 934, the server 140 may adjust the insurance policy based upon the cost and/or cost adjustment determined at block 932. In some embodiments, this may include presenting information regarding the adjustment to the cost to the vehicle operator and/or to an insurance customer. In further embodiments, the vehicle operator and/or insurance customer may be able to select from one or more options regarding adjustments to the insurance policy, which may be associated with costs, coverage levels, deductible levels, coverage types, and/or settings of the autonomous operation features. In some embodiments, the information and options may be presented to the vehicle operator and/or insurance customer upon a determination of a change in operation that would result in a change to the cost above a threshold (which may be zero). The continued operation may be received as an indication of acceptance of the adjustment to the insurance policy, or the change in operation may be delayed until the adjustment to the insurance policy is accepted. In some embodiments, the change in operation may be prevented based upon the determined adjustment to the insurance policy that would result from the change in operation (e.g., certain high-risk operating modes may be disabled for some vehicle operators or under some circumstances).
In one aspect, a computer-implemented method of updating an insurance policy may be provided. The method may include (a) gathering or receiving, at or via one or more processors (such as either a local processor associated with a smart vehicle and/or a remote processor or server associated with an insurance provider), data indicative of (1) vehicle usage, and/or (2) vehicle drivers for an insured vehicle; (b) analyzing the data, via the one or more processors, to determine (i) an amount and/or (ii) type of vehicle usage for each vehicle driver; (c) based upon the amount of vehicle usage for each vehicle driver and/or the type of vehicle usage for each vehicle driver, via the one or more processors, updating or adjusting an insurance policy (such as a premium, rate, rewards or points program, discount, etc.) for the insured vehicle; (d) transmitting, under the direction or control of the one or more processors, the updated or adjusted insurance policy (or otherwise causing the updated or adjusted insurance policy to be presented or displayed to the insured) to a mobile device of the insured for their review, modification, and/or approval; and/or (e) receiving, at or via the one or more processors, from the mobile device of the insured (such as via wireless communication) an approval of the updated or adjusted insurance policy of the insured to facilitate more accurate insurance pricing and/or insurance cost savings. The method may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.
For instance, the amount of vehicle usage may include an amount of time and/or miles that each individual vehicle driver drives the vehicle. The type of vehicle usage may include characterizing various periods of driving and/or trips as city driving; country driving; freeway or highway driving city street driving; heavy traffic or congested traffic driving; driving in good weather; driving in hazardous weather; rush hour driving; and/or time-of-day driving.
The vehicle drivers may be identified from mobile device signature; seat pressure sensors and weight; image recognition techniques performed upon images of the driver; and/or biometric devices (such as heart beat or rate characteristics; voice print; and/or thumb or finger prints).
In one embodiment, a computer associated with the vehicle (such as an on-board computer, mobile device, or server communicatively connected to the vehicle), an insurance provider (such as a server), or an insurance customer (such as a personal computer, mobile device, or smart phone) may (1) receive a request to generate an insurance policy covering use of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles by an insurance customer; (2) determine one or more risk levels associated with use of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle by the insurance customer; (3) determine one or more aspects of the insurance policy based upon the determined one or more risk levels and the information regarding intended vehicle usage; (4) cause at least a portion of the insurance policy to be presented to the insurance customer for review; (5) receive an indication of acceptance of the insurance policy from the insurance customer; and/or (6) cause the insurance policy to be issued to the insurance customer. The request to generate the insurance policy may include information regarding intended vehicle usage. The information regarding intended vehicle usage may include information regarding frequency of use of the rented autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles may include an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle rented by the insurance customer.
In some embodiments, the determined one or more aspects of the insurance policy may include a route of operation of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles. In further embodiments, the determined one or more aspects of the insurance policy may include one or more costs based upon the intended usage of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, which intended usage may be measured in distance and/or duration of vehicle operation. The one or more costs may further be based upon one or more of the following: a route of operation, a time of day of operation, a duration of a vehicle trip, a distance of a vehicle trip, weather conditions, traffic conditions, and/or geographic location of a vehicle trip. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more costs may further be based upon one or more of the following: autonomous operation features of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, versions of the autonomous operation features of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle, and/or use of the autonomous operation features of the one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles.
According to certain aspects, a computer-implemented method for generating or updating usage-based insurance policies for autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles may be provided. A request to generate an insurance quote may be received, at an insurance provider remote server, via wireless communication or data transmission sent from a customer's mobile device, and with the customer's permission, risk levels associated with intended usage by the customer of an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle may be determined. An insurance policy may be adjusted by the remote server based upon the risk levels and the intended vehicle usage. The insurance policy may then be transmitted from the remote sever via wireless communication to facilitate presentation on the customer's mobile device for their review and approval. In some aspects, the vehicle may be rented, and the intended vehicle usage is measured in distance and/or duration of vehicle operation. Insurance discounts may be provided to risk averse vehicle owners based upon low risk levels.
With all of the foregoing, a customer may opt into a rewards or other type of program, and willingly share their vehicle data with an insurance provider. In return, risk averse drivers and vehicle owners may receive discounts or insurance cost savings related to auto and other types of insurance from the insurance provider.
In one aspect, a computer-implemented method of updating an insurance policy using biometric device data may be provided. The method may include (a) gathering or receiving, at or via one or more processors (such as either a local processor associated with a smart vehicle and/or a remote processor or server associated with an insurance provider), data from a biometric device indicative of whom is driving an insured vehicle; (b) gathering or receiving, at or via the one or more processors, data indicative of vehicle usage for a single trip and/or driving or driver behavior during the single trip; (c) updating or adjusting, at or via the one or more processors, an insurance policy (such as a premium, rate, rewards or points program, discount, etc.) for the insured vehicle based upon (1) whom is driving the insured vehicle (and/or his or her driving profile or score), and/or (2) the data indicative of vehicle usage for the single trip and/or the driving or driver behavior exhibited during the single trip to facilitate more accurate risk assessment and/or cost savings to the insured. The method may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein. For instance, the biometric device may verify an identity of the driver based upon heartbeat, facial recognition techniques, and/or mood.
In another aspect, a computer-implemented method of updating an insurance policy may be provided. The method may include (1) gathering or receiving, at or via one or more processors (such as either a local processor associated with a smart vehicle and/or a remote processor or server associated with an insurance provider), data from a biometric device identifying a driver of an insured vehicle; (2) gathering or receiving, at or via the one or more processors, data indicative of driving or driver behavior for the driver identified from the biometric device data; (3) generating, at or via the one or more processors, a usage-based insurance policy for the insured vehicle based upon (i) the identity of the driver determined from the biometric device data, and/or (ii) the data indicative of driving or driver behavior exhibited by the driver to facilitate more accurate risk assessment and/or provide cost savings to the insured. The method may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.
In one aspect, a computer-implemented method of generating or updating an usage-based insurance policy for an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle having multiple drivers may be provided. The method may include (1) identifying, via one or more processors (such as a vehicle-mounted local processor or remote insurance provider processor or server), multiple drivers that drive a vehicle, the vehicle having one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous technologies or functionalities; (2) determining, via the one or more processors, a driving behavior for each of the multiple drivers; (3) determining, via the one or more processors, (i) an amount that each autonomous or semi-autonomous technology or functionality is used, and/or (ii) a type of autonomous or semi-autonomous technology or functionality that is employed by each of the multiple drivers; (4) generating or updating, via the one or more processors, an insurance policy (such as a premium, rate, discount, rewards or points program, etc.) for the vehicle based upon (a) the driving behavior for each of the multiple drivers determined, (b) the amount that each autonomous or semi-autonomous technology or functionality is used by each of the multiple drivers, and/or (c) the type of autonomous or semi-autonomous technology or functionality that is employed by each of the multiple drivers to facilitate providing insurance-related cost savings to the insured and/or to provide an enticement to an insured family to implement safety enhancing technology or functionality. The method may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.
Subscription Insurance Plans for Autonomous Vehicles
In one aspect, a computer-implemented method of providing insurance as a subscription service may be provided. The method may include (1) generating, via one or more processors (such as a local smart home or smart vehicle controller, and/or a remote insurance provider processor or server), one or more insurance subscription plans and/or periodic insurance rates based upon frequency of autonomous vehicle usage and/or frequency of renting autonomous vehicles (such as with persons living in large cities or communities that would rather use an autonomous vehicle taxi service); (2) causing the one or more subscription plans and/or periodic insurance rates, via the one or more processors, to be presented on a computing device of an insurance customer or potential customer (and/or otherwise transmitting, such as via wired or wireless communication, the one or more subscription plans and/or periodic insurance rates to the computing device) for review and/or selection by the insurance customer or potential customer; (3) receiving, via the one or more processors, a selection or approval of a subscription plan and/or periodic insurance rate from the computing device of the insurance customer or potential customer; and/or (4) in response, issuing, via the one or more processors, a subscription insurance plan to the insurance customer or potential customer covering, and/or providing insurance coverage(s) for, the usage and/or rental of the autonomous vehicle(s). For instance, the one or more processors may transmit a copy of the subscription insurance plan to the computing device of the customer for the customer's review and/or records. The method may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.
The subscription insurance plan may include, and/or may have a rate based upon, an amount of autonomous vehicle usage, such as by amount of miles and/or time (such as by minutes, hours, or days). The subscription insurance plan may provide, include, and/or may be associated with, automatic routing or directions telling or directing the autonomous vehicle to a pickup point and/or a destination for each trip.
The subscription insurance plan charges may be based upon (i) a route taken or directed by the insured or customer; (ii) a time of day that the autonomous vehicle service is provided (e.g., peak hours versus off-peak hours); (iii) an amount of time that the trip takes; and/or (iv) a mileage that autonomous vehicle drives to complete delivering the insured or customer to the destination.
The subscription insurance plan charges may be based upon features and/or capabilities of the autonomous rental vehicles, such as insured or customer selected autonomous and/or rental vehicles, and/or the software versions installed in those vehicles. The subscription insurance plan may include, and/or may be associated with, functionality that verifies the identity of the insured as the insured enters the autonomous vehicle and/or at the pick-up point to prevent fraudulent charges (such as via a biometric device, communication with a mobile device of the insured or customer, facial or voice recognition software, etc.).
In one aspect, a computer-implemented method of updating an insurance policy may be provided. The method may include (1) gathering or receiving, at or via one or more processors (such as either a local processor associated with a smart vehicle and/or a remote processor or server associated with an insurance provider), data indicative of a software version installed on or in an insured vehicle that is associated with an autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality; (2) determining, at or via the one or more processors, that the software version is out of date or a (safer or less risky) new software version exists and/or is available for download; (3) generating, at or via the one or more processors, a recommendation to an insured to update or upgrade to the new software version, and transmitting that recommendation under the direction or control of the one or more processors to a mobile device or insured vehicle controller (such as via wireless communication or data transmission); (4) determining, at or via the one or more processors, (or receiving an indication) that the insured has updated or upgraded to the new software version associated with the autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality; and/or (5) updating or adjusting, at or via the one or more processors, an insurance policy (such as a premium, rate, rewards or points program, discount, etc.) for the insured vehicle based upon the insured updating or upgrading to the new software version associated with an autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality to facilitate providing cost savings to the insured and/or enticing drivers to update vehicle software to most recent versions and/or versions that perform better.
The method may include additional, fewer, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.
Risk profiles or risk levels associated with one or more autonomous operation features determined above may be further used to determine risk categories or premiums for vehicle insurance policies covering autonomous vehicles. In some embodiments or under some conditions, the vehicle 108 may be a fully autonomous vehicle operating without a vehicle operator's input or presence. In other embodiments or under other conditions, the vehicle operator may control the vehicle 108 with or without the assistance of the vehicle's autonomous operation features. For example, the vehicle may be fully autonomous only above a minimum speed threshold or may require the vehicle operator to control the vehicle during periods of heavy precipitation. Alternatively, the autonomous vehicle may perform all relevant control functions using the autonomous operation features under all ordinary operating conditions. In still further embodiments, the vehicle 108 may operate in either a fully or a partially autonomous state, while receiving or transmitting autonomous communications.
Where the vehicle 108 operates only under fully autonomous control by the autonomous operation features under ordinary operating conditions or where control by a vehicle operator may be disregarded for insurance risk and price determination, the risk level or premium associated with an insurance policy covering the autonomous vehicle may be determined based upon the risks associated with the autonomous operation features, without reference to risks associated with the vehicle operator. Where the vehicle 108 may be operated manually under some conditions, the risk level or premium associated with an insurance policy covering the autonomous vehicle may be based upon risks associated with both the autonomous operation features and the vehicle operator performing manual vehicle operation. Where the vehicle 108 may be operated with the assistance of autonomous communications features, the risk level or premium associated with an insurance policy covering the autonomous vehicle may be determined based in part upon a determination of the expected use of autonomous communication features by external sources in the relevant environment of the vehicle 108 during operation of the vehicle 108.
In one aspect, the present embodiments may relate to data acquisition. Data may be gathered via devices employing wireless communication technology, such as Bluetooth or other IEEE communication standards. In one embodiment, a Bluetooth enabled smartphone or mobile device, and/or an in-dash smart and/or communications device may collect data. The data associated with the vehicle, and/or vehicle or driver performance, that is gathered or collected at, or on, the vehicle may be wirelessly transmitted to a remote processor or server, such as a remote processor or server associated with an insurance provider. The mobile device 110 may receive the data from the on-board computer 114 or the sensors 120, and may transmit the received data to the server 140 via the network 130, and the data may be stored in the database 146. In some embodiments, the transmitted data may include real-time sensor data, a summary of the sensor data, processed sensor data, operating data, environmental data, communication data, or a log such data.
Data may be generated by autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles and/or vehicle mounted sensors (or smart sensors), and then collected by vehicle mounted equipment or processors, including Bluetooth devices, and/or an insurance provider remote processor or server. The data gathered may be used to analyze vehicle decision making. A processor may be configured to generate data on what an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle would have done in a given situation had the driver not taken over manual control/driving of the vehicle or alternative control actions not taken by the autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features. This type of control decision data (related to vehicle decision making) may be useful with respect to analyzing hypothetical situations.
In one embodiment, an application, or other computer or processor instructions, may interact with a vehicle to receive and/or retrieve data from autonomous or semi-autonomous processors and sensors. The data retrieved may be related to radar, cameras, sensor output, computer instructions or application output. Other data related to a smart vehicle controller, car navigation unit information (including route history information and typical routes taken), GPS unit information, odometer and/or speedometer information, and smart equipment data may also be gathered or collected. The application and/or other computer instructions may be associated with an insurance provider remote processor or server.
The control decision data may further include information regarding control decisions generated by one or more autonomous operation features within the vehicle. The operating data and control decision data gathered, collected, and/or acquired may facilitate remote evaluation and/or analysis of what the autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle was “trying to do” (brake, slow, turn, accelerate, etc.) during operation, as well as what the vehicle actually did do. The data may reveal decisions, and the appropriateness thereof, made by the artificial intelligence or computer instructions associated with one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle technologies, functionalities, systems, and/or pieces of equipment. The data may include information related to what the vehicle would have done in a situation if the driver had not taken over (beginning manual vehicle control). Such data may include both the control actions taken by the vehicle and control actions the autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features would have caused the vehicle to take. Thus, in some embodiments, the control decisions data may include information regarding control decisions not implemented by the autonomous operation features to control the vehicle. This may occur when an autonomous operation feature generates a control decision or associated control signal, but the control decision or signal is prevented from controlling the vehicle because the autonomous feature or function is disabled, the control decision is overridden by the vehicle operator, the control signal would conflict with another control signal generated by another autonomous operation feature, a more preferred control decision is generated, and/or an error occurs in the on-board computer 114 or the control system of the vehicle.
For example, a vehicle operator may disable or constrain the operation of some or all autonomous operation features, such as where the vehicle is operated manually or semi-autonomously. The disabled or constrained autonomous operation features may, however, continue to receive sensor data and generate control decision data that is not implemented. Similarly, one or more autonomous operation features may generate more than one control decision in a relevant period of time as alternative control decisions. Some of these alternative control decisions may not be selected by the autonomous operation feature or an autonomous operation control system to control the vehicle. For example, such alternative control decisions may be generated based upon different sets of sensor or communication data from different sensors 120 or include or excluding autonomous communication data. As another example, the alternative control decisions may be generated faster than they can be implemented by the control system of the vehicle, thus preventing all control decisions from being implemented.
In addition to control decision data, other information regarding the vehicle, the vehicle environment, or vehicle operation may be collected, generated, transmitted, received, requested, stored, and/or recorded in connection with the control decision data. Additional operating data including sensor data from the sensors 120, autonomous communication data from the communication component 122 or the communication unit 220, location data, environmental data, time data, settings data, configuration data, and/or other relevant data may be associated with the control decision data. In some embodiments, a database or log may store the control decision data and associated information. In further embodiments, the entries in such log or database may include a timestamp indicating the date, time, location, vehicle environment, vehicle condition, autonomous operation feature settings, and/or autonomous operation feature configuration information associated with each entry. Such data may facilitate evaluating the autonomous or semi-autonomous technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment in hypothetical situations and/or may be used to calculate risk, and in turn adjust insurance policies, premiums, discounts, etc.
The disclosure herein relates to insurance policies for vehicles with autonomous operation features. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “vehicle” may refer to any of a number of motorized transportation devices. A vehicle may be a car, truck, bus, train, boat, plane, motorcycle, snowmobile, other personal transport devices, etc. Also as used herein, an “autonomous operation feature” of a vehicle means a hardware or software component or system operating within the vehicle to control an aspect of vehicle operation without direct input from a vehicle operator once the autonomous operation feature is enabled or engaged. The term “autonomous vehicle” means a vehicle including at least one autonomous operation feature. A “fully autonomous vehicle” means a vehicle with one or more autonomous operation features capable of operating the vehicle in the absence of or without operating input from a vehicle operator.
Additionally, the term “insurance policy” or “vehicle insurance policy,” as used herein, generally refers to a contract between an insurer and an insured. In exchange for payments from the insured, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils, acts, or events as specified by the language of the insurance policy. The payments from the insured are generally referred to as “premiums,” and typically are paid by or on behalf of the insured upon purchase of the insurance policy or over time at periodic intervals. Although insurance policy premiums are typically associated with an insurance policy covering a specified period of time, they may likewise be associated with other measures of a duration of an insurance policy, such as a specified distance traveled or a specified number of trips. The amount of the damages payment is generally referred to as a “coverage amount” or a “face amount” of the insurance policy. An insurance policy may remain (or have a status or state of) “in-force” while premium payments are made during the term or length of coverage of the policy as indicated in the policy. An insurance policy may “lapse” (or have a status or state of “lapsed”), for example, when the parameters of the insurance policy have expired, when premium payments are not being paid, when a cash value of a policy falls below an amount specified in the policy, or if the insured or the insurer cancels the policy.
The terms “insurer,” “insuring party,” and “insurance provider” are used interchangeably herein to generally refer to a party or entity (e.g., a business or other organizational entity) that provides insurance products, e.g., by offering and issuing insurance policies. Typically, but not necessarily, an insurance provider may be an insurance company. The terms “insured,” “insured party,” “policyholder,” and “customer” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a person, party, or entity (e.g., a business or other organizational entity) that is covered by the insurance policy, e.g., whose insured article or entity is covered by the policy. Typically, a person or customer (or an agent of the person or customer) of an insurance provider fills out an application for an insurance policy. In some cases, the data for an application may be automatically determined or already associated with a potential customer. The application may undergo underwriting to assess the eligibility of the party and/or desired insured article or entity to be covered by the insurance policy, and, in some cases, to determine any specific terms or conditions that are to be associated with the insurance policy, e.g., amount of the premium, riders or exclusions, waivers, and the like. Upon approval by underwriting, acceptance of the applicant to the terms or conditions, and payment of the initial premium, the insurance policy may be in-force, (i.e., the policyholder is enrolled).
Although the exemplary embodiments discussed herein relate to automobile insurance policies, it should be appreciated that an insurance provider may offer or provide one or more different types of insurance policies. Other types of insurance policies may include, for example, commercial automobile insurance, inland marine and mobile property insurance, ocean marine insurance, boat insurance, motorcycle insurance, farm vehicle insurance, aircraft or aviation insurance, and other types of insurance products.
Although the text herein sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legal scope of the invention is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this patent. The detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One could implement numerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.
In one aspect, autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle; telematics; interconnected home; mobile device; and/or other data, including that discussed elsewhere herein, may be collected or received by an insurance provider remote server, such as via direct or indirect wireless communication or data transmission, after a customer affirmatively consents or otherwise opts into an insurance discount, reward, or other program. The insurance provider may then analyze the data received with the customer's permission to provide benefits to the customer. As a result, risk averse customers may receive insurance discounts or other insurance cost savings based upon data that reflects low risk behavior and/or technology that mitigates or prevents risk to (i) insured assets, such as autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, and/or (ii) autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle operators or passengers.
It should also be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined in this patent using the sentence “As used herein, the term ‘______’ is hereby defined to mean . . . ” or a similar sentence, there is no intent to limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not be interpreted to be limited in scope based upon any statement made in any section of this patent (other than the language of the claims). To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this disclosure is referred to in this disclosure in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term be limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element is defined by reciting the word “means” and a function without the recital of any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim element be interpreted based upon the application of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f).
Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein.
Additionally, certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of routines, subroutines, applications, or instructions. These may constitute either software (code embodied on a non-transitory, tangible machine-readable medium) or hardware. In hardware, the routines, etc., are tangible units capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.
In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to perform certain operations. A hardware module may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.
Accordingly, the term “hardware” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in which hardware is temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), the hardware need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. Software may accordingly configure a processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at a different instance of time. Hardware elements can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware elements. Accordingly, the described hardware may be regarded as being communicatively coupled.
The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modules referred to herein may, in some example embodiments, comprise processor-implemented modules. Similarly, the methods or routines described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented. The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors may be located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments the processors may be distributed across a number of locations.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using words such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions or processes of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical) quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory, non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof), registers, or other machine components that receive, store, transmit, or display information. As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the description. In this description, and the claims that follow, the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. This detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One could implement numerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this application.
Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for system and a method for assigning mobile device data to a vehicle through the disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims.
The particular features, structures, or characteristics of any specific embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner and in any suitable combination with one or more other embodiments, including the use of selected features without corresponding use of other features. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular application, situation or material to the essential scope and spirit of the present invention. It is to be understood that other variations and modifications of the embodiments of the present invention described and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and are to be considered part of the spirit and scope of the present invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/810,375, filed Mar. 5, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/697,396, filed Nov. 27, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/934,355, filed Nov. 6, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,915,965, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/079,533 (filed Nov. 13, 2014); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,831 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,836 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,838 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,840 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,855 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,856 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,891 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,893 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,895 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,907 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,911 (filed Jan. 15, 2015); and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/103,914 (filed Jan. 15, 2015). The entirety of each of the foregoing applications is incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4218763 | Brailsford et al. | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4386376 | Takimoto et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4565997 | Seko et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4833469 | David | May 1989 | A |
| 5214582 | Gray | May 1993 | A |
| 5363298 | Survanshi et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5367456 | Summerville et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5368484 | Copperman et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5436839 | Dausch et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5453939 | Hoffman et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5488353 | Kawakami et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5499182 | Ousborne | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5515026 | Ewert | May 1996 | A |
| 5574641 | Kawakami et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5626362 | Mottola | May 1997 | A |
| 5689241 | Clarke et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5797134 | McMillan et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5835008 | Colemere, Jr. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5983161 | Lemelson et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6031354 | Wiley et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6054970 | Hirakawa et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6064970 | McMillan et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6067488 | Tano | May 2000 | A |
| 6141611 | Mackey et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6151539 | Bergholz et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6246933 | Vaeza | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6253129 | Jenkins et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6271745 | Anzai et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6285931 | Hattori et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6298290 | Abe et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6313749 | Horne et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6323761 | Son | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6353396 | Atlas | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6400835 | Lemelson et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6473000 | Secreet et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6477117 | Narayanaswami et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6553354 | Hausner et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6556905 | Mittelsteadt et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6570609 | Heien | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6579233 | Hursh | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6661345 | Bevan et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6701234 | Vogelsang | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6704434 | Sakoh et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6727800 | Dutu | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6795759 | Doyle | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6832141 | Skeen et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6889137 | Rychlak | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6909947 | Douros et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6934365 | Suganuma et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6944536 | Singleton | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6983313 | Korkea-Aho | Jan 2006 | B1 |
| 6989737 | Yasui | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7027621 | Prokoski | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7054723 | Seto et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7102496 | Ernst et al. | Sep 2006 | B1 |
| 7138922 | Strumolo et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7149533 | Laird et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7253724 | Prakah-Asante et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7254482 | Kawasaki et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7266532 | Sutton et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7290275 | Baudoin et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7302344 | Olney et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7315233 | Yuhara | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7330124 | Ota | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7348882 | Adamczyk et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7349860 | Wallach et al. | Mar 2008 | B1 |
| 7356392 | Hubbard et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7386376 | Basir et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7423540 | Kisacanin | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7424414 | Craft | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7499774 | Barrett et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7565230 | Gardner et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7596242 | Breed et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7609150 | Wheatley et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7639148 | Victor | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7676062 | Breed et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7692552 | Harrington et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7719431 | Bolourchi | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7729859 | Kimura et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7783426 | Kato et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7783505 | Roschelle et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7791503 | Breed et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7792328 | Albertson et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7797107 | Shiller | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7812712 | White et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7813888 | Vian et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7835834 | Smith et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7865378 | Gay | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7870010 | Joao | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7877275 | Ball | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7881951 | Roschelle et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7890355 | Gay et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7899560 | Eck | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7904219 | Lowrey et al. | Mar 2011 | B1 |
| 7973674 | Bell et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7979172 | Breed | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7979173 | Breed | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7983802 | Breed | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7987103 | Gay et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7991629 | Gay et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005467 | Gerlach et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8009051 | Omi | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8010283 | Yoshida et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8016595 | Aoki et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8027853 | Kazenas | Sep 2011 | B1 |
| 8035508 | Breed | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8040247 | Gunaratne | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8068983 | Man et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8078334 | Goodrich | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8090598 | Bauer et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8095394 | Nowak et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8106769 | Maroney et al. | Jan 2012 | B1 |
| 8108655 | Abernathy et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8117049 | Berkobin et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8123686 | Fennell et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8139109 | Schmiedel et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8140249 | Hessling et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8140358 | Ling et al. | Mar 2012 | B1 |
| 8140359 | Daniel | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8164432 | Broggi et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8180522 | Tuff | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8180655 | Hopkins, III | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8185380 | Kameyama | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8188887 | Catten et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8190323 | Maeda et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8255144 | Breed et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255243 | Raines et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255244 | Raines et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8260489 | Nielsen et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8260639 | Medina et al. | Sep 2012 | B1 |
| 8265861 | Ikeda et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8275417 | Flynn | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8280752 | Cripe et al. | Oct 2012 | B1 |
| 8311858 | Everett et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8314708 | Gunderson et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8332242 | Medina, III | Dec 2012 | B1 |
| 8340893 | Yamaguchi et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8340902 | Chiang | Dec 2012 | B1 |
| 8344849 | Larsson et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8352118 | Mittelsteadt et al. | Jan 2013 | B1 |
| 8355837 | Avery et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8364391 | Nagase et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8384534 | James et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8385964 | Haney | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8386168 | Hao | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8423239 | Blumer et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8437966 | Connolly et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8447231 | Bai et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8451105 | Mcnay | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8457880 | Malalur et al. | Jun 2013 | B1 |
| 8473143 | Stark et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8487775 | Victor et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8520695 | Rubin et al. | Aug 2013 | B1 |
| 8554468 | Bullock | Oct 2013 | B1 |
| 8554587 | Nowak et al. | Oct 2013 | B1 |
| 8566126 | Hopkins, III | Oct 2013 | B1 |
| 8595034 | Bauer et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8595037 | Hyde et al. | Nov 2013 | B1 |
| 8605947 | Zhang et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8618922 | Debouk et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8634980 | Urmson et al. | Jan 2014 | B1 |
| 8645014 | Kozlowski et al. | Feb 2014 | B1 |
| 8645029 | Kim et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8660734 | Zhu et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8698639 | Fung et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8700251 | Zhu et al. | Apr 2014 | B1 |
| 8725311 | Breed | May 2014 | B1 |
| 8725472 | Hagelin et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8731977 | Hardin et al. | May 2014 | B1 |
| 8742936 | Galley et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8781442 | Link, II | Jul 2014 | B1 |
| 8781669 | Teller et al. | Jul 2014 | B1 |
| 8788299 | Medina, III | Jul 2014 | B1 |
| 8799034 | Brandmaier et al. | Aug 2014 | B1 |
| 8816836 | Lee et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8818608 | Cullinane et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8825258 | Cullinane et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8849558 | Morotomi et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8868288 | Plante et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8874301 | Rao et al. | Oct 2014 | B1 |
| 8874305 | Dolgov et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8876535 | Fields et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8880291 | Hampiholi | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8892271 | Breed | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8902054 | Morris | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8909428 | Lombrozo | Dec 2014 | B1 |
| 8917182 | Chang et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8928495 | Hassib et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8935036 | Christensen et al. | Jan 2015 | B1 |
| 8954205 | Sagar et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8954217 | Montemerlo et al. | Feb 2015 | B1 |
| 8954226 | Binion et al. | Feb 2015 | B1 |
| 8965677 | Breed et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8972100 | Mullen et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8989959 | Plante et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8996228 | Ferguson et al. | Mar 2015 | B1 |
| 8996240 | Plante | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9008952 | Caskey et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9019092 | Brandmaier et al. | Apr 2015 | B1 |
| 9020876 | Rakshit | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9049584 | Hatton | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9053588 | Briggs et al. | Jun 2015 | B1 |
| 9056395 | Ferguson et al. | Jun 2015 | B1 |
| 9063543 | An et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9070243 | Kozlowski et al. | Jun 2015 | B1 |
| 9075413 | Cullinane et al. | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| 9079587 | Rupp et al. | Jul 2015 | B1 |
| 9081650 | Brinkmann et al. | Jul 2015 | B1 |
| 9098080 | Norris et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9123250 | Duncan et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9135803 | Fields et al. | Sep 2015 | B1 |
| 9141996 | Christensen et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9144389 | Srinivasan et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9147219 | Binion et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9147353 | Slusar | Sep 2015 | B1 |
| 9151692 | Breed | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9157752 | Fernandez et al. | Oct 2015 | B1 |
| 9164507 | Cheatham et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9177475 | Sellschopp | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9182942 | Kelly et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9188985 | Hobbs et al. | Nov 2015 | B1 |
| 9194168 | Lu et al. | Nov 2015 | B1 |
| 9205805 | Cudak et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9205842 | Fields et al. | Dec 2015 | B1 |
| 9221395 | Honig et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9221396 | Zhu et al. | Dec 2015 | B1 |
| 9224293 | Taylor | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9235211 | Davidsson et al. | Jan 2016 | B2 |
| 9262787 | Binion et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9274525 | Ferguson et al. | Mar 2016 | B1 |
| 9275417 | Binion et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9275552 | Fields et al. | Mar 2016 | B1 |
| 9282430 | Brandmaier et al. | Mar 2016 | B1 |
| 9282447 | Gianakis | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9299108 | Diana et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9308891 | Cudak et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9311271 | Wright | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9317983 | Ricci | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9342074 | Dolgov et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9342993 | Fields et al. | May 2016 | B1 |
| 9352709 | Brenneis et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9352752 | Cullinane et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9355423 | Slusar | May 2016 | B1 |
| 9361599 | Biemer et al. | Jun 2016 | B1 |
| 9361650 | Binion et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9371072 | Sisbot | Jun 2016 | B1 |
| 9376090 | Gennermann | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9377315 | Grover et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9381916 | Zhu et al. | Jul 2016 | B1 |
| 9384491 | Briggs et al. | Jul 2016 | B1 |
| 9390451 | Slusar | Jul 2016 | B1 |
| 9390452 | Biemer | Jul 2016 | B1 |
| 9390567 | Kim et al. | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9399445 | Abou et al. | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9406177 | Attard | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9421972 | Davidsson et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9424607 | Bowers et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9429943 | Wilson et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9430944 | Grimm et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9440657 | Fields et al. | Sep 2016 | B1 |
| 9443152 | Atsmon et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9443436 | Scheidt | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9454786 | Srey et al. | Sep 2016 | B1 |
| 9466214 | Fuehrer | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9475496 | Attard et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9477990 | Binion et al. | Oct 2016 | B1 |
| 9478150 | Fields et al. | Oct 2016 | B1 |
| 9489635 | Zhu | Nov 2016 | B1 |
| 9505494 | Marlow et al. | Nov 2016 | B1 |
| 9511765 | Obradovich | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9511767 | Okumura et al. | Dec 2016 | B1 |
| 9511779 | Cullinane et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9517771 | Attard et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9524648 | Gopalakrishnan et al. | Dec 2016 | B1 |
| 9529361 | You et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9530333 | Fields et al. | Dec 2016 | B1 |
| 9542846 | Zeng et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9558520 | Peak et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9558667 | Bowers et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9566959 | Breuer et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9567007 | Cudak et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9587952 | Slusar | Mar 2017 | B1 |
| 9594373 | Solyom et al. | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9604652 | Strauss | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9632502 | Levinson et al. | Apr 2017 | B1 |
| 9633318 | Plante | Apr 2017 | B2 |
| 9646428 | Konrardy et al. | May 2017 | B1 |
| 9650051 | Hoye et al. | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9656606 | Vose et al. | May 2017 | B1 |
| 9663112 | Abou-Nasr et al. | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9665101 | Templeton | May 2017 | B1 |
| 9679487 | Hayward | Jun 2017 | B1 |
| 9697733 | Penilla et al. | Jul 2017 | B1 |
| 9707942 | Cheatham et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9712549 | Almurayh | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9715711 | Konrardy et al. | Jul 2017 | B1 |
| 9720419 | O'Neill et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9725036 | Tarte | Aug 2017 | B1 |
| 9727920 | Healy et al. | Aug 2017 | B1 |
| 9734685 | Fields et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9753390 | Kabai | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9754325 | Konrardy et al. | Sep 2017 | B1 |
| 9754424 | Ling et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9754490 | Kentley et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9760702 | Kursun et al. | Sep 2017 | B1 |
| 9761139 | Acker et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9766625 | Boroditsky et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9767516 | Konrardy et al. | Sep 2017 | B1 |
| 9773281 | Hanson | Sep 2017 | B1 |
| 9792656 | Konrardy et al. | Oct 2017 | B1 |
| 9805423 | Konrardy et al. | Oct 2017 | B1 |
| 9805601 | Fields et al. | Oct 2017 | B1 |
| 9816827 | Slusar | Nov 2017 | B1 |
| 9817400 | Poeppel et al. | Nov 2017 | B1 |
| 9830748 | Rosenbaum | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9847033 | Carmack et al. | Dec 2017 | B1 |
| 9852475 | Konrardy et al. | Dec 2017 | B1 |
| 9858621 | Konrardy et al. | Jan 2018 | B1 |
| 9868394 | Fields et al. | Jan 2018 | B1 |
| 9870649 | Fields et al. | Jan 2018 | B1 |
| 9884611 | Abou et al. | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 9892567 | Binion et al. | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 9904928 | Leise | Feb 2018 | B1 |
| 9932033 | Slusar et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9939279 | Pan et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9940676 | Biemer | Apr 2018 | B1 |
| 9940834 | Konrardy et al. | Apr 2018 | B1 |
| 9944282 | Fields et al. | Apr 2018 | B1 |
| 9946531 | Fields et al. | Apr 2018 | B1 |
| 9948477 | Marten | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9972054 | Konrardy et al. | May 2018 | B1 |
| 9986404 | Mehta et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9990782 | Rosenbaum | Jun 2018 | B2 |
| 9995584 | Kanevsky | Jun 2018 | B1 |
| 10013697 | Cote et al. | Jul 2018 | B1 |
| 10019901 | Fields et al. | Jul 2018 | B1 |
| 10026130 | Konrardy et al. | Jul 2018 | B1 |
| 10026237 | Fields et al. | Jul 2018 | B1 |
| 10042359 | Konrardy et al. | Aug 2018 | B1 |
| 10043323 | Konrardy et al. | Aug 2018 | B1 |
| 10049505 | Harvey et al. | Aug 2018 | B1 |
| 10055794 | Konrardy et al. | Aug 2018 | B1 |
| 10065517 | Konrardy et al. | Sep 2018 | B1 |
| 10086782 | Konrardy et al. | Oct 2018 | B1 |
| 10089693 | Konrardy et al. | Oct 2018 | B1 |
| 10102586 | Marlow et al. | Oct 2018 | B1 |
| 10102590 | Farnsworth et al. | Oct 2018 | B1 |
| 10106083 | Fields et al. | Oct 2018 | B1 |
| 10134278 | Konrardy et al. | Nov 2018 | B1 |
| 10156848 | Konrardy et al. | Dec 2018 | B1 |
| 10157423 | Fields et al. | Dec 2018 | B1 |
| 10163350 | Fields et al. | Dec 2018 | B1 |
| 10168703 | Konrardy et al. | Jan 2019 | B1 |
| 10181161 | Konrardy et al. | Jan 2019 | B1 |
| 10185997 | Konrardy et al. | Jan 2019 | B1 |
| 10185998 | Konrardy et al. | Jan 2019 | B1 |
| 10185999 | Konrardy et al. | Jan 2019 | B1 |
| 10241509 | Fields et al. | Mar 2019 | B1 |
| 10266180 | Fields et al. | Apr 2019 | B1 |
| 10269190 | Rosenbaum | Apr 2019 | B2 |
| 10300926 | Cullinane et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10336321 | Fields et al. | Jul 2019 | B1 |
| 10354330 | Konrardy et al. | Jul 2019 | B1 |
| 10373257 | Iqbal et al. | Aug 2019 | B1 |
| 10373259 | Konrardy et al. | Aug 2019 | B1 |
| 10373265 | Konrardy et al. | Aug 2019 | B1 |
| 10399493 | Adams et al. | Sep 2019 | B2 |
| 10467824 | Rosenbaum | Nov 2019 | B2 |
| 10657597 | Billman et al. | May 2020 | B1 |
| 10713726 | Allen et al. | Jul 2020 | B1 |
| 10783586 | Augustine et al. | Sep 2020 | B1 |
| 10783587 | Augustine et al. | Sep 2020 | B1 |
| 10796369 | Augustine et al. | Oct 2020 | B1 |
| 10803525 | Augustine et al. | Oct 2020 | B1 |
| 11216887 | Carbery et al. | Jan 2022 | B1 |
| 11227452 | Rosenbaum | Jan 2022 | B2 |
| 11407410 | Rosenbaum | Aug 2022 | B2 |
| 11524707 | Rosenbaum | Dec 2022 | B2 |
| 11594083 | Rosenbaum | Feb 2023 | B1 |
| 20010005217 | Hamilton et al. | Jun 2001 | A1 |
| 20020016655 | Joao | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020049535 | Rigo et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020091483 | Douet | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020103622 | Burge | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020103678 | Burkhalter et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020111725 | Burge | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020116228 | Bauer et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020128751 | Engstrom et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020128882 | Nakagawa et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020135618 | Maes et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020146667 | Dowdell et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020169535 | Imai et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030028298 | Macky et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030061160 | Asahina | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030095039 | Shimomura et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030112133 | Webb et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030139948 | Strech | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030146850 | Fallenstein | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030182042 | Watson et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030182183 | Pribe | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030200123 | Burge et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030229528 | Nitao et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040005927 | Bonilla et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040017106 | Aizawa et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040019539 | Raman et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040054452 | Bjorkman | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040077285 | Bonilla et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040085198 | Saito et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040090334 | Zhang et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040111301 | Wahlbin et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122639 | Qiu | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040139034 | Farmer | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158476 | Blessinger et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040169034 | Park | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040198441 | Cooper et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040226043 | Mettu et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040252027 | Torkkola et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040260579 | Tremiti | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050007438 | Busch et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050046584 | Breed | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050055249 | Helitzer et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050059151 | Bosch | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050065678 | Smith et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050071052 | Coletrane et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050071202 | Kendrick | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050073438 | Rodgers et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050080519 | Desterling et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050088291 | Blanco et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050088521 | Blanco et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050093684 | Cunnien | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050108910 | Esparza et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050131597 | Raz et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050154513 | Matsunaga et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050216136 | Engning et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228763 | Lewis et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050237784 | Kang | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050246256 | Gastineau et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050259151 | Hamilton et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050267784 | Slen et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060031103 | Henry | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052909 | Cherouny | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052929 | Bastian et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060053038 | Warren et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060055565 | Kawamata et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060079280 | Laperch | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060089766 | Allard et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060092043 | Lagassey | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060136291 | Morita et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060149461 | Rowley et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184295 | Hawkins et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060212195 | Veith et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060220905 | Hovestadt | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060229777 | Hudson et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060232430 | Takaoka et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060294514 | Bauchot et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070001831 | Raz et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027726 | Warren et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070048707 | Caamano et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070055422 | Anzai et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070080816 | Haque et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070088469 | Schmiedel et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070093947 | Gould et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070122771 | Maeda et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070124599 | Morita et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070132773 | Plante | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070149208 | Syrbe et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070159354 | Rosenberg | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070208498 | Barker et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070219720 | Trepagnier et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070265540 | Fuwamoto et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070282489 | Boss et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070282638 | Surovy | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070299700 | Gay et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080027761 | Bracha | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080028974 | Bianco | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080061953 | Bhogal et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080064014 | Wojtczak et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080065427 | Helitzer et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080082372 | Burch | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080084473 | Romanowich | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080106390 | White | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114502 | Breed et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114530 | Petrisor et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080126137 | Kidd et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080143497 | Wasson et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147265 | Breed | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147266 | Plante et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147267 | Plante et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080161989 | Breed | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080167821 | Breed | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080180237 | Fayyad et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080189142 | Brown et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080255887 | Gruter | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080258885 | Akhan | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080258890 | Follmer et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080291008 | Jeon | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080294302 | Basir | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080294690 | McClellan et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080297488 | Operowsky et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300733 | Rasshofer et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080313007 | Callahan et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080319665 | Berkobin et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080319817 | Simon | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090005979 | Nakao et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090015684 | Ooga et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090027188 | Saban | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090063030 | Howarter et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090069953 | Hale et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090079839 | Fischer et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090081923 | Dooley et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090085770 | Mergen | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090106135 | Steiger | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090109037 | Farmer | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090115638 | Shankwitz et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132294 | Haines | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090140887 | Breed et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090174573 | Smith | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090207005 | Habetha et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090210257 | Chalfant et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090254240 | Olsen et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090267801 | Kawai et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090300065 | Birchall | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100004995 | Hickman | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030540 | Choi et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030586 | Taylor et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100042318 | Kaplan et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100055649 | Takahashi et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100076646 | Basir et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100085171 | Do | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100106346 | Badli et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100106356 | Trepagnier et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100106514 | Cox | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100128127 | Ciolli | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131300 | Collopy et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131302 | Collopy et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131304 | Collopy et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131307 | Collopy et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100143872 | Lankteee | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100157255 | Togino | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100164737 | Lu et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100198491 | Mays | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100213884 | Xiang | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100214087 | Nakagoshi et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100219944 | McCormick et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228419 | Lee et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100253541 | Seder et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100256836 | Mudalige | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100286845 | Rekow et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100293033 | Hall et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100299021 | Jalili | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110009093 | Self et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110010042 | Boulet et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110043350 | Ben David | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110043377 | Mcgrath et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110054767 | Schafer et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110060496 | Nielsen et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110066310 | Sakai et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110077809 | Leary | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087505 | Terlep | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110090075 | Armitage et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110090093 | Grimm et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110093134 | Emanuel et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110093350 | Laumeyer et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110106370 | Duddle et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110109462 | Deng et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110117878 | Barash et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110118907 | Elkins | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110128161 | Bae et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110133954 | Doshima et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110137684 | Peak et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110140919 | Hara et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110140968 | Bai et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110144854 | Cramer et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110153367 | Amigo et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110161119 | Collins | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110184605 | Neff | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110187559 | Applebaum | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110190972 | Timmons et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110196571 | Foladare et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110202305 | Willis et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110251751 | Knight | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110279263 | Rodkey et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110288770 | Greasby | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110295446 | Basir et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110295546 | Khazanov | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110301839 | Pudar et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110304465 | Boult et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110307188 | Peng et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110307336 | Smirnov et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120004933 | Foladare et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120010906 | Foladare et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120013582 | Inoue et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120019001 | Hede et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120025969 | Dozza | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120028680 | Breed | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120053824 | Nam et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120056758 | Kuhlman et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120059227 | Friedlander et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120062392 | Ferrick et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120066007 | Ferrick et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120071151 | Abramson et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120072214 | Cox et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120072243 | Collins et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120072244 | Collins et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120083668 | Pradeep et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120083964 | Montemerlo et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120083974 | Sandblom | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120092157 | Tran | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120101855 | Collins et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120108909 | Slobounov et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120109407 | Yousefi et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120109692 | Collins et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120123806 | Schumann et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120135382 | Winston et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120143391 | Gee | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120143630 | Hertenstein | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120172055 | Edge | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120185204 | Jallon et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120188100 | Min et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120190001 | Knight et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120191343 | Haleem | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120191373 | Soles et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120197669 | Kote et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120200427 | Kamata | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120203418 | Braennstroem et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120209692 | Bennett et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120215375 | Chang | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235865 | Nath et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239242 | Uehara | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239281 | Hinz | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239471 | Grimm et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120246733 | Schaefer et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120256769 | Satpathy | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120258702 | Matsuyama | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120271500 | Tsimhoni et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120277950 | Plante et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120286974 | Claussen et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120289819 | Snow | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120303177 | Jauch et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120303222 | Cooprider et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120306663 | Mudalige | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120316406 | Rahman et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130006674 | Bowne et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130006675 | Bowne et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130006676 | Helitzer et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130018677 | Chevrette | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130030606 | Mudalige et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130038437 | Talati et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130044008 | Gafford et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130046562 | Taylor et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130066751 | Glazer et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130073115 | Levin et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130097128 | Suzuki et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130116855 | Nielsen et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130131907 | Green et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130144459 | Ricci | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130144652 | Roberson | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130151027 | Petrucci et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130151202 | Denny et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130164715 | Hunt et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130179198 | Bowne et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130189649 | Mannino | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130190966 | Collins et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130204645 | Lehman et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130209968 | Miller et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130218603 | Hagelstein et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130218604 | Hagelstein et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226391 | Nordbruch et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226624 | Blessman et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130227409 | Das et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130237194 | Davis | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130245857 | Gariepy et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130245881 | Scarbrough | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130257626 | Masli et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130265174 | Scofield et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130267194 | Breed | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130268187 | Scofield et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130278442 | Rubin et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130304513 | Hyde | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130304514 | Hyde et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130307786 | Heubel | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130317693 | Jefferies et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130317711 | Plante | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130317786 | Kuhn | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130317865 | Tofte et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130339062 | Brewer et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140002651 | Plante | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140004734 | Hoang | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140006660 | Frei et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140009307 | Bowers et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140019170 | Coleman et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140039934 | Ernesto | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140047347 | Mohn et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140047371 | Palmer et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140052323 | Reichel et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140052336 | Moshchuk et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140052479 | Kawamura | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140058761 | Freiberger et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140059066 | Koloskov | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140070980 | Park | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140080100 | Phelan et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140095009 | Oshima et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140095214 | Mathe et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140099607 | Armitage et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140100892 | Collopy et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140104405 | Weidl et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140106782 | Chitre et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140108198 | Jariyasunant et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140111332 | Przybylko et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140114691 | Pearce | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140125474 | Gunaratne | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140129053 | Kleve et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140129301 | Van et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140130035 | Desai et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140135598 | Weidl et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140136045 | Zhu et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140148988 | Lathrop et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140149148 | Luciani | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140152422 | Breed | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140156176 | Caskey et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140167967 | He et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140168399 | Plummer et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140172467 | He et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140172727 | Abhyanker et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140188322 | Oh et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140191858 | Morgan et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140207707 | Na et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140218187 | Chun et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140218520 | Teich et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140221781 | Schrauf et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140236638 | Pallesen et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140240132 | Bychkov | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140253376 | Large et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140257866 | Gay et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140266655 | Palan | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140272811 | Palan | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140278571 | Mullen et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140278586 | Sanchez et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140278840 | Scofield et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140279707 | Joshua et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140301218 | Luo et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140306799 | Ricci | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140306814 | Ricci | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140309864 | Ricci | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140309870 | Ricci et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140310186 | Ricci | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140337930 | Hoyos et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140343972 | Fernandes et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140350970 | Schumann et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140358592 | Wedig et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140380264 | Misra et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150006278 | Di et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150019266 | Stempora | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150024705 | Rashidi | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150025917 | Stempora | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150032581 | Blackhurst et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150035685 | Strickland et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150039350 | Martin et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150039397 | Fuchs | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150045983 | Fraser et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150051752 | Paszkowicz | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150051787 | Doughty et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150066284 | Yopp | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150070265 | Cruz-Hernandez et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088358 | Yopp | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088360 | Bonnet et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088373 | Wilkins | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088550 | Bowers et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150100189 | Tellis et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150100190 | Yopp | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150100191 | Yopp | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150106427 | Tang et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150109450 | Walker | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150112731 | Binion et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150112800 | Binion et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150113521 | Suzuki et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150120331 | Russo et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150127570 | Doughty et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150128123 | Eling | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150142262 | Lee | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150149018 | Attard et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150149265 | Huntzicker et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150153733 | Ohmura et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150158495 | Duncan et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150161564 | Sweeney et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150161738 | Stempora | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150161894 | Duncan et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150166069 | Engelman et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150169311 | Dickerson et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150170287 | Tirone | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150170290 | Bowne et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150170522 | Noh | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150178997 | Ohsaki | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150185034 | Abhyanker | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150187013 | Adams et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150187015 | Adams et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150187016 | Adams et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150187019 | Fernandes | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150187194 | Hypolite et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150189241 | Kim et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150193219 | Pandya et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150193220 | Rork et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150203107 | Lippman | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150203113 | Duncan et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150229885 | Offenhaeuser | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150235323 | Oldham | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150235480 | Cudak et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150235557 | Engelman et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150239436 | Kanai et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150241853 | Vechart et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150242953 | Suiter | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150246672 | Pilutti et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150266489 | Solyom et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150266490 | Coelingh et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150271201 | Ruvio et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150274072 | Croteau et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150276415 | Shrinath et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150293534 | Takamatsu | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150294422 | Carver et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150307110 | Grewe et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150310742 | Albornoz | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150310758 | Daddona et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150314780 | Stenneth et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150332407 | Wilson et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150334545 | Maier et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150336502 | Hillis et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150338227 | Kruecken | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150338852 | Ramanujam | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150339928 | Ramanujam | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150343947 | Bernico et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150346727 | Ramanujam | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150348335 | Ramanujam | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150348337 | Choi | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150356797 | Mcbride et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150382085 | Lawrie-Fussey et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160014252 | Biderman et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160019790 | Tobolski et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160027276 | Freeck et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160036899 | Moody et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160042463 | Gillespie | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160042644 | Velusamy | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160042650 | Stenneth | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160055750 | Linder et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160059825 | Coombs | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160068103 | Mcnew et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160071418 | Oshida et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160083285 | De et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160086285 | Jordan et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160086393 | Collins et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160092962 | Wasserman et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160093212 | Barfield et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160104250 | Allen et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160105365 | Droste et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160116913 | Niles | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160117871 | Mcclellan et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160117928 | Hodges et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160125735 | Tuukkanen | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160129917 | Gariepy et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160140783 | Catt et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160140784 | Akanuma et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160147226 | Akselrod et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160163217 | Harkness | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160171521 | Ramirez et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160187127 | Purohit et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160187368 | Modi et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160189303 | Fuchs | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160189544 | Ricci | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160203560 | Parameshwaran | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160221575 | Posch et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160231746 | Hazelton et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160248598 | Lin et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160255154 | Kim et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160264132 | Paul et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160272219 | Ketfi-Cherif et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160275790 | Kang et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160277911 | Kang et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160282874 | Kurata et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160288833 | Heimberger et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160291153 | Mossau et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160292679 | Kolin et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160301698 | Katara et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160303969 | Akula | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160304027 | Di et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160304038 | Chen et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160304091 | Remes | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160313132 | Pedro | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160314224 | Wei et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160321674 | Lux | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160323233 | Song et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160327949 | Wilson et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160343249 | Gao et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160347329 | Zelman et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20160370194 | Colijn et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20170008487 | Ur et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170015263 | Makled et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170017734 | Groh et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170021764 | Adams et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170023945 | Cavalcanti et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170024938 | Lindsay | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170036678 | Takamatsu | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170038773 | Gordon et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170067764 | Skupin et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170072967 | Fendt et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170076396 | Sudak | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170076606 | Gupta et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170080900 | Huennekens et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170084175 | Sedlik et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170086028 | Hwang et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170106876 | Gordon et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170116794 | Gortsas | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170120761 | Kapadia et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170123421 | Kentley et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170123428 | Levinson et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170136902 | Ricci | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170147722 | Greenwood | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170148102 | Franke et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170148324 | High et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170154479 | Kim | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170168493 | Miller et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170169627 | Kim et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170176641 | Zhu et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170192428 | Vogt et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170200367 | Mielenz | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170212511 | Paiva et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170221150 | Bichacho | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170234689 | Gibson et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170236210 | Kumar et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170249844 | Perkins et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170270617 | Fernandes et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170274897 | Rink et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170278312 | Minster et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170308082 | Ullrich et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170309092 | Rosenbaum | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170329346 | Latotzki | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170330448 | Moore et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170352274 | Kodama et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180004223 | Baldwin | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180013831 | Dey et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180046198 | Nordbruch et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180053411 | Wieskamp et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180075538 | Konrardy et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180080995 | Heinen | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180091981 | Sharma et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180099678 | Absmeier et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180194343 | Lorenz | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180218453 | Crabtree et al. | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180231979 | Miller et al. | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180233033 | Nordbruch | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180284807 | Wood et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180307250 | Harvey | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180345811 | Michels et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190005464 | Harris et al. | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190005745 | Patil et al. | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190087911 | Adams et al. | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190146491 | Hu et al. | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190146496 | Woodrow et al. | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190389378 | Adams et al. | Dec 2019 | A1 |
| 20200334762 | Carver et al. | Oct 2020 | A1 |
| 20220092893 | Rosenbaum | Mar 2022 | A1 |
| 20220340148 | Rosenbaum | Oct 2022 | A1 |
| 20230060300 | Rosenbaum | Mar 2023 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 102006024606 | Nov 2007 | DE |
| 102010001006 | Jul 2011 | DE |
| 102015208358 | Nov 2015 | DE |
| 0700009 | Mar 1996 | EP |
| 2269884 | Mar 2013 | EP |
| 3239686 | Nov 2017 | EP |
| 3239686 | Nov 2017 | EP |
| 3578433 | Apr 2019 | EP |
| 3730375 | Apr 2020 | EP |
| 3960576 | Mar 2022 | EP |
| 4190659 | Jun 2023 | EP |
| 4190660 | Jun 2023 | EP |
| 2268608 | Jan 1994 | GB |
| 2488956 | Sep 2012 | GB |
| 2494727 | Mar 2013 | GB |
| 2002-259708 | Sep 2002 | JP |
| 10-2014-0144919 | Dec 2014 | KR |
| 10-1515496 | May 2015 | KR |
| 2001063194 | Aug 2001 | WO |
| 2005083605 | Sep 2005 | WO |
| 2010034909 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| 2010062899 | Jun 2010 | WO |
| 2011146466 | Nov 2011 | WO |
| 2014092769 | Jun 2014 | WO |
| 2014139821 | Sep 2014 | WO |
| 2014148976 | Sep 2014 | WO |
| 2016028228 | Feb 2016 | WO |
| 2016067610 | May 2016 | WO |
| 2016156236 | Oct 2016 | WO |
| 2017142931 | Aug 2017 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “An Evolving ITS Paves The Way for Intelligent Highways” by Louis Frenzel, Electronic Design, Jan. 8, 2001 (Year: 2001). |
| “A Back-End System for an Autonomous Parking and Charging System for Electric Vehicles” by authors Julian Timpner and Lars Wolf published for the 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference and added to IEEE Explore on Apr. 16, 2012. |
| “Driverless Cars . . . The Future is Already Here”, AutoInsurance Center, downloaded from the Internet at: <http://www.autoinsurancecenter.com/driverless-cars . . . the-future-is-already-here.htm> (2010; downloaded on Mar. 27, 2014). |
| “Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS)”, Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), http://www.its.dot.gov/ivbss/, retrieved from the internet on Nov. 4, 2013, 3 pages. |
| “Linking Driving Behavior to Automobile Accidents and Insurance Rates: An Analysis of Five Billion Miles Driven”, Progressive Insurance brochure (Jul. 2012). |
| “NPL—Private Ownership Costs RACQ”, from the Wayback Machine dated Oct. 6, 2014. |
| “An Evolving ITS Paves The Way for Intelligent Highways” by Louis Frenzel, Electronic Design, Jan. 8, 2001. |
| Aguilar et al., “Situation assessment in autonomous systems”, 2012, IEEE (Year: 2012). |
| Al-Shihabi et al., A framework for modeling human-like driving behaviors for autonomous vehicles in driving simulators, Agents'01, pp. 286-291 (2001). |
| Alberi et al., A proposed standardized testing procedure for autonomous ground vehicles, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 63 pages (Apr. 29, 2008). |
| Althoff et al., “Safety Assessment of Driving Behavior in Multi-Lane Traffic for Autonomous Vehicles”, 2009, IEEE (Year: 2009). |
| Barltrop et al., “Automated Generation and Assessment of Autonomous Systems Test Cases”, 2008, IEEE (Year: 2008). |
| Birch, “‘Mercedes-Benz’ world class driving simulator complex enhances moose safety”, SAE International, Automotive Engineering (Nov. 13, 2010). |
| Broggi et al., Extensive Tests of Autonomous Driving Technologies, IEEE Trans on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 14(3):1403-15 (May 30, 2013). |
| Campbell et al., Autonomous Driving in Urban Environments: Approaches, Lessons, and Challenges, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 368:4649-72 (2010). |
| Carroll et al. “Where Innovation is Sorely Needed”, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/422568/where-innovation-is-sorely-needed/?nlid, retrieved from the internet on Nov. 4, 2013, 3 pages. |
| Davies, Here's How Mercedes-Benz Tests its New Self-Driving Car, Business Insider (Nov. 20, 2012). |
| Dittrich et al., Multi-sensor navigation system for an autonomous helicopter, IEEE, pp. 8.C.1-1-8.C.1-9 (2002). |
| Duffy et al., Sit, Stay, Drive: The Future of Autonomous Car Liability, SMU Science & Technology Law Review, vol. 16, pp. 101-123 (Winter 2013). |
| Figueiredo et al., An Approach to Simulate Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Traffic Scenarios, University of Porto, 7 pages (Nov. 2009). |
| Filev et al., Future Mobility: Integrating Vehicle Control with Cloud Computing, Mechanical Engineering, 135.3:S18-S24, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Mar. 2013). |
| Franke et al., Autonomous Driving Goes Downtown, IEEE Intelligent Systems, (Nov. 1998). |
| Funkhouser, Paving the Road Ahead: Autonomous vehicles, products liability, and the need for a new approach, Utah Law Review, vol. 437, Issue 1 (2013). |
| Garza, “Look Ma, No Hands!” Wrinkles and Wrecks in teh Age of Autonomous Vehicles, New England Law Review, vol. 46, pp. 581-616 (2012). |
| Gechter et al., Towards a Hybrid Real/Virtual Simulation of Autonomous Vehicles for Critical Scenarios, International Academy Research and Industry Association (IARIA), 4 pages (2014). |
| Gerdes et al., Implementable ethics for autonomous vehicles, Chapter 5, IN: Maurer et al. (eds.), Autonomes Fahren, Soringer Vieweg, Berlin (2015). |
| Gietelink et al., Development of advanced driver assistance systems with vehicle hardware-in-the- loop simulations, Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 569-590 (Jul. 2006). |
| Gleeson, “How much is a monitored alarm insurance deduction?”, Demand Media (Oct. 30, 2014). |
| Gray et al., “A Unified Approach to Threat Assessment and Control for Automotive Active Safety”, Sep. 2013, IEEE, vol. 14, No. 3 (Year: 2013). |
| Guo et al., “Automated and Safe Vulnerability Assessment”, 2005, IEEE (Year: 2005). |
| Gurney, Sue my car not me: Products liability and accidents involving autonomous vehicles, Journal of Law, Technology & Policy (2013). |
| Hancock et al., “The Impact of Emotions and Predominant Emotion Regulation Technique on driving Performance,” Work, 41 Suppl 1:5882-5 (Feb. 2012). |
| Hars, Autonomous Cars: The Next Revolution Looms, Inventivio GmbH, 4 pages (Jan. 2010). |
| Lattner et al., “Knowledge-based risk assessment for intelligent vehicles”, IEEE KIMAS 2005, April 18-21, Waltham, Massachusetts (Apr. 2005), pp. 191-196. |
| Lee et al., Autonomous Vehicle Simulation Project, Int. J. Software Eng. and Its Applications, 7(5):393-402 (2013). |
| Levendusky, Advancements in automotive technology and their effect on personal auto insurance, downloaded from the Internet at: <http://www.verisk.com/visualize/advancements-in-automotive-technology-and-their-effect> (2013). |
| Lewis, The History of Driverless Cars, downloaded from the Internet at: <www.thefactsite.com/2017/06/driverless-cars-history.html> (Jun. 2017). |
| Marchant et al., The coming collision between autonomous vehicles and the liability system, Santa Clara Law Review, 52(4): Article 6 (2012). |
| Martin et al., Certification for Autonomous Vehicles, 34 pp., downloaded from the Internet: <https://www.cs.unc.edu/-anderson/teach/comp790a/certification.pdf> (2015). |
| McCraty et al., “The Effects of Different Types of Music on Mood, Tension, and Mental Clarity.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 4.1 (1998): 75-84. NCBI PubMed. Web. Jul. 11, 2013. |
| Mercedes-Benz, Press Information: Networked With All Sense, Mercedes-Benz Driving Simulator (Nov. 2012). |
| Miller, A simulation and regression testing framework for autonomous workers, Case Western Reserve University, 12 pages (Aug. 2007). |
| Mui, Will auto insurers survive their collision with driverless cars? (Part 6), downloaded from the Internet at: <http://www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2013/03/28/will-auto-insurers-survive-their-collision> (Mar. 28, 2013). |
| Pereira, An Integrated Architecture for Autonomous Vehicle Simulation, University of Porto., 114 pages (Jun. 2011). |
| Peterson, New technology—old law: autonomous vehicles and California's insurance framework, Santa Clara Law Review, 52(4):Article 7 (Dec. 2012). |
| Petillo et al., “Autonomous Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Feature Tracking via Autonomous Underwater Vehicles”, 2010, IEEE (Year: 2010). |
| Pohanka et al., Sensors simulation environment for sensor data fusion, 14th International Conference on Information Fusion, Chicaao, IL, rm. 1-8 (2011). |
| Private Ownership Costs, RACQ, Wayback Machine, http://www.racq.com.au:80/˜/media/pdf/racqpdfs/cardsanddriving/cars/0714_vehicle_running_costs.ashx/ (Oct. 6, 2014). |
| Quinlan et al., Bringing Simulation to Life: A Mixed Reality Autonomous Intersection, Proc. IROS 2010—IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Taipei Taiwan, 6 pages (Oct. 2010). |
| Read, Autonomous cars & the death of auto insurance, downloaded from the Internet at: <http://www.thecarconnection.com/news/1083266_autonomous-cars-the-death-of-auto-insurance> (Apr. 1, 2013). |
| Reddy, The New Auto Insurance Ecosystem: Telematics, Mobility and the Connected Car, Cognizant (Aug. 2012). |
| Reifel et al., “Telematics: The Game Chanaer—Reinventing Auto Insurance”, A.T. Kearney (2010). |
| Roberts, “What is Telematics Insurance?”, MoneySupermarket (Jun. 20, 2012). |
| Ryan, Can having safety features reduce your insurance premiums? (Dec. 15, 2010). |
| Saberi et al., An approach for functional safety improvement of an existing automotive system, IEEE (2015). |
| Self-Drivina Cars: The Next Revolution, KPMG, Center for Automotive Research (2012). |
| Sepulcre et al., Cooperative vehicle-to-vehicle active safety testing under challenging conditions, Transportation Research Part C, 26:233-55 (2013). |
| Sharma, Driving the future: the legal implications of autonomous vehicles conference recap, downloaded from the Internet at: < http://law.scu.edu/hightech/autonomousvehicleconfrecap2012> (Aug. 2012). |
| Stavens, Learning to Drive: Perception for Autonomous Cars, Stanford University, 104 pages (May 2011). |
| Stienstra, Autonomous Vehicles & the Insurance Industry, 2013 CAS Annual Meeting—Minneapolis, MN (Nov. 2013). |
| Teizer et al., “Autonomous pro-active real-time construction worker and equipment operator proximity safety alert system”, Feb. 2010, Elsevier B.V. (Year: 2010). |
| The Influence of Telematics on Customer Experience: Case Study of Progressive's Snapshot Proaram, J.D. Power Insiahts, McGraw Hill Financial (2013). |
| Tiberkak et al., An architecture for policy-based home automation system (PBHAS), 2010 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (Apr. 15-16, 2010). |
| Vasudevan et al., Safe semi-autonomous control with enhanced driver modeling, 2012 American Control Conference, Fairmont Queen Elizabeth, Montreal, Canada (Jun. 27-29, 2012). |
| Villasenor, Products liability and driverless cars: Issues and guiding principles for legislation, Brookinas Center for Technology Innovation, 25 pages (Apr. 2014). |
| Wang et al., Shader-based sensor simulation for autonomous car testing, 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Anchorage, Alaska, pp. 224-229 (2012). |
| Wardzinski, “Dynamic risk assessment in autonomous vehicles motion planning”, Proceedings of the 2008 1st International Conference on Information Technology, IT 2008, Gdansk, Poland (May 19-21, 2008). |
| Wiesenthal et al., “The Influence of Music on Driver Stress,” J. Applied Social Psychology, 30(8):1709-19 (Aug. 2000). |
| Wiesenthal, David L., Dwight A. Hennessy, and Brad Totten, “The Influence of Music on Driver Stress,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, 8, pp. 1709-1719, 2000. |
| Young et al., “Cooperative Collision Warning Based Highway Vehicle Accident Reconstruction”, Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Nov. 26-28, 2008, pp. 561-565. |
| Zhou et al., A Simulation Model to Evaluate and Verify Functions of Autonomous Vehicle Based on Simulink, Tonqii University, 12 pages (2009). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220318924 A1 | Oct 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62103840 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103836 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103911 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103838 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103895 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103855 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103831 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103891 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103914 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103907 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103893 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62103856 | Jan 2015 | US | |
| 62079533 | Nov 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16810375 | Mar 2020 | US |
| Child | 17847444 | US | |
| Parent | 16697396 | Nov 2019 | US |
| Child | 16810375 | US | |
| Parent | 14934355 | Nov 2015 | US |
| Child | 16697396 | US |
