Patent Grant
8689674
This invention relates to a rotation restraint mechanism in or for axial piston machines, including but not limited to thermodynamic engines and fluid pumps and to such engines and pumps that include a rotation restraint mechanism.
In particular, although not solely, this invention relates to rotation restraint mechanisms for Z-crank axial piston machines such as two or four-stroke axial piston internal combustion engines and pumps in general.
An axial piston machine is a machine in which a plurality of axially extending cylinders, together comprising the cylinder cluster, is arranged in a generally rotationally symmetrical layout around a central axis coincident with the rotational axis of a crankshaft. Each cylinder contains a reciprocating piston and may reciprocate along an axis parallel or slightly inclined to that of the other cylinders. Axial piston machines may offer a number of potential advantages over other multi-cylinder piston machine configurations including: reductions in size and weight, simplified fluid porting, and the ability to achieve close to perfect balancing of the dynamic inertial forces.
There are a number of different mechanisms that can be used to drive the reciprocating motion of the pistons in their cylinders, two of the most common types being Swashplate drives and Z-Crank drives. While terminology can vary, a swashplate is in effect a cam surface attached to and rotating with the crankshaft that drives or is driven by the reciprocating linear motion of the pistons. Each piston has a bearing or bearings attached to it that slides or rolls over the surface of the swashplate cam surface. Each piston also has some form of linear bearing such as the side of the piston within its cylinder that reacts the lateral forces created by the action of the piston-driving bearings when on the inclined surface of the swashplate. The piston-swashplate bearings may have a sliding or rolling speed over the swashplate in the order of two times the peak piston speed. While this arrangement is adequate for axial piston machines having relatively low piston speeds such as compressors and hydraulic pumps or motors, modern internal combustion engines commonly have much higher piston speeds. Also inertial loads and bearing sliding or rolling speeds in a swashplate drive operating can lead to high frictional losses for the higher speed combustion engines making standard swashplate configurations less attractive for internal combustion engines.
Z-Crank drives employ an intermediate body known variously as a Wobbleplate, Wabbler, Reciprocator or Spider that rotates on reciprocator bearings. Such is mounted on and for rotation about a crank section of the crankshaft by reciprocator bearings. The inclined crank section has an inclined crank axis that is at an acute angle (hereinafter referred to as the “swash angle”), to and intersecting with the crankshaft's rotational axis. The intersection point is hereinafter referred to as “point X”.
The reciprocator is restrained against rotation relative to the cylinder cluster. Rotation of the inclined crank section by rotation of the crankshaft causes the reciprocator to nutate. As a result, points on the body of the reciprocator in a plane passing through point X and perpendicular to the crank axis, move in a predominantly axial oscillatory motion parallel to the crank shaft axis, with motion in the plane perpendicular to the crankshaft axis being of relatively small magnitude. Such points define the preferred location for engaging connection rods for the transmission of motion between a piston and the reciprocator.
The connection between the reciprocator and pistons can take many forms but generally connection rods, having sufficient rotational degrees of freedom at either end are utilised. The reciprocator bearings typically operate at much lower sliding speeds than would the swash plate piston bearings of an equivalent Swashplate drive. As a consequence frictional losses will generally be reduced and higher operating speeds may be made possible.
An important element of an axial piston machine design incorporating a Z-crank drive is the method used to restrain the reciprocator from rotation relative to the cylinder cluster (herein after referred to as the method of “rotation restraint”). Without such a restraint the reciprocator will generally not translate the rotation of the crankshaft into the necessary reciprocating motion of the pistons as desired. Depending on swash angle, the rotation restraint arrangement generally transmits a rotation similar in magnitude to the rotation delivered (or absorbed in the case of a pump or compressor) by the crankshaft.
A number of rotation restraint systems that have been employed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,057 utilises a Universal joint, also known as a Cardan or Hooke's joint, to provide the rotation restraint for the reciprocator. The Universal joint is not a constant-velocity joint and as the crankshaft rotates the reciprocator is subjected to gimbal error that produces unbalanced angular accelerations and inertial rotations at twice the frequency of the crankshaft rotation. These accelerations and rotations increase greatly if the swash angle is increased and also become more pronounced at high speeds. The gimbal error has a period of 180 degrees of rotation of the cranks shaft relative to the reciprocator. So that for connection rods connected at other than 180 degree spacings about the cranks axis (i.e. of an axial piston machine with two pistons), the reciprocating motion of the pistons in their cylinders varies such that different pistons will not share the same displacement, velocity and acceleration cycles. The variation in fluid and thermodynamic processes between cylinders that this can lead to is generally undesirable. Therefore Cardan joints do not readily lend themselves to use in machines with odd numbers of pistons.
Another system that has been employed such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,003,480 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,418 uses a planar sliding guide, groove or cam surface attached to the cylinder cluster against which a complementary bearing attached to the reciprocator runs in order to provide reciprocator rotation restraint. Because the motion of the bearing on the reciprocator is held planar with respect to the cylinder cluster, the pistons in a Z-crank machine employing such a sliding rotation restraint system may be subjected to similar variations in the motions of the pistons as with universal joint rotation restraint systems. There may also be significant frictional losses associated with such a sliding rotation restraint system owing to the relatively high sliding velocities at the rotation restraint bearing contact point.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,195 utilises meshing bevel gears in which a reciprocator mounted bevel gear concentric to the reciprocator axis with the vertex of its conical teeth coincident with point X engages with a second identical bevel gear mounted off of the cylinder cluster concentric to the axis of the crankshaft with the vertex of its conical teeth also coincident with point X. The two bevel gears have the same number of teeth and the same cone angle equal to 180 degrees minus the swash angle. This bevel gear rotation restraint method has a number of possible disadvantages:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,450,823 employs a homo-kinetic or Constant Velocity (CV) type joint in the form of a double Universal joint, incorporating two Universal joints connected together through a short intermediate shaft such that the gimbal error from each joint is cancelled out by the other. There is a significant degree of complexity and a large number of bearings involved in the arrangement and the required placement of this rotation restraint mechanism may also make the reciprocator heavier due to the less ideal load paths in the reciprocator that is built around it.
Another solution that has been suggested for rotation restraint in U.S. Pat. No. 5,129,752 is to employ Ball-and-Crevice or Rzeppa type constant velocity (CV) joints as are commonly used to drive the front wheels of cars. In most CV applications the balls in such a joint orbit in a circular path. They hence have inertial forces that are principally centrifugal and are reacted by the enclosing housing with little friction, but in a Z-crank machine the balls are continuously accelerated back and forth in harmonic motion along an arcuate path. These alternating accelerations and decelerations at the relatively high speeds of an axial piston internal combustion engine in combination with impulsive and even reversing rotation loads may lead to excessive friction and wear.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,948,827 utilises a rotation arm mounted pivotally off of the reciprocator with a pivot axis perpendicular to the reciprocator axis passing through point X. The tip of this rotation arm is linked through a short connecting rod to an eccentric shaft rotating at twice the speed of the crankshaft. This produces a rotation restraint system that is closer to ideal than a universal joint. This mechanism also has extra complexity due to the auxiliary shaft that must be indexed to the crankshaft rotation at twice its speed. Such a rotation restraint method may be even more difficult to incorporate within an axial piston machine in which the cylinder cluster is spinning such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,654,906 (Airas).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,116 shown in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,116 suggests that the link 64 between the two gimbals 60, 70 should consist of a ball joint or universal joint. However ball joints are generally not suited to high speed reciprocating motion under high-load conditions. Such conditions can lead to rapid wear and short life. This may be further exacerbated by the high swash angle and hence larger range of ball joint motion. Utilising a conventional universal joint having two perpendicular rotational degrees of freedom at point 64 (such as are commonly found in automotive drive trains) may not have sufficient rotational degrees of freedom to prevent the joint from becoming over-constrained and locking up. Over-restraint of this joint may mean that the joint, and by extension the rotation restraint mechanism, cannot move freely as required.
One mechanism layout suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,116 has the restraint gimbals 60, 70 formed from large rings or portions of rings 63, 73 that fit around the outside of the reciprocator 34 and connecting rods 41. This means that the casings surrounding the reciprocator may need to be increased in diameter in order to accommodate the gimbals, potentially increasing the overall size and weight of the axial piston machine. Because this gimbal structure connects the two gimbal hinge bearings 38 or 71, and the gimbal tip pivot 64 with what are in effect bowed beams, such gimbals may generally need to be made much heavier than if they were comprised of more structurally efficient straight beams in order to have sufficient rigidity to bear the rotation restraint and inertial forces encountered in high speed operation. This greater mass may lead to still higher inertial loadings and a requirement for heavier gimbal hinge and gimbal linking bearings, and can greatly increase the loads on the reciprocator bearings 32. The higher bearing loads created by heavy gimbals leads to increased frictional losses and may limit the maximum speed and power of the machine.
In order to balance the inertial forces created by the motion of the gimbals U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,116 teaches that the gimbals 60, 70 be balanced by mass 76 and 66 such that their respective centres of mass are located on the axes of their respective hinge bearings 38, 71, to allow for the balancing of inertial forces in the machine. This is a restrictive solution to the problem of balancing the gimbals. The practicality of employing these solutions for the balancing of the gimbals in a high speed axial piston engine may be severely hampered by the extra weight and bulk of the gimbals and other elements that can make it difficult to package the mechanism compactly. The extents of the gimbals on the opposite side of the hinge axis from the gimbal linking pivot joints may be difficult to accommodate without interfering with the desired positions of other components. At high speeds the greater rotational inertias and masses of these balanced gimbals may also lead to very high inertial loads that are transmitted through the gimbal and reciprocator bearings. These gimbal inertia-induced bearing loads may be impractically high, limiting the maximum operating speed of the machine, limiting life and leading to increased frictional losses. Undesirable gyroscopic forces may also be established.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide a rotation restraint mechanism for z crank axial piston machines that may offer a number of improvements to some or all of the disadvantages that are outlined by reference to the prior art discussed above or to at least offer the public a useful choice.
Accordingly in a first aspect the present invention consist in an axial piston machine acting as a thermodynamic engine, compressor, motor or pump comprising;
a crankshaft rotatable about a crankshaft axis and carrying a crank journal having an inclined crank axis that is oblique to the crankshaft axis but aligned to intersect therewith at an acute angle A at a point (point X) on the crankshaft,
a cylinder cluster comprising at least two cylinders rigidly located with respect to each other, each cylinder spaced relative to the other(s) about a cylinder cluster axis, each said cylinder including at least one cylinder opening to allow fluid inlet and/or outlet to/from said cylinder,
in each cylinder, a complementary piston to reciprocate along a reciprocating axis defined by its respective cylinder,
a reciprocator mounted to rotate about said crank journal about said inclined crank axis, said reciprocator operatively connecting said pistons with said crank journal such that the rotational motion of the crankshaft with respect to the cylinder cluster drives the reciprocal motion of the pistons within their respective cylinders or visa versa, and allows consistent and controlled reciprocating displacement of each piston within its respective cylinder between top dead centre (TDC) and bottom dead centre (BDC)
a rotation restrainer operative between said cylinder cluster and said reciprocator to restrain relative movement therebetween about the crankshaft axis, said rotation restrainer being comprised of two gimbal arms, said gimbal arms linked together by a gimbal link joint with multiple rotational degrees of freedom and that intersect at a point T, point T lying in a medial plane M being defined as the plane passing through point X to which the line that bisects angle A is normal, wherein each of said gimbal arms is pivotally mounted at an identical distance L from point T, one of said gimbal arms, hereinafter referred to as the “cylinder gimbal”, being pivotally mounted from said cylinder cluster about a cylinder gimbal pivot axis, the second of said gimbal arms, hereinafter referred to as the “reciprocator gimbal” being pivotally mounted from said reciprocator about a reciprocator gimbal pivot axis, said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis positioned equidistant from point X and T as is the cylinder gimbal pivot axis, the orientations of the pivot axes of the two gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane M resulting in the point T lying on the medial plane M as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster, and thus ensuring homo-kinetic rotational restraint between said reciprocator and said cylinder cluster.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is normal to a plane within which the crankshaft axis lies.
Preferably the crankshaft axis lies in a plane to which the cylinder gimbal pivot axis is normal to and within which point T lies.
Preferably a line perpendicular to the said cylinder gimbal pivot axis and passing through point T, intersects or projects to intersect with the said crankshaft axis at a point C.
Preferably point C lies on the crankshaft axis.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is perpendicular to said crankshaft axis.
Preferably point C does not lie on the crankshaft axis.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is offset from said crankshaft axis yet said crankshaft axis lies in a plane normal to the cylinder gimbal pivot axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is normal to a plane within which the crank axis lies.
Preferably the crank axis lies in a plane to which the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is normal to and within which point T lies.
Preferably a line perpendicular to the said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis and passing through point T, intersects or projects to intersect with the said crank axis at a point R.
Preferably point R lies on the crank axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is perpendicular to said cranks axis.
Preferably point R does not lie on the crank axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is offset from said crank axis yet said crank axis lies in a plane normal to the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis.
Preferably said point R is at identical respective distances from point X and T as is point C, the orientations of the pivot axes of the two gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane M resulting in the point T always on the medial plane M as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster, and thus ensuring homo-kinetic rotational restraint between said reciprocator and said cylinder cluster.
Preferably the gimbal aims each have two ends, a proximal end at or near where their respective pivot axes and a distal end at or near point T.
Preferably said reciprocator is mounted to rotate on two axially along said crank journal spaced apart reciprocator bearings about said crank journal.
Preferably said reciprocator bearing closest to said cylinder cluster is also closer to point X than the other reciprocator bearing that is most distal to the cylinder cluster.
Preferably said gimbal link joint links together said reciprocator gimbal and said cylinder gimbal, said gimbal link joint having two rotational degrees of freedom that intersect at point T and allow the reciprocator gimbal and cylinder gimbal to rotate relative to one another without restriction in the manner required for homo-kinetic rotation restraint
Preferably said gimbal link joint provides said rotational degrees of freedom by plain or roller bearings, the first axis of rotation of said gimbal link joint coincident the line between points C and T, the second axis of rotation of said gimbal link joint coincident the line between points R and T, the angle formed between these two axes being invariant for a given angle A when said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is mounted to intersect with the axis of said crankshaft at point C and the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is mounted to intersect with said inclined crank axis at point R.
Preferably in operation each of said gimbal link joint's two rotational degrees of freedom rotate through the same range of motion and preferably the bearings of said gimbal link joint are suitable for operation with low frictional losses whilst being subjected to large and rapidly oscillating rotations and loads.
Preferably said gimbal link joint defines a principal pivot and supplementary pivots that all have axes of rotation that pass through point T, said principal pivot having a principal pivot axis of rotation oriented with respect to the gimbals such that in operation the principal pivot axis passes from point T through or near to point X throughout the range of motion of said gimbals.
Preferably said principal pivot is defined by plain or roller bearings that form part of the linking joint between the two gimbals, said principal pivot to accommodate the majority of all relative rotational motion between the two said restraint gimbals, said supplementary pivots incorporated into said gimbal link joint being subjected to relatively small ranges of oscillatory rotation, the axes of rotation of said supplementary pivots to intersect with each other and with the principal pivot axis at acute angles at point T.
Preferably said gimbal link joint supplementary pivots have mutually perpendicular rotational axes that are also perpendicular to the principal pivot axis.
Preferably said gimbal link joint supplementary pivots are provided by plain bearings or flexures, or a combination of these, or a single spherical bearing that allows for small amplitude rotational motions in the gimbal link joint about axes other than the principal pivot axis.
Preferably said cylinder cluster, in operation, rotates with respect to a stationary frame of reference about said crankshaft axis in order to enable the fluid porting of said cylinder cluster by inlet/outlet ports defined by a ported member, there being provided in operative engagement between the crankshaft and the cylinder cluster, an indexing drive, to rotate the cylinder cluster relative the ported member upon the rotation of the crankshaft, or visa versa, said ported member being stationary to the stationary frame of reference.
Preferably said cylinder cluster and said reciprocator rotate at the same angular rate with respect to said crankshaft and crank journal respectively.
Preferably said cylinder cluster and said reciprocator rotate at the same angular rate with respect to said crankshaft and crank journal respectively, relative said ported member.
Preferably said indexing drive is an epicyclic gear, operative between said crankshaft and said cylinder cluster.
Preferably said epicyclic gear includes a sun gear mounted on said crankshaft to rotate about said crankshaft axis, an annular gear operatively connected to said cylinder cluster and rotatable about said crankshaft axis, and at least one planetary gear mounted for rotation and operation intermediate of said sun and annular gears on a rotational axis held relative to said ported member.
Preferably said sun, annular and planetary gear(s) all have their gear axis parallel to each other.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is the only pivot axis of the cylinder gimbal relative the cylinder cluster and the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is the only pivot axis of the reciprocator gimbal relative to the reciprocator.
Preferably said reciprocating axis of each said pistons is parallel to the crankshaft axis.
Preferably cylinder cluster includes three or more cylinders.
Preferably said three or more cylinders of said cylinder cluster are identical and equally spaced about said crankshaft axis so that the combined kinetic energy possessed by said pistons varies by a relatively small amount as said crankshaft rotates at fixed speed with respect to said cylinder cluster.
Preferably each piston is connected to said reciprocator by a connection rod for each said piston.
Preferably each said connection rods offers two or more rotational degrees of freedom and no translational degrees of freedom between said reciprocator and each said piston to allow transfer of the linear reciprocating motion of the pistons relative to a respective cylinder to the oscillating motion of the reciprocator and visa versa.
Preferably at least two pairs of gimbal arms are provided.
Preferably a said pair of gimbal arms is positioned between each connection rod.
Preferably the number of pairs of arms corresponds to the number of cylinders of said cylinder cluster.
In a second aspect the present invention consist in an axial piston machine acting as a thermodynamic engine, compressor, motor or pump comprising;
a crankshaft rotatable about a crankshaft axis and carrying an crank journal having an inclined crank axis that is oblique to the crankshaft axis but aligned to intersect therewith at an acute angle A at point X,
a cylinder cluster comprising at least two cylinders rigidly located with respect to each other, each cylinder containing a complementary piston to each reciprocate along a reciprocating axis defined by its respective cylinder and each of a cross section matched to the cross section of the cylinder, each said cylinder in fluid connection with at least one valved inlet/outlet port therefor,
a reciprocator mounted to rotate relative to said crank journal about said inclined crank axis, said reciprocator in mechanical engagement with each piston to allow the requisite reciprocating displacement of each piston within its respective cylinder between top dead centre (TDC) and bottom dead centre (BDC) upon the crankshaft rotating relative to said cylinder cluster about the said crankshaft axis,
at least two rotation restrainers to restrain the relative rotation between said cylinder cluster body and said reciprocator about the crankshaft axis, each of said rotation restrainers being comprised of a pair of gimbal arms linking between the reciprocator and cylinder cluster, a first of said arms being a cylinder gimbal arm pivotably connected to said cylinder cluster and pivotable thereto only about a cylinder gimbal hinge axis oblique to said crankshaft axis (but not necessarily intersecting therewith), a second of said arms being a reciprocator gimbal arm pivotably connected to said reciprocator and pivotable thereto only about a reciprocator gimbal hinge axis oblique to said inclined crank axis (but not necessarily intersecting therewith), the reciprocator gimbal arm and cylinder gimbal arm of each said pair linked together by a gimbal arm tip link having three rotational degrees of freedom that intersect at a point T1 that is equidistant from their respective gimbal arm hinge axes and always lying on the medial plane defined as the plane passing through point X to which the line that bisects angle A is normal, the orientations of the hinge axes for each pair of gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane so that as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster homo-kinetic restraint of said reciprocator is ensured.
Preferably all cylinder gimbal arms are equi-spaced about said crank axis and all said reciprocator gimbal arms are equi-spaced about said crankshaft axis.
Preferably three or more rotation restrainers are provided.
Preferably the number or rotation restrainers corresponds to the number of cylinders in the cylinder cluster.
Preferably each said cylinder gimbal arm is arranged such that the combined total inertial forces created by the cylinder gimbal arms is largely balanced in a radial direction to said crankshaft axis.
Preferably each said reciprocator gimbal arm is arranged such that the combined total inertial forces created by the reciprocator gimbal arms is largely balanced in a radial direction to said crank axis.
Preferably the rotation restrainers are arranged such that the combined total inertial forces and moments created thereby is largely constant in magnitude and direction with respect to the rotating frame of reference of the crankshaft and may thus be substantially balanced by the addition of appropriate balance masses to said crankshaft.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is normal to a plane within which the crankshaft axis lies.
Preferably the crankshaft axis lies in a plane to which the cylinder gimbal pivot axis is normal to and within which point T1 lies.
Preferably a line perpendicular to the said cylinder gimbal pivot axis and passing through point T1, projects to intersect with the said crankshaft axis at a point C.
Preferably point C does not lie on the crankshaft axis.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is offset from said crankshaft axis yet said crankshaft axis lies in a plane normal to the cylinder gimbal pivot axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is normal to a plane within which the crank axis lies.
Preferably the crank axis lies in a plane to which the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is normal to and within which point T1 lies.
Preferably a line perpendicular to the said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis and passing through point T, projects to intersect with the said crank axis at a point R.
Preferably point R does not lie on the crank axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is offset from said crank axis yet said crank axis lies in a plane normal to the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis.
Preferably said point R is at identical respective distances from point X and T1 as is point C, the orientations of the pivot axes of the two gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane M resulting in the point T always on the medial plane M as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster, and thus ensuring homo-kinetic rotational restraint between said reciprocator and said cylinder cluster.
Preferably for each cylinder gimbal arm, said cylinder gimbal arm hinge axis is proximal more the crankshaft axis than it is to point T1.
Preferably said reciprocating axis of each said cylinder is parallel to the crankshaft axis and preferably said cylinder cluster includes three or more cylinders.
Preferably three or more cylinders of said are provided that are identical and equally spaced about said crankshaft axis
Preferably this is so that the combined kinetic energy possessed by said pistons varies by a relatively small amount as said crankshaft rotates at fixed speed with respect to said cylinder cluster, thus allowing said axial piston machine to tend to being completely balanced.
Preferably said mechanical engagement of said reciprocator with each piston is provided by a connection rod as an extension from or part of said reciprocator and preferably each said connection rod linking said reciprocator and said piston have two or more rotational degrees of freedom and no translational degrees of freedom and offer sufficient degrees of freedom to allow transfer of the linear reciprocating motion of the pistons relative to a respective cylinder to the oscillating motion of the reciprocator and visa versa.
Preferably said reciprocator is mounted to rotate on two axially along said crank journal spaced apart reciprocator bearings, the body of said reciprocator to bridge between said reciprocator bearings.
Preferably said reciprocator bearing closest to said cylinder cluster is closer to point X than is the reciprocator bearing most distal to the cylinder cluster.
Preferably each said rotation restrainer is identical.
Preferably said reciprocator connects to said pistons via connection rods extending intermediate to said reciprocator and said pistons, said rotation restrainers number equal to the number of cylinders of said cylinder cluster and are mounted in the spaces between adjacent connection rods.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal arm hinge axis and said cylinder gimbal arm hinge axis in each said gimbal arm pair are at least in part defined by two coaxial bearings axially separated and both capable of withstanding loading radial to the hinge axis and loading axial to the hinge axis.
Preferably said gimbal arm tip link of each gimbal arm pair is a spherical bearing.
Preferably each said gimbal arm tip link is comprised of three non-parallel single rotation degree of freedom pivot joints whose axes of rotation intersect at point
Preferably the first of the three said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints in each said gimbal arm pair is perpendicular to and intersects or closely approaches the reciprocator gimbal arm hinge axis, and the second of the three said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints in each said gimbal arm pair is perpendicular to and intersects or closely approaches the cylinder gimbal arm hinge axis, and the third of the said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints in each said gimbal arm pair is mutually perpendicular to the other two rotational degree of freedom pivot joints.
Preferably the first of the three said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints is perpendicular to and intersects or closely approaches the reciprocator gimbal arm hinge axis and is comprised of two axially separate radial bearings and a bi-directional thrust bearing, and the second of the three said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints is perpendicular to and intersects or closely approaches the cylinder gimbal arm hinge axis and is comprised of two axially separate radial bearings and a bi-directional thrust bearing, and the third of the said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints is mutually perpendicular to the other two rotational degree of freedom pivot joints and is comprised of a one or more radial bearings and a bi-directional thrust bearing.
Preferably one or more of the thrust bearings and/or the radial bearings of said single rotational degree of freedom pivot joints and/or gimbal arm hinge axis pivots incorporates intermediate bearing elements that rotate with respect to both gimbal arm components that the said bearing/s link together.
Preferably this results in, during operation of the machine, the sliding velocities between said intermediate bearing elements and their respective contacting gimbal arm components being less than the sliding velocities between said respective gimbal arm components in the absence of said intermediate bearing elements, for a floating thrust washers or floating journal bearing element may be included that reduce the individual sliding velocities of bearings by effectively stacking bearings on top of each other.
Preferably said cylinder cluster is mounted to rotate with respect to a stationary frame of reference about said crankshaft axis and valving of each valved inlet/outlet port is controlled by ported member relative to which cylinder cluster rotates to bring said inlet/outlet ports into sequential association with ports of an otherwise valved inlet/outlet port sealing facilitating ported member, in order to enable the fluid transfer to and from the cylinders of the cylinder cluster corresponding to the appropriate location of the pistons in their movement between TDC and BDC.
Preferably an indexing drive is provided acting intermediate of said cylinder cluster and said ported member in order to index the rotation of the cylinder cluster relative the ported member.
Preferably said rotation restrainer acts between said cylinder cluster and said reciprocator so that they rotate at the same angular rate with respect to said crankshaft and crank journal respectively and relative said ported member.
Preferably each rotation restrainer acts between said cylinder cluster and said reciprocator to restrain their relative rotation with respect to said crankshaft and crank journal respectively.
In a further aspect the present invention consists in a reciprocator restraint assembly of or for a Z-crank axial piston machine that includes a crankshaft rotatable about a crankshaft axis and carrying a crank journal having an inclined crank axis that is oblique to the crankshaft axis but aligned to intersect therewith at an acute angle A at a point (point X) on the crankshaft, said assembly to restrain the relative rotation between a cylinder cluster body and a reciprocator said assembly comprising:
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is normal to a plane within which the crankshaft axis lies.
Preferably the crankshaft axis lies in a plane to which the cylinder gimbal pivot axis is normal to and within which point T lies.
Preferably a line perpendicular to the said cylinder gimbal pivot axis and passing through point T, intersects or projects to intersect with the said crankshaft axis at a point C.
Preferably point C lies on the crankshaft axis.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is perpendicular to said crankshaft axis.
Preferably point C does not lie on the crankshaft axis.
Preferably said cylinder gimbal pivot axis is offset from said crankshaft axis yet said crankshaft axis lies in a plane normal to the cylinder gimbal pivot axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is normal to a plane within which the crank axis lies.
Preferably the crank axis lies in a plane to which the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is normal to and within which point T lies.
Preferably a line perpendicular to the said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis and passing through point T, intersects or projects to intersect with the said crank axis at a point R.
Preferably point R lies on the crank axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is perpendicular to said cranks axis.
Preferably point R does not lie on the crank axis.
Preferably said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis is offset from said crank axis yet said crank axis lies in a plane normal to the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis.
Preferably said point R is at identical respective distances from point X and T as is point C, the orientations of the pivot axes of the two gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane M resulting in the point T always on the medial plane M as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster, and thus ensuring homo-kinetic rotational restraint between said reciprocator and said cylinder cluster.
Preferably the cylinder cluster has an odd number of cylinders.
Preferably the machine is an internal combustion engine.
In a further aspect the present inventions also consists in an axial piston machine acting as a thermodynamic engine, compressor, motor or pump comprising;
a crankshaft rotatable about a crankshaft axis and carrying an crank journal having an inclined crank axis that is oblique to the crankshaft axis but aligned to intersect therewith at an acute angle A at point X,
a cylinder cluster comprising at least two cylinders rigidly located with respect to each other, each cylinder containing a complementary piston to each reciprocate along a reciprocating axis defined by its respective cylinder and each of a cross section matched to the cross section of the cylinder, each said cylinder in fluid connection with at least one valved inlet/outlet port therefor,
a reciprocator mounted to rotate relative to said crank journal about said inclined crank axis, said reciprocator in mechanical engagement with each piston to allow the requisite reciprocating displacement of each piston within its respective cylinder between top dead centre (TDC) and bottom dead centre (BDC) upon the crankshaft rotating relative to said cylinder cluster about the said crankshaft axis,
at least two rotation restrainers to restrain the relative rotation between said cylinder cluster body and said reciprocator about the crankshaft axis, each of said rotation restrainers being comprised of a pair of gimbal arms linking between the reciprocator and cylinder cluster,
a first of said gimbals arms (herein after “a cylinder gimbal arm”) pivotably connected to said cylinder cluster and pivotable thereto about a cylinder gimbal hinge axis that is normal to a plane in which the crankshaft axis lies and that is set a distance from the crankshaft axis on a side thereof so that said cylinder gimbal arm projects, from said cylinder gimbal hinge axis, away from said crankshaft
a second of said arms (herein after “reciprocator gimbal arm”) pivotably connected to said reciprocator and pivotable thereto about a reciprocator gimbal hinge axis that is normal to a plane in which the crank axis lies and that is set a distance from the crank axis on a side thereof so that said reciprocator gimbal arm projects, from said reciprocator gimbal hinge axis, away from said crank,
the reciprocator gimbal arm and cylinder gimbal arm of each said pair linked together by a gimbal arm tip link having three rotational degrees of freedom that intersect at a point T1 that is equidistant from their respective gimbal arm hinge axes and always lying on the medial plane defined as the plane passing through point X to which the line that bisects angle A is normal, the orientations of the hinge axes for each pair of gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane so that as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster homo-kinetic restraint of said reciprocator is ensured.
Preferably the cylinder arm hinge axis is defined by two spaced apart cylinder aim hinges that are coaxial each other and are located on each side of a plane within which both T1 and said crankshaft axis lie.
Preferably the reciprocator arm hinge axis is defined by two spaced apart cylinder arm hinges that are coaxial each other and are located on each side of a plane within which both T1 and said crank axis lie
Preferably the indexing drive transmits rotation between said cylinder cluster and said crank shaft to, in use, rotate said cylinder cluster relative said ported member about said crankshaft axis at a rotational rate indexed to the rate of rotation of the crankshaft thereby operatively presenting said cylinder openings to some or each of said ports to allow their cyclic communication with each cylinder in turn, at instances corresponding to the desired positions in the cyclic reciprocating motion of a said piston in its respective cylinder between its TDC and BDC positioning.
Preferably said indexing drive operatively acts intermediate of said cylinder cluster and said crankshaft and comprises a crankshaft mounted sun gear to rotate with said crankshaft about the crankshaft axis and an annular gear operatively connected to said cylinder cluster to rotate with said cylinder cluster about said crankshaft axis, and at least one intermediate planetary gear operative between said sun gear and said annular gear, said at least one planetary gear mounted relative said ported member.
In a further aspect the present invention consist in A Z-crank axial piston internal combustion engine comprising
a cylinder cluster of at least two piston containing cylinders rigidly located with respect to each other, each said cylinder including at least one working fluid transfer port,
a crankshaft rotatable relative to said cylinder cluster and carrying an angled crank about which a reciprocator can rotate that is in mechanical connection with the pistons, said angled crank having a crank axis that is oblique to the crankshaft axis but aligned to intersect therewith at an acute angle A at a point (point X) on the crankshaft, and
a ported member relative to which the cylinder cluster can rotate and that can seal the at least one fluid transfer port of each cylinder yet offers, at intervals, their exposure to spark plug(s) and/or working fluid delivery and removal facilities,
an indexing drive to transmit rotation between said cylinder duster and said crank shaft to, in use, rotate said cylinder cluster relative said ported member about said crankshaft axis at a rotational rate timed to coincide with the desired range of movement of the piston in each cylinder between TDC and BDC, and
two gimbal arms, said gimbal arms linked together by a gimbal link joint with multiple rotational degrees of freedom and that intersect at a point T, point T lying in a Medial plane M being defined as the plane passing through point X to which the line that bisects angle A is normal, wherein each of said gimbal arms is pivotally mounted at an identical distance, L from point T, one of said gimbal arms, hereinafter referred to as the “cylinder gimbal”, being pivotally mounted from said cylinder cluster about a cylinder gimbal pivot axis, the second of said gimbal arms, hereinafter referred to as the “reciprocator gimbal” being pivotally mounted from said reciprocator about a reciprocator gimbal pivot axis, said reciprocator gimbal pivot axis positioned equidistant from point X and T as is the cylinder gimbal pivot axis, the orientations of the pivot axes of the two gimbal arms being mutual reflections in the medial plane M resulting in the point T lying on the medial plane M as the crankshaft rotates with respect to the cylinder cluster, and thus ensuring homo-kinetic rotational restraint between said reciprocator and said cylinder cluster.
As used herein the term “and/or” means “and” or “or”, or both.
As used herein “(s)” following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun.
The term “comprising” as used in this specification means “consisting at least in part of”. When interpreting statements in this specification which include that term, the features, prefaced by that term in each statement, all need to be present but other features can also be present. Related terms such as “comprise” and “comprised” are to be interpreted in the same manner.
In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.
This invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which this invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.
Preferred forms of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which;
a shows more detail of an axial piston machine that can operate as an internal combustion engine, that may include the rotation restraint mechanism but with no rotation restraint mechanism shown,
a shows more detail of a gimbal arm tip joint,
a shows an isometric view of three positions of gimbal geometry that correspond to three points along the abscissa of the graph of
Where reference is made herein to acute angle A, it is also referred to as the “swash angle”. Where reference is made to “rotation constraint” it is also known as “rotation restraint”, “rotational constraint” or “rotational restraint”.
Such restraint of constraint is also known as “torque restraint”. The rotation restraint mechanism of the present invention provides for a transmission of torque between the cylinder cluster and the reciprocator.
Where reference is made to “gimbals” it refers to the “cylinder gimbal” or the “reciprocator gimbal” either individually or collectively.
With reference to
The axial piston machine of the present invention and with reference to
In the preferred form the crankshaft 28 operates as a power output shaft when the axial piston machine operates as an engine or input shaft when the axial piston machine operates as a pump.
Disposed from, and either forming an integral part of, or securable to the crankshaft 28, is crank journal 34 having an crank axis 32. The crankshaft axis 30 and crank axis 32 intersect at a point X. Disposed from and rotatable on suitable bearings about the crank journal 34 is the reciprocator 16. The body of the reciprocator 16 bridges between said reciprocator bearings and the connecting rod attachment joints 20 with a structure that is robust enough to withstand the inertial and fluid forces from the pistons 6 and connecting rods 12 while endeavouring to minimise the moment of inertia of the reciprocator about point X so as to reduce the inertial forces on the reciprocator bearings. The reciprocator bearings are preferably separated by as large an axial distance on said crank journal 34 as can be easily accommodated within other constraints so as to reduce the loads and frictional losses in the reciprocator bearings
The reciprocator 16 controls the reciprocating motion of the pistons 6 within the cylinders 4 of the cylinder cluster 8 by means of connection rods 12. The connection rods 12 link together the reciprocator 16 and the pistons 6 with rigid rods that have connection rod attachment joints 10, 20 with multiple rotational degrees of freedom to the piston and reciprocator respectively.
Relative rotation of the cylinders to fluid inlet and outlet ports of the ported member 676 may be effected by an indexing drive. Where the machine operates in this manner, the cylinder openings 679 can slide and be sealed relative the ported member 676 and rotate about the axis 30. The ports are positioned to sequentially come into alignment with the cylinder opening of each cylinder to allow fluid transfer to occur (and spark plug exposure to occur, if the engine is operating as a spark ignition engine).
The indexing drive to cause relative movement between the crankshaft, cylinders and ported member may include gearing operating between the crank shaft 28 and cylinder cluster to co or counter rotate the cylinder cluster relative the crankshaft and to rotate it relative to the ports. The relative rotation that is indexed at a rate defined by the gearing may be provided by way of an epicyclic gear set. This may include a sun gear 600 formed as part of the or engaged to be rotational with the crank shaft 28 to rotate about the crank axis 30. The sun gear 600 may engage with one or more planetary gears 662 that are positioned about the cranks shaft axis. The or each planetary gear 662 may be rotationally mounted about planetary gear axis 664 that is fixed relative the ported member. The or each planetary gear 662 may also engage with an internally toothed annular gear 658 that is fixed to the cylinder cluster 8 via housing or cradle 18. This is for example shown in
While in
The indexing drive ensures that the correct relative rate of rotation occurs between the crankshaft, cylinder cluster and the ported member so that the cylinder openings 679 are presented during the correct location of the piston between their top dead centre and bottom dead centre positioning when exposed to the ports of the ported member 676 for correction operation of the axial piston machine.
Dynamic balance masses 24, 42 disposed from, and either forming an integral part of, or securable to the crankshaft 28 contribute to the dynamic balancing of the inertial forces and moments created by the pistons 6, connecting rods 12, reciprocator 16, and gimbals 36, 40 of the axial piston machine.
A reciprocator rotational restrainer that includes gimbal arms such as gimbal atins 102 and 104, (examples of which are shown in
The reciprocator rotational restrainer makes it possible for each piston 6 to use a connecting rod 12 having a pivoting joint 10 with multiple (e.g. full 3-axis) degrees of rotational freedom where it links to the piston 6 and another pivoting joint 20 with multiple rotational degrees of freedom where it links to the reciprocator 16. The reciprocator rotational restrainer ensures that the reciprocator end attachment joint 20 and the piston end attachment joint 10 of the connection rod 12, that can each pivot freely, do not significantly rotationally advance or retard to each other at any time. It is in other words a rotation synchronisation mechanism to substantially synchronise the rotation of the cylinder cluster and the reciprocator about the crank shaft axis 30.
With reference to
The cylinder gimbal arm 102 and reciprocator gimbal arm 104 are linked together with a gimbal link joint 691 that allows the gimbal arms to rotate relative to each other in three axes about a common point T. Point T is equidistant from point C and point R. Point X is also equidistant from point C and point R.
A gimbal link joint 691 shown in greater detail in isometric cross section in
In a reference frame fixed to the reciprocator, the primary axis of rotation 39 of the gimbal link joint 691 (also shown in cross section in
The figure-of-eight movement 799 shown in
With reference to
The inclined crank axis 32 intersects with the crankshaft axis 30 at point X at an acute angle A that is the swash angle, the inclined crank axis 32 rotates synchronously with the crankshaft 28 about the crankshaft axis 30 such that point R, where the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis 48 intersects the inclined crank axis 32 perpendicularly, orbits in a circular path P about the crankshaft axis 30. The cylinder gimbal pivot axis 46 intersects the crankshaft axis 30 perpendicularly at point C, and remains stationary with respect to the cylinder cluster 8. point T is equidistant from point C and point R, while point X is also equidistant from point C and point R. A line between Point T and point C extends perpendicular to the cylinder gimbal pivot axis 46 at point C. A line between Point T and point R extends perpendicular to the reciprocator gimbal pivot axis 48 at point R. With these geometric constraints point T will always lie on the medial plane. Medial plane M, with reference to the multi arm gimbals, is shown in
The rotational restraint gimbals 102 and 104 as shown in
The cylinder gimbal arm 102 and the reciprocator gimbal arm 104 of each pair are linked together by a universal tip joint possessing three rotational degrees of freedom that intersect at a point T1. In the case of
All the cylinder gimbal arm hinge axes and all the reciprocator gimbal arm hinge axes of the restraint mechanism of
The total rotation restraint required is shared between the multiple pairs of gimbal arms, so that the individual arms and their bearings need only take a proportion of the total load and may thus be made individually smaller than for a single pair of gimbal arms. In order to ensure that sharing of the total restraining rotation occurs between the multiple pairs of gimbal arms such as arms 102, 104 etc a small degree of compliance may be useful either in the form of slight bending of the arms 102, 104 themselves in response to applied loads at T1 parallel to their respective hinge axes R1 or C1, or alternatively from a small amount of sprung axial compliance in the thrust bearings of the arms' respective hinge axes R1, C1 or alternatively from a small amount of compliance of the cylinder arm hinge axis C1 on the extension 108 formed as part of or attached to the cylinder cluster 8.
The rotationally symmetric positioning of the arm pairs means that for engines with three or more arm pairs the inertial forces and moments produced by the motion of the aims can be almost completely balanced out by suitable balance masses attached to the crankshaft, thereby resulting in an engine with less noticeable vibrations. By offsetting the hinge axes C1, R1 radially outwards from the crankshaft axis 30 and crank axis 32 respectively there is more space made available for the structure of the reciprocator 16, its bearings 14, 22 and the crankshaft front balance mass 42.
The arm bearings may be rolling element or plain bearings, but if plain bearings are utilised then in some cases it may be necessary to utilised floating bushes and/or thrust washers in order to reduce the friction and wear of the bearings. For example in the implementation depicted in
The axial piston machine of the present invention is not necessarily restricted to the cylinder axis 2 of each cylinder 4 being parallel. Indeed these cylinders may have an axis at an oblique angle to the crankshaft axis 30. Additionally, and although we have herein described an axial piston machine operating in a single sided mode, the axial piston machine of the present invention can be utilised so as to have two clusters of pistons 6 and cylinders 4 sharing a common reciprocator 16 on a crankshaft 28 and crankshaft axis 30 and arranged to act in substantially opposite directions. The axial piston machine of the present invention may have a stationary cylinder cluster arrangement. The cylinder cluster 8, cylinder cradle 18 and all other components shown in
The machine or engine as herein described may include other features that may provide some benefits. Such are described in co existing complete specifications of NZ 560586 and NZ 560587.
Where reference here in is made to “rotation about” or similar, such as “rotation about the crankshaft axis” it is to be understood that is could mean to refer to a complete revolution or revolutions or partial revolution about for example the crankshaft axis. The engine or machine of the present invention may be configured of any number of cylinders' though 3 or more is preferred. Where the machine is operating as an internal combustion engine, fluid that passes through the ports may be a fuel and/or fuel/air mixture.
The cylinder cluster as herein referred to can be a cylinder block that has cylindrical bores provided therein. Alternatively it may be comprised of discrete cylinders that are affixed to each other by way of a frame or the like. Each cylinder defines a combustion chamber where the present invention is provided to operate as an internal combustion engine.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 560589 | Aug 2007 | NZ | national |
This is a national stage of PCT/NZ08/000,202 filed Aug. 8, 2008 and published in English, which has a priority of New Zealand no. 560589 filed Aug. 10, 2007 and claiming benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/935,409, filed Aug. 10, 2007, hereby incorporated by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NZ2008/000202 | 8/8/2008 | WO | 00 | 5/11/2010 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009/022917 | 2/19/2009 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1948827 | Redrup | Feb 1934 | A |
| 2240912 | Porter | May 1941 | A |
| 3654906 | Airas | Apr 1972 | A |
| 3939809 | Rohs | Feb 1976 | A |
| 4235116 | Meijer | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4491057 | Ziegler | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4852418 | Armstrong | Aug 1989 | A |
| 5094195 | Gonzalez | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5129752 | Ebbing | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5450823 | Istomin | Sep 1995 | A |
| 6003480 | Quayle | Dec 1999 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 884585 | Dec 1961 | GB |
| 1643757 | Apr 1991 | SU |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100236400 A1 | Sep 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60935409 | Aug 2007 | US |
