Patent Grant
7494798
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising the complete chromosome of Bacillus licheniformis. The present invention also relates to features (genes) of the complete chromosomal DNA molecule of Bacillus licheniformis which encode biologically active substances and to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the features as well as methods for producing biologically active substances encoded by the features and to methods of using the isolated features derived from the complete chromosomal DNA molecule of Bacillus licheniformis.
2. Description of the Related Art
Microbes, which make up most of the earth's biomass, have evolved for some 3.8 billion years. They are found in virtually every environment, surviving and thriving in extremes of heat, cold, radiation, pressure, salt, acidity, and darkness. Often in these environments, no other forms of life are found and the only nutrients come from inorganic matter. The diversity and range of their environmental adaptations indicate that microbes long ago “solved” many problems for which scientists are still actively seeking solutions. The value in determining the complete genome sequence of microbes is that it provides a detailed blueprint for the organism revealing all of the biochemical pathways, substrates, intermediates, and end products as well as regulatory networks, and evolutionary relationships to other microbes. A complete manifest of proteins, both structural and catalytic, is encoded as a list of features in the DNA molecule comprising the genome, as well as their likely cellular location.
Knowledge about the enormous range of microbial capacities has broad and far-reaching implications for environmental, energy, health, and industrial applications, such as cleanup of toxic-waste, production of novel therapeutic and preventive agents (drugs and vaccines), energy generation and development of renewable energy sources, production of chemical catalysts, reagents, and enzymes to improve efficiency of industrial processes, management of environmental carbon, nitrogen and nutrient cycling, detection of disease-causing organisms and monitoring of the safety of food and water supplies, use of genetically altered bacteria as living sensors (biosensors) to detect harmful chemicals in soil, air, or water, and understanding of specialized systems used by microbial cells to live in natural environments.
Bacillus licheniformis is a gram positive spore-forming bacterium that is widely distributed as a saprophytic organism in the environment. Unlike most other bacilli that are predominantly aerobic, Bacillus licheniformis is a facultative anaerobe which may allow it to grow in additional ecological niches. This species produces a diverse assortment of extracellular enzymes that are believed to contribute to the process of nutrient cycling in nature (Claus, D. and Berkeley, R. C. W., 1986, In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2., eds. Sneath, P. H. A. et al., Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., pp. 1105-1139). Certain Bacillus licheniformis isolates are capable of denitrification, however, the relevance of this characteristic to environmental denitrification may be small since the species generally persists in soil as endospores (Alexander, M., 1977, Introduction to Soil Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York).
There are numerous industrial and agricultural uses for Bacillus licheniformis and its extracellular products. The species has been used for decades in the manufacture of industrial enzymes including several proteases, α-amylase, penicillinase, pentosanase, cycloglucosyltransferase, β-mannanase, and several pectinolytic enzymes, owing largely to its ability to secrete sizeable amounts of degradative enzymes. Bacillus licheniformis is also used to produce peptide antibiotics such as bacitracin and proticin, in addition to a number of specialty chemicals such as citric acid, inosine, inosinic acid, and poly-γ-glutamic acid. The proteases from Bacillus licheniformis are used in the detergent industry as well as for dehairing and batting of leather (Eveleigh, D. E., 1981, Scientific American 245, 155-178). Amylases from Bacillus licheniformis are deployed for the hydrolysis of starch, desizing of textiles, and sizing of paper (Erickson, R. J., 1976, In Microbiology, ed. Schlesinger, D. (Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C.), pp. 406-419.). Certain strains of Bacillus licheniformis have shown efficacy to destroy fungal pathogens affecting maize, grasses, and vegetable crops (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,381; 5,665,354). As an endospore-forming bacterium, the ability of the organism to survive under unfavorable environmental conditions may enhance its potential as a natural control agent.
Bacillus licheniformis can be differentiated from other bacilli on the basis of metabolic and physiological tests (Logan, N. A. and Berkeley, R. C. W., 1981, In The Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria: Classification and Identification, eds. Berkeley, R. C. W. and Goodfellow, M., Academic Press, Inc., London, pp. 106-140; O'Donnell, A. G., Norris, J. R., Berkeley, R. C. W., Claus, D., Kanero, T., Logan, N. A., and Nozaki, R., 1980, Internat. J. Systematic Bacteriol. 30: 448-459). However, biochemical and phenotypic characteristics may be ambiguous among closely related species. Lapidus et al. (Lapidus, A., Galleron, N., Andersen, J. T., Jørgensen, P. L. Ehrlich, S. D., and Sorokin, A., 2002, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 209: 23-30) recently constructed a physical map of the Bacillus licheniformis chromosome using a PCR approach, and established a number of regions of co-linearity where gene content and organization were ostensibly conserved with the Bacillus subtilis chromosome.
It would be advantageous to the art to have available the complete primary structure of the chromosomal DNA molecule of the Bacillus licheniformis type strain ATCC 14580. With the complete chromosome data in hand, it should be possible to do comparative genomics and proteomics studies that can lead to improved industrial strains as well as to a better understanding of genome evolution among closely-related bacilli in the subtilis-licheniformis group.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an isolated polynucleotide with the sequence of the complete chromosome of Bacillus licheniformis.
The present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide of the complete chromosomal DNA molecule of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
The present invention also relates to isolated features (genes) of the complete chromosomal DNA molecule of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 encoding biologically active substances, selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity with any of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198; and
(b) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with any of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or a complementary strand thereof.
The present invention also relates to biologically active substances encoded by the isolated genes, and nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the genes.
The present invention also relates to methods for producing such substances having biological activity comprising (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a gene encoding the biologically active substance under conditions suitable for production of the biologically active substance; and (b) recovering the biologically active substance.
The present invention also relates to methods for monitoring differential expression of a plurality of genes in a first bacterial cell relative to expression of the same genes in one or more second bacterial cells, comprising:
(a) adding a mixture of detection reporter-labeled nucleic acids isolated from the bacterial cells to a substrate containing an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, under conditions where the detection reporter-labeled nucleic acids hybridize to complementary sequences of the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array, wherein the nucleic acids from the first bacterial cell and the one or more second bacterial cells are labeled with a first detection reporter and one or more different second detection reporters, respectively; and
(b) examining the array under conditions wherein the relative expression of the genes in the bacterial cells is determined by the observed detection signal of each spot on the array in which (i) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the nucleic acids obtained from either the first or the one or more second bacterial cells produce a distinct first detection signal or one or more second detection signals, respectively, and (ii) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the nucleic acids obtained from both the first and one or more second bacterial produce a distinct combined detection signal.
The present invention also relates to methods for isolating a gene encoding an enzyme, comprising:
(a) adding a mixture of labeled first nucleic acid probes, isolated from a microbial strain cultured on medium without an inducing substrate, and labeled second nucleic acid probes, isolated from the microbial strain cultured on medium with the inducing substrate, to an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, under conditions where the labeled nucleic acid probes hybridize to complementary sequences of the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array, wherein the first nucleic acid probes are labeled with a first reporter and the second nucleic acid probes are labeled with a second reporter;
(b) examining the array under conditions wherein the relative expression of the genes of the microbial strain is determined by the observed hybridization reporter signal of each spot on the array in which (i) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the first nucleic acid probes produce a distinct first hybridization reporter signal or the second nucleic acid probes produce a distinct second hybridization reporter signal, and (ii) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to both the first and second nucleic acid probes produce a distinct combined hybridization reporter signal; and
(c) isolating a gene from the microbial strain that encodes an enzyme that degrades or converts the substrate.
The present invention also relates to genes isolated by such methods and nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells containing the genes.
Biologically active substance: The term “biologically active substance” is defined herein as any substance which is encoded by a single gene or a series of genes (contiguous or non-contiguous) composing a biosynthetic or metabolic pathway or operon or may be the direct or indirect result of the product of a single gene or products of a series of genes of the Bacillus licheniformis chromosome. Such substances include, but are not limited to, biopolymers, metabolites, and cellular structures and components (e.g., ribosome, flagella, etc.). For purposes of the present invention, biological activity is determined according to procedures known in the art such as those described by Carpenter and Sabatini, 2004, Nature 5: 11-22; Sordie et al., 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 11964-11969; Braun and LaBaer, 2003, TRENDS in Biotechnology 21: 383-388; and Kaberdin and McDowall, 2003, Genome Research 13: 1961-1965.
In the methods of the present invention, the biopolymer may be any biopolymer. The term “biopolymer” is defined herein as a chain (or polymer) of identical, similar, or dissimilar subunits (monomers). The biopolymer may be, but is not limited to, a nucleic acid, polyamine, polyol, polypeptide (or polyamide), or polysaccharide.
In a preferred aspect, the biopolymer is a polypeptide. The polypeptide may be any polypeptide having a biological activity of interest. The term “polypeptide” is not meant herein to refer to a specific length of the encoded product and, therefore, encompasses peptides, oligopeptides, and proteins. The term “polypeptide” also encompasses naturally occurring allelic variations.
In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an antibody, antigen, antimicrobial peptide, enzyme, growth factor, hormone, immunodilator, neurotransmitter, receptor, reporter protein, structural protein, transcription factor, and transporter.
In a more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase. In a most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an alpha-glucosidase, aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, glucocerebrosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phospholipase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, urokinase, or xylanase.
In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a collagen or gelatin.
In another preferred aspect, the biopolymer is a polysaccharide. The polysaccharide may be any polysaccharide, including, but not limited to, a mucopolysaccharide (e.g., heparin and hyaluronic acid) and a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide (e.g., chitin). In a more preferred aspect, the polysaccharide is hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan).
In the methods of the present invention, the metabolite may be any metabolite. The metabolite may be encoded by one or more genes, such as a biosynthetic or metabolic pathway. The term “metabolite” encompasses both primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are products of primary or general metabolism of a cell, which are concerned with energy metabolism, growth, and structure. Secondary metabolites are products of secondary metabolism (see, for example, R. B. Herbert, The Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1981).
The primary metabolite may be, but is not limited to, an amino acid, fatty acid, nucleoside, nucleotide, sugar, triglyceride, or vitamin.
The secondary metabolite may be, but is not limited to, an alkaloid, coumarin, flavonoid, polyketide, quinine, steroid, peptide, or terpene. In a preferred aspect, the secondary metabolite is an antibiotic, antifeedant, attractant, bacteriocide, fungicide, hormone, insecticide, or rodenticide.
Isolated biologically active substance: The term “isolated biologically active substance” is defined herein as a substance which is at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis, or any other method used in the art.
Substantially pure biologically active substance or pure biologically active substance: The term “substantially pure biologically active substance” is defined herein as a biologically active substance preparation which contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5% by weight, more preferably at most 4%, at most 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other material with which it is natively associated. It is, therefore, preferred that the substantially pure biologically active substance is at least 92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure, even more preferably at least 98% pure, most preferably at least 99%, and even most preferably at least 99.5% pure by weight of the total material present in the preparation. The term “pure biologically active substance” is defined as a biologically active substance preparation which contains no other material with which it is natively associated.
The biologically active substances of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form. In particular, it is preferred that the biologically active substances are in “essentially pure form”, i.e., that the biologically active substance preparation is essentially free of other material with which it is natively associated. This can be accomplished, for example, by preparing the biologically active substance by means of well-known recombinant methods or by classical purification methods.
Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “identity”.
For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences is determined by the Smith-Waterman Protein method for the Genematcher2, as implemented by Paracel Inc. (Pasadena, Calif.), or the BLASTP method as described by Altschul et al., 1990, Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410.
For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined by the Smith Waterman nucleotide method for the Genematcher2 or BLASTN for the BlastMachine as implemented by Paracel Inc.
Polypeptide Fragment: The term “polypeptide fragment” is defined herein as a polypeptide, which retains biological activity, having one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of a polypeptide encoded by any of the genes of the present invention, i.e., polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395. Preferably, a fragment contains at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 97% of the amino acid residues of the mature encoded polypeptide product.
Subsequence: The term “subsequence” is defined herein as a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 except that one or more nucleotides have been deleted from the 5′ and/or 3′ end. Preferably, a subsequence contains at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 97% of the nucleotides of any of the genes of the present invention.
Allelic variant: The term “allelic variant” denotes herein any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences. An allelic variant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.
Substantially pure polynucleotide or pure polynucleotide: The term “substantially pure polynucleotide” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide preparation free of other extraneous or unwanted nucleotides and is in a form suitable for use within genetically engineered production systems. Thus, a substantially pure polynucleotide contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively associated. A substantially pure polynucleotide may, however, include naturally occurring 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, such as promoters and terminators. It is preferred that the substantially pure polynucleotide is at least 92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, moire preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure, more preferably at least 98% pure, most preferably at least 99%, and even most preferably at least 99.5% pure by weight. The polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form. In particular, it is preferred that the polynucleotides disclosed herein are in “essentially pure form”, i.e., that the polynucleotide preparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively associated. The term “pure polynucleotide” is defined as a polynucleotide preparation which contains no other material with which it is natively associated.
Nucleic acid construct: The term “nucleic acid construct” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which has been modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature. The term nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence of the present invention.
Control sequence: The term “control sequences” is defined herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of a biologically active substance of the present invention. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the polynucleotide encoding the substance. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the polynucleotide encoding a biologically active substance.
Operably linked: The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of the DNA sequence, such that the control sequence directs the expression of a biologically active substance.
Coding sequence: When used herein the term “coding sequence” is intended to cover a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG.
Expression: The term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of a biologically active substance including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion.
Expression vector: The term “expression vector” herein covers a DNA molecule, linear or circular, that comprises a segment encoding a biologically active substance of the invention, and which is operably linked to additional segments that provide for its transcription.
Host cell: The term “host cell”, as used herein, includes any cell type which is susceptible to transformation, transfection, conjugation, electroporation, etc. with a nucleic acid construct, plasmid, or vector.
Bacillus licheniformis Chromosome and Features (Genes) Thereof
The present invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide of the complete chromosomal DNA molecule of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580, consists of a circular molecule of 4,222,336 base pairs with a mean G+C content of 46.2%. The chromosome contains 4208 predicted protein-coding genes (SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198) with an average size of 873 bp, 7 rRNA operons, and 72 tRNA genes. The deduced amino acid sequences of the 4208 predicted protein-coding genes are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395. SEQ ID NO: 4210 corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 2. SEQ ID NO: 4211 corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 3; SEQ ID NO: 4212 corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 4, etc. The predicted functions of the 4208 gene products are shown in Table 1.
The Bacillus licheniformis chromosome possesses regions that are markedly co-linear with the chromosomes of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus halodurans, and approximately 80% of the predicted genes have Bacillus subtilis orthologues.
The present invention also relates to isolated features (genes) of the complete chromosomal DNA molecule of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 encoding biologically active substances, selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity with any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198; and
(b) a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with any of the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or a complementary strand thereof.
In a first aspect, the present invention relates to isolated genes, which have a degree of identity to the nucleotide sequences of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 of at least about 60%, preferably at least about 65%, more preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, most preferably at least about 95%, and even most preferably at least about 97%, which encode biologically active substances having a particular biological activity (hereinafter “homologous biologically active substances”).
In a second aspect, the present invention relates to isolated genes comprising nucleotide sequences which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with any of (i) the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or subsequences thereof, or (ii) complementary strands thereof (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatus, 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Subsequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 may be at least 100 nucleotides or preferably at least 200 nucleotides. Moreover, the subsequences may encode fragments of a gene product which have biological activity. The biologically active substances may also be biologically active allelic variants of the biologically active substances.
The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 or subsequences thereof, as well as the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395 or fragments thereof, may be used to design nucleic acid probes to identify and clone DNA encoding biologically active substances from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art. In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic DNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 14, preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 35 nucleotides in length, such as at least 70 nucleotides in length. It is preferred, however, that the nucleic acid probes are at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the nucleic acid probes may be at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, at least 400 nucleotides, or at least 500 nucleotides in length. Even longer probes may be used, e.g., nucleic acid probes which are at least 600 nucleotides, at least 700 nucleotides, at least 800 nucleotides, or at least 900 nucleotides in length. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with 32P, 3H, 35S, biotin, or avidin). Such probes are encompassed by the present invention.
A genomic DNA library prepared from such other organisms may, therefore, be screened for DNA which hybridizes with the probes described above and which encodes a biologically active substance. Genomic DNA from such other organisms may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques. DNA from the libraries or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material. In order to identify a clone or DNA which is homologous with any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 or subsequences thereof, the carrier material is used in a Southern blot.
For purposes of the present invention, hybridization indicates that a polynucleotide hybridizes to a labeled gene having the nucleotide sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands thereof, or subsequences thereof, under very low to very high stringency conditions. Molecules to which the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under these conditions can be detected using X-ray film.
In a preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is any of the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or subsequences thereof. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature coding region of any of the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the gene of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 contained in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature coding region of any of the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 contained in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580.
For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, very low to very high stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low and low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures.
For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS preferably at least at 45° C. (very low stringency), more preferably at least at 50° C. (low stringency), more preferably at least at 55° C. (medium stringency), more preferably at least at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at least at 65° C. (high stringency), and most preferably at least at 70° C. (very high stringency).
For short probes which are about 14 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization, hybridization, and washing post-hybridization at about 5° C. to about 10° C. below the calculated Tm using the calculation according to Bolton and McCarthy (1962, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 48:1390) in 0.9 M NaCl, 0.09 M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 6 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, 1× Denhardt's solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM sodium monobasic phosphate, 0.1 mM ATP, and 0.2 mg of yeast RNA per ml following standard Southern blotting procedures.
For short probes which are about 14 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is washed once in 6×SCC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6×SSC at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated Tm.
Under salt-containing hybridization conditions, the effective Tm is what controls the degree of identity required between the probe and the filter bound DNA for successful hybridization. The effective Tm may be determined using the formula below to determine the degree of identity required for two DNAs to hybridize under various stringency conditions.
Effective Tm=81.5+16.6(log M[Na+])+0.41(% G+C)−0.72(% formamide)
The % G+C content of any of the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 can easily be determined. For medium stringency, for example, the concentration of formamide is 35% and the Na+ concentration for 5×SSPE is 0.75 M. Applying this formula to these values, the Effective Tm in ° C. can be calculated. Another relevant relationship is that a 1% mismatch of two DNAs lowers the Tm 1.40° C. To determine the degree of identity required for two DNAs to hybridize under medium stringency conditions at 42° C., the following formula is used:
% Homology=100−[(Effective Tm−Hybridization Temperature)/1.4]
Applying this formula, the degree of identity required for two DNAs to hybridize under medium stringency conditions at 42° C. can be calculated.
Similar calculations can be made under other stringency conditions, as defined herein.
The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides obtained by (a) hybridizing a population of DNA under very low, low, medium, medium-high, high, or very high stringency conditions with any of (i) the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or subsequences thereof, or (ii) complementary strands thereof; and (b) isolating the hybridizing polynucleotide from the population of DNA. In a preferred aspect, the hybridizing polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or homologous polypeptides thereof.
In a third aspect, the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having amino acid sequences which have a degree of identity to any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395 of at least about 60%, preferably at least about 65%, more preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, most preferably at least about 95%, and even most preferably at least about 97%, which have biological activity (hereinafter “homologous polypeptides”). In a preferred aspect, the homologous polypeptides have an amino acid sequence which differs by ten amino acids, preferably by five amino acids, more preferably by four amino acids, even more preferably by three amino acids, most preferably by two amino acids, and even most preferably by one amino acid from the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395.
The polypeptides of the present invention preferably comprise the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has biological activity. In a more preferred aspect, the polypeptides of the present invention comprise the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptides of the present invention comprise the mature polypeptide region of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395, or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has biological activity. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptides of the present invention comprise the mature polypeptide region of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptides of the present invention consist of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has biological activity. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptides of the present invention consist of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptides consist of the mature polypeptide region of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof that has biological activity. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptides consist of the mature polypeptide region of any of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to isolated substances having biological activity which are encoded by polynucleotides which hybridize, as described above, under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with any of (i) the genes of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or subsequences thereof, or (ii) complementary strands thereof. A subsequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 may be at least 100 nucleotides or preferably at least 200 nucleotides. Moreover, the subsequence may encode a fragment, e.g., a polypeptide fragment, which has biological activity.
Nucleic Acid Constructs
The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising an isolated gene or isolated genes (e.g., operon) of the present invention operably linked to one or more control sequences which direct the expression of the coding sequence in a suitable host cell under conditions compatible with the control sequences.
An isolated gene(s) of the present invention may be manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for production of a biologically active substance encoded directly or indirectly by the gene(s). Manipulation of the nucleotide sequence prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. The techniques for modifying nucleotide sequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art.
The control sequence may be an appropriate promoter sequence, a nucleotide sequence which is recognized by a host cell for expression of the gene(s) encoding the biologically active substance. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences which mediate the expression of the biologically active substance. The promoter may be any nucleotide sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides or biologically active substances either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.
Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention, especially in a bacterial host cell, are the promoters obtained from the E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase qene (amyL), Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ), Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillus subtilis xylA and xylB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75: 3727-3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80: 21-25). Further promoters are described in “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in Scientific American, 1980, 242: 74-94; and in Sambrook et al., 1989, supra.
The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the gene encoding the biologically active substance. Any terminator which is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.
The control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the cell's secretory pathway. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding region naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding region which encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively, the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding region which is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signal peptide coding region may be required where the coding sequence does not naturally contain a signal peptide coding region. Alternatively, the foreign signal peptide coding region may simply replace the natural signal peptide coding region in order to enhance secretion of the polypeptide. However, any signal peptide coding region which directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.
Effective signal peptide coding regions for bacterial host cells are the signal peptide coding regions obtained from the genes for Bacillus NCIB 11837 maltogenic amylase, Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, Bacillus licheniformis subtilisin, Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase, Bacillus stearothermophilus neutral proteases (nprT, nprS, nprM), and Bacillus subtilis prsA. Further signal peptides are described by Simonen and Palva, 1993, Microbiological Reviews 57: 109-137.
The control sequence may also be a propeptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). A propolypeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide. The propeptide coding region may be obtained from the genes for Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE) and Bacillus subtilis neutral protease (nprT).
Where both signal peptide and propeptide regions are present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptide region.
It may also be desirable to add regulatory sequences which allow the regulation of the expression of a biologically active substance relative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory systems are those which cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Regulatory systems in prokaryotic systems include the lac, tac, and trp operator systems. Other examples of regulatory sequences are those which allow for gene amplification. In eukaryotic systems, these include the dihydrofolate reductase gene which is amplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes which are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the biologically active substance would be operably linked with the regulatory sequence.
Expression Vectors
The present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors comprising an isolated gene of the present invention, a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The various nucleic acid and control sequences described above may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector which may include one or more convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, a gene of the present invention may be expressed by inserting the nucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression.
The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid or virus) which can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about the expression of a gene of the present invention. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids.
The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon may be used.
The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more selectable markers which permit easy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like.
Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers which confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline resistance.
The vectors of the present invention preferably contain an element(s) that permits integration of the vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome.
For integration into the host cell genome, the vector may rely on portions of the sequence of the gene or any other element of the vector for integration of the vector into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Alternatively, the vector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell. The additional nucleotide sequences enable the vector to be integrated into the host cell genome at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s). To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleotides, such as 100 to 10,000 base pairs, preferably 400 to 10,000 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which are highly homologous with the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell. Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotide sequences. On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into the genome of the host cell by non-homologous recombination.
For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question. The origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication which functions in a cell. The term “origin of replication” or “plasmid replicator” is defined herein as a sequence that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo. Examples of bacterial origins of replication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322, pUC19, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in E. coli, and pUB110, pE194, pTA1060, and pAMβ1 permitting replication in Bacillus.
More than one copy of a gene of the present invention may be inserted into the host cell to increase production of the gene product. An increase in the copy number of the gene can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the sequence into the host cell genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with a gene of the present invention where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the gene of the present invention, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent.
The procedures used to ligate the elements described above to construct the recombinant expression vectors of the present invention are well known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra).
Host Cells
The present invention also relates to recombinant host cells, comprising an isolated gene of the present invention, where the host cells are advantageously used in the recombinant production of a biologically active substance encoded by the gene. A vector comprising a gene of the present invention is introduced into a host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the biologically active substance and its source.
The host cell may be any unicellular microorganism, e.g., a prokaryote.
Useful unicellular cells are bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria including, but not limited to, a Bacillus cell, e.g., Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fastidiosus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus methanolicus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis; or a Streptomyces cell, e.g., Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces murinus, or gram negative bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. In a preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, or Bacillus subtilis cell. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cell is an alkalophilic Bacillus.
The introduction of a vector into a bacterial host cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Chang and Cohen, 1979, Molecular General Genetics 168: 111-115), using competent cells (see, e.g., Young and Spizizen, 1961, Journal of Bacteriology 81: 823-829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971, Journal of Molecular Biology 56: 209-221), electroporation (see, e.g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988, Biotechniques 6: 742-751), or conjugation (see, e.g., Koehler and Thorne, 1987, Journal of Bacteriology 169: 5771-5278).
Methods of Production
The present invention also relates to methods for producing a biologically active substance of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a strain, which in its wild-type form is capable of producing the biologically active substance, under conditions conducive for production of the biologically active substance; and (b) recovering the biologically active substance. Preferably, the strain is of the genus Bacillus, and more preferably Bacillus licheniformis.
The present invention also relates to methods for producing a biologically active substance of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a host cell under conditions conducive for production of the biologically active substance; and (b) recovering the biologically active substance.
The present invention also relates to methods for producing a biologically active substance of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a host cell under conditions conducive for production of the biologically active substance, wherein the host cell comprises a mutant polynucleotide comprising at least one mutation in the coding region of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, wherein the mutant polynucleotide encodes a biologically active substance which consists of SEQ ID NOs: 4199-8395, respectively, and (b) recovering the biologically active substance.
In the production methods of the present invention, the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the biologically active substance using methods known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, and small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the biologically active substance to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). If the biologically active substance is secreted into the nutrient medium, the biologically active substance can be recovered directly from the medium. If the biologically active substance is not secreted, it can be recovered from cell lysates.
The biologically active substances may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptides. These detection methods may include use of specific antibodies, formation of an enzyme product, or disappearance of an enzyme substrate. For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of an enzyme.
The resulting biologically active substances may be recovered by methods known in the art. For example, the biologically active substances may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation.
The biologically active substances of the present invention may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE, or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989).
Plants
The present invention also relates to a transgenic plant, plant part, or plant cell which has been transformed with a gene encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention so as to express and produce the biologically active substance in recoverable quantities. The biologically active substance may be recovered from the plant or plant part. Alternatively, the plant or plant part containing the recombinant biologically active substance may be used as such for improving the quality of a food or feed, e.g., improving nutritional value, palatability, and rheological properties, or to destroy an antinutritive factor.
The transgenic plant can be dicotyledonous (a dicot) or monocotyledonous (a monocot). Examples of monocot plants are grasses, such as meadow grass (blue grass, Poa), forage grass such as festuca, lolium, temperate grass, such as Agrostis, and cereals, e.g., wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, and maize (corn).
Examples of dicot plants are tobacco, legumes, such as lupins, potato, sugar beet, pea, bean and soybean, and cruciferous plants (family Brassicaceae), such as cauliflower, rape seed, and the closely related model organism Arabidopsis thaliana.
Examples of plant parts are stem, callus, leaves, root, fruits, seeds, and tubers as well as the individual tissues comprising these parts, e.g., epidermis, mesophyll, parenchyme, vascular tissues, meristems. In the present context, also specific plant cell compartments, such as chloroplast, apoplast, mitochondria, vacuole, peroxisomes and cytoplasm are considered to be a plant part. Furthermore, any plant cell, whatever the tissue origin, is considered to be a plant part. Likewise, plant parts such as specific tissues and cells isolated to facilitate the utilisation of the invention are also considered plant parts e.g. embryos, endosperms, aleurone and seeds coats.
Also included within the scope of the present invention are the progeny of such plants, plant parts, and plant cells.
The transgenic plant or plant cell expressing a biologically active substance of the present invention may be constructed in accordance with methods known in the art. Briefly, the plant or plant cell is constructed by incorporating one or more expression constructs encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention into the plant host genome and propagating the resulting modified plant or plant cell into a transgenic plant or plant cell.
The expression construct is conveniently a nucleic acid construct which comprises a gene encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention operably linked with appropriate regulatory sequences required for expression of the nucleotide sequence in the plant or plant part of choice. Furthermore, the expression construct may comprise a selectable marker useful for identifying host cells into which the expression construct has been integrated and DNA sequences necessary for introduction of the construct into the plant in question (the latter depends on the DNA introduction method to be used).
The choice of regulatory sequences, such as promoter and terminator sequences and optionally signal or transit sequences is determined, for example, on the basis of when, where, and how the biologically active substance is desired to be expressed. For instance, the expression of the gene encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention may be constitutive or inducible, or may be developmental, stage or tissue specific, and the gene product may be targeted to a specific tissue or plant part such as seeds or leaves. Regulatory sequences are, for example, described by Tague et al., 1988, Plant Physiology 86: 506.
For constitutive expression the 35S-CaMV, the maize ubiquitin 1 and the rice actin 1 promoter may be used (Franck et al., 1980. Cell 21: 285-294, Christensen A H, Sharrock R A and Quail, 1992, Plant Mo. Biol. 18: 675-689.; Zhang W, McElroy D. and Wu R., 1991, Plant Cell 3: 1155-1165). Organ-specific promoters may be, for example, a promoter from storage sink tissues such as seeds, potato tubers, and fruits (Edwards and Coruzzi, 1990, Ann. Rev. Genet. 24: 275-303), or from metabolic sink tissues such as meristems (Ito et al., 1994, Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 863-878), a seed specific promoter such as the glutelin, prolamin, globulin, or albumin promoter from rice (Wu et al., 1998, Plant and Cell Physiology 39: 885-889), a Vicia faba promoter from the legumin B4 and the unknown seed protein gene from Vicia faba (Conrad et al., 1998, Journal of Plant Physiology 152: 708-711), a promoter from a seed oil body protein (Chen et al., 1998, Plant and Cell Physiology 39: 935-941), the storage protein napA promoter from Brassica napus, or any other seed specific promoter known in the art, e.g., as described in WO 91/14772. Furthermore, the promoter may be a leaf specific promoter such as the rbcs promoter from rice or tomato (Kyozuka et al., 1993, Plant Physiology 102: 991-1000, the chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase gene promoter (Mitra and Higgins, 1994, Plant Molecular Biology 26: 85-93), or the aldP gene promoter from rice (Kagaya et al., 1995, Molecular and General Genetics 248: 668-674), or a wound inducible promoter such as the potato pin2 promoter (Xu et al., 1993, Plant Molecular Biology 22: 573-588). Likewise, the promoter may inducible by abiotic treatments such as temperature, drought or alterations in salinity or induced by exogenously applied substances that activate the promoter, e.g., ethanol, oestrogens, plant hormones like ethylene, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid and heavy metals.
A promoter enhancer element may also be used to achieve higher expression of the enzyme in the plant. For instance, the promoter enhancer element may be an intron which is placed between the promoter and the nucleotide sequence encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention. For instance, Xu et al., 1993, supra disclose the use of the first intron of the rice actin 1 gene to enhance expression.
The selectable marker gene and any other parts of the expression construct may be chosen from those available in the art.
The nucleic acid construct is incorporated into the plant genome according to conventional techniques known in the art, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, virus-mediated transformation, microinjection, particle bombardment, biolistic transformation, and electroporation (Gasser et al, 1990, Science 244: 1293; Potrykus, 1990, Bio/Technology 8: 535; Shimamoto et al., 1989, Nature 338: 274).
Presently, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for generating transgenic dicots (for a review, see Hooykas and Schilperoort, 1992, Plant Molecular Biology 19: 15-38). However it can also be used for transforming monocots, although other transformation methods are generally preferred for these plants. Presently, the method of choice for generating transgenic monocots is particle bombardment (microscopic gold or tungsten particles coated with the transforming DNA) of embryonic calli or developing embryos (Christou, 1992, Plant Journal 2: 275-281; Shimamoto, 1994, Current Opinion Biotechnology 5: 158-162; Vasil et al., 1992, Bio/Technology 10: 667-674). An alternative method for transformation of monocots is based on protoplast transformation as described by Omirulleh et al., 1993, Plant Molecular Biology 21: 415-428.
Following transformation, the transformants having incorporated therein the expression construct are selected and regenerated into whole plants according to methods well-known in the art. Often the transformation procedure is designed for the selective elimination of selection genes either during regeneration or in the following generations by using, for example, co-transformation with two separate T-DNA constructs or site specific excision of the selection gene by a specific recombinase.
The present invention also relates to methods for producing a biologically active substance of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a gene encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention under conditions conducive for production of the biologically active substance; and (b) recovering the biologically active substance.
Removal or Reduction of Biologically Active Substance
The present invention also relates to methods for producing a mutant of a parent cell, which comprises disrupting or deleting all or a portion of a gene encoding a biologically active substance of the present invention, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the biologically active substance than the parent cell when cultivated under the same conditions.
The mutant cell may be constructed by reducing or eliminating expression of a gene encoding or regulatory synthesis of a biologically active substance of the present invention using methods well known in the art, for example, insertions, disruptions, replacements, or deletions. The gene to be modified or inactivated may be, for example, the coding region or a part thereof essential for activity, or a regulatory element of the gene required for the expression of the coding region. An example of such a regulatory or control sequence may be a promoter sequence or a functional part thereof, i.e., a part that is sufficient for affecting expression of the gene. Other control sequences for possible modification include, but are not limited to, a leader, propeptide sequence, signal peptide sequence, transcription terminator, and transcriptional activator.
Modification or inactivation of the gene may be performed by subjecting the parent cell to mutagenesis and selecting for mutant cells in which expression of the gene has been reduced or eliminated. The mutagenesis, which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, by use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or by subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis. Furthermore, the mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing agents.
Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues.
When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the parent cell to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and screening and/or selecting for mutant cells exhibiting reduced or no expression of the gene.
Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be accomplished by introduction, substitution, or removal of one or more nucleotides in the gene or a regulatory element required for the transcription or translation thereof. For example, nucleotides may be inserted or removed so as to result in the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of the start codon, or a change in the open reading frame. Such modification or inactivation may be accomplished by site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art. Although, in principle, the modification may be performed in vivo, i.e., directly on the cell expressing the nucleotide sequence to be modified, it is preferred that the modification be performed in vitro as exemplified below.
An example of a convenient way to eliminate or reduce expression of a nucleotide sequence by a cell of choice is based on techniques of gene replacement, gene deletion, or gene disruption. For example, in the gene disruption method, a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the endogenous nucleotide sequence is mutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleic acid sequence which is then transformed into the parent cell to produce a defective gene. By homologous recombination, the defective nucleic acid sequence replaces the endogenous nucleotide sequence. It may be desirable that the defective nucleotide sequence also encodes a marker that may be used for selection of transformants in which the nucleotide sequence has been modified or destroyed. In a particularly preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence is disrupted with a selectable marker such as those described herein.
Alternatively, modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by established anti-sense techniques using a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence. More specifically, expression of the nucleotide sequence by a cell may be reduced or eliminated by introducing a sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the gene that may be transcribed in the cell and is capable of hybridizing to the mRNA produced in the cell. Under conditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated.
The present invention further relates to a mutant cell of a parent cell which comprises a disruption or deletion of a nucleotide sequence encoding the biologically active substance or a control sequence thereof, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the biologically active substance than the parent cell.
The biologically active substance-deficient mutant cells so created are particularly useful as host cells for the expression of homologous and/or heterologous substances, such as polypeptides. Therefore, the present invention further relates to methods for producing a homologous or heterologous substance comprising (a) cultivating the mutant cell under conditions conducive for production of the substance; and (b) recovering the substance. The term “heterologous substances” is defined herein as substances which are not native to the host cell, a native substance in which modifications have been made to alter the native sequence, or a native substance whose expression is quantitatively altered as a result of a manipulation of the host cell by recombinant DNA techniques.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing a protein product essentially free of a biologically active substance by fermentation of a cell which produces both a biologically active substance of the present invention as well as the protein product of interest by adding an effective amount of an agent capable of inhibiting activity of the biologically active substance to the fermentation broth before, during, or after the fermentation has been completed, recovering the product of interest from the fermentation broth, and optionally subjecting the recovered product to further purification.
In accordance with this aspect of the invention, it is possible to remove at least 60%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 85%, still more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 99% of the biologically active substance. Complete removal of biologically active substance may be obtained by use of this method.
The methods used for cultivation and purification of the product of interest may be performed by methods known in the art.
The methods of the present invention for producing an essentially biologically active substance-free product is of particular interest in the production of prokaryotic polypeptides, in particular bacterial proteins such as enzymes. The enzyme may be selected from, e.g., an amylolytic enzyme, lipolytic enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, cellulytic enzyme, oxidoreductase, or plant cell-wall degrading enzyme. Examples of such enzymes include an aminopeptidase, amylase, amyloglucosidase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, glucose oxidase, glucosidase, haloperoxidase, hemicellulase, invertase, isomerase, laccase, ligase, lipase, lyase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, phenoloxidase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transferase, transglutaminase, or xylanase. The biologically active substance-deficient cells may also be used to express heterologous proteins of pharmaceutical interest such as hormones, growth factors, receptors, and the like.
It will be understood that the term “prokaryotic polypeptides” includes not only native polypeptides, but also those polypeptides, e.g., enzymes, which have been modified by amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions, or other such modifications to enhance activity, thermostability, pH tolerance and the like.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a product of a protein or substance essentially free of a biologically active substance of the invention, produced by a method of the present invention.
Compositions
The present invention also relates to compositions comprising a biologically active substance of the present invention. Preferably, the compositions are enriched in the biologically active substance. The term “enriched” indicates that the biologically active substance of the composition has been increased, e.g., with an enrichment factor of 1.1.
The composition may comprise a biologically active substance of the invention as the major component, e.g., a mono-component composition. Alternatively, the composition may comprise multiple biologically active substances, for example, multiple enzymes, such as an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, or xylanase.
The compositions may be prepared in accordance with methods known in the art and may be in the form of a liquid or a dry composition. For instance, the composition may be in the form of a granulate or a microgranulate. The biologically active substance to be included in the composition may be stabilized in accordance with methods known in the art.
Methods for Using the Bacillus licheniformis Chromosome
The present invention also relates to methods for using the Bacillus licheniformis chromosome.
The chromosome of Bacillus licheniformis serves as a reservoir of new genes/proteins that have likely environmental, energy, health, and industrial applications (e.g., enzymes, antibiotics, biochemicals). A clear extension of this is that the newly discovered molecules can be used as starting points for further improvements via well-established gene shuffling, directed evolution, and protein engineering methods. Additionally, regions or motifs (e.g., signal peptides, active sites, substrate-binding regions) from the newly discovered molecules may be employed to derive novel chimeras with industrially advantageous properties.
The genes encoded in the chromosome may be used for monitoring global gene expression during the life cycle of the organism or during industrial fermentations (e.g., implemented on DNA microarrays). By monitoring global gene expression, for example, improved processes for industrial fermentation can be implemented with greater efficiency and economy.
The chromosome is useful in comparative evolutionary and ecological studies. For example, dozens of Bacillus licheniformis isolates can be readily compared on a global scale by hybridization of their genomic DNAs to a microarray fabricated from the reference strain presented in this case (so-called comparative genomic hybridization). Using this method, one can compare various isolates to look for similarities/differences among geographical and environmental niches or among biocontrol strains versus saprophytic isolates.
The chromosome sequence may be used to construct the metabolic blueprint for Bacillus licheniformis that includes all catabolic and anabolic pathways, signaling pathways, regulatory networks, growth substrates, biochemical intermediates, end products, electron donors/acceptors and others. In doing so, it is possible to modify the metabolic machinery of the organism by deleting unwanted pathways and/or adding enzymes/pathways from other organisms to generate useful chemicals and intermediates.
The pathways and components that contribute to production of extracellular and surface proteins in Bacillus licheniformis can be extracted from the chromosomal sequence. This affords opportunities for improved production of extracellular proteins by genetic manipulation of the secretion machinery.
The chromosome data allows deduction of the essential genes for Bacillus licheniformis (either by comparison to related bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis or by systematic gene-by-gene knock outs). Thus it has become possible to design custom-made strains which contain only the genes that are essential for production of specific proteins or metabolites (so-called cell factory concept).
The chromosome data may be used to construct interspecies hybrids between Bacillus licheniformis and other bacteria. Venter et al., 2003, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 15440-15445 have shown that it is possible to construct an entire virus genome from smaller DNA segments. Thus, segments of the Bacillus licheniformis chromosome may be employed to derive novel chromosomal segments or even entire chimeric chromosomes for specific applications.
In a preferred aspect, methods for using the Bacillus licheniformis chromosome include host improvement, e.g., secretion of a protein or metabolite, genome shuffling, construction of new genomes, metabolic engineering and pathway reconstruction, carrier for heterologous expression vectors, microarrays as described herein, identification of polypeptides in proteomics analyses, and comparative genomics with other Bacillus species or related organisms.
Methods for Isolating Genes
The present invention also relates to methods for isolating a gene encoding a biologically active substance from a microbial strain. The method comprises first the addition of a mixture of first labeled nucleic acid probes, isolated from a microbial strain cultured on medium without an inducing substrate, and a mixture of second labeled nucleic acid probes, isolated from the microbial strain cultured on medium with the inducing substrate, to an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, under conditions where the labeled nucleic acid probes hybridize to complementary sequences of the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array. The first nucleic acid probes are labeled with a first reporter and the second nucleic acid probes are labeled with a second reporter. The array is then examined under conditions wherein the relative expression of the genes of the microbial strain is determined by the observed hybridization reporter signal of each spot on the array in which (i) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the first nucleic acid probes produce a distinct first hybridization reporter signal or to the second nucleic acid probes produce a distinct second hybridization reporter signal, and (ii) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to both the first and second nucleic acid probes produce a distinct combined hybridization reporter signal. The probe is then sequenced to isolate from the microbial strain the corresponding gene that encodes an enzyme that degrades or converts the substrate.
Enzymes. The gene of interest may encode any enzyme including an oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase. In a preferred aspect, the enzyme is an acylase, alpha-glucosidase, amidase, aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, dextrinase, endoglucanase, esterase, galactanase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, glucanase, glucocerebrosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, hemicellulase, invertase, laccase, lignase, lipase, lysin, mannosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phosphatase, phospholipase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, pullulanase, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, urokinase, or xylanase.
Inducing Substrate. The inducing substrate may be any substrate that is subject to the action of an enzyme, i.e., that degrades or converts the substrate. In a preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is lignin or a lignin-containing material. In a more preferred aspect, the lignin-containing material is lignocellulose. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is cellulose. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is hemicellulose. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is pectin. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is a lipid. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is phospholipid. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is phytic acid. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is protein. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is a starch. In another preferred aspect, the inducing substrate is a medium that is low in nutrients such as amino acids, carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, or iron.
In a more preferred aspect, the protein substrate is blood, casein, egg, gelatin, gluten, milk protein, or soy protein. In another more preferred aspect, the lignin-containing material is hardwood thermomechanical pulp. In another more preferred aspect, the lignocellulose is corn stover. In another more preferred aspect, the lignocellulose is white poplar. In another more preferred aspect, the lignocellulose is rice straw. In another more preferred aspect, the lignocellulose is switch grass.
Microbial Strains. In the methods of the present invention, the microbial strain may be any microbial strain. The strain is cultured on a suitable nutrient medium with and without a substrate of interest. The strain cultured on medium without the substrate is used as a reference for identifying differences in expression of the same or similar complement of genes in the strain cultured on medium with substrate. The strain may be a wild-type, mutant, or recombinant strain.
In the methods of the present invention, the microbial strain is preferably a bacterium. In a more preferred aspect, the bacterium is a Bacillus, Pseudomonas, or Streptomyces strain or E. coli.
The Bacillus strain may be any Bacillus strain. In a preferred aspect, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fastidiosus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus methanolicus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis. It will be understood that the term “Bacillus” also encompasses relatives of Bacillus such as Paenibacillus, Oceanobacillus, and the like.
The Pseudomonas strain may be any Pseudomonas strain. In a preferred aspect, the Pseudomonas strain is Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas abtimicrobica, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Pseudomonas beijerinckii, Pseudomonas boreopolis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas citronellolis, Pseudomonas cocovenenans, Pseudomonas diminuta, Pseudomonas doudoroffii, Pseudomonas echinoides, Pseudomonas elongata, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas halophobica, Pseudomonas huttiensis, Pseudomonas indigofera, Pseudomonas lanceolata, Pseudomonas lemoignei, Pseudomonas lundensis, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas mephitica, Pseudomonas mucidolens, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas phenazinium, Pseudomonas pictorium, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas resinovorans, Pseudomonas saccharophila, Pseudomonas stanieri, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas taetrolens, or Pseudomonas vesicularis.
The Streptomyces strain may be any Streptomyces strain. In a preferred aspect, the Streptomyces strain is Streptomyces lividans. In another preferred aspect, the Streptomyces strain is Streptomyces murinus.
Microarrays. The term “an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes” is defined herein as a linear or two-dimensional array of preferably discrete elements of an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198 (e.g., synthetic oligonucleotides of, for example, 40-60 nucleotides), wherein each discrete element has a finite area, formed on the surface of a solid support. It shall be understood that the term “Bacillus licheniformis genes” encompasses nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198.
The term “microarray” is defined herein as an array of Bacillus licheniformis gene elements having a density of discrete of Bacillus licheniformis gene elements of at least about 100/cm2, and preferably at least about 1000/cm2. The Bacillus licheniformis gene elements in a microarray have typical dimensions, e.g., diameters, in the range of between about 10 to about 250 μm, preferably in the range of between about 10 to about 200 μm, more preferably in the range of between about 20 to about 150 μm, even more preferably in the range of between about 20 to about 100 μm, most preferably in the range of between about 50 to about 100 μm, and even most preferably in the range of between about 80 to about 100 μm, and are separated from other gene elements in the microarray by about the same distance.
Methods and instruments for forming microarrays on the surface of a solid support are well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,522; 5,700,637; and 5,770,151. The instrument may be an automated device such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,522.
The term “a substrate containing an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes” is defined herein as a solid support having deposited on the surface of the support one or more of a plurality of Bacillus licheniformis genes, as described herein, for use in detecting binding of labeled nucleic acids to the Bacillus licheniformis genes.
The substrate may, in one aspect, be a glass support (e.g., glass slide) having a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating on the surface of the support, and an array of distinct random nucleic acid fragments bound to the coating, where each distinct random nucleic acid fragment is disposed at a separate, defined position.
Each microarray in the substrate preferably contains at least 103 distinct Bacillus licheniformis in a surface area of less than about 5 or 6 cm2. Each distinct Bacillus licheniformis gene (i) is disposed at a separate, defined position on the array, (ii) has a length of at least 50 bp, and (iii) is present in a defined amount between about 0.1 femtomoles and 100 nanomoles or higher if necessary.
For a hydrophilic coating, the glass slide is coated by placing a film of a polycationic polymer with a uniform thickness on the surface of the slide and drying the film to form a dried coating. The amount of polycationic polymer added should be sufficient to form at least a monolayer of polymers on the glass surface. The polymer film is bound to the surface via electrostatic binding between negative silyl-OH groups on the surface and charged cationic groups in the polymers. Such polycationic polymers include, but are not limited to, polylysine and polyarginine.
Another coating strategy employs reactive aldehydes to couple DNA to the slides (Schena et al., 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 93: 10614-10619; Heller at al., 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 94: 2150-2155).
Alternatively, the surface may have a relatively hydrophobic character, i.e., one that causes aqueous medium deposited on the surface to bead. A variety of known hydrophobic polymers, such as polystyrene, polypropylene, or polyethylene, have desirable hydrophobic properties, as do glass and a variety of lubricant or other hydrophobic films that may be applied to the support surface. A support surface is “hydrophobic” if an aqueous droplet applied to the surface does not spread out substantially beyond the area size of the applied droplet, wherein the surface acts to prevent spreading of the droplet applied to the surface by hydrophobic interaction with the droplet.
In another aspect, the substrate may be a multi-cell substrate where each cell contains a microarray of Bacillus licheniformis and preferably an identical microarray, formed on a porous surface. For example, a 96-cell array may typically have array dimensions between about 12 and 244 mm in width and 8 and 400 mm in length, with the cells in the array having width and length dimension of 1/12 and ⅛ the array width and length dimensions, respectively, i.e., between about 1 and 20 in width and 1 and 50 mm in length.
The solid support may include a water-impermeable backing such as a glass slide or rigid polymer sheet, or other non-porous material. Formed on the surface of the backing is a water-permeable film, which is formed of porous material. Such porous materials include, but are not limited to, nitrocellulose membrane nylon, polypropylene, and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer. The thickness of the film is preferably between about 10 and 1000 μm. The film may be applied to the backing by spraying or coating, or by applying a preformed membrane to the backing.
Alternatively, the solid support may be simply a filter composed of nitrocellulose, nylon, polypropylene, or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer, or, for that matter, any material suitable for use.
The film surface may be partitioned into a desirable array of cells by water-impermeable grid lines typically at a distance of about 100 to 2000 μm above the film surface. The grid lines can be formed on the surface of the film by laying down an uncured flowable resin or elastomer solution in an array grid, allowing the material to infiltrate the porous film down to the backing, and then curing the grid lines to form the cell-array substrate.
The barrier material of the grid lines may be a flowable silicone, wax-based material, thermoset material (e.g., epoxy), or any other useful material. The grid lines may be applied to the solid support using a narrow syringe, printing techniques, heat-seal stamping, or any other useful method known in the art.
Each well preferably contains a microarray of distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes. “Distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes” as applied to the genes forming a microarray is defined herein as an array member which is distinct from other array members on the basis of a different Bacillus licheniformis gene sequence or oligo sequence thereof, and/or different concentrations of the same or distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes and/or different mixtures of distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes or different-concentrations of Bacillus licheniformis genes. Thus an array of “distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes” may be an array containing, as its members, (i) distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes which may have a defined amount in each member, (ii) different, graded concentrations of a specific Bacillus licheniformis gene, and/or (iii) different-composition mixtures of two or more distinct Bacillus licheniformis genes.
It will be understood, however, that in the methods of the present invention, any type of substrate known in the art may be used.
The delivery of a known amount of a selected Bacillus licheniformis gene to a specific position on the support surface is preferably performed with a dispensing device equipped with one or more tips for insuring reproducible deposition and location of the Bacillus licheniformis genes and for preparing multiple arrays. Any dispensing device known in the art may be used in the methods of the present invention. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,522.
For liquid-dispensing on a hydrophilic surface, the liquid will have less of a tendency to bead, and the dispensed volume will be more sensitive to the total dwell time of the dispenser tip in the immediate vicinity of the support surface.
For liquid-dispensing on a hydrophobic surface, flow of fluid from the tip onto the support surface will continue from the dispenser onto the support surface until it forms a liquid bead. At a given bead size, i.e., volume, the tendency of liquid to flow onto the surface will be balanced by the hydrophobic surface interaction of the bead with the support surface, which acts to limit the total bead area on the surface, and by the surface tension of the droplet, which tends toward a given bead curvature. At this point, a given bead volume will have formed, and continued contact of the dispenser tip with the bead, as the dispenser tip is being withdrawn, will have little or no effect on bead volume.
The desired deposition volume, i.e., bead volume, formed is preferably in the range 2 pl (picoliters) to 2 nl (nanoliters), although volumes as high as 100 nl or more may be dispensed. It will be appreciated that the selected dispensed volume will depend on (i) the “footprint” of the dispenser tip(s), i.e., the size of the area spanned by the tip(s), (ii) the hydrophobicity of the support surface, and (iii) the time of contact with and rate of withdrawal of the tip(s) from the support surface. In addition, bead size may be reduced by increasing the viscosity of the medium, effectively reducing the flow time of liquid from the dispensing device onto the support surface. The drop size may be further constrained by depositing the drop in a hydrophilic region surrounded by a hydrophobic grid pattern on the support surface.
At a given tip size, bead volume can be reduced in a controlled fashion by increasing surface hydrophobicity, reducing time of contact of the tip with the surface, increasing rate of movement of the tip away from the surface, and/or increasing the viscosity of the medium. Once these parameters are fixed, a selected deposition volume in the desired picoliter to nanoliter range can be achieved in a repeatable fashion.
After depositing a liquid droplet of a Bacillus licheniformis gene sample at one selected location on a support, the tip may be moved to a corresponding position on a second support, the Bacillus licheniformis gene sample is deposited at that position, and this process is repeated until the random nucleic acid fragment sample has been deposited at a selected position on a plurality of supports.
This deposition process may then be repeated with another random nucleic acid fragment sample at another microarray position on each of the supports.
The diameter of each Bacillus licheniformis gene region is preferably between about 20-200 μm. The spacing between each region and its closest (non-diagonal) neighbor, measured from center-to-center, is preferably in the range of about 20-400 μm. Thus, for example, an array having a center-to-center spacing of about 250 μm contains about 40 regions/cm or 1,600 regions/cm2. After formation of the array, the support is treated to evaporate the liquid of the droplet forming each region, to leave a desired array of dried, relatively flat Bacillus licheniformis gene or oligo thereof regions. This drying may be done by heating or under vacuum. The DNA can also be UV-crosslinked to the polymer coating.
Nucleic Acid Probes. In the methods of the present invention, the strains are cultivated in a nutrient medium with and without a substrate using methods well known in the art for isolation of nucleic acids to be used as probes. For example, the strains may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).
The nucleic acid probes from the microbial strains cultured on medium with and without substrate may be any nucleic acid including genomic DNA, cDNA, and RNA, and may be isolated using standard methods known in the art.
The populations of isolated nucleic acid probes may be labeled with detection reporters such as colorimetric, radioactive for example, 32P, 33P, or 35S), fluorescent reporters, or other reporters using methods known in the art (Chen et al., 1998, Genomics 51: 313-324; DeRisi et al., 1997, Science 278: 680-686; U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,367).
In a preferred aspect, the probes are labeled with fluorescent reporters. For example, the DNA probes may be labeled during reverse transcription from the respective RNA pools by incorporation of fluorophores as dye-labeled nucleotides (DeRisi et al., 1997, supra), e.g., Cy5-labeled deoxyuridine triphosphate, or the isolated cDNAs may be directly labeled with different fluorescent functional groups. Fluorescent-labeled nucleotides include, but are not limited to, fluorescein conjugated nucleotide analogs (green fluorescence), lissamine nucleotide analogs (red fluorescence). Fluorescent functional groups include, but are not limited to, Cy3 (a green fluorescent dye) and Cy5 (red fluorescent dye).
Array Hybridization. The labeled nucleic acids from the two strains cultivated with and without substrate are then added to an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes under conditions where the nucleic acid pools from the two strains hybridize to complementary sequences of the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array. For purposes of the present invention, hybridization indicates that the labeled nucleic acids from the two strains hybridize to the Bacillus licheniformis genes under very low to very high stringency conditions.
A small volume of the labeled nucleic acids mixture is loaded onto the substrate. The solution will spread to cover the entire microarray. In the case of a multi-cell substrate, one or more solutions are loaded into each cell which stop at the barrier elements.
For nucleic acid probes of at least about 100 nucleotides in length, miroarray hybridization conditions described by Eisen and Brown, 1999, Methods of Enzymology 303: 179-205, may be used. Hybridization is conducted under a cover slip at 65° C. in 3×SSC for 4-16 hours followed by post-hybridization at room temperature after removal of the cover slip in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS by washing the array two or three times in the solution, followed by successive washes in 1×SSC for 2 minutes and 0.2×SSC wash for two or more minutes.
Conventional conditions of very low to very high stringency conditions may also be used. Very low to very high stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low and low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures.
The carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS preferably at least at 45° C. (very low stringency), more preferably at least at 50° C. (low stringency), more preferably at least at 55° C. (medium stringency), more preferably at least at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at least at 65° C. (high stringency), and most preferably at least at 70° C. (very high stringency).
For shorter nucleic acid probes which are less than 50 nucleotides, microarray hybridization conditions described by Kane et al., 2000, Nucleic Acids Research 28: 4552-4557, may be used. Hybridization is conducted under a supported coverslip at 42° C. for 16-18 hours at high humidity in 50% formamide, 4.1× Denhardt's solution, 4.4×SSC, and 100 μg/ml of herring sperm DNA. Arrays are washed after removal of the coverslip in 4×SSC by immersion into 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS for 10 minutes, 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS twice for 10 minutes, and 0.1×SSC twice for 10 minutes.
For shorter nucleic acid probes which are about 50 nucleotides to about 100 nucleotides in length, conventional stringency conditions may be used. Such stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization, hybridization, and washing post-hybridization at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated Tm using the calculation according to Bolton and McCarthy (1962, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 48:1390) in 0.9 M NaCl, 0.09 M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 6 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, 1× Denhardt's solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM sodium monobasic phosphate, 0.1 mM ATP, and 0.2 mg of yeast RNA per ml following standard Southern blotting procedures.
The carrier material is finally washed once in 6×SSC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6×SSC at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated Tm.
The choice of hybridization conditions will depend on the degree of homology between the Bacillus licheniformis genes and the nucleic acid probes obtained from the strain cultured with and without inducing substrate. For example, where the nucleic acid probes and the Bacillus licheniformis genes are obtained from identical strains, high stringency conditions may be most suitable. Where the strains are from a genus or species different from which the Bacillus licheniformis genes were obtained, low or medium stringency conditions may be more suitable.
In a preferred aspect, the hybridization is conducted under low stringency conditions. In a more preferred aspect, the hybridization is conducted under medium stringency conditions. In a most preferred aspect, the hybridization is conducted under high stringency conditions.
The entire solid support is then reacted with detection reagents if needed and analyzed using standard colorimetric, radioactive, or fluorescent detection means. All processing and detection steps are performed simultaneously to all of the microarrays on the solid support ensuring uniform assay conditions for all of the microarrays on the solid support.
Detection. The most common detection method is laser-induced fluorescence detection using confocal optics (Cheung et al., 1998, Nat. Genet. 18: 225-230). The array is examined under fluorescence excitation conditions such that (i) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the first nucleic acid probes obtained from the strain cultured without inducing substrate and to the second nucleic acid probes obtained from the strain cultured with inducing substrate produce a distinct first fluorescence emission color and a distinct second fluorescence emission color, respectively, and (ii) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to substantially equal numbers of nucleic acid probes obtained from the strain cultured without inducing substrate and from the strain cultured with inducing substrate produce a distinct combined fluorescence emission color; wherein the relative expression of the genes in the strains can be determined by the observed fluorescence emission color of each spot on the array.
The fluorescence excitation conditions are based on the selection of the fluorescence reporters. For example, Cy3 and Cy5 reporters are detected with solid state lasers operating at 532 nm and 632 nm, respectively.
However, other methods of detection well known in the art may be used such as standard photometric, calorimetric, or radioactive detection means, as described earlier.
Data Analysis. The data obtained from the scanned image may then be analyzed using any of the commercially available image analysis software. The software preferably identifies array elements, subtracts backgrounds, deconvolutes multi-color images, flags or removes artifacts, verifies that controls have performed properly, and normalizes the signals (Chen et al., 1997, Journal of Biomedical Optics 2: 364-374).
Several computational methods have been described for the analysis and interpretation of microarray-based expression profiles including cluster analysis (Eisen et al., 1998, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14863-14868), parametric ordering of genes (Spellman et al., 1998, Mol. Biol. Cell 9: 3273-3297), and supervised clustering methods based on representative hand-picked or computer-generated expression profiles (Chu et al., 1998. Science 282: 699-705). Preferred methods for evaluating the results of the microarrays employ statistical analysis to determine the significance of the differences in expression levels. In the methods of the present invention, the difference in the detected expression level is at least about 10% or greater, preferably at least about 20% or greater, more preferably at least about 50% or greater, even more preferably at least about 75% or greater; and most preferably at least about 100% or greater.
One such preferred system is the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) (Tusher et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 5116-5121). Statistical analysis allows the determination of significantly altered expression of levels of about 50% or even less. The PAM (or predictive analysis for microarrays) represents another approach for analyzing the results of the microarrays (Tibshirani et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 6567-6572).
Cluster algorithms may also be used to analyze microarray expression data. From the analysis of the expression profiles it is possible to identify co-regulated genes that perform common metabolic or biosynthetic functions. Hierarchical clustering has been employed in the analysis of microarray expression data in order to place genes into clusters based on sharing similar patterns of expression (Eisen et al., 1998, supra). This method yields a graphical display that resembles a kind of phylogenetic tree where the relatedness of the expression behavior of each gene to every other gene is depicted by branch lengths. The programs Cluster and TreeView, both written by Michael Eisen (Eisen et al., 1998 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14863-14868) are freely available. Genespring is a commercial program available for such analysis (Silicon Genetics, Redwood City, Calif.).
Self-organizing maps (SOMs), a non-hierarchical method, have also been used to analyze microarray expression data (Tamayo et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 2907-2912). This method involves selecting a geometry of nodes, where the number of nodes defines the number of clusters. Then, the number of genes analyzed and the number of experimental conditions that were used to provide the expression values of these genes are subjected to an iterative process (20,000-50,000 iterations) that maps the nodes and data points into multidimensional gene expression space. After the identification of significantly regulated genes, the expression level of each gene is normalized across experiments. As a result, the expression profile of the genome is highlighted in a manner that is relatively independent of each gene's expression magnitude. Software for the “GENECLUSTER” SOM program for microarray expression analysis can be obtained from the Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research. SOMs can also be constructed using the GeneSpring software package.
Isolation of Genes. Probes containing genes or portions thereof identified to be induced by the present of substrate in the medium are characterized by determining the sequence of the probe. Based on the sequence, the gene can then be isolated using methods well known in the art.
The techniques used to isolate or clone a gene include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof. The cloning of the gene from such genomic DNA can be effected, e.g., by using the well known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features. See, e.g., Innis et al., 1990, PCR: A Guide to Methods and Application, Academic Press, New York. Other nucleic acid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligated activated transcription (LAT) and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) may be used. The gene may be cloned from the strain of interest, or another or related organism and thus, for example, may be an allelic or species variant of the gene.
Methods for Monitoring Differential Expression of a Plurality of Genes
The present invention also relates to methods for monitoring differential expression of a plurality of genes in a first bacterial cell relative to expression of the same genes in one or more second bacterial cells, comprising:
(a) adding a mixture of detection reporter-labeled nucleic acids isolated from the bacterial cells to a substrate containing an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, under conditions where the detection reporter-labeled nucleic acids hybridize to complementary sequences of the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array, wherein the nucleic acids from the first bacterial cell and the one or more second bacterial cells are labeled with a first detection reporter and one or more different second detection reporters, respectively; and
(b) examining the array under conditions wherein the relative expression of the genes in the bacterial cells is determined by the observed detection signal of each spot on the array in which (i) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the nucleic acids obtained from either the first or the one or more second bacterial cells produce a distinct first detection signal or one or more second detection signals, respectively, and (ii) the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array that hybridize to the nucleic acids obtained from both the first and one or more second bacterial produce a distinct combined detection signal.
The methods of the present invention may be used to monitor global expression of a plurality of genes from a Bacillus cell, discover new genes, identify possible functions of unknown open reading frames, and monitor gene copy number variation and stability. For example, the global view of changes in expression of genes may be used to provide a picture of the way in which Bacillus cells adapt to changes in culture conditions, environmental stress, or other physiological provocation. Other possibilities for monitoring global expression include spore morphogenesis, recombination, metabolic or catabolic pathway engineering.
The methods of the present invention are particularly advantageous since one spot on an array equals one gene or open reading frame because extensive follow-up characterization is unnecessary since sequence information is available, and the Bacillus licheniformis microarrays can be organized based on function of the gene products.
Microarrays. Methods for preparing the microarrays are described herein.
Bacterial Cells. In the methods of the present invention, the two or more Bacillus cells may be any Bacillus cell where one of the cells is used as a reference for identifying differences in expression of the same or similar complement of genes in the other cell(s). In one aspect, the two or more cells are the same cell. For example, they may be compared under different growth conditions, e.g., oxygen limitation, nutrition, and/or physiology. In another aspect, one or more cells are mutants of the reference cell. For example, the mutant(s) may have a different phenotype. In a further aspect, the two or more cells are of different species (e.g., Bacillus clausii and Bacillus subtilis). In another further aspect, the two or more cells are of different genera. In an even further aspect, one or more cells are transformants of the reference cell, wherein the one or more transformants exhibit a different property. For example, the transformants may have an improved phenotype relative to the reference cell and/or one of the other transformants. The term “phenotype” is defined herein as an observable or outward characteristic of a cell determined by its genotype and modulated by its environment. Such improved phenotypes may include, but are not limited to, improved secretion or production of a protein or compound, reduced or no secretion or production of a protein or compound, improved or reduced expression of a gene, desirable morphology, an altered growth rate under desired conditions, relief of over-expression mediated growth inhibition, or tolerance to low oxygen conditions.
The Bacillus cells may be any Bacillus cells, but preferably Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fastidiosus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus methanolicus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis cells.
In a preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus alkalophilus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus brevis cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus cereus cells In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus circulans cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus clausii cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus coagulans cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus fastidiosus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus firmus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus lautus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus lentus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus licheniformis cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus macerans cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus megaterium cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus methanolicus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus pumilus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus sphaericus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus stearothermophilus cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus subtilis cells. In another preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus thuringiensis cells.
In a more preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus licheniformis cells. In a most preferred aspect, the Bacillus licheniformis cells are Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 cells.
In another more preferred aspect, the Bacillus cells are Bacillus clausii cells. In another most preferred aspect, the Bacillus clausii cells are Bacillus clausii NCIB 10309 cells.
It will be understood that the term “Bacillus” also encompasses relatives of Bacillus such as Paenibacillus, Oceanobacillus, and the like.
In the methods of the present invention, the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for growth using methods well known in the art for isolation of the nucleic acids to be used as probes. For example, the cells may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).
Nucleic Acid Probes. The nucleic acid probes from the two or more Bacillus cells may be any nucleic acid including genomic DNA, cDNA, and RNA, and may be isolated using standard methods known in the art, as described herein. The populations of isolated nucleic acid probes may be labeled with calorimetric, radioactive, fluorescent reporters, or other reporters using methods described herein.
In a preferred aspect, the probes are labeled with fluorescent reporters, e.g., Cy3 (a green fluorescent dye) and Cy5 (red fluorescent dye), as described herein.
Array Hybridization. The labeled nucleic acids from the two or more Bacillus cells are then added to a substrate containing an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes under conditions, as described herein, where the nucleic acid pools from the two or more Bacillus cells hybridize to complementary sequences of the Bacillus licheniformis genes on the array.
Detection and Data Analysis. The same methods as described herein are used for detection and data analysis.
Computer Readable Media and Computer-Based Systems
The Bacillus licheniformis chromosome and its genes described herein may be “provided” in a variety of media to facilitate their use. The term “provided” refers to a manufacture comprising an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes. Such manufactures provide the Bacillus licheniformis genes in a form which allows one skilled in the art to examine the manufacture using means not directly applicable to examining the chromosome or a subset thereof as it exists in nature or in purified form.
Thus, the present invention also relates to such a manufacture in the form of a computer readable medium comprising an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198.
In one application of this aspect, the Bacillus licheniformis genes of the present invention can be recorded on computer readable media. The term “computer readable media” is defined herein as any medium which can be read and accessed by a computer. Such computer readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media, e.g., floppy discs, hard disc storage medium, and magnetic tape; optical storage media, e.g., CD-ROM, DVD; electrical storage media, e.g., RAM and ROM; and hybrids of these categories, e.g., magnetic/optical storage media. One skilled in the art can readily appreciate how any of the presently known computer readable media can be used to create a manufacture comprising computer readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention. Likewise, it will be clear to those of skill how additional computer readable media that may be developed also can be used to create analogous manufactures having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention.
As used herein, “recorded” refers to a process for storing information on computer readable medium. One skilled in the art can readily adopt any of the presently known methods for recording information on computer readable medium to generate manufactures comprising the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
A variety of data storage structures are available for creating a computer readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention. The choice of the data storage structure will generally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information. In addition, a variety of data processor programs and formats can be used to store the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention on computer readable medium. The sequence information can be represented in a word processing text file, formatted in commercially-available software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, or represented in the form of an ASCII file, stored in a database application, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like. A skilled artisan can readily adapt any number of data-processor structuring formats (e.g., text file or database) in order to obtain computer readable medium having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
Various computer software programs are publicly available that allow a skilled artisan to access sequence information provided in a computer readable medium. Thus, by providing in computer readable form an array of Bacillus licheniformis genes selected from the group consisting of nucleotides SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, complementary strands of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, or fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 2-4198, enables one skilled in the art to routinely access the provided sequence information for a wide variety of purposes.
Software utilizing the BLAST (Altschul et al., 1990, supra), BLAZE (Brutlag et al., 1993, Comp. Chem. 17: 203-207), GENEMARK (Lukashin and Borodovsky, 1998, Nucleic Acids Research 26: 1107-1115), GENSCAN (Burge and Karlin, 1997, Journal of Molecular Biology 268: 78-94), GLIMMER (Salzberg et al., 1998, Nucleic Acids Research 26: 544-548), and GRAIL (Xu et al., 1994, Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10: 613-623) search algorithms may be used to identify open reading frames (ORFs) within a genome of interest, which contain homology to ORFs or proteins from both Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus clausii and from other organisms. Among the ORFs discussed herein are protein encoding fragments of the Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus clausii genomes useful in producing commercially important proteins, such as enzymes used in fermentation reactions and in the production of commercially useful metabolites.
The present invention further provides systems, particularly computer-based systems, which contain the sequence information described herein. Such systems are designed to identify, among other things, genes and gene products—many of which could be products themselves or used to genetically modify an industrial expression host through increased or decreased expression of a specific gene sequence(s).
The term “a computer-based system” is herein defined as the hardware means, software means, and data storage means used to analyze the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention. The minimum hardware means of the computer-based systems of the present invention comprises a central processing unit (CPU), input means, output means, and data storage means. One skilled in the art can readily appreciate that any currently available computer-based system is suitable for use in the present invention.
As stated above, the computer-based systems of the present invention comprise a data storage means having stored therein a nucleotide sequence of the present invention and the necessary hardware means and software means for supporting and implementing a search means.
The term “data storage means” is defined herein as memory which can store nucleotide sequence information of the present invention, or a memory access means which can access manufactures having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
The term “search means” refers is defined herein as one or more programs which are implemented on the computer-based system to compare a target sequence or target structural motif with the sequence information stored within the data storage means. Search means are used to identify fragments or regions of the present genomic sequences which match a particular target sequence or target motif. A variety of known algorithms are disclosed publicly and a variety of commercially available software for conducting search means are and can be used in the computer-based systems of the present invention. Examples of such software includes, but is not limited to, MacPattern (Fuchs, 1991, Comput. Appl. Biosci. 7: 105-106), BLASTN and BLASTX National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). One skilled in the art can readily recognize that any one of the available algorithms or implementing software packages for conducting homology searches can be adapted for use in the present computer-based systems.
The term “target sequence” is defined here as any DNA (genomic DNA, cDNA) or amino acid sequence of six or more nucleotides or two or more amino acids. One skilled in the art can readily recognize that the longer a target sequence is, the less likely a target sequence will be present as a random occurrence in the database. The most preferred sequence length of a target sequence is from about 10 to 100 amino acids or from about 30 to 300 nucleotide residues. However, it is well recognized that searches for commercially important fragments, such as sequence fragments involved in gene expression and protein processing, may be of shorter length.
The term “a target structural motif” or “target motif” is defined herein as any rationally selected sequence or combination of sequences in which the sequence(s) are chosen based on a three-dimensional configuration which is formed upon the folding of the target motif. There are a variety of target motifs known in the art. Protein target motifs include, but are not limited to, enzyme active sites and signal sequences, substrate and cofactor binding domains, transmembrane domains, and sites for post-translational modifications. Nucleic acid target motifs include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, hairpin structures and inducible expression elements (protein binding sequences), repeats, palindromes, dyad symmetries, and transcription and translation start and stop sites.
A variety of structural formats for the input and output means can be used to input and output the information in the computer-based systems of the present invention. A preferred format for an output means ranks fragments of the Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus clausii genomic sequences possessing varying degrees of homology to the target sequence or target motif. Such presentation provides one skilled in the art with a ranking of sequences which contain various amounts of the target sequence or target motif and identifies the degree of homology contained in the identified fragment.
A variety of comparing means can be used to compare a target sequence or target motif with the data storage means to identify sequence fragments of the Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus clausii genomes. For example, implementing software which utilize the BLAST and BLAZE algorithms, described in Altschul et al., 1990, supra, may be used to identify open reading frames within the Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus clausii genome or the genomes of other organisms. A skilled artisan can readily recognize that any one of the publicly available homology search programs can be used as the search means for the computer-based systems of the present invention. Suitable proprietary systems that may be known to those of skill also may be employed in this regard.
Codon Usage Tables
The present invention further relates to methods for preparing a synthetic gene, comprising (a) generating a codon usage table based on codons used in one or more open reading frames or portions thereof of SEQ ID NO: 1, (b) constructing a synthetic gene or portion thereof that contains in place of one or more native codons one or more preferred codons from the codon usage table, and (c) recovering the synthetic gene. In a preferred aspect, the codon usage table is Table 4 and/or Table 5.
The Bacillus licheniformis chromosomal sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or portions thereof can be used to generate codon usage tables to design synthetic genes for their efficient heterologous expression in Bacillus licheniformis host cells. The codon usage tables can be based on (1) the codon used in all the open reading frames, (2) selected open reading frames, (3) fragments of the open reading frames, or (4) fragments of selected open reading frames. With a codon usage table, synthetic genes can be designed with only the most preferred codon for each amino acid; with a number of common codons for each amino acid; or with the same or a similar statistical average of codon usages found in the table of choice.
The synthetic gene can be constructed using any method such as site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art. Although, in principle, the modification may be performed in vivo, i.e., directly on the cell expressing the nucleotide sequence to be modified, it is preferred that the modification is performed in vitro.
The synthetic gene can be further modified by operably linking the synthetic gene to one or more control sequences which direct the expression of the coding sequence in a suitable host cell under conditions compatible with the control sequences using the methods described herein. Nucleic acid constructs, recombinant expression vectors, and recombinant host cells comprising the synthetic gene can also be prepared using the methods described herein.
The present invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide encoded by such a synthetic gene comprising (a) cultivating a host cell comprising the synthetic gene under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide.
The present invention is further described by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
The genome of the type strain Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 was sequenced by a combination of the whole genome shotgun method described by Wilson, R. K. and Mardis, E. R., 1997, In Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual, Vol. 1, eds. Birren, B., Green, E. D., Meyers, R. M., and Roskams, J. (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), pp. 397-454, and fosmid end sequencing (Kim, U. J., Shizuya, H., de Jong, P. J., Birren, B. and Simon, M. I., 1992, Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 1083-1085; Longmire, J. L. and Brown, N.C., 2003, Biotechniques 35: 50-54; Zhao, S., Malek, J., Mahairas, G., Fu, L., Nierman, W., Venter, J. C., and Adams, M. D., 2000, Genomics 63: 321-332).
Genomic DNA of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 was isolated using the following method: A single colony was used to inoculate 20 ml of LB broth (Davis, R. W., Botstein, D., and Roth, J. R. 1980, Advanced Bacterial Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) in a sterile 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The culture was incubated at 37° C. overnight with agitation at 240 rpm. The resulting cells were collected by centrifugation in a 45 ml Oak Ridge tube for 10 minutes at 6000×g, and the cell pellet was resuspended in 5 ml of Tris-glucose buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM glucose, 10 mM EDTA). Lysozyme was added to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml and the suspension was incubated in a 37° C. water bath for 25 minutes. Next, 200 μl of 10% SDS was added and the tubes were gently inverted several times. Five milliliters of a second detergent mixture (1% Brij, 1% deoxycholate, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) was added, and the tubes were inverted several times while incubating for 20 minutes at room temperature. An equal volume of phenol:chloroform (1:1 v/v) was added and the tubes were inverted gently at room temperature for 20-30 minutes. The tubes were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 12,000×g, 4° C. The top aqueous layer was carefully removed with a wide-bore pipette and placed in a clean 45 ml Oak Ridge tube. The phenol;chloroform extraction was repeated and 1/10 volume of 3 M sodium acetate pH 5.2 was added to the aqueous layer. Two volumes of cold ethanol were carefully layered on top and the DNA was spooled from the solution onto a sterile glass rod. Spooled DNA was carefully rinsed in 70% ethanol and resuspended in a suitable amount of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA).
Plasmid libraries were constructed using randomly-sheared and BamHI-digested genomic DNA that was enriched for 2-3 kb fragments by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis (Berka, R. M., Schneider, P., Golightly, E. J., Brown, S. H., Madden, M., Brown, K. M., Halkier, T., Mondorf, K., and Xu, F., 1997, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3151-3157). Approximately 49,000 random clones were sequenced using dye-terminator chemistry (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) with ABI 377 and ABI 3700 automated sequencers yielding approximately 6× coverage of the genome. A combination of methods was employed for gap closure including sequencing on fosmids (Kim, U. J., Shizuya, H., de Jong, P. J., Birren, B., and Simon, M. I., 1992, Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 1083-1085), primer walking on selected clones, and PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Fosmid libraries were constructed using a commercial kit from Epicentre (Madison. WI). Data from both ends of approximately 1975 fosmid clones with an average insert size of 40 kb were incorporated to aid in validation of the final assembly. In total, the number of input reads was 62,685 with 78.6% of these incorporated into the final assembly. Sequences were base called using TraceTuner 2.0 (Paracel, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.) and assembled using the Paracel Genome Assembler (Paracel, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.) with optimized parameters and the quality score set to >20. Phrap, Crossmatch, and Consed were used for sequence finishing (Gordon D., Abajian C., and Green P., 1998, Genome Res. 8: 195-202).
Protein coding regions in the assembled genome sequence data were identified using EasyGene (Larsen, T. S., and Krogh, A., 2003, BMC Bioinformatics 4: 21), Glimmer (Delcher, A, L., Harmon, D., Kasif, S., White, O. and Salzberg, S. L., 1999, Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 4636-4641), and FrameD (Schiex, T., Gouzy, J., Moisan, A. and de Oliveira, Y., 2003, Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3738-3741). Only EasyGene gene models with an R-value of less than 2 and log-odds score greater than −10 were used. Predicted proteins were compared to the non-redundant database PIR-NREF (Wu, C. H., Huang, H., Arminski, L., Castro-Alvear, J., Chen, Y., Hu, Z. Z., Ledley, R. S., Lewis, K. C., Mewes, H. W., Orcutt, B. C., 2002, Nucleic Acids Research 30: 35-37) and the Bacillus subtilis genome (SubtilList) using BLASTP with an E-value threshold of 10−5. InterProScan was used to predict putative function. (Zdobnov, E. M. and Apweiler, R., 2001, Bioinformatics 17, 847-848). The InterPro analysis included comparison to Pfam (Bateman, A., Coin, L., Durbin, R., Finn, R. D., Hollich, V., Griffiths-Jones, S., Khanna, A., Sonnhammer, E. L. et al., 2004, Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D138-D141), TIGRfam (Haft, D. J., Selengut, J. D. and White, O., 2003, Nucleic Acids Res. 31: 371-373), Interpro (Apweiler, R., Attwood, T. K., Bairock, A., Bateman, A., Birney, E., Biswas, M., Bucher, P., Cerutti, L., Corpet, F., Croning, M. D., et al., 2001, Nucleic Acids Res. 29: 37-40), signal peptide prediction using SignalP (Nielsen, H., Engelbrecht, J., Brunak, S., and von Heijne, G., 1997, Protein Engineering 10: 1-6), and trans-membrane domain prediction using TMHMM (Krogh, A., Larsson, B., von Heijne, G. and Sonnhammer, E. L. L., 2000, J. Mol. Biol. 305, 567-580).
These ORFs were assigned to functional categories based on the Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) database with manual verification as described (Tatusov, R. L., Koonin, E. V. and Lipman, D. J., 1997, Science 278: 631-637; Koonin, E. V. and Galperin, M. Y., 2002, Sequence-Evolution-Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics (Kluwer, Boston)). Transfer RNA genes were identified using tRNAscan-SE (Lowe, T. M. and Eddy, S. R., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 955-964).
The genome of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 was determined to consist of a circular molecule of 4,222,336 bp with an average GC content of 46.2% (Table 2). No plasmids were found during the genome analysis, and none were found by agarose gel electrophoresis.
The genome contains 4208 predicted protein-coding genes with an average size of 873 bp, seven rRNA operons, and 81 tRNA genes. Using a combination of several gene-finding algorithms 4208 protein coding ORFs were predicted. These ORFs constitute 87% of the genome and have an average length of 873 bp. Approximately 48% of the ORFs are encoded on one DNA strand and 52% on the other strand. Among the protein coding ORFs, 3948 (94%) have significant similarity to proteins in PIR, and 3187 of these gene models contain Interpro motifs and 2895 contain protein motifs found in PFAM. The number of hypothetical and conserved hypothetical proteins in the Bacillus licheniformis genome with hits in the PIR database was 1318 (212 conserved hypothetical ORFs). Among the list of hypothetical and conserved hypothetical ORFs, 683 (52%) have protein motifs contained in PFAM (148 conserved hypothetical ORFs). There are 72 tRNA genes representing all 20 amino acids and 7 rRNA operons.
The likely origin of replication was identified by similarities to several features of Bacillus subtilis origin (Moriya, S., Fukuoka, T., Ogasawara, N., and Yoshikawa, H., 1988, EMBO Journal 7: 2911-2917; Ogasawara, N., Nakai, S., and Yoshikawa, H., 1994, DNA Res. 1, 1-14; Kadoya, R., Hassan, A. K., Kasahara, Y., Ogasawara, N., and Moriya, S., 2002, Mol. Microbiol. 45: 73-87; Tosato, V., Gjuracic, K., Vlahovicek, K., Pongor, S., Danchin, A., and Bruschi, C. V., 2003, FEMS Microbiol. Lett 218: 23-30). These included (a) colocalization of four genes (rpmH, dnaA, dnaN, and recF) found near the origin of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome, (b) GC nucleotide skew [(G−C)/(G+C)] analysis, and (c) the presence of multiple dnaA-boxes (Pedersen, A. G., Jensen, L. J., Brunak, S., Staerfeldt, H. H., and Ussery, D. W., 2000, Mol. Biol. 299: 907-930; Christensen, B. B., Atlung, T., and Hansen, F. G., 1999, J. Bacteriol. 181: 2683-2688; Majka, J., Jakimowicz, D., Messer, W., Schrempf, H., Lisowski, M., and Zakrzewska-Czerwińska, J., 1999, Eur. J. Biochem. 260: 325-335) and AT-rich sequences in the region immediately upstream of the dnaA gene. On the basis of these observations, a cytosine residue of the BstBl restriction site was assigned between the rpmH and dnaA genes to be the first nucleotide of the Bacillus licheniformis genome. The replication termination site was localized near 2.02 Mb by GC skew analysis. This region lies roughly opposite the origin of replication.
Unlike Bacillus subtilis, no apparent gene encoding a replication terminator protein (rtp) was found in Bacillus licheniformis. The Bacillus halodurans genome also lacks an rtp function (Takami, H., Nakasone, K., Takaki, Y., Maeno, G., Sasaki, R., Masui, N., Fuji, F., Hirama, C., Nakamura, Y., Ogasawara, N. et al., 2000, Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 4317-4331), and it seems likely that Bacillus subtilis acquired the rtp gene following its divergence from Bacillus halodurans and Bacillus licheniformis.
Transposable elements and prophages. The genome of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 was determined to contain nine identical copies of a 1285 bp insertion sequence element termed IS3BIi1 (Lapidus, A., Galleron, N., Andersen, J. T., Jørgensen, P. L. Ehrlich, S. D., and Sorokin, A., 2002, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 209: 23-30). This sequence shares a number of features with other IS3 family elements including direct repeats of three to five bp, a ten bp left inverted repeat, and a nine bp right inverted repeat. IS3BIi1 encodes two predicted overlapping ORFs, designated orfA and orfB in relative translational reading frames of 0 and −1. The presence of a “slippery heptamer” motif, AAAAAAG, before the stop codon in orfA suggests that programmed translational frameshifting occurs between these two ORFs, resulting in a single gene product (Farabaugh, P., 1996, Microbiol. Rev. 60: 103-134). The orfB gene product harbors the DD[35]E[7]K motif, a highly conserved pattern among insertion sequences. Eight of the IS3BIi1 elements lie in intergenic regions, and one interrupts the comP gene. In addition to these insertion sequences, the genome encodes a putative transposase that is most closely related (E=1.8e−11) to one identified in the Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis genome (Bao, Q., Tian, Y., Li, W., Xu, Z.; Xuan, Z., Hu, S., Dong, W., Yang, J., Chen, Y., Xue, Y., et al., 2002, Genome Res. 12: 689-700), however, similar genes are also found in the chromosomes of Bacillus halodurans (Takami, H., Nakasone, K., Takaki, Y., Maeno, G., Sasaki, R., Masui, N., Fuji, F., Hirama, C., Nakamura, Y., Ogasawara, N. et al., 2000, Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 4317-4331), Oceanobacillus iheyensis (Takami, H., Takaki, Y., and Uchiyama, I., 2002, Nucleic Acids Res. 30: 3927-3935.), Streptococcus agalactiae (Takahashi, S., Detrick, S., Whiting, A. A, Blaschke-Bonkowksy, A. J., Aoyagi, Y., Adderson, E. E., and Bohnsack, J. F., 2002, J. Infect Dis. 186: 1034-1038), and Streptococcus pyogenes (Smoot, J. C., Barbian, K. D., Van Gompel, J. J., Smoot, L. M., Chaussee, M. S., Sylva, G. L., Sturdevant, D. E., Ricklefs, S. M., Porcella, S. F., Parkins, L. D., et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 4668-4673).
The presence of several bacteriophage lysogens or prophage-like elements was revealed by Smith-Waterman comparisons to other bacterial genomes and by their AT-rich signatures. Prophage sequences, designated NZP1 and NZP3 (similar to PBSX and φ-105, respectively), were uncovered by noting the presence of nearby genes encoding the large subunit of terminase, a signature protein that is highly conserved among prophages (Casjens, S., 2003, Mol. Microbiol. 49: 277-300). A terminase gene was not observed in a third putative prophage, termed NZP2 (similarity to SPP1), however, its absence may be the result of genome deterioration during evolution. Regions were observed in which the GC content is less than 39% usually encoded proteins that have no Bacillus subtilis orthologue and share identity only to hypothetical and conserved hypothetical genes. Two of these AT-rich segments correspond to the NZP2 and NZP3 prophages.
An isochore plot also revealed the presence of a region with an atypically high (62%) G+C content. This segment contains two hypothetical ORFs whose sizes (3831 and 2865 bp) greatly exceed the size of an average gene in Bacillus licheniformis. The first protein encodes a protein of 1277 amino acids for which Interpro predicted 16 collagen triple helix repeats, and the amino acid pattern TGATGPT is repeated 75 times within the polypeptide. The second ORF is smaller, and encodes a protein with 11 collagen triple helix repeats, and the same TGATGPT motif recurs 56 times. Interestingly, the chromosomal region (19 kb) adjacent to these genes is clearly non-colinear with the Bacillus subtilis genome, and virtually all of the predicted ORFs are hypothetical or conserved hypothetical proteins. There are a number of bacterial proteins listed in PIR that contain collagen triple helix repeat regions including two from Mesorhizobium loti (accession numbers NF00607049 and NF00607035) and three from Bacillus cereus (accession numbers NF01692528, NF01269899, and NF01694666). These putative orthologs share 53-76% amino acid sequence identity with their counterparts in Bacillus licheniformis, although their functions are unknown.
Extracellular enzymes. In the Bacillus licheniformis genome, 689 of the 4208 gene models have signal peptides as forecasted by SignalP (Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites. Henrik Nielsen, Jacob Engelbrecht, Søren Brunak and Gunnar von Heijne, 1997, Protein Engineering 10: 1-6). Of these, 309 have no trans-membrane domain as predicted with TMHMM (A. Krogh, B. Larsson, G. von Heijne, and E. L. L. Sonnhammer, 2000, Journal of Molecular Biology 305: 567-580) and 134 are hypothetical or conserved hypothetical genes. Based on a manual examination of the remaining 175 ORFs, at least 82 were determined to likely encode secreted proteins and enzymes. The sequence ID numbers for each of these genes are listed in Table 3.
Protein secretion, sporulation, and competence pathways. Kunst et al. (Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N, Mozser, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azebedo, V., Bertero, M. G., Bessieres, P., Bolotin, A., and Borchert, S., 1997, Nature 390: 249-256) listed 18 genes that play a major role in the secretion of extracellular enzymes by Bacillus subtilis 168. This list includes several chaperonins, signal peptidases, components of the signal recognition particle and protein translocase complexes. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that the central features of the secretory apparatus are conserved in Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis.
From the list of 139 sporulation genes tabulated by Kunst et al. (Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N, Mozser, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azebedo, V., Bertero, M. G., Bessieres, P., Bolotin, A., and Borchert, S. et al., 1997, Nature 390: 249-256), all but six have obvious counterparts in Bacillus licheniformis. These six exceptions (spsABCEFG) comprise an operon involved in synthesis of spore coat polysaccharide in Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, the response regulator gene family (phrACEFGI) appears to have a low level of sequence conservation between Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis.
Natural competence (the ability to take up and process exogenous DNA in specific growth conditions) is a feature of few Bacillus licheniformis strains (Gwinn, D. D. and Thorne, C. B., 1964, J. Bacteriol. 87: 519-526). The reasons for variability in competence phenotype have not been explored at the genetic level, but the genome data offered several possible explanations. Although the type strain genome encodes all of the late competence functions ascribed in Bacillus subtilis (e.g., comC, comEFG operons, comk, mecA), it lacks an obvious comS gene, and the comP gene is punctuated by an insertion sequence element, suggesting that the early stages of competence development have been preempted in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. Whether these early functions can be restored by introducing the corresponding genes from Bacillus subtilis is unknown. In addition to an apparent deficiency in DNA uptake, two Type I restriction-modification systems were discovered that may also contribute diminished transformation efficiencies. These are distinct from the ydiOPS genes of Bacillus subtilis, and could participate in degradation of improperly modified DNA from heterologous hosts used during construction of recombinant expression vectors. Lastly, the synthesis of a glutamyl polypeptide capsule has also been implicated as a potential barrier to transformation of Bacillus licheniformis strains (Thorne, C. B. and Stull, H. B., 1966, J. Bacteriol. 91: 1012-1020). Six genes were predicted (ywtABDEF and ywsC orthologues) that may be involved in the synthesis of this capsular material.
Antibiotics and secondary metabolites. Bacitracin is a cyclic peptide antibiotic that is synthesized non-ribosomally in Bacillus licheniformis (Katz, E. and Demain, A. L., 1977, Bacteriol. Rev. 41: 449-474). White there is variation in the prevalence of bacitracin synthase genes in laboratory strains of this species, one study suggested that up to 50% may harbor the bac operon (Ishihara, H., Takoh, M., Nishibayashi, R., and Sato, A., 2002, Curr. Microbiol. 45: 18-23). The bac operon was determined not to be present in the type strain (ATCC 14580) genome. Seemingly, the only non-ribosomal peptide synthase operon encoded by the Bacillus licheniformis type strain genome is that which is responsible for lichenysin biosynthesis. Lichenysin structurally resembles surfactin from Bacillus subtilis (Grangemard, I., Wallach, J., Maget-Dana, R., and Peypoux, F., 2001, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 90: 199-210), and their respective biosynthetic operons are highly similar. No Bacillus licheniformis counterparts were found for the pps (plipastatin synthase) and polyketide synthase (pks) operons of Bacillus subtilis. Collectively, these two regions represent sizeable portions (80 kb and 38 kb, respectively) of the chromosome in Bacillus subtilis, although they are reportedly dispensable (Westers, H., Dorenbos, R., van Dijl, J. M., Kable, J., Flanagan, T., Devine, K. M., Jude, F., Séror, S. J., Beekman, A. C., Darmon, E., 2003, Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 2076-2090). Unexpectedly, a gene cluster was found encoding a lantibiotic and associated processing and transport functions. This peptide of 69 amino acids was designated as lichenicidin, and its closest known orthologue is mersacidin from Bacillus sp. strain HIL-Y85/54728 (Altena, K., Guder, A., Cramer, C., and Bierbaum, G., 2000, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 2565-2571). Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized peptides that are modified post-translationally so that the final molecules contain rare thioether amino acids such as lanthionine and/or methyl-lanthionine (Pag, U. and Sahl, H. G., 2002, Curr. Pharm. Des. 8: 815-833). These antimicrobial compounds have attracted much attention in recent years as models for the design of new antibiotics (Hoffmann, A., Pag, U., Wiedemann, I., and Sahl, H. G., 2002, Farmaco. 57: 685-691).
Essential Genes. The gene models were also compared to the list of essential genes in Bacillus subtilis (Kobayashi, K., Ehrlich, S. D., Albertini, A., Amati, G., Andersen, K. K., Arnaud, M., Asai, K., Ashikaga, S., Aymerch, S., Bessieres, P., 2003, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100: 4678-4683). All the essential genes in Bacillus subtilis have orthologues in Bacillus licheniformis, and most are present in a wide range of bacterial taxa (Pedersen, P. B., Bjørnvad, M. E., Rasmussen, M. D., and Petersen, J. N., 2002, Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 36: 155-161).
VisualGenome software (Rational Genomics, San Francisco, Calif.) was used for GC-skew analysis and global homology comparisons of the Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus halodurans genomes with pre-computed BLAST results stored in a local database. In pairwise comparisons (E-score threshold of 10−5) 66% (2771/4208) of the predicted Bacillus licheniformis ORFs have orthologs in Bacillus subtilis, and 55% (2321/4208) of the gene models are represented by orthologous sequences in Bacillus halodurans. Using a reciprocal BLASTP analysis 1719 orthologs were found that are common to all three species (E-score threshold of 10−5).
As noted by Lapidus et al., (Lapidus, A., Galleron, N., Andersen, J. T., Jørgensen, P. L. Ehrlich, S. D., and Sorokin, A., 2002, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 209: 23-30), there are broad regions of colinearity between the genomes of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Less conservation of genome organization exists between Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus halodurans, and inversion of one or more large genomic segments is evident. Clearly this supports previous findings (Xu, D. and Côté, J. C., 2003, Internat. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53: 695-704) that Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis are phylogenetically and evolutionarily closer than either species is to Bacillus halodurans. However, a number of important differences were also observed, both in the numbers and locations of prophages and transposable elements and in a number of biochemical pathways, which distinguish Bacillus licheniformis from Bacillus subtilis, including a region of more than 80 kb that comprises a cluster of polyketide synthase genes that are absent in Bacillus licheniformis.
The evolution of codon bias, the unequal usage of synonomous codons, is thought to be due to natural selection for the use of preferred codons that match the most abundant species of isoaccepting tRNAs, resulting in increased translational efficiency and accuracy. The practical applications for utilizing codon bias information include optimizing expression of heterologous and mutant genes (Jiang and Mannervik, 1999, Protein Expression and Purification 15: 92-98), site-directed mutagenesis to derive variant polypeptides from a given gene (Wong et al., 1995, J. Immunol. 154: 3351-3358; Kaji, H. et al., 1999, J. Biochem. 126: 769-775), design and synthesis of synthetic genes (Libertini and Di Donato, 1992, Protein Engineering 5: 821-825; Feng et al., 2000, Biochem. 39: 15399-15409), and fine-tuning or reducing of translation efficiency of specific genes by introduction of non-preferred codons (Crombie, T. et al., 1992, J. Mol. Biol. 228: 7-12; Carlini and Stephan, 2003, Genetics 163: 239-243).
A codon usage table (Table 4) was generated from SEQ ID NO: 1 with CUSP, a software component of the EMBOSS package (Rice, Longden, and Bleasby, 2000, EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends in Genetics 16: 276-277) on all the predicted protein-coding genes of the Bacillus licheniformis chromosome. CUSP read the coding sequences and calculated the codon frequency table shown in Table 4.
A codon usage table (Table 5) was also generated based on the signal peptides of the 82 extracellular proteins described in Example 3.
Bacillus
subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Vibrio vulnificus
vulnificus]
Vibrio vulnificus
vulnificus]
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Halobacterium
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
caldovelox
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
Enterococcus
faecium
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Photorhabdus
luminescens
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Acinetobacter sp.
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacteroides fragilis
fragilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Lactococcus lactis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Thermoanaerobacter
ethanolicus
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus cereus
Staphylococcus cohnii
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Methanosarcina
mazei]
mazei
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus ZK
cereus ZK]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Anabaena sp.
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Photorhabdus
luminescens
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus
halodurans
halodurans]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Streptomyces olivaceoviridis
olivaceoviridis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
cereus ZK]
Bacillus cereus
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Rhizobium loti
Aeropyrum
pernix
Rhizobium
meliloti
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Clostridium
acetobutylicum]
acetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum]
thermophilum
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum]
thermophilum
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
stearothermophilus
stearothermophilus]
Bacillus
stearothermophilus
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
circulans]
circulans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Lactococcus raffinolactis
Mannheimia
succiniciproducens MBEL55E]
succiniciproducens MBEL55E
Streptococcus
agalactiae
Salmonella
typhimurium]
typhimurium
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Staphylococcus
aureus
aureus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus ZK
Lactococcus lactis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus
anthracis
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
palustris]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus ZK
cereus ZK]
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Staphylococcus aureus
aureus]
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus sp. BP-7
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Lactobacillus
plantarum]
plantarum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis]
tengcongensis
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Escherichia coli
Photorhabdus
Escherichia coli [Photorhabdus
luminescens
luminescens]
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus megaterium
megaterium]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Bacillus cereus
Lactobacillus
plantarum
Lactobacillus
plantarum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus cereus
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
fulgidus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium
tetani
Bacillus
thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium
tetani]
tetani
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus subtilis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Methanosarcina acetivorans
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
tengcongensis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
iheyensis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus cereus
cereus ZK]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacteroides
thetaiotaomicron]
thetaiotaomicron
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus firmus
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
pseudofirmus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Streptomyces avermitilis
Listeria
monocytogenes]
monocytogenes
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis
anthracis]
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Staphylococcus
aureus]
aureus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria innocua
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis subsp. subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis subsp.
spizizenii]
spizizenii
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium acetobutylicum
acetobutylicum]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
iheyensis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Klebsiella
pneumoniae]
pneumoniae
Enterococcus
faecalis]
faecalis
Staphylococcus
xylosus]
xylosus
Enterococcus
faecalis
Salmonella typhi
Enterococcus
faecalis
Enterococcus
faecalis
Enterococcus
faecalis]
faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
faecalis]
Clostridium
tetani
Enterococcus
faecalis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus ZK]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
hydrolyzing] 3 [Bacillus subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Anabaena sp.
Anabaena sp.
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Gloeobacter
violaceus]
violaceus
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Vibrio vulnificus
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
stearothermophilus]
stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Vibrio
parahaemolyticus]
parahaemolyticus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
stearothermophilus]
stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Salmonella typhi
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus sp. TS-
Bacillus thuringiensis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
stearothermophilus]
stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Fusobacterium nucleatum
vincentii ATCC 49256]
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium
tetani
Staphylococcus
aureus
Listeria monocytogenes
monocytogenes]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Streptococcus pyogenes
pyogenes]
Clostridium
tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus megaterium
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium
tetani
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis
anthracis]
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus anthracis
anthracis]
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
acetobutylicum]
Bacillus anthracis
unidentified bacterium
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus
anthracis
Listeria innocua
Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Paenibacillus sp. BP-23
Paenibacillus lautus
Thermotoga neapolitana
neapolitana]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Anabaena sp.
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bradyrhizobium
japonicum
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Bacillus cereus
Listeria monocytogenes
monocytogenes]
Listeria innocua
Aquifex aeolicus
aeolicus]
Rhizobium meliloti
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Pseudomonas putida
Rhizobium meliloti
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Methanococcus
jannaschii
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus cereus
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
halodurans
Staphylococcus phage K
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Lactococcus lactis
lactis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
megaterium]
megaterium
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus
halodurans
Methanosarcina mazei
mazei]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria
monocytogenes
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Clostridium
perfringens]
perfringens
Clostridium
perfringens]
perfringens
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus
halodurans
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Streptomyces coelicolor
Bacillus
megaterium
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis
anthracis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Fusobacterium
nucleatum
vincentii ATCC 49256]
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Anabaena sp.
Listeria monocytogenes
monocytogenes]
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bradyrhizobium
japonicum
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacteroides fragilis
fragilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria monocytogenes
monocytogenes]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Methanosarcina
acetivorans
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Thermus thermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Clostridium
tetani
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Helicobacter
hepaticus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Listeria
monocytogenes]
monocytogenes
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus pumilus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Clostridium
tetani
Clostridium
tetani
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus cereus ZK
cereus ZK]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Lactococcus lactis
Lactococcus
lactis
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
amyloliquefaciens]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis]
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus pumilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
megaterium]
megaterium
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Methanosarcina
mazei
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Staphylococcus epidermidis
epidermidis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria innocua
innocua]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
anthracis
Brucella melitensis
Photobacterium
profundum)
Streptomyces
avermitilis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Staphylococcus
carnosus
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
thermophilum]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
acetobutylicum]
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
methanolicus]
methanolicus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Ralstonia solanacearum
solanacearum]
Enterococcus
faecalis
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
carboxylating
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Listeria innocua
Listeria innocua
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
stearothermophilus]
stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Photorhabdus luminescens
luminescens]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Methanococcus
maripaludis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria
monocytogenes]
monocytogenes
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Erwinia carotovora
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Streptococcus mutans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Rhodopirellula
baltica
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Symbiobacterium
thermophilum
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus ZK]
Bacillus
halodurans
Pyrococcus furiosus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus halodurans
Bordetella bronchiseptica
bronchiseptica]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Listeria
monocytogenes]
monocytogenes
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus sp. P-358
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Thermotoga maritima
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria
monocytogenes
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium perfringens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Streptomyces
coelicolor
coelicolor]
Streptomyces
coelicolor
coelicolor]
Clostridium acetobutylicum
acetobutylicum]
Microbispora
bispora]
bispora
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus
anthracis
Listeria
monocytogenes
Bacillus cereus
Enterococcus
faecalis
Enterococcus
faecalis]
faecalis
Enterococcus
faecalis
faecalis]
Enterococcus
faecalis
Vibrio vulnificus
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Thermoplasma
volcanium]
volcanium
Bacillus subtilis
Bacteroides
thetaiotaomicron
Streptomyces coelicolor
Polyangium cellulosum
cellulosum]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Chromobacterium violaceum
violaceum]
Brucella suis
Physcomitrella
patens]
patens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Listeria monocytogenes
monocytogenes]
Bacillus cereus ZK
Bacillus anthracis
Ralstonia solanacearum
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
acetobutylicum]
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacillus anthracis
anthracis]
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Lactobacillus casei
Staphylococcus
aureus]
aureus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
iheyensis]
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
bacteriovorus]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
aeruginosa]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Paenibacillus polymyxa
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus sp. P-
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus ZK]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Methanococcus
jannaschii
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Lactococcus
lactis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Escherichia coli
Pasteurella
multocida
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Streptococcus mutans
Shigella flexneri
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus anthracis str. A2012
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens]
amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus
anthracis]
anthracis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Methanosarcina mazei
mazei]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
palustris]
Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas sp. S-47
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Streptomyces coelicolor
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium
tetani
Bacillus subtilis
Methanosarcina acetivorans
acetivorans]
Bacillus subtilis
Pseudomonas
syringae
Gloeobacter
violaceus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Thermoanaerobacter
tengcongensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
coagulans
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Pseudomonas
syringae
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Rhizobium loti
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria
monocytogenes
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis]
iheyensis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus sp.
Pyrobaculum
aerophilum
aerophilum]
Bacillus halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus sp. P-
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Lactococcus
lactis]
lactis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
iheyensis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis]
iheyensis
Erwinia
carotovora
Bacillus thuringiensis
thuringiensis]
Methanobacterium
thermoautotrophicum
thermoautotrophicum]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Anabaena sp.
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
megaterium]
megaterium
Bacillus
megaterium]
megaterium
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Bacillus
megaterium
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus pseudofirmus
pseudofirmus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Erwinia
carotovora]
carotovora
Bacillus
halodurans
halodurans]
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
Oceanobacillus
iheyensis
iheyensis]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Anabaena sp.
Leifsonia xyli
Leifsonia xyli
Photorhabdus
luminescens
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
acylating
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus
aureus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Clostridium
acetobutylicum]
acetobutylicum
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus cereus ZK
Listeria monocytogenes
monocytogenes]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
cereus ZK]
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Baciiius subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Streptococcus
gordonii
Listeria innocua
innocua]
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus cereus
cereus]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Desulfotalea psychrophila
psychrophila]
Desulfotalea psychrophila
psychrophila]
Clostridium
tetani
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
bacteriovorus]
Listeria innocua
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Staphylococcus
aureus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus
halodurans]
halodurans
Vibrio
parahaemolyticus]
parahaemolyticus
Bacillus
halodurans
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus
thuringiensis]
thuringiensis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Listeria innocua
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Burkholderia
pseudomallei K96243]
pseudomallei
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
subtilis]
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
B. licheniformis
B. subtilis
a
B. halodurans
b
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
c
B. anthracis
d
B. cereus
e
aKunst, F., Ogasawara, N, Mozser, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azebedo, V., Bertero, M. G., Bessieres, P., Bolotin, A., and Borchert, S. et al. (1997) Nature 390, 249-256.
bTakami, H., Nakasone, K., Takaki, Y., Maeno, G., Sasaki, R., Masui, N., Fuji, F., Hirama, C., Nakamura, Y., Ogasawara, N. et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 4317-4331.
cTakami, H., Takaki, Y., and Uchiyama, I. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3927-3935.
dRead, T. D., Peterson, S. N., Tourasse, N., Baillie, L. W., Paulsen, I. T., Nelson, K. E., Tettelin, H., Fouts, D. E., Eisen, J. A., and Gill, S. R. et al. (2003) Nature 423, 81-86.
eIvanova, N, Sorokin, A., Anderson, I, Galleron, N., Candelon, B., Kapatral, V., Bhattacharyya, A., Reznik, G., Mikhailova, N., and Lapidus, A. et al. (2003) Nature 423, 87-91.
B. subtilis
Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 was grown in duplicate shake flasks containing 100 ml of Spizizen I medium (Anagnostopoulos and Spizizen, 1961, Journal of Bacteriology 81: 741-746). The inocula for the shake flasks were obtained from 10 ml of mid-log cells (approximately 80-90 Klett units) and a 0 hour total RNA sample was extracted from 30 ml of the mid-log cells, as described below. Total cellular RNA was also purified from 10 ml of the Spizizen I shake flasks that were sampled at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours post inoculum. All of the cell samples were mixed with two volumes of RNAProtect RNA stabilizing reagent (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, Calif.) for 5 minutes. The cells were subsequently pelleted at 2800×g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the supernatant was discarded, the cell pellets were frozen at −80° C., and cellular RNA was purified using a FastRNA Pro Blue kit (QBiogene, Carlsbad, Calif.) using the protocol supplied by the manufacturer. The frozen cell pellets from each sample were resuspended in 2 ml of RNAPro solution provided in the FastRNA Pro Blue kit and RNA was obtained from two lysis matrix B vials.
Sixteen replicate cDNA targets for the 0 time point and two technical replicate cDNA targets for each of the rest of the time points were prepared and hybridized to Bacillus licheniformis DNA microarrays prepared as described by Berka et al., 2002, Molecular Microbiology 43: 1331-1345. Dye swap hybridizations using the zero time point as reference were prepared as described in Hu et al. [In G. Parmigiani, E. S. Garrett, R. A Irizarry, and S. L Zeger (eds.) The Analysis of Gene Expression Data, pp. 318-319, Springer-Verlag, New York (2003)].
The arrays were scanned with an Axon 4000B scanner and formatted for analysis with GenePix Pro version 5.0 (Axon Instruments, Inc. Redwood City, Calif.). The fluorescence intensity data from GenePix was imported directly into S-Plus ArrayAnalyzer version 2 software (Insightful Corporation, Seattle, Wash.) for statistical analysis. The raw intensity data were normalized using the lowess (locally weighted regression) function provided in S-Plus ArrayAnalyzer software, and the genes that were differentially expressed at each time point relative to the time zero reference were identified by employing a multiple comparison t-test with Bonferroni correction as outlined in the user's guide to S-Plus ArrayAnalyzer software (Insightful Corp., Seattle, Wash.). The family-wise error rate (FWER) was set at 0.1. The list of genes at each time point that passed these statistical criteria were used to query a pathway-genome database established using Pathway Tools Suite software (Karp et al., 2002, Bioinformatics 18 suppl. 1: S225-S232), and the gene expression profiles were painted onto a schematic of metabolic pathways. In doing so, those pathways that were significantly altered at each time point were identified.
As a result of this analysis the following observations were made: (1) Early in the cultures, genes encoding enzymes of the glycolytic pathway were slightly induced reflecting the change from partially depleted glucose levels in the inoculum culture to ample glucose in the shake flask medium; (2) As glucose was progressively depleted in the shake flask culture (times 6 and 8 hours), genes encoding glycolytic pathway enzymes were down-regulated; (3) genes that encode enzymes for phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, and arginine biosynthetic pathways were up-regulated during stationary phase suggesting that cells had exhausted critical amino acids, and they were turning on the genes for pathways to synthesize more of these essential nutrients; (4) as cells entered stationary phase, cell division, DNA replication, and ribosome production all decreased to a low level. This was reflected in the shut-down of purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways and down-regulation of genes encoding many ribosomal proteins.
Incorporated herein by reference are 2 copies of the Sequence Listing on compact disk. Copy 1 is done on a Intel x86 machine format, in Windows XP operating system compatibility, there is one file saved as 10588.200, and is 19,455 kb, and created on Nov. 4, 2004. Copy 2 is identical to Copy 1. The content of the attached compact disks are the same and includes no new matter.
The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific aspects herein disclosed, since these aspects are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent aspects are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control.
Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This application contains 2 copies of the Sequence Listing on compact disk, which are incorporated herein by reference. Copy 1 is done on an Intel x86 machine format, in Windows XP operating system compatibility, there is one file saved as 10588200 SQ, and is 19,445 kb bytes, and created on May 3, 2005. Copy 2 is identical to Copy 1.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/535,988, filed Jan. 9, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/561,059, filed Apr. 8, 2004, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/572,403, filed May 18, 2004, which applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5589381 | Neyra et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5665354 | Neyra et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 7018794 | Berka et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 20070015168 | Bolotine et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080050774 A1 | Feb 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60572403 | May 2004 | US | |
| 60561059 | Apr 2004 | US | |
| 60535988 | Jan 2004 | US |
