Patent Application
20100286110
The present invention is directed to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. In particular, the present invention is directed to agonists of GPR119 that are useful for the treatment of obesity, e.g. as regulators of satiety, metabolic syndrome and for the treatment of diabetes.
Obesity is characterized by an excessive adipose tissue mass relative to body size. Clinically, body fat mass is estimated by the body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2), or waist circumference. Individuals are considered obese when the BMI is greater than 30 and there are established medical consequences of being overweight. It has been an accepted medical view for some time that an increased body weight, especially as a result of abdominal body fat, is associated with an increased risk for diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and numerous other health complications, such as arthritis, stroke, gallbladder disease, muscular and respiratory problems, back pain and even certain cancers.
Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity have been mainly concerned with reducing fat mass by altering the balance between energy intake and expenditure. Many studies have clearly established the link between adiposity and the brain circuitry involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Direct and indirect evidence suggest that serotonergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, endocannabinoid, opioid, and histaminergic pathways in addition to many neuropeptide pathways (e.g. neuropeptide Y and melanocortins) are implicated in the central control of energy intake and expenditure. Hypothalamic centres are also able to sense peripheral hormones involved in the maintenance of body weight and degree of adiposity, such as insulin and leptin, and fat tissue derived peptides.
Drugs aimed at the pathophysiology associated with insulin dependent Type I diabetes and non-insulin dependent Type II diabetes have many potential side effects and do not adequately address the dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in a high proportion of patients. Treatment is often focused at individual patient needs using diet, exercise, hypoglycaemic agents and insulin, but there is a continuing need for novel antidiabetic agents, particularly ones that may be better tolerated with fewer adverse effects.
Similarly, metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) places people at high risk of coronary artery disease, and is characterized by a cluster of risk factors including central obesity (excessive fat tissue in the abdominal region), glucose intolerance, high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Myocardial ischemia and microvascular disease is an established morbidity associated with untreated or poorly controlled metabolic syndrome.
There is a continuing need for novel antiobesity and antidiabetic agents, particularly ones that are well tolerated with few adverse effects.
GPR119 (previously referred to as GPR116) is a GPCR identified as SNORF25 in WO00/50562 which discloses both the human and rat receptors, U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,756 also discloses the mouse receptor (accession numbers: AAN95194 (human), AAN95195 (rat) and ANN95196 (mouse)).
In humans, GPR119 is expressed in the pancreas, small intestine, colon and adipose tissue. The expression profile of the human GPR119 receptor indicates its potential utility as a target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
International patent applications WO2005/061489, WO2006/070208 and WO2006/067532 disclose heterocyclic derivatives as GPR119 receptor agonists. International patent applications WO2006/067531, WO2007/003960, WO2007/003961, WO2007/003962 and WO2007/003964 disclose GPR119 receptor agonists. International patent applications WO2007/116230 and WO2007/116229, published after the priority date of the present application, also disclose GPR119 receptor agonists.
The present invention relates to agonists of GPR119 which are useful for the treatment of diabetes and as peripheral regulators of satiety, e.g. for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Compounds of formula (I):
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are agonists of GPR119 and are useful for the treatment of diabetes and as peripheral regulators of satiety, e.g. for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
The present invention is directed to a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
wherein:
W is CR2 or nitrogen;
V and X are each independently CR3 or nitrogen; U and Y are each independently CR4 or nitrogen, with the proviso that not more than three of U, V, W, X and Y are nitrogen;
R is hydrogen or methyl;
R1 is 5-membered heteroaryl or 9- or 10-membered bicyclyl optionally containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein at least one of the rings of the bicycle is not aromatic, either of which may be optionally substituted by up to 3 groups selected from halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, S(O)nR6, SO2NR9R10, NR11C(O)NR9R10, (CH2)mOR5, (CH2)mphenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl or 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl, any of which substituent phenyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups may themselves be substituted by one or more C1-4 alkoxy, halo, cyano, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, S(O)nR6, SO2NR9R10, NR11C(O)NR9R10 or (CH2)mOR5 groups; or R1 is phenyl, naphthyl or 6- to 10-membered heteroaryl substituted by C3-8 cycloalkyl or C3-8 cycloalkyloxy, which C3-8 cycloalkyl or C3-8 cycloalkyloxy groups may be optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, CH2OH or C1-2 alkyl;
R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mOR5, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10, S(O)2NR9R10, NR11C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which phenyl or heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxy, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, NR11C(O)NR9R10, SO2NR9R10 or 5-membered heteroaryl;
or R2 and an R3 group, or R3 and an adjacent R4 group may form a fused 6-membered aryl or nitrogen containing heteroaryl ring, either of which may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, (CH2)mOR5, S(O)nR6, C(O)R6, C(O)NR9R10 or SO2NR9R10;
R5 is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)qNR7R8, or (CH2)mphenyl which phenyl group may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C1-4 haloalkyl or CN;
R6 is C1-4 alkyl, optionally substituted by hydroxy or NR7R8;
R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl, or R7 and R8 may form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy or methyl;
R9 and R10 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or NR7R8, and a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing one heteroatom selected from O and N; or, taken together, R9 and R10 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkyl;
RH is hydrogen or methyl;
m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2; and
q is 2 or 3;
provided that R1 is not 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl.
One subgroup of compounds of particular interest are those represented by formula (II):
wherein:
V and X are each independently CR3 or nitrogen; U and Y are each independently CR4 or nitrogen, with the proviso that not more than three of U, V, X and Y are nitrogen;
R is hydrogen or methyl;
R1 is 5-membered heteroaryl or 9- or 10-membered bicyclyl optionally containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S wherein at least one of the rings of the bicycle is not aromatic, either of which may be optionally substituted by up to 3 groups selected from halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, S(O)nR6, SO2NR9R10, NR11C(O)NR9R10, (CH2)mOR5, (CH2)mphenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl or 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl, any of which substituent phenyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups may themselves be substituted by one or more C1-4 alkoxy, halo, cyano, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, S(O)nR6, SO2NR9R10, NR11C(O)NR9R10 or (CH2)mOR5 groups; or R1 is phenyl, naphthyl or 6- to 10-membered heteroaryl substituted by C3-8 cycloalkyl or C3-8 cycloalkyloxy, which C3-8 cycloalkyl or C3-8 cycloalkyloxy groups may be optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, CH2OH or C1-2 alkyl;
R2 is selected from halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mOR5, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)R6, phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which phenyl or heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10′, SO2NR9R10 or 5-membered heteroaryl;
R3 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)R6;
R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4haloalkyl, (CH2)mOR5, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)R6, phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which phenyl or heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN or S(O)nR6;
or R2 and an R3 group may form a fused 6-membered aryl or nitrogen containing heteroaryl ring, either of which may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, (CH2)mOR5, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10 or SO2NR9R10;
R5 is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mphenyl or (CH2)qNR7R8;
R6 is C1-4 alkyl, optionally substituted by hydroxy;
R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl;
R9 and R10 are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl, optionally substituted by hydroxy, or, taken together, R9 and R10 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy;
m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
n is 0, 1 or 2; and
q is 2 or 3;
provided that R1 is not 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The molecular weight of the compounds of formula (I) and (II) is suitably less than 800, in particular less than 600, especially less than 500.
In one embodiment of the invention none of U, V, W, X and Y represent nitrogen. In a second embodiment of the invention one of U, V, W, X and Y represents nitrogen, for example X, or alternatively Y. In a third embodiment of the invention two of U, V, W, X and Y represent nitrogen, such as X and Y, U and Y, V and X or X and U. In a fourth embodiment if the invention three of U, V, W, X and Y represent nitrogen, such as X, Y and U, or X, Y and V.
W preferably represents CR2.
In one embodiment V is N, in another V is CR3.
X is preferably CR3.
U and Y are preferably CR4.
R is preferably hydrogen.
R1 is suitably phenyl or pyridyl substituted by C3-8 cycloalkyl or C3-8 cycloalkyloxy.
R1 is also suitably furyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or tetrazolyl; preferably furanyl, isoxazolyl or pyrazolyl, or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl or indanyl; any of which may be optionally substituted as described above.
A preferred R1 group is 5-membered heteroaryl, e.g. oxadiazolyl, especially [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl.
When R1 is substituted, it is suitably substituted by 1 or 2 groups. R1 substituent groups of particular interest are halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, phenyl, and trifluoromethyl.
Specific groups which R2, R3 and R4 may be independently selected from are hydrogen, halo, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mOR5, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10, S(O)2NR9R10, NR11C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of which phenyl or heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxy, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10, C(O)R6, NR11C(O)NR9R10 or SO2NR9R10.
R2 suitably represents phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaryl group e.g. pyridyl, either of which may be optionally substituted as described above. Suitably, when substituted, R2 groups are substituted by 1 or 2 groups. R2 substituent groups of particular interest are (CH2)mCN, for example CN and S(O)nR6.
Preferred R2 groups are phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted with C(O)NR9R10, S(O)nR6, 5-membered heteroaryl, halo or methyl, in particular phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted with C(O)NR9R10, S(O)nR6 or 5-membered heteroaryl.
R3 suitably represents hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl or halo, especially hydrogen.
R4 suitably represents hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl or halo, especially hydrogen.
R5 suitably represents C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl or (CH2)mphenyl.
R6 is preferably methyl.
In one embodiment of the invention R9 and R10 independently represent hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups. In a second embodiment of the invention R9 and R10 taken together form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy.
m is suitably 0, 1 or 2; in particular 0 or 1.
n is suitably 1 or 2.
RH is preferably methyl.
Suitably X and V each independently represent N or CR3, e.g. N and N; CR3 and CR3; or N and CR3, wherein R3 represents hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl or halo, especially hydrogen.
In one embodiment of the invention R2 and an R3 group forms a fused 6-membered aryl or nitrogen containing heteroaryl ring optionally substituted by halo, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, (CH2)mCN, (CH2)mOR5, S(O)nR6, C(O)NR9R10 or SO2NR9R10. In an alternative embodiment of the invention R2 and an R3 group do not form a fused 6-membered aryl or nitrogen containing heteroaryl ring.
When W is CR2, V and X are CR3 and U and Y are CR4, then R1 is preferably not piperidin-4-yl substituted on nitrogen by phenyl or a 6-membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl.
While the preferred groups for each variable have generally been listed above separately for each variable, preferred compounds of this invention include those in which several or each variable in formula (I) is selected from the preferred, more preferred or particularly listed groups for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of preferred, more preferred and particularly listed groups.
Specific compounds of the invention which may be mentioned are those included in the Examples and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
As used herein, unless stated otherwise, “alkyl” as well as other groups having the prefix “alk” such as, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (n-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl), pentyl, e.g. n-pentyl, 2-ethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl and the like. “Alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and other like terms include carbon chains having at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond.
The term “haloalkyl” includes alkyl groups substituted by one or more halo atoms in particular fluorine atoms, e.g. CH2F, CHF2 and CF3.
The term “cycloalkyl” means carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and includes monocyclic saturated and partially saturated carbocycles. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. Examples of partially saturated cycloalkyl groups include cyclohexene. Cycloalkyl groups will typically contain 3 to 8, e.g. 3 to 6, ring carbon atoms in total.
The term “halo” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.
The term “aryl” includes phenyl and naphthyl, in particular phenyl.
Unless otherwise indicated the term “heterocyclyl” includes 5- and 6-membered monocyclic saturated and partially saturated rings containing up to three heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of heterocyclic rings include tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, pyrrolidine, piperidine, [1,3]dioxane, oxazolidine, piperazine, morpholine and the like. Other examples of heterocyclic rings include the oxidised forms of the sulfur-containing rings. Thus, tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide, tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydrothiopyran 1-oxide, and tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1-dioxide are also considered to be heterocyclic rings.
Unless otherwise stated, the term “heteroaryl” includes mono- and bicyclic 5- to 10-membered, e.g. monocyclic 5- or 6-membered, heteroaryl rings containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of such heteroaryl rings are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and triazinyl. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups include bicyclic heteroaromatic groups where a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is fused to a phenyl or another heteroaromatic group. Examples of such bicyclic heteroaromatic rings are benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline and purine.
Compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. The present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The above formula (I) is shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions. The present invention includes all stereoisomers of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
When a tautomer of the compound of formula (I) exists, the present invention includes any possible tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise.
When the compound of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof exist in the form of solvates or polymorphic forms, the present invention includes any possible solvates and polymorphic forms. A type of a solvent that forms the solvate is not particularly limited so long as the solvent is pharmacologically acceptable. For example, water, ethanol, propanol, acetone or the like can be used.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (ic and ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines. Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N′,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
When the compound of the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like
Since the compounds of formula (I) are intended for pharmaceutical use they are preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure (e.g. 90% or 95%), especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis).
The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared as described below, in which the variable groups are as defined above.
Certain compounds of formula (I) can be made as outlined in Scheme 1. Azetidine 1 is commercially available or can be prepared as outlined in Syn. Comm., 33(24), 4297-4302; 2003. Azetidine 2 can be prepared by treatment of 1 with a hydrogen source such as triethylamine and formic acid, in a solvent such as ethanol in the presence of palladium on carbon. Compounds of type 4 can be prepared by reductive amination of an aldehyde or ketone 3 using a suitable reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride. The hydroxy group can be converted into a leaving group such as methanesulfonyl, allowing, in the presence of a base, displacement with a phenol 6 to afford the compound of formula (I). Alternatively, a compound of type 4 could be converted into an azetidine of formula (I) directly, via a Mitsonobu reaction with the corresponding phenol 6 by standard techniques. Phenols of type 6 are commercially available, or can be prepared as outlined later in Scheme 5.
Compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared as outlined in Scheme 2. Thus, an azetidine of type 7, incorporating a nitrogen protecting group, in this case 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, can be converted to a compound of formula 9 via an activated azetidine of type 8. Removal of the nitrogen protecting group using standard techniques affords a compound of formula 10. Reductive amination of 10 with an aldehyde or ketone of type 3 using a suitable reducing agent, or reaction of 10 with a compound of type 3a where X is a halogen, affords the compound of formula (I). Reagents of type 3 or 3a are commercially available or can be readily prepared by known techniques.
Other compounds of formula (I) can be prepared as outlined in Scheme 3. Thus reaction of compound 4 with a 2-halopyridine such as 11 in the presence of a base affords compounds of formula (I). 2-Halopyridines are commercially available, or can be prepared as outlined later in Scheme 6. In further examples, where X is a halogen and Y1 or Y2 are N and the other is CHR4, using readily known coupling methods 12 can be reacted with a boronic acid (or the corresponding boronic ester) of formula 13 to afford a compound of type (I).
Amides of formula (I) can be prepared by standard techniques as outlined in Scheme 4. Thus, an ester of type 14 (where E is a suitable alkyl or aryl group) can be converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid of type 14 (where E is hydrogen) by standard hydrolytic techniques. Formation of amides of type (I) by reaction of carboxylic acids of type 14 with amines of type 15 may be facilitated by use of a coupling reagent such as WSC or HATU. Alternatively carboxylic acids of type 14 may be employed in the form of an activated derivative thereof such as an acid halide or acid anhydride. Such activated derivatives may be obtained from the corresponding acid by conventional means. A compound of type 14 (where E=H) can be converted to an acid halide using standard techniques and may be reacted with an amine in an insert aprotic solvent such as THF in the presence of a base such as TEA, to give compounds of formula (I).
Phenols of type 18 can be prepared using standard Suzuki coupling methods as outlined in Scheme 5. Thus an aryl boronic acid of type 16 (or the corresponding boronic ester) can be coupled with an arylhalide of type 17 in the presence of a suitable base and palladium catalyst in an appropriate solvent or solvent mixture. Alternatively, 16 could incorporate the arylhalide functionality, and 17 incorporate the boronic acid/ester, with coupling via Suzuki chemistry as described.
Fluoropyridines of type 21 can similarly be prepared using standard Suzuki coupling methods, as outlined in Scheme 6. Thus, an aryl boronic acid of type 19 (or the corresponding boronic ester) could be coupled with a dihalopyridine such as 20 to obtain a fluoropyridine of type 21. Alternatively, the aryl boronic acid/ester could be substituted for a heteroaromatic.
Compounds of type 23 can be prepared as outlined in Scheme 7. Reaction of phenol 6 with commercially available azetidine 22 would afford a compound of type 23. A reaction of this type would typically employ a base such as sodium tert-butoxide in a polar aprotic solvent. The nitrogen protecting group in 23 could be removed by a number of methods, such as treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in an inert solvent. If R2 were to comprise a halogen or boronic acid/ester, then the molecule could be readily functionalized further using Suzuki-type chemistry as outlined in Scheme 3.
Oxadiazoles of type 26 can be synthesized as described in Scheme 8. Azetidine 10 can be converted to carboxylic acid 24 by reaction with bromo-acetic acid (or analogue) in the presence of a base. Formation of the oxadiazole ring can then be accomplished in a two step procedure. Firstly carboxylic acid 24 is coupled with amidoxime 25 using a standard amide coupling reagent such as EDCI. The intermediate, which need not be isolated, is ring-closed at elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a dehydrating agent. Amidoximes of type 25 are commercial, or can be readily synthesized by known methods.
Other compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by methods analogous to those described above or by methods known per se.
Further details for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I) are found in the examples.
The compounds of formula (I) may be prepared singly or as compound libraries comprising at least 2, for example 5 to 1,000, compounds and more preferably 10 to 100 compounds of formula (I). Compound libraries may be prepared by a combinatorial “split and mix” approach or by multiple parallel synthesis using either solution or solid phase chemistry, using procedures known to those skilled in the art.
During the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I), labile functional groups in the intermediate compounds, e.g. hydroxy, carboxy and amino groups, may be protected. The protecting groups may be removed at any stage in the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I) or may be present on the final compound of formula (I). A comprehensive discussion of the ways in which various labile functional groups may be protected and methods for cleaving the resulting protected derivatives is given in, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, (1991) Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2nd edition.
Any novel intermediates, such as those defined above, may be of use in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I) and are therefore also included within the scope of the invention.
As indicated above the compounds of formula (I) are useful as GPR119 agonists, e.g. for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of obesity and diabetes. For such use the compounds of formula (I) will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
The invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a pharmaceutical.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably the composition is comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Moreover, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disease by modulating GPR119, resulting in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of obesity, e.g. by regulating satiety, or for the treatment of diabetes, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
In practice, the compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g. oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion, or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. The compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
The compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenient pharmaceutical media may be employed. For example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like may be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Optionally, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
A tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Each tablet preferably contains from about 0.05 mg to about 5 g of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0.05 mg to about 5 g of the active ingredient.
For example, a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may contain from about 0.5 mg to about 5 g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition. Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 2 g of the active ingredient, typically 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg, or 1000 mg.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration may be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared, using a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by admixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency.
Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories may be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, the pharmaceutical formulations described above may include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like. Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositions containing a compound of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form.
Generally, dosage levels on the order of 0.01 mg/kg to about 150 mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions, or alternatively about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day. For example, obesity may be effectively treated by the administration of from about 0.01 to 50 mg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5 mg to about 3.5 g per patient per day.
It is understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.
The compounds of formula (I) may be used in the treatment of diseases or conditions in which GPR119 plays a role.
Thus the invention also provides a method for the treatment of a disease or condition in which GPR119 plays a role comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Diseases or conditions in which GPR119 plays a role include obesity and diabetes. In the context of the present application the treatment of obesity is intended to encompass the treatment of diseases or conditions such as obesity and other eating disorders associated with excessive food intake e.g. by reduction of appetite and body weight, maintenance of weight reduction and prevention of rebound and diabetes (including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, cardiovascular complications and dyslipidaemia). And the treatment of patients who have an abnormal sensitivity to ingested fats leading to functional dyspepsia. The compounds of the invention may also be used for treating metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels and hypertension.
The invention also provides a method for the regulation of satiety comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method for the treatment of obesity comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method for the treatment of diabetes, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method for the treatment of metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels or hypertension comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a condition as defined above.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition as defined above.
In the methods of the invention the term “treatment” includes both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.
The compounds of formula (I) may exhibit advantageous properties compared to known GPR119 agonists, for example, the compounds may exhibit improved solubility thus improving absorption properties and bioavailability, or other advantageous properties for compounds to be used as pharmaceuticals.
The compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds. The other therapeutically active compounds may be for the treatment of the same disease or condition as the compounds of formula (I) or a different disease or condition. The therapeutically active compounds may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
The compounds of formula (I) may be administered with other active compounds for the treatment of obesity and/or diabetes, for example insulin and insulin analogs, gastric lipase inhibitors, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, sulfonyl ureas and analogs, biguanides, α2 agonists, glitazones, PPAR-γ agonists, mixed PPAR-α/γ agonists, DPIV inhibitors, RXR agonists, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, β-agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, lipid lowering agents, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, antiobesity agents e.g. pancreatic lipase inhibitors, MCH-1 antagonists and CB-1 antagonists (or inverse agonists), amylin antagonists, lipoxygenase inhibitors, somostatin analogs, glucokinase activators, glucagon antagonists, insulin signalling agonists, PTP1B inhibitors, gluconeogenesis inhibitors, antilypolitic agents, GSK inhibitors, galanin receptor agonists, anorectic agents, CCK receptor agonists, leptin, serotonergic/dopaminergic antiobesity drugs, reuptake inhibitors e.g. sibutramine, CRF antagonists, CRF binding proteins, thyromimetic compounds, aldose reductase inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, NHE-1 inhibitors or sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors.
Combination therapy comprising the administration of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one other antiobesity agent represents a further aspect of the invention.
The present invention also provides a method for the treatment of obesity in a mammal, such as a human, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent, to a mammal in need thereof.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent for the treatment of obesity.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in combination with another antiobesity agent, for the treatment of obesity.
The compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s) may be co-administered or administered sequentially or separately.
Co-administration includes administration of a formulation which includes both the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s), or the simultaneous or separate administration of different formulations of each agent. Where the pharmacological profiles of the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s) allow it, coadministration of the two agents may be preferred.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of obesity.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also encompasses the use of such compositions in the methods described above.
GPR119 agonists are of particular use in combination with centrally acting antobesity agents.
The other antiobesity agent for use in the combination therapies according to this aspect of the invention is preferably a CB-1 modulator, e.g. a CB-1 antagonist or inverse agonist. Examples of CB-1 modulators include SR141716 (rimonabant) and SLV-319 ((4S)-(−)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide); as well as those compounds disclosed in EP576357, EP656354, WO 03/018060, WO 03/020217, WO 03/020314, WO 03/026647, WO 03/026648, WO 03/027076, WO 03/040105, WO 03/051850, WO 03/051851, WO 03/053431, WO 03/063781, WO 03/075660, WO 03/077847, WO 03/078413, WO 03/082190, WO 03/082191, WO 03/082833, WO 03/084930, WO 03/084943, WO 03/086288, WO 03/087037, WO 03/088968, WO 04/012671, WO 04/013120, WO 04/026301, WO 04/029204, WO 04/034968, WO 04/035566, WO 04/037823 WO 04/052864, WO 04/058145, WO 04/058255, WO 04/060870, WO 04/060888, WO 04/069837, WO 04/069837, WO 04/072076, WO 04/072077, WO 04/078261 and WO 04/108728, and the references disclosed therein.
Other diseases or conditions in which GPR119 has been suggested to play a role include those described in WO 00/50562 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,756, for example cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, respiratory disorders, gestational abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders, immune disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, depression, phobias, anxiety, mood disorders and Alzheimer's disease.
All publications, including, but not limited to, patents and patent application cited in this specification, are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as fully set forth.
The invention will now be described by reference to the following examples which are for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as a limitation of the scope of the present invention.
Waters Xterra MS C18, 5 μm (4.6×50 mm, flow rate 1.5 mL/min) eluting with a H2O-MeCN gradient containing 0.1% v/v ammonia over 12 min with UV detection at 215 and 254 nm. Gradient information: 0.0-8.0 min: Ramp from 95% H2O-5% MeCN to 5% H2O-95% MeCN; 8.0-9.9 min: Hold at 5% H2O-95% MeCN; 9.9-10.0 min: Return to 95% H2O-5% MeCN; 10.0-12.0 min: Hold at 95% H2O-5% MeCN. Mass spectra were obtained using an electrospray ionization source in either the positive (ESI+) or negative (ESI−) mode.
Agilent Prep-C18 Scalar column, 5 μm (4.6×50 mm, flow rate 2.5 mL/min) eluting with a H2O-MeCN gradient containing 0.1% v/v formic acid over 7 min with UV detection at 254 nm. Gradient information: 0.0-0.5 min: 95% H2O-5% MeCN; 0.5-5.0 min; Ramp from 95% H2O-5% MeCN to 5% H2O-95% MeCN; 5.0-5.5 min: Hold at 5% H2O-95% MeCN; 5.5-5.6 min: Hold at 5% H2O-95% MeCN, flow rate increased to 3.5 mL/min; 5.6-6.6 min: Hold at 5% H2O-95% MeCN, flow rate 3.5 mL/min; 6.6-6.75 min: Return to 95% H2O-5% MeCN, flow rate 3.5 mL/min; 6.75-6.9 min: Hold at 95% H2O-5% MeCN, flow rate 3.5 mL/min; 6.9-7.0 min: Hold at 95% H2O-5% MeCN, flow rate reduced to 2.5 mL/min. Mass spectra were obtained using an Agilent multimode source in either the positive (APCI+ESI+) or negative (APCI+ESI−) mode.
Atlantis C18 column, 5 μm (3.0×20.0 mm, flow rate=0.85 mL/min) eluting with a H2O—CH3CN solution containing 0.1% HCO2H over 6 min with UV detection at 220 nm. Gradient information: 0.0-0.3 min 100% H2O; 0.3-4.25 min: Ramp up to 10% H2O-90% CH3CN; 4.25-4.4 min: Ramp up to 100% CH3CN; 4.4-4.9 min: Hold at 100% CH3CN; 4.9-6.0 min: Return to 100% H2O. The mass spectra were obtained using an electrospray ionisation source in either the positive (ES+) or negative (ES−) ion modes.
Abbreviations and acronyms: AcOH: acetic acid; DCE: 1,2-dichloroethane; DCM: dichloromethane; DMF: dimethylformamide; EDCI: 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; h: hour(s); HOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; IH: isohexane; LCMS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; min: minute(s); MP-Trisamine: macroporous polymer supported tris(2-amino ethyl)amine; MP-TsOH: macroporous polymer bound p-toluenesulfonic acid; Pd(Cl)2(dppf): [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II); PL-NCO: polymer bound isocyante; RT: retention time; rt: room temperature; SCX: strong cation exchange chromatography; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid
A microwave tube was charged with 5-bromo-2-methylsulfonylpyridine (3.00 g, 12.7 mmol), 4-phenol boronic acid (2.10 g, 15.3 mmol), Na2CO3 (3M solution in water, 5.10 mL, 15.3 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (900 mg, 1.30 mmol) and 4:1, dimethoxyethane:ethanol (30 mL). The mixture was heated at 120° C. in a microwave reactor for 20 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt before it was filtered through celite, washing through with methanol. The filtrate was evaporated and the crude material purified by flash chromatography eluting with 40%-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The product was further purified by triturating with ethyl acetate to afford the title compound: RT=1.82 min; m/z (ES+)=250.07 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 1).
A solution of triethylamine (35.0 mL, 251 mmol) and formic acid (9.50 mL, 251 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) was added to a solution of 1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-ol (20.0 g, 84.0 mmol) in ethanol (250 mL). Palladium on carbon (1 g) was added and the mixture heated to reflux for 1 h. The mixture was allowed to cool slightly before being filtered through celite and washing through with ethanol. The filtrate was transferred to a 2 L round bottomed flask and 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (16.7 g, 100 mmol) added. After stirring at rt for 10 min sodium triacetoxyborohydride (71.0 g, 335 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1M HCl and then washed with diethyl ether. The aqueous phase was neutralized with NaHCO3 and extracted with DCM. LCMS analysis showed that the desired product was mainly contained in the aqueous phase and could not be extracted with DCM or ethyl acetate. The aqueous phase was evaporated and the residue was stirred in a mixture of DCM (250 mL), ethyl acetate (250 mL) and methanol (100 mL). The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to yield the crude product. The crude product was stirred in ethyl acetate, the insoluble material filtered off, and the filtrate evaporated to afford the title compound: RT=3.22 min; m/z (ES+)=224.16 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 1).
A solution of 1-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)azetidin-3-ol (Preparation 2, 10.0 g, 44.8 mmol) and triethylamine (14.0 mL, 98.7 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) was cooled to −40° C. before methanesulfonyl chloride (4.20 mL, 53.8 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 20 min then diluted with DCM and washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution followed by brine. The organic solution was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated to afford the title compound: RT=3.94 min; m/z (ES+)=302.03 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 1).
Potassium-tert-butoxide (7.55 g, 67.3 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol (Preparation 1, 13.4 g, 53.8 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 20 min before a solution of 1-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)azetidin-3-yl methanesulfonate (Preparation 3, 14.2 g, 95%, 44.8 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (25 mL) was added. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to rt then partitioned between DCM and brine. The organic phase was further washed with brine. The combined brine washings were extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organics were dried (MgSO4) and evaporated. Purification via SCX afforded the title compound: RT=5.00 min; m/z (ES+)=454.98 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 1).
Trifluoroacetic anhydride (4.20 mL, 29.6 mmol) was slowly added to a cooled (ice-bath) solution of 5-(4-(1-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)azetidin-3-yloxy)phenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (Preparation 4, 6.70 g, 14.8 mmol) and triethylamine (4.60 mL, 32.6 mmol) in DCM (70 mL). After stiffing with cooling for 30 min the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The organic solution was dried (MgSO4), evaporated and purified via flash chromatography to afford the title compound: RT=4.45 min; m/z (ES+)=400.84 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 1).
Potassium carbonate (1.50 g, 11.1 mmol) was added to a suspension of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-(4-(6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)azetidin-1-yl)ethanone (Preparation 5, 3.00 g, 7.40 mmol) in a mixture of methanol (60 mL) and water (6 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was stirred with 20% methanol in DCM. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate flushed through a silica plug eluting with further 20% methanol in DCM, then 100% methanol to afford the title compound: RT=3.62 min; m/z (ES+)=305.02 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 1).
Sodium tert-butoxide (276 mg, 2.87 mmol) and potassium benzoate (460 mg, 2.87 mmol) were added to a solution of 6-bromopyridin-3-ol (500 mg, 2.87 mmol) and 3-iodo-azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (814 mg, 2.87 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous Na2CO3 solution (2×30 mL) and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc-1H, 1:4) afforded the title compound: RT=3.52 min; m/z (ES+)=329.18 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
TFA (4.74 mL, 61.2 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(6-bromopyridin-3-yloxy)azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Preparation 7, 3.37 g, 10.2 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 72 h. Removal of the solvent in vacuo, azeotroping with toluene, afforded the title compound: RT=1.13 min; m/z (ES+)=229.02, 231.02 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
Triethylamine (2.02 mL, 14.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-(azetidin-3-yloxy)-2-bromopyridine triflate (Preparation 8, 1.70 g, 4.84 mmol) and 5-chloromethyl-3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazole (777 mg, 4.84 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1M NaOH and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc-1H, 13:7) afforded the title compound: RT=2.62 min; m/z (ES+)=353.13, 355.09 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
Cs2CO3 (933 mg, 2.89 mmol), Pd(Cl)2(dppf) (81.7 mg, 100 μmol) and 4-boronic acid-2-fluorobenzoic acid ethyl ester (245 mg, 1.16 mmol) were added to a solution of 2-bromo-5-[1-(3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)azetidin-3-yloxy]pyridine (Preparation 9, 340 mg, 960 μmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and H2O (1 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was degassed with argon and heated at 90° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, washed with 1M NaOH and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc-1H, 7:3) afforded the title compound: RT=3.34 min; m/z (ES+)=441.29 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
NaOH (0.5 M aqueous solution, 3.80 mL, 1.92 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-fluoro-4-{5-[1-(3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)azetidin-3-yloxy}pyridin-2-yl]benzoic acid ethyl ester (Preparation 10, 844 mg, 1.92 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the title compound: RT=2.65 min; m/z (ES+)=413.25 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
To a degassed solution of 2-bromo-5-[1-(3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)azetidin-3-yloxy]pyridine (23.5 mmol), 4-boronic acid-2-fluorobenzoic acid methyl ester (25.8 mmol) and cesium carbonate (70.4 mmol) in dioxane/water (4:1) 75 mL was added Pd(Cl)2(dppf).DCM (2.3 mmol). The stirred mixture was heated to 95° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated and re-dissolved in ethyl acetate. The solution was filtered through celite and washed with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (×2) and brine. The solution was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. Flash chromatography afforded the title compound: RT=3.93 min; m/z (ES+)=404.29 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
To a stirred solution of lithium hydroxide hydrate (73.4 mmol) in water (60 mL) was added 3-[6-(4-methoxycarbonyl-3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yloxy]azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (14.7 mmol) in methanol (133 mL). The mixture was heated to 50° C. for 3 h, then allowed to cool and stand at rt for 64 h. The mixture was concentrated to remove the methanol, then diluted with further water (60 mL). The solution was extracted with diethyl ether, and the aqueous extract separated and acidified to pH 2 by careful addition of 6M hydrochloric acid. The resulting precipitate was filtered and dried. The filtrate was basified to pH 4 by addition of sodium hydroxide solution and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated to obtain a solid. Both solids were combined and comprised the title compound: RT=3.54=min; m/z (ES+)=390.27 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
EDCI (18.4 mmol) and HOBt (18.4 mmol) were stirred in DMF (35 mL) until the reaction mixture became homogenous. 3-[6-(4-Carboxy-3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yloxy]azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (14.7 mmol) was added and stirring continued for a further 2 h. Ammonia in dioxane (0.5M, 29.4 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at rt for 16 h. Sodium hydroxide in methanol (7M, 5 mL) was added and after 30 min the mixture diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried and concentrated to obtain the title compound: RT=3.05=min; m/z (ES+)=388.29 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
3-[6-(4-Carbamoyl-3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yloxy]azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (5.67 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (40 mL) and TFA (10 mL) added. After stirring for 16 h, the mixture was concentrated. The resulting residue was re-dissolved in DCM and concentrated. The residue was then dissolved in toluene and concentrated to afford the title compound: RT=1.90 min; m/z (ES+)=288.17 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
4-Bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid (32.56 mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 DCM/methanol (140 mL) and TMS-diazomethane (2M solution in diethyl ether, 65.12 mmol) was added dropwise until a yellow colour persisted. The mixture was quenched with acetic acid until the solution was de-colourised. The solution was concentrated under vacuum and the residue dissolved in DCM. This was washed with saturated NaHCO3 (aq), and the aqueous extracted with further DCM. The organic extracts were combined, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to afford the title compound: δH (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2.59 (s, 3H) 3.89 (s, 3H) 7.39 (d, J=8.20 Hz, 1H) 7.43 (s, 1H) 7.79 (d, J=8.20 Hz, 1H).
4-Bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid methyl ester (0.028 mmol)), 4,4,5,5,4′,4′,5′,5′-octamethyl-[2,2]bi[[1,3,2]dioxaborolanyl] (0.028 mmol) and potassium acetate (0.064 mmol) were combined in dioxane (65 mL) and de-gassed with argon. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (5.62×10−4 mmol) and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (5.62×10−4 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred at 95° C. under argon for 16 h. The mixture was cooled then partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The water was separated and washed with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by dry-flash chromatography to afford the title compound: RT=4.07 min; m/z (ES+)=277.24 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
3-(6-Bromopyridin-3-yloxy)azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (17.79 mmol), 2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzoic acid methyl ester (19.57 mmol) and cesium carbonate (26.69 mmol) were combined in 4:1 dioxane:H2O (65 mL) and degassed with argon. Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (1.78 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at 90° C. under argon for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and partitioned between ethyl acetate and sat. Na2CO3 (aq). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with further ethyl acetate. The organics were combined, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The crude mixture was purified by flash column chromatography followed by trituration to afford the title compound: RT=4.07 min; m/z (ES+)=399.33 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
3-[6-(4-Methoxycarbonyl-3-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yloxy]azetidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (9.80 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (32 mL), and TFA (8 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h before concentrating to dryness under vacuum to afford the title compound: RT=2.29 min; m/z (ES+)=299.22 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
4-[5-(Azetidin-3-yloxy)pyridin-2-yl]-2-methylbenzoic acid methyl ester trifluoroacetic acid salt (4.90 mmol) was dissolved in DMF. Triethylamine (22.1 mmol) and 5-chloromethyl-3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole (4.90 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred at 40° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The water was separated and washed with further ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The crude mixture was purified by flash column chromatography to afford the title compound: RT=3.15 min; m/z (ES+)=423.32 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
4-{5-[1-(3-Isopropyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)azetidin-3-yloxy]pyridin-2-yl}-2-methylbenzoic acid methyl ester (2.54 mmol) was suspended in methanol (20 mL) and 0.5M sodium hydroxide solution (6.35 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 114 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, neutralised with 2M HCl (aq) and concentrated to dryness, azeotoping with toluene. The title compound was not isolated from the sodium chloride, and was used as such in subsequent steps: RT=2.68 min; m/z (ES+)=409.28 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
5-[4-(Azetidin-3-yloxy)phenyl]-2-methanesulfonylpyridine (5.9 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 mL) and triethylamine (29.5 mmol) was added. This was stirred at rt for 10 min before ethylbromoacetate (5.31 mmol) was added. After 30 min the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, re-dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with water and saturated NaHCO3 (aq), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under vacuum. The crude mixture was purified by flash column chromatography to afford the title compound: RT=2.23 min; m/z (ES+)=391.25 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 3).
3-Methoxypropionitrile (11.75 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (7 mL) and hydroxylamine (50% aqueous solution, 47 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and remaining water azeotroped with toluene to afford the title compound: δH (400 MHz, CDCl3) 2.39 (t, J=5.66 Hz, 2H) 3.36 (s, 3H) 3.59 (t, J=5.66 Hz, 2H).
A mixture of 5-(4-(azetidin-3-yloxy)phenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (Preparation 6, 197 μmol) and 6-cyclopentyloxypyridine-3-carbaldehyde (237 μmol) in DCM (1 mL) was shaken at rt. After 10 min sodium triacetoxyborohydride (395 μmol) was added. After 2 h the mixture was diluted with DCM (1 mL) and water (0.25 mL) was added. The phases were separated using phase separating cartridges and the organic solution evaporated. The crude product was purified by SCX, followed by reverse phase HPLC purification if necessary, to afford the title compound: RT=2.67 min; m/z (ES+)=480.5 [M+H]+ (LCMS protocol 2).
The compounds in Table 1 were prepared employing a procedure similar to that outlined in Example 1, and were analysed by LCMS protocol 2:
The compounds listed in Table 2 were synthesised employing the following general synthetic route and were analysed by LCMS protocol 3.
Triethylamine (493 μmol) and the appropriate alkyl chloride (394 μmol) were added to a solution of 5-(4-(azetidin-3-yloxy)phenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (Preparation 6, 100 mg, 328 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 16 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (4 mL), washed with H2O (2×4 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed on a MP-TsOH column eluting with MeOH (5 mL) then 2M NH3/MeOH (3 mL). The 2M NH3/MeOH fraction was concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound.
The compounds listed in Table 3 were synthesised employing the following general synthetic route and were analysed by LCMS protocol 3.
The appropriate aldehyde (394 μmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (657 μmol) were added to a solution of 5-(4-(azetidin-3-yloxy)phenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (Preparation 6, 100 mg, 328 μmol) in (AcOH:DCE, 1:9) (3 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was shaken at rt for 16 h and then at 40° C. until the reaction had reached completion by LCMS. MP-Trisamine (329 μmol) and PS—NCO (329 μmol) were added to the reaction mixture and shaking at ambient temperature was continued for 16 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with MeOH, filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed on a MP-TsOH column eluting with MeOH (5 mL) then 2M NH3/MeOH (3 mL). The 2M NH3/MeOH fraction was concentrated in vacuo and triturated with Et2O or (MeCN—H2O, 1:1) to afford the title compound.
The compounds listed in Table 4 were synthesised employing the following general synthetic route and were analysed by LCMS protocol 3.
The appropriate amine (414 μmol) was added to a solution of 2-fluoro-4-{5-[1-(3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)azetidin-3-yloxy]pyridin-2-yl}benzoate sodium salt (Preparation 11, 90.0 mg, 207 μmol), EDCI (59.6 mg, 310 μmol), HOBt (42.0 mg, 310 μmol) and triethylamine (63.0 mg, 620 μmol) in DMF (2 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. If reactions were incomplete by LCMS they were heated to 40° C. for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the remainder was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution and H2O, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Trituration with Et2O afforded the title compound.
4-{5-[1-(3-Isopropyl-1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)azetidin-3-yloxylpyridin-2-yl}-2-methylbenzoic acid (0.195 mmol), EDCI (0.293 mmol), HOBt (0.293 mmol) and isopropylamine (0.39 mmol) were dissolved in DMF and stirred at rt for 2 h, then at 50° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum then partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and saturated sodium carbonate solution, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was triturated in diethyl ether to afford the title compound: RT=2.70 min; m/z (ES+)=450.39 [M+H]+.
The compounds in Table 5 were synthesised in a similar manner to that described above for Example 29 and were analysed by LCMS protocol 3.
The compounds listed in Table 6 were synthesised employing the following general synthetic route and were analysed by LCMS protocol 3.
Triethylamine (690 μmol) and the appropriate alkyl chloride (250 μmol) were added to a solution of 4-[5-(azetidin-3-yloxy)pyridin-2-yl]-2-fluorobenzamide (Preparation 15, 208 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 16 h. The reaction was cooled, diluted with methanol and purified using SCX-2, employing 5% triethylamine/methanol as the eluent.
{3-[4-(6-Methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)phenoxy]azetidin-1-yl}acetic acid (0.138 mmol) was suspended in DCE (1.5 mL). Thionyl chloride (0.414 mmole) and a drop of DMF was added and the mixture stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in DCE (1.5 mL). Triethylamine (0.69 mmole) and N-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropionamidine (0.166 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue re-dissolved in toluene (3 mL). Molecular sieves were added and the mixture stirred at 95° C. for 16 h. The reaction was cooled and water added. The toluene was separated and the water extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were combined, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under vacuum. The crude residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford the title compound: RT=3.32 mins; m/z=443.32 [M+H]+.
The compounds listed in Table 7 were synthesised employing the procedure as outlined above for Example 51 and were analysed by LCMS protocol 3.
The biological activity of the compounds of the invention may be tested in the following assay systems:
The yeast cell-based reporter assays have previously been described in the literature (e.g. see Miret J. J. et al, 2002, J. Biol. Chem., 277:6881-6887; Campbell R. M. et al, 1999, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 9:2413-2418; King K. et al, 1990, Science, 250:121-123); WO 99/14344; WO 00/12704; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,042). Briefly, yeast cells have been engineered such that the endogenous yeast G-alpha (GPA1) has been deleted and replaced with G-protein chimeras constructed using multiple techniques. Additionally, the endogenous yeast GPCR, Step 3 has been deleted to allow for heterologous expression of a mammalian GPCR of choice. In the yeast, elements of the pheromone signaling transduction pathway, which are conserved in eukaryotic cells (for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway), drive the expression of Fus1. By placing β-galactosidase (LacZ) under the control of the Fus1 promoter (Fus1p), a system has been developed whereby receptor activation leads to an enzymatic read-out.
Yeast cells were transformed by an adaptation of the lithium acetate method described by Agatep et al, (Agatep, R. et al, 1998, Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol (LiAc/ss-DNA/PEG) protocol. Technical Tips Online, Trends Journals, Elsevier). Briefly, yeast cells were grown overnight on yeast tryptone plates (YT). Carrier single-stranded DNA (10 μg), 2 μg of each of two Fus1p-LacZ reporter plasmids (one with URA selection marker and one with TRP), 2 μg of GPR119 (human or mouse receptor) in yeast expression vector (2 μg origin of replication) and a lithium acetate/polyethylene glycol/TE buffer was pipetted into an Eppendorf tube. The yeast expression plasmid containing the receptor/no receptor control has a LEU marker. Yeast cells were inoculated into this mixture and the reaction proceeds at 30° C. for 60 min. The yeast cells were then heat-shocked at 42° C. for 15 min. The cells were then washed and spread on selection plates. The selection plates are synthetic defined yeast media minus LEU, URA and TRP (SD-LUT). After incubating at 30° C. for 2-3 days, colonies that grow on the selection plates were then tested in the LacZ assay.
In order to perform fluorimetric enzyme assays for β-galactosidase, yeast cells carrying the human or mouse GPR119 receptor were grown overnight in liquid SD-LUT medium to an unsaturated concentration (i.e. the cells were still dividing and had not yet reached stationary phase). They were diluted in fresh medium to an optimal assay concentration and 90 μl of yeast cells added to 96-well black polystyrene plates (Costar). Compounds, dissolved in DMSO and diluted in a 10% DMSO solution to 10× concentration, were added to the plates and the plates placed at 30° C. for 4 h. After 4 h, the substrate for the β-galactosidase was added to each well. In these experiments, Fluorescein di (β-D-galactopyranoside) was used (FDG), a substrate for the enzyme that releases fluorescein, allowing a fluorimetric read-out. 20 μl per well of 500 μM FDG/2.5% Triton×100 was added (the detergent was necessary to render the cells permeable). After incubation of the cells with the substrate for 60 min, 20 μl per well of 1M sodium carbonate was added to terminate the reaction and enhance the fluorescent signal. The plates were then read in a fluorimeter at 485/535 nm.
The compounds of the invention give an increase in fluorescent signal of at least ˜1.5-fold that of the background signal (i.e. the signal obtained in the presence of 1% DMSO without compound). Compounds of the invention which give an increase of at least 5-fold may be preferred.
cAMP Assay
A stable cell line expressing recombinant human GPR119 was established and this cell line may be used to investigate the effect of compounds of the invention on intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). The cell monolayers are washed with phosphate buffered saline and stimulated at 37° C. for 30 min with various concentrations of compound in stimulation buffer plus 1% DMSO. Cells are then lysed and cAMP content determined using the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreen (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay) cAMP kit. Buffers and assay conditions are as described in the manufacturer's protocol.
The effect of compounds of the invention on body weight and food and water intake may be examined in freely-feeding male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on reverse-phase lighting. In such a test, compounds of the invention and reference compounds are dosed by appropriate routes of administration (e.g. intraperitoneally or orally) and measurements made over the following 24 h. Rats are individually housed in polypropylene cages with metal grid floors at a temperature of 21±4° C. and 55±20% humidity. Polypropylene trays with cage pads are placed beneath each cage to detect any food spillage Animals are maintained on a reverse phase light-dark cycle (lights off for 8 h from 09.30-17.30 h) during which time the room was illuminated by red light. Animals have free access to a standard powdered rat diet and tap water during a two week acclimatization period. The diet is contained in glass feeding jars with aluminum lids. Each lid has a 3-4 cm hole in it to allow access to the food. Animals, feeding jars and water bottles are weighed (to the nearest 0.1 g) at the onset of the dark period. The feeding jars and water bottles are subsequently measured 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after animals are dosed with a compound of the invention and any significant differences between the treatment groups at baseline compared to vehicle-treated controls.
Compounds of the invention showing a hypophagic effect at one or more time points at a dose of ≦100 mg/kg may be preferred.
HIT-T15 cells (passage 60) can be obtained from ATCC, and cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 30 nM sodium selenite. All experiments should be done with cells at less than passage 70, in accordance with the literature, which describes altered properties of this cell line at passage numbers above 81 (Zhang H J, Walseth T F, Robertson R P. Insulin secretion and cAMP metabolism in HIT cells. Reciprocal and serial passage-dependent relationships. Diabetes. 1989 January; 38(1):44-8).
cAMP Assay
HIT-T15 cells were plated in standard culture medium in 96-well plates at 100,000 cells/0.1 ml/well and cultured for 24 hr and the medium was then discarded. Cells were incubated for 15 min at room temperature with 100 μl stimulation buffer (Hanks buffered salt solution, 5 mM HEPES, 0.5 mM IBMX, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4). This was discarded and replaced with compound dilutions over the range 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 μM in stimulation buffer in the presence of 0.5% DMSO. Cells were incubated at room temperature for 30 min. Then 75 μl lysis buffer (5 mM HEPES, 0.3% Tween-20, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4) was added per well and the plate was shaken at 900 rpm for 20 min. Particulate matter was removed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min, then the samples were transferred in duplicate to 384-well plates, and processed following the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreen cAMP assay kit instructions. Briefly 25 μl reactions were set up containing 8 μl sample, 5 μl acceptor bead mix and 120 detection mix, such that the concentration of the final reaction components is the same as stated in the kit instructions. Reactions were incubated at room temperature for 150 min, and the plate was read using a Packard Fusion instrument. Measurements for cAMP were compared to a standard curve of known cAMP amounts (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 nM) to convert the readings to absolute cAMP amounts. Data was analysed using XLfit 3 software.
Representative compounds of the invention were found to increase cAMP at an EC50 of less than 10 μM. Compounds showing an EC50 of less than 1 μM in the cAMP assay may be preferred.
HIT-T15 cells are plated in standard culture medium in 12-well plates at 106 cells/1 mL/well and cultured for 3 days and the medium then discarded. Cells are washed×2 with supplemented Krebs-Ringer buffer (KRB) containing 119 mM NaCl, 4.74 mM KCl, 2.54 mM CaCl2, 1.19 mM MgSO4, 1.19 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES at pH 7.4 and 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Cells are incubated with 1 mL KRB at 37° C. for 30 min which is then discarded. This is followed by a second incubation with KRB for 30 min, which is collected and used to measure basal insulin secretion levels for each well. Compound dilutions (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 uM) are then added to duplicate wells in 1 mL KRB, supplemented with 5.6 mM glucose. After 30 min incubation at 37° C. samples are removed for determination of insulin levels. Measurement of insulin may be done using the Mercodia Rat insulin ELISA kit, following the manufacturers instructions, with a standard curve of known insulin concentrations. For each well insulin levels are subtracted by the basal secretion level from the pre-incubation in the absence of glucose. Data may be analysed using XLfit 3 software.
Compounds showing an EC50 of less than 1 μM in the insulin secretion assay may be preferred.
The effects of compounds of the invention on oral glucose (Glc) tolerance may also be evaluated, for example in male C57Bl/6 or male ob/ob mice. Food may be withdrawn 5 h before administration of Glc and remain withdrawn throughout the study. Mice should have free access to water during the study. A cut may be made to the animals' tails, then blood (20 μL) may be removed for measurement of basal Glc levels 45 min before administration of the Glc load. Subsequently, the mice are weighed and dosed orally with test compound or vehicle (20% aqueous hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or 25% aqueous Gelucire 44/14) 30 min before the removal of an additional blood sample (20 μL) and treatment with the Glc load (2-5 g kg−1 p.o.). Blood samples (20 μL) may then be taken 25, 50, 80, 120, and 180 min after Glc administration. The 20 μL blood samples for measurement of Glc levels are taken from the cut tip of the tail into disposable micro-pipettes (Dade Diagnostics Inc., Puerto Rico) and the sample should be added to 480 μL of haemolysis reagent. Duplicate 20 μL aliquots of the diluted haemolysed blood are then added to 180 μL of Trinders glucose reagent (Sigma enzymatic (Trinder) colorimetric method) in a 96-well assay plate. After mixing, the samples are left at room temperature for 30 min before being read against Glc standards (Sigma glucose/urea nitrogen combined standard set). Compounds of the invention of particular interest will typically result in a statistically significant reduction of the Glc excursion at doses ≦100 mg kg−1 in this test.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0720390.4 | Oct 2007 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB08/50971 | 10/10/2008 | WO | 00 | 7/23/2010 |
