Auxiliary relation for materialized view

Abstract

Auxiliary relations are used to maintain a materialized view. The materialized view comprises results of some operation performed between two or more base relations of a parallel database management system comprising a plurality of nodes. The two or more base relations are distributed to the nodes according to some partitioning strategy. Each auxiliary relation is partitioned according to the join attribute in the materialized view definition. During join or other operations involving the relations, the auxiliary relations, not the base relations, are used to construct join results and to maintain the materialized view.

Description

BACKGROUND

A data warehouse collects information from several possibly widely distributed and loosely coupled source databases. The collected information is integrated into a single database to be queried by the data warehouse clients.

Because a data warehouse is primarily used for decision support, queries at the data warehouse tend to be complex and take a long time to execute. Due to the huge volume of data and the complexity of the queries, a data warehouse is typically managed by a parallel database management system (DBMS). In addition to the data itself, the parallel DBMS typically includes data structures of various types that facilitate efficient query processing.

The data itself is organized in tables, also known as relations. Various data structures may be associated with these relations. For example, a view is a derived relation formed by performing a function on one or more base relations. Rather than storing the view, the function is typically recomputed each time the view is referenced.

A materialized view is another type of data structure used to speed up query processing. A materialized view is a pre-computed, stored query result that can be used for some queries instead of reconstructing the results directly from the base relations. As with the view, a function is performed on the base relations to derive the materialized view. Because the materialized view is stored, fast access to the data is possible without recomputing the view.

The materialized view is thus an assembly of data for fast access. After the materialized view is created, subsequent queries may use the materialized view, where appropriate, saving the overhead of performing the computation again. Materialized views may be used to assemble data that come from many different relations, which typically requires many different join operations to be performed between the relations.

Much like a cache, a materialized view is updated when the underlying base relations are modified. A typical materialized view may consist of a join between two or more base relations. The primary copy of the data is kept in the base relations. As these relations are changed through insertion of new tuples, deletion of tuples, or updates to existing tuples, the corresponding rows in the materialized view are changed to avoid becoming stale. This is known as materialized view maintenance.

The maintenance process may be expensive (in terms of resource utilization) on a parallel database management system. It is often the case that the information (tuples) for maintaining the materialized view is not stored together on a single node of the system. Thus, to perform a maintenance operation, the system collects the affected tuples together from several nodes, performs the join, and updates the materialized view. Maintenance of the materialized view may thus adversely affect the speed of query processing.

In a data warehouse environment, updates typically arrive in bulk, rather than a few at a time. Ostensibly, this bulk updating of data improves efficiency of the DBMS. In most commonly used commercial data warehousing systems, the data warehouse is not available for other queries during materialized view maintenance.

As international corporations have branches that span multiple time zones, there is sometimes no convenient “night” down time for the data warehouse to be maintained while blocking query requests. Moreover, in the world of e-commerce, there may be no down time.

Recently, real-time data warehousing has emerged. A real-time data warehouse is event driven, reacts in a timeframe appropriate to the business need, and makes rapid operational decisions or causes prompt operational actions. The real-time data warehouse must be available at all times to provide quick responses to interactive requests. Both updates to base relations and maintenance of materialized views ideally occur at least daily (and often hourly, every ten minutes, or even continuously). For a real-time data warehouse, therefore, materialized views need to be updated without inhibiting queries in progress.

SUMMARY

According to the following embodiments, a method is described in which a tuple is received into a relation at a first node, wherein the tuple comprises a join attribute and the relation is not partitioned according to the join attribute. The tuple is stored in an auxiliary relation at a second node, wherein the auxiliary relation is partitioned according to the join attribute. Second tuples of a second relation are identified from the auxiliary relation of the second relation, joined with the tuple to produce one or more join results, and the join results are stored in a join view.

Other features and embodiments will become apparent from the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the data structures used for maintenance of a materialized view according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a parallel database management system according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of tuples including attributes according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating how tuples are received and joined within a node according to one example;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams illustrating join view maintenance according to one example;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating join view maintenance according to a second example;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams illustrating maintenance of a materialized view according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating the operations of FIGS. 7A and 7B according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 9A-9D are block diagrams showing how to maintain a materialized view according to one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating the data structures used to maintain a materialized view for a complete join operation according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible.

In accordance with the following embodiments, a materialized view is maintained by using one or more auxiliary relations in a parallel DBMS. The auxiliary relations are derived from base relations in the parallel DBMS. The auxiliary relations keep track of predetermined “useful” parts (e.g., attributes appearing in the materialized view) of the base relations. Each auxiliary relation is organized to support maintenance of the materialized view. Accordingly, the performance of the maintenance operations may be improved for more efficient query processing.

Perhaps the most widely used materialized view is the join view. A join view stores and maintains the result from a join operation. Joins may be performed on two or more relations. Accordingly, a join view may be generated for multiple base relations.

Consider a join operation between two base relations A and B. An example of a join view JV for relations A and B on join attributes A.c and B.x may be described using the following structured query language (SQL) statement:

• • create join view JV as
  • select *
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x
  • partitioned on A.e;

The SQL statement creates a join view JV from base relations A and B where attributes A.c and B.x are equal. The join view is partitioned on the attribute A.e. When an existing tuple is updated or deleted or a new tuple is inserted into a base relation, the join view JV that is derived from the base relation is also updated.

In one embodiment, auxiliary relations are used to maintain the join view JV. As depicted in FIG. 1, auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B are derived from base relations A and B. Additionally, a join view JV is generated from relations A and B, as shown. These data structures are utilized to improve efficiency of query operations involving attributes of relations A and B. Auxiliary relation AR_A is a copy of relation A that is partitioned on the join attribute A.c. Likewise, auxiliary relation AR_B is a copy of relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute B.x. Where relation A (B) is already partitioned on attribute A.c (B.x), no auxiliary relation AR_A (AR_B) is generated, according to one embodiment.

Additionally, in one embodiment, an index is maintained on each auxiliary relation. Index I_A is maintained on attribute A.c for auxiliary relation AR_A. Likewise, index I_B is maintained on attribute B.x for auxiliary relation AR_B. In FIG. 1, the index is depicted as a triangle adjacent to the auxiliary relation upon which the index is maintained.

The auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B are constructed based on a reorganization of the tuples T_A and T_B of base relations A and B, respectively, in which the join attributes (A.c and B.x) influence the construction. Auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B thus include all the tuples of relations A and B, respectively, in which the tuples are simply rearranged.

In one embodiment, the data structures of FIG. 1 are maintained in a parallel database management system (DBMS) with L data server nodes (L being greater than one). In FIG. 2, for example, a parallel DBMS 100 includes a plurality of nodes 14, two of which are depicted. Each node 14 includes a processor 30, for executing application programs, such as database management software, a memory 18, and a stable storage 22, such as a hard disk drive or other non-volatile medium. A software program 300 may be executed by the processor 30, and may perform the optimized maintenance of the materialized view, as described below.

In FIG. 2, tuples 16, also known as rows, of relations A and B are distributed across multiple nodes 14 in the system 100. For example, tuples 16a of relation A (T_A) are found on one node 14a, while tuples 16b of relation A are found on another node 14b. One of the attributes of tuple T_A is a join attribute.

Likewise, a second relation, called relation B, includes tuples T_B, also distributed on multiple nodes 14. One set of tuples 16a′ of relation B are on one node 14a while another set of tuples 16b′ of relation B are on another node 14b.

Both relations A and B may include additional tuples 16, distributed on additional nodes 14 of the parallel DBMS 100. In one embodiment, the tuples 16 of each relation 10 are distributed, as evenly as possible, across all the nodes 14 of the parallel DBMS 100. In FIG. 2, the tuples T_A and T_B are located in the stable storage 22. During a join or other query processing operation, the tuples may be fetched to the memory 18.

Although not depicted in FIG. 2, auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B, as well as the join view JV (see FIG. 1) may be distributed across the nodes 14 of the parallel DBMS 100. Some tuples T_ARA of AR_A may be stored on a first node, for example, while other tuples T_ARA are stored on a second node, and so on. Ultimately, the partitioning strategy for the auxiliary relation AR_A determines the node upon which the tuples T_ARA are stored.

The tuples 16 for relations A and B are illustrated in FIG. 3, according to one example. The tuples for relation A (T_A) include several attributes, or columns 13, denoted a, b, c, d, and e. Attribute “d” of relation A is denoted as A.d. The tuple T_B for relation B include similar attributes 13, denoted u, v, w, x, y and z. One or more of these attributes 13 may be join attributes.

Looking back to the join view definition above, tuple T_A of relation A is to be joined with one or more tuples T_B of relation B in which attribute c of T_A equals attribute x of one or more tuples T_B. In one embodiment, the join operation is performed using, not relations A and B, but the auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B. Then, the join result tuples are stored in the join view JV.

Recall that join views are recomputed each time a join operation is performed while materialized join views are stored and, thus, not recomputed. However, like a cache, a materialized join view must be maintained to be effective. This means that, as each existing tuple is updated or deleted or as each new tuple is inserted into the parallel DBMS, the materialized view is updated, so as not to become stale. The efficiency of maintenance of the materialized view depends on how the data is organized. Auxiliary relations are used to perform materialized join view maintenance, in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B, 6A, and 6B show how materialized view maintenance may be performed without the use of auxiliary relations.

Take, for example, a join view JV, constructed from relations A and B, as in the above SQL statement. If base relations A and B are partitioned on the join attributes A.c and B.x, respectively, performing the join operation is relatively efficient, since tuples T_A whose “c” attributes are equal to the “x” attribute of tuples T_B are stored on the same node 14.

For example, in FIG. 4, base relations A and B are partitioned on join attributes A.c and B.x, respectively. Assume node i includes tuples T_A in which attribute “c” is between 1 and 5. Also, node i includes tuples T_B in which attribute “x” is between 1 and 5. Tuples T_A and T_B, along with the value of attributes “c” and “x,” respectively, are shown. Other tuples T_A and T_B of relations A and B are stored at nodes other than node i in the parallel DBMS.

Creating a join view JV according to the above SQL statement is relatively straightforward, since the tuples are stored at node i based upon the join attributes. Incoming tuple T_A 40 may properly be joined with two tuples T_B 50a and 50b, as the join attributes for these tuples meet the condition A.c=B.x. Accordingly two join result tuples 52, join result tuple 52a and join result tuple 52b, are created.

Where the join view JV is also partitioned according to either attribute “c” of relation A or attribute “x” of relation B, the join result tuples 52 may remain at node i. Where the join view JV is not partitioned on these attributes, however, the appropriate node(s) for the join result tuples 52 is (are) found, and the join result tuples 52 are sent to the appropriate node(s). Join result tuple 52a may be stored at the same node as join result tuple 52b or at a different node.

Thus, depending on how the join view JV is partitioned, one or more nodes may be involved in the join operation, even though relations A and B are partitioned according to the join attributes. If the join view JV is partitioned according to an attribute of relation A, the join result tuples 52 will all go to the same node. If the join view JV is partitioned according to some other strategy, such as according to attributes of relation B, the join result tuples 52 may each end up at different nodes.

The situation is worse when the base relations A and B are not partitioned on the join attributes. Instead of going to a node in which “like” tuples will be present, as depicted in FIG. 4, possibly each node 14 of the parallel DBMS may be accessed, just to find tuples T_B which meet the join criteria of the incoming tuple T_A.

Another way of looking at join view maintenance is illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B. As in FIG. 4, the base relations A and B are partitioned on the join attributes A.c and B.x, respectively. In FIG. 5A, the join view JV is partitioned on an attribute of relation A. Incoming tuple T_A is joined with the appropriate tuple or tuples of relation B at node i. The join result tuples (if any) are sent to some node k based on the attribute value of T_A, as shown. The join result tuples are inserted into the join view JV there. Node k may be the same as node i.

If, instead, the join view JV is not partitioned on an attribute of relation A, the distribution of join result tuples is depicted in FIG. 5B. Since the join view JV is not partitioned on an attribute of the incoming tuple T_A, the join result tuples are distributed to multiple nodes to be inserted into the join view JV there.

In FIGS. 6A and 6B, maintenance of the join view JV is illustrated where the base relations A and B are partitioned on attributes that are not the join attributes, i.e., not A.c and B.x, respectively. In such a situation, not only are the join result tuples possibly distributed to multiple nodes, but the incoming tuple T_A itself is distributed to all the nodes of the parallel DBMS, to ensure that all possible tuples T_B that meet the join criteria are considered. In FIG. 6A, for example, the join view JV is partitioned on an attribute of A. Tuple T_A is distributed to every node to search for tuples T_B which meet the join criteria (A.c=B.x). The join result tuples (if any) are sent to some node k to be inserted into the join view JV based on the attribute value of T_A. Again, node k may be the same as node i.

In FIG. 6B, the join view JV is not partitioned on an attribute of relation A. As in FIG. 6A, the tuple T_A is redistributed to every node to search for the tuples T_B that meet the join condition. The join result tuples, if any, are distributed to multiple nodes to be inserted into the join view JV there. The dashed lines in FIG. 6B indicate that the network communication is conceptual as the message is sent to the same node.

Materialized view maintenance may be inefficient and costly (in terms of system resources) where the base relations A and B are partitioned on attributes that are not join attributes (e.g., FIGS. 6A and 6B), since substantial network communication costs may be incurred. Further, a join operation is performed at every node.

According to one embodiment, auxiliary relations are used to overcome the shortcomings of the join view maintenance techniques described above. In general, an auxiliary relation is maintained for each relation involved in the join operation. For the general case, it is assumed that neither base relation is partitioned on the join attribute. If, however, some base relation is partitioned on the join attribute, the auxiliary relation for that base relation is unnecessary, in one embodiment.

Where a join view JV is maintained from base relations A and B, two auxiliary relations, AR_A for relation A, and AR_B for relation B, are maintained. Relation AR_A is a copy of relation A that is partitioned on the join attribute A.c. Relation AR_B is a copy of relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute B.x. Additionally, as depicted in FIG. 1, index I_A on attribute c of relation A is maintained for auxiliary relation AR_A. Likewise, index I_B on attribute x of relation B is maintained for auxiliary relation AR_B.

By maintaining auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B for relations A and B, respectively, assurance can be made that, at any node i of the parallel DBMS 100, tuples T_A coexist with tuples T_B in which the join attributes are of the same value (see FIG. 4). In other words, where the tuples T_A and T_B of relations A and B are not organized such that tuples meeting the condition A.c=B.x coexist at the same node, such a condition may nevertheless be provided using tuples T_A and T_B of auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B.

One procedure for maintaining a join view using auxiliary relations is depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B, according to one embodiment. When a tuple T_A is inserted into relation A at node i, the tuple is also redistributed to a specific node j, based on the join attribute value A.c of the tuple. Node j may be the same as node i. Tuple T_A is inserted into the auxiliary relation AR_A at node j. At node j, T_A is joined with the appropriate tuples T_B in the auxiliary relation AR_B, where the auxiliary relation AR_B utilizes the index I_B to quickly obtain the appropriate tuples T_B.

In FIG. 7A, the join view JV is partitioned on an attribute of A. Thus, it is possible that the join result is stored on the same node as T_A. The join result tuples (if any) are sent to some node k to be inserted into the join view JV based on the attribute value of T_A. Node k may be the same as node j.

In FIG. 7B, the join view JV is not partitioned on an attribute of A. Accordingly, the join result tuples (if any) are distributed to multiple nodes to be inserted into the join view JV there. For example, each join result may be sent to a different node in the parallel DBMS 100.

The operations of FIGS. 7A and 7B are depicted in the flow diagram of FIG. 8. As a tuple is received into the parallel DBMS 100, the tuple is inserted into the appropriate base relation at a first node (block 302). Tuple T_A (T_B) is received into base relation A (B), for example. The tuple T_A (T_B) is then inserted into the appropriate auxiliary relation AR_A (AR_B), based upon the join attribute value (A.c or B.x) (block 304). This second copy of the tuple is stored at a second node selected according to the join attribute.

In one embodiment, tuple T_A (T_B) is then joined with the appropriate tuples T_B (T_A) in AR_B (AR_A) at the second node (block 306). The join operation utilizes the index I_B (I_A) to quickly obtain tuples (block 306) that meet the join condition.

Subsequent operations depend on whether the join view JV is partitioned on an attribute of base relation A (B) or not (diamond 308). If so, join result tuples are sent to a third node based on the attribute value of T_A (T_B) (block 310). There, the join result tuples are inserted into the join view JV (block 314).

Where the join view JV is not partitioned on an attribute of base relation A (B), the join result tuples are distributed to multiple nodes based on the attribute value of the partitioning attribute of the join view JV (block 312). At each node to which the join result tuples are distributed, the join result tuples are inserted into the join view JV (block 314). The auxiliary relation method for maintaining the join view is thus complete, according to one embodiment.

The operations of FIG. 8 illustrate the case when a tuple T_A is inserted into base relation A. Operations in which tuple T_A is deleted from base relation A or updated in base relation A are similarly performed. Also, when a tuple T_B is inserted into, deleted from, or updated in base relation B, analogous operations are performed, according to one embodiment.

By using one or more auxiliary relations, the join view may be maintained more efficiently. In one embodiment, network communication is reduced. For each inserted (updated, deleted) tuple of base relation A, the join work to be done occurs at one node rather than at every node of the parallel DBMS 100. Further, for each inserted (updated, deleted) tuple of base relation A, the auxiliary relation AR_B at one node (rather than at all nodes) is locked when performing the join operation. In one embodiment, this improves accessibility to the base relation B while join view maintenance is being performed.

Although creating and updating auxiliary relations in accordance with some embodiments results in extra work by the database system, the benefits they provide for maintaining materialized join views outweigh the costs.

Minimizing Storage Overhead

In one embodiment, the storage overhead for each auxiliary relation may be kept relatively small in many cases. For example, if a join view has some selection condition on the base relation A in the where clause, such as:

• • create join view JV as
  • select *
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x and A.e=3;only those tuples of A that satisfy the selection condition (A.e=3) need be maintained in the auxiliary relation AR_A.

As another example, if a join view does not contain all attributes of the base relation A, such as:

• • create join view JV as
  • select A.e, B.z
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x;The auxiliary relation AR_A may maintain fewer than all the attributes of relation A. In the above example, the auxiliary relation AR_A may maintain only the join attribute and the attributes appearing in the select clause (A.e). Accordingly, AR_A would include attributes c and e of base relation A.

Another example involves the join condition in the join view that is based on key and referential integrity restraints, such as:

• • create join view JV as
  • select *
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x;

where A.c is a key of relation A and B.x is a foreign key of relation B that references to A.c. If a tuple T_A is inserted into relation A, there is no matching tuple in relation B that can be joined with T_A. However, if a tuple T_B is inserted into relation B, there must be a tuple of relation A that can be joined with it. The case for deletion is similar. Thus, in one embodiment, if only insertion and deletion in the base relations is considered, only the auxiliary relation AR_A is maintained. There is no need for auxiliary relation AR_B.

On the other hand, if a tuple T_A of relation A is updated on a non-join attribute, to maintain the join view JV, tuple T_A is joined with the appropriate tuples in the base relation B. In such an instance, the auxiliary relation AR_B is helpful.

This example illustrates a dual use of the auxiliary relation. First, where the base relations are not partitioned on the join attributes, the auxiliary relations enable matching tuples satisfying the join criteria to reside on a single node. Using the auxiliary relation, the join operation may be more efficiently performed.

Second, the auxiliary relations are used to maintain the join view. Where, for example, the join condition in the join view is based on key and referential integrity restraints, as described above, only a partial benefit is obtained if one of the auxiliary relations is not generated.

In other words, a tradeoff exists between generating or not generating the auxiliary relation during the existence of the key and referential integrity constraints. If auxiliary relation AR_B is not maintained, storage overhead is clearly saved. However, maintaining the join view JV will be costly in the case of an update in base relation A. If we keep the auxiliary relation AR_B, maintaining the join view JV will be efficient, but AR_B consumes some storage overhead.

In a data warehousing environment, it is common for certain base relations not to be updated. In such relations, tuples are either inserted or deleted from the base relations, e.g., the dimension tables of a star join. In one embodiment, to save storage overhead, auxiliary relation AR_B is not maintained in a data warehousing environment.

Join View on Multiple Base Relations

In one embodiment, the auxiliary relation method for maintaining the materialized view may operate where the join view is defined on multiple base relations. Consider a join view that is defined on multiple base relations. If a base relation T is joined with multiple base relations R₁, R₂, . . . , and R_m in the join view definition, in one embodiment, an auxiliary relation of T is maintained for each R_i(1≦i≦m) that is partitioned on the join attribute between T and R_i(1≦i≦m).

For example, consider the following chain join:

• • R₁R₂R₃ . . . R_n where “” means “joins with.” For R₁, an auxiliary relation is maintained that is partitioned on the join attribute of R₁R₂, in one embodiment. For R_i(2≦i<n), two auxiliary relations are maintained, one partitioned on the join attribute of R_i−1R_i and the other partitioned on the join attribute of R_iR_i+1. For R_n, an auxiliary relation that is partitioned on the join attribute of R_n−1R_n is maintained, in one embodiment.

However, it is possible that the number of auxiliary relations to be maintained is less than the above general case. For example, where the join conditions are between a key of R_i and a foreign key of R_i+1 that references to R_i(1≦i<n), a single auxiliary relation is maintained for each R_i(1<n) that is partitioned on the join attribute of R_iR_i+1 (rather than two auxiliary relations, one partitioned on the join attribute of R_i−1R_i and another partitioned on the join attribute of R_iR_i+1), according to one embodiment.

As another example, consider a star join where a large fact table is joined with a set of small dimension tables. A star join is a join of tables in a star schema. A star schema includes several dimension tables and a fact table. The fact table includes foreign keys that reference to primary keys of the dimension tables. In one embodiment, auxiliary relations for the fact table are not maintained, but only kept for each dimension table that is partitioned on the primary key.

Detecting Unnecessary Updates

Certain updates to the base relations will not cause the join view to change. In one embodiment, the system 100 detects these updates, such that unnecessary processing of the join view may be avoided.

Take, for example, a join view defined on base relations R₁, R₂, . . . , and R_n, in which base relation R_i is being updated. Consider each relation R_k that is joined with R_i in the join view definition. If the join condition of R_iR_k is between the key of and the foreign key of R_k that references to R_i, then insertions, deletions, and updates that change the join attribute of R_iR_k do not cause the join view to be changed.

For example, suppose base relation A is updated and JV is defined as follows:

• • create join view JV as
  • select *
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x;

where A.c is a key of relation A and B.x is a foreign key of relation B that references to A.c. In one embodiment, for base relation A, insertions, deletions, and updates that change the attribute value of A.c do not cause the join view JV to be changed.

As another example, insertions, deletions, and updates to a base table that do not satisfy the selection condition in the where clause of the join view definition do not cause the join view to be changed, according to one embodiment. For example, suppose base relation A is updated and the join view JV is defined as follows:

• • create join view JV as
  • select *
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x and A.e=3;For base relation A, insertions, deletions, and updates that do not satisfy the condition A.e=3 do not cause the join view JV to be updated, in one embodiment.Implementing the Auxiliary Relation Method

Where a join view JV is defined on base relations R₁, R₂, . . . , and R_n, the system 100 determines the configuration of auxiliary relations that may be utilized to both compute join results and maintain the join view.

In one embodiment, for each base relation R_k that is joined with R_i in the join view definition (e.g., JV=R_iR_k . . . ), if R_i is not partitioned on the join attribute of R_iR_k, according to one embodiment, an auxiliary relation of R_i that is partitioned on the join attribute of R_iR_k is maintained.

Additionally, techniques already described to minimize storage overhead of the auxiliary relations may be employed. For example, unnecessary attributes are not stored in the auxiliary relations, in one embodiment. Tuples that do not satisfy the selection condition in the join view definition (e.g., A.e=3 in the example above) are not stored in the auxiliary relations. Finally, for those operations in which key and referential integrity constraints exist, maintenance of one or more auxiliary relations may be avoided, in some embodiments.

When a base relation R_i(1≦i≦n) is updated, certain operations may be performed to maintain the join view. For example in one embodiment, all the auxiliary relations of R_i are likewise updated. Further, unnecessary updates are avoided, where possible.

To detect unnecessary updates, assume that S is the set of all updates to R_i. Using the techniques described in the section, “Detecting Unnecessary Updates,” above, unnecessary updates are removed from S. If S is empty, the join view will not be changed, in one embodiment. Otherwise, for each base relation, R₃ (j≠i, 1≦j≦n), the following operations are performed.

First, a proper auxiliary relation of R_j (or R_j itself) is determined, based on the join conditions. Changes to the join view are also computed according to the updates to R_i that are still left in the set S and the auxiliary (base) relation of Finally, the join view is updated.

For example, a join view JV may be defined on three base relations, A, B, and C, as follows:JV=ABC

Without loss of generality, assume that the base relations A, B, and C are not partitioned on the join attributes. Also assume that no technique is available for reducing the storage overhead of auxiliary relations.

In one embodiment, the following auxiliary relations are maintained:

(1) AR_A for relation A that is partitioned on the join attribute of AB;

(2) AR_B1 for relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute of AB;

(3) AR_B2 for relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute of BC;

(4) AR_C for relation C that is partitioned on the join attribute of BC;

These data structures are depicted in FIG. 9A, according to one embodiment. Each auxiliary relation AR_x is indexed by index I_x. AR_A and AR_B1 are partitioned on the join attributes of AB. AR_B2 and AR_C are partitioned on the join attributes of BC.

To maintain join view JV when a base relation is updated, three possibilities exist: base relation A is updated, base relation B is updated, or base relation C is updated. If a tuple T_A is inserted into base relation A, the data structures of FIG. 9A are updated as depicted in FIG. 9B, according to one embodiment. In a first stage, incoming tuple T_A is stored in relation A as well as in auxiliary relation AR_A. Storing the tuple T_A at relation A may occur at one node while storing the tuple T_A in the auxiliary relation AR_A may occur at a second node, in one embodiment.

In a second stage, the tuple T_A is joined with one or more tuples T_B1 from auxiliary relation AR_B1, to produce one or more join result tuples 52. Since both AR_A and AR_B1 are partitioned on the join attributes of AB, stage 2 may be performed at the same node where tuple T_A was stored in AR_A.

At a third stage, the one or more join result tuples 52 are then joined with tuples T_C of auxiliary relation AR_C, according to one embodiment. Since AR_C is partitioned on the join attribute of BC, for each join result tuple 52, the third stage may occur at a different node, in one embodiment, than the second stage.

If base relation B is updated with one or more tuples T_B, tuples T_B are likewise propagated to the auxiliary relations AR_B1 and AR_B2, according to one embodiment. AR_A and AR_C are used to maintain the join view JV.

Upon receiving a tuple T_B, the data structures of FIG. 9A are updated as depicted in FIG. 9C, according to one embodiment. Incoming tuple T_B is received into relation B, then is propagated to both the auxiliary relations AR_B1 and AR_B2, as shown in a first stage. Since auxiliary relations AR_B1 and AR_B2 are partitioned differently, it is possible that three different nodes are accessed, just to store the tuple T_B in relation B, AR_B1, and AR_B2.

In a second stage, tuple T_B is joined with one or more tuples T_A from auxiliary relation AR_A to produce one or more join result tuples 52. Since AR_A and AR_B1 are partitioned according to the same criteria (join attributes of AB), the operations of stage 2 are performed on the node where T_B was stored in AR_B1, in one embodiment.

In a third stage, the one or more join result tuples 52 are joined with one or more tuples T_C in AR_C, as illustrated in FIG. 9C. Since AR_B2 and AR_C are partitioned according to the same criteria (join attributes of BC), the operations of stage 3 are performed on the node where T_B was stored in AR_B2, in one embodiment.

Upon receiving a tuple T_C, the data structures of FIG. 9A are updated as depicted in FIG. 9D, according to one embodiment. Incoming tuple T_C is received into relation C, then is propagated to the auxiliary relation AR_C, as shown in a first stage. Storing the tuple T_C at relation C may occur at one node while storing the tuple T_C in the auxiliary relation AR_C may occur at a second node, in one embodiment.

In a second stage, the tuple T_C is joined with one or more tuples T_B from auxiliary relation AR_B2, to produce one or more join result tuples 52. Since both AR_B2 and AR_C are partitioned on the join attributes of BC, stage 2 may be performed at the same node where tuple T_C was stored in AR_C.

At a third stage, the one or more join result tuples 52 are then joined with tuples T_A of auxiliary relation AR_A, according to one embodiment. Since AR_A is partitioned on the join attribute of AB, for each join result tuple 52, the third stage may occur at a different node, in one embodiment, than the second stage.

If the join condition includes one of the special cases described above, it is possible that fewer of the auxiliary relations may be used. Also, the storage overhead of the auxiliary relations may be reduced, in some embodiments.

For example, if the join condition of AB (BC) is between a key of relation A (B) and a foreign key of relation B (C) that references to relation A (B), in one embodiment, the following auxiliary relations are maintained:

(1) AR_A for relation A that is partitioned on the join attribute of AB;

(2) AR_B for relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute of BC;

If tuples are inserted into or deleted from the base relation A (B), auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B are updated and the join view JV remains unchanged. If tuples are inserted into or deleted from the base relation C, according to one embodiment, auxiliary relations AR_A and AR_B may be used to maintain the join view JV.

Additionally, the auxiliary relation method described herein may be implemented for a join view that is defined in the complete join of base relations A, B, and C. A complete join is one in which each of the base relations is joined with each of the other base relations. An equation for a complete join for base relations A, B, and C may look as follows:

$AB$ $\mathrm{JV}=$ $C$

Notice that relation A is joined with both relations B and C, whereas, in the previous example, relation A is only joined with relation B, not with relation C.

Where a complete join of relations A, B, and C is performed, six auxiliary relations, as depicted in FIG. 10, are maintained, according to one embodiment, as follows:

(1) AR_A1 for relation A that is partitioned on the join attribute of AB

(2) AR_B2 for relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute of AB

(3) AR_B1 for relation B that is partitioned on the join attribute of BC

(4) AR_C2 for relation C that is partitioned on the join attribute of BC

(5) AR_C1 for relation C that is partitioned on the join attribute of CA

(6) AR_A2 for relation A that is partitioned on the join attribute of CA

If a tuple T_A is inserted into the base relation A, there are four possible ways to compute the corresponding changes to the join view JV, according to one embodiment:

(1) T_A is joined with AR_B2, then the join result tuples are joined with AR_C2

(2) T_A is joined with AR_B2, then the join result tuples are joined with AR_C1

(3) T_A is joined with AR_C1, then the join result tuples are joined with AR_B1

(4) T_A is joined with AR_C1, then the join result tuples are joined with AR_B2

The auxiliary relation method for maintaining the materialized view may likewise be performed with any number of base relations.

Aggregate Join View Extension

Another widely used materialized view is known as an aggregate join view. An aggregate join view is a join view that specifies some aggregate operations. An example of an aggregate join view AJV for relations A and B on join attributes A.c and B.x is as follows:

• • create join view AJV as
  • select A.e, sum (B.z)
  • from A, B
  • where A.c=B.x
    • group by A.e partitioned on A.e;In one embodiment, the auxiliary relation method described above may be used to maintain aggregate join views.

The various nodes and systems discussed each includes various software layers, routines, or modules. Such software layers, routines, or modules are executable on corresponding control units. Each control unit includes a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a processor card (including one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers), or other control or computing devices. As used here, a “controller” refers to a hardware component, software component, or a combination of the two.

The storage devices referred to in this discussion include one or more machine-readable storage media for storing data and instructions. The storage media include different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; and optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs). Instructions that make up the various software routines, modules, or layers in the various devices or systems are stored in respective storage devices. The instructions when executed by a respective control unit cause the corresponding node or system to perform programmed acts.

The instructions of the software layers, routines or modules are loaded or transported to the corresponding system in one of many different ways. For example, code segments including instructions stored on floppy disks, CD or DVD media, a hard disk, or transported through a network interface card, modem, or other interface device are loaded into the system and executed as corresponding software routines or modules. In the loading or transport process, data signals that are embodied in carrier waves (transmitted over telephone lines, network lines, wireless links, cables, and the like) may communicate the code segments, including instructions, to the system. Such carrier waves may be in the form of electrical, optical, acoustical, electromagnetic, or other types of signals.

While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for use in a database system having plural nodes, comprising: storing, in the nodes, a materialized join view based on at least two base relations, wherein each of the plural nodes has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storing, in the nodes, at least one auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of one of the base relations, the auxiliary relation partitioned across the plural nodes according to a join attribute;updating, by at least one of the nodes, the at least one auxiliary relation in response to modification of the one base relation; andstoring the one base relation that is partitioned across the plural nodes according to an attribute that is different from the join attribute.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a tuple into the database system;storing the tuple in one of the at least two base relations;storing the tuple in the auxiliary relation; andusing the auxiliary relation to determine whether to update the materialized join view.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising each of the processors accessing a corresponding portion of the base relation partitioned across the plural nodes.

4. A method for use in a database system having plural nodes, comprising: storing, in the nodes, a materialized join view based on at least two base relations, wherein each of the plural nodes has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storing, in the nodes, at least one auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of one of the base relations, the auxiliary relation partitioned across the plural nodes according to a join attribute; andupdating, by at least one of the nodes, the at least one auxiliary relation in response to modification of the one base relation,wherein storing the materialized join view comprises storing a materialized join view containing tuples derived from a join of the at least two base relations.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the one of the base relations comprises a first base relation, the method further comprising: partitioning the first base relation across the plural nodes in a first way; andpartitioning the auxiliary relation across the plural nodes in a second, different way according to the join attribute.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving a first tuple to insert into the one of the base relations;inserting the first tuple into the first base relation; andinserting at least a portion of the first tuple into the auxiliary relation.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: distributing the first tuple from a first one of the plural nodes to a second one of the plural nodes, wherein inserting at least a portion of the first tuple into the auxiliary relation is performed at the second node; andjoining the first tuple with at least a second tuple associated with a second one of the base relations in the second node.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein inserting the first tuple into the first base relation is performed at the first node, wherein joining the first tuple with at least the second tuple is performed at the second node instead of the first node.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising storing a second auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of the second one of the base relations, the second auxiliary relation partitioned according to a join attribute.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein joining the first tuple with the second tuple comprises joining the first tuple with the second tuple contained in the second auxiliary relation.

11. The method of claim 10, further comprising using a result of the join of the first tuple with the second tuple in the second auxiliary relation to update the materialized join view.

12. A method for use in a database system having plural nodes, comprising: storing, in the nodes, a materialized join view based on at least two base relations, wherein each of the plural nodes has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storing, in the nodes, at least one auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of one of the base relations, the auxiliary relation partitioned across the plural nodes according to a join attribute;updating, by at least one of the nodes, the at least one auxiliary relation in response to modification of the one base relation;receiving a first tuple to insert into a first one of the base relations;inserting the first tuple into the first base relation;inserting at least a portion of the first tuple into the auxiliary relation; andmaintaining an index on the auxiliary relation.

13. A method for use in a database system having plural nodes, comprising: storing, in the nodes, a materialized join view based on at least two base relations, wherein each of the plural nodes has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storing, in the nodes, at least one auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of one of the base relations, the auxiliary relation partitioned across the plural nodes according to a join attribute;updating, by at least one of the nodes, the at least one auxiliary relation in response to modification of the one base relation, wherein the one base relation is a first base relation:partitioning the first base relation across the plural nodes in a first way;partitioning the auxiliary relation across the plural nodes in a second, different way according to the join attribute; andeach of the processors accessing a corresponding portion of the auxiliary relation partitioned across the plural nodes.

14. A database system comprising: a plurality of nodes, wherein each node has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storage modules in the nodes to store base relations and at least a first auxiliary relation corresponding to a first one of the base relations, the first auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of the first base relation, the first auxiliary relation partitioned across the storage modules differently than the first base relation, the storage modules further to store a join view based on a join of the base relations; anda controller configured to update the join view using at least the first auxiliary relation instead of the first base relation, and to receive a tuple and store the tuple in the first base relation and in the first auxiliary relation.

15. The database system of claim 14, wherein the controller is further configured to not update the join view after receiving some tuples.

16. A database system comprising: a plurality of nodes, wherein each node has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storage modules in the nodes to store base relations and at least a first auxiliary relation corresponding to a first one of the base relations, the first auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of the first base relation, the first auxiliary relation partitioned across the storage modules differently than the first base relation, the storage modules further to store a join view based on a join of the base relations; anda controller configured to update the join view using at least the first auxiliary relation instead of the first base relation,wherein a first one of the nodes is configured to receive a first tuple, the processor in the first node to insert the first tuple into the first base relation, andthe processor in a second one of the nodes to insert the first tuple into the first auxiliary relation.

17. A database system comprising: storage modules to store base relations and at least a first auxiliary relation corresponding to a first one of the base relations, the first auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of the first base relation, the first auxiliary relation partitioned across the storage modules differently than the first base relation, the storage modules further to store a join view based on a join of the base relations;a controller configured to update the join view using at least the first auxiliary relation; andplural nodes, the storage modules being in respective plural nodes, and the controller comprising plural processors in respective nodes,wherein a first one of the nodes is configured to receive a first tuple,the processor in the first node to insert the first tuple into the first base relation, andthe processor in a second one of the nodes to insert the first tuple into the first auxiliary relation,wherein the first node is configured to distribute the first tuple to the second node.

18. The database system of claim 17, the storage module in the second node to store a portion of a second auxiliary relation that contains one or more attributes of a second one of the base relations, the storage module in the second node to store a portion of the join view that is distributed across the plural storage modules, and the processor in the second node to join the first tuple with tuples in the portion of the second auxiliary relation to update the portion of the join view in the storage module of the second node.

19. The database system of claim 18, the join view containing join results based on a join condition including at least a first attribute of the first base relation and a second attribute of the second base relation, wherein the first auxiliary relation is partitioned across the storage modules according to the first attribute, and the second auxiliary relation is partitioned across the storage modules according to the second attribute.

20. The database system of claim 19, the storage modules to store a first index on the first auxiliary relation, and the storage modules to store a second index on the second auxiliary relation.

21. A database system comprising: a plurality of nodes, wherein each node has at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor;storage modules in the nodes to store base relations and at least a first auxiliary relation corresponding to a first one of the base relations, the first auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of the first base relation, the first auxiliary relation partitioned across the storage modules differently than the first base relation, the storage modules further to store a join view based on a join of the base relations; anda controller configured to update the join view using at least the first auxiliary relation instead of the first base relation,the join view containing results of a join of the base relations based on a join condition and selection condition, the controller to store tuples of the first base relation that satisfy the selection condition in the first auxiliary relation, and the controller to not store tuples of the first base relation that do not satisfy the selection condition in the first auxiliary relation.

22. An article comprising at least one computer-readable storage medium containing instructions that when executed performs operations in a database system having a plurality of nodes, each of the nodes having at least one processor and database management software executable on the at least one processor, the instructions when executed causing the plurality of nodes to: store base relations and at least a first auxiliary relation corresponding to a first one of the base relations, the first auxiliary relation containing one or more attributes of the first base relation;partition the first auxiliary relation across a plurality of storage modules in the nodes differently than the first base relation;store a join view based on a join of the base relations;update the join view using at least the first auxiliary relation instead of the first base relation; andreceive a tuple and store the tuple in the first base relation and the first auxiliary relation.

23. The article of claim 22, wherein the instructions when executed cause the plurality of nodes to receive a first tuple; the processor in a first one of the nodes to insert the first tuple into the first base relation; andthe processor in a second one of the nodes to insert the first tuple into the first auxiliary relation.

24. The article of claim 23, wherein the instructions when executed cause the plurality of nodes to distribute, from the first node, the first tuple to the second node.