Patent Grant
RE40355
This invention pertains to back light assemblies for flat-panel displays and, more particularly, to a back light module with a single array of lamps that produces high intensity, collimated light in two directions suitable for use with large, back-to-back, tiled flat-panel displays.
Flat-panel displays (FPDs) made in accordance with known active matrix (e.g., TFT, etc.) liquid crystal display technologies (e.g., AMLCD) are typically mounted in front of a back light module which contains an array of fluorescent lamps. AMLCD flat-panel displays of this type have been increasing in size by about 1 to 2 inches diagonal, yearly. The median size in 1999 for use in desktop PCs was about 15 inches diagonal viewing area. A few very large displays are made in the range of 20 to 28 inches diagonal. Tiled AMLCD FPDs may be made in the range of 40 inches diagonal, as described in copending U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 09/368,921 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,698) and 09/490,776 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,761). Tiled FPDs, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,531, require extremely intense back light sources with highly collimated light, masked optical stacks, and pixel apertures that may have low emitted light efficiency. Thus, lighting with unusually high intensity ranges of 50,000 to 150,000 nits is desirable. Also, intensity uniformity over the very large areas of tiled FPDs is very important. Unique back light designs, including temperature control features, are necessary to achieve such high intensities at reasonable power consumption.
Maintaining bright (i.e., high intensity) and uniform illumination of the display over its entire active area is difficult to do. The intensity required for some applications and, in particular, that required for large, tiled, seamless flat-panel LCD displays, causes the lamps to produce a significant amount of heat. In addition, since fluorescent lamps are designed to run most efficiently at an elevated temperature, it is desirable to operate them at or near their ideal design temperature, which is usually about 50 to 60 degrees Centigrade.
Small, edge-lit back light modules, such as those used in notebook or laptop PCs, do not produce sufficient brightness for use in a large area display, nor are they capable of illuminating that large an area uniformly. Thus, it is necessarypreferable to illuminate these larger areas with an array of large fluorescent lamps. The number of lamps required depends on the size of the area to be illuminated and the display brightness requirements. A large area display generally requires multiple lamps to illuminate it properly. A large area display that can be viewed from two sides (i.e., a back-to-back display) requires proportionally more lamps, as well as unique design features to achieve the desired intensities and maintain optimized lamp efficiency through temperature control of the lamps.
Since most displays are designed to be wider than they are tall, it is advantageous, from a reliability and power perspective, to place the lamps in a horizontal orientation. This typically results in the use of fewer lamps and, consequently, lower power consumption, since fewer lamp cathodes are present. The resulting preferred designs orient lamp tubes horizontally, one above the other with predetermined, preferred spacing relationships to each other and to each of the back-to-back displays, one disposed on each side of the lamp array.
It is, therefore, a principal object of the invention to provide a back light module designed to illuminate back-to-back displays.
It is an additional object of the invention to provide a back light module for use with large flat panel displays, either monolithic or tiled.
It is another object of the invention to provide a back light module designed to provide a high intensity light output.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a back light module capable of delivering highly collimated light.
It is an additional object of the invention to provide a back light module having a very high operating efficiency.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a back light module having a cooling structure to maintain a substantially uniform operating temperature.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a back light module utilizing an array of horizontally-mounted fluorescent tubes.
It is an additional object of the invention to provide a back light module incorporating a cavity to maximize and control light recirculation.
It is another object of the invention to provide a back light assembly incorporating diffusers, collimators and brightness-enhancing films (BEFs).
It is a further object of the invention to provide a back light assembly suitable for illuminating large, back-to-back, tiled flat-panel displays having visually imperceptible seams.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a back light module which uniformly distributes luminance to back-to-back flat-panel, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) simultaneously. Fluorescent lamps are used due to their high efficiency. However, luminance, efficiency, and lamp life of fluorescent lamps are all functions of lamp tube temperature. The present invention provides an apparatus and method for achieving luminance uniformity and a high degree of light collimation in back-to-back displays with one single back light module source.
In particular, a constant and uniform luminance output of the back light module is obtained through appropriate selection of lamps, optimization of back light module geometry and use of additional optical components. A preferred balance of lamps, lamp spacing, diffuser and collimating optics is chosen to produce a high brightness back light module with very high, uniform intensity output over very large surface areas. Light is recycled from one display module to the other as the light is reflected from each of the display's optical stacks. The optical stacks of the two display modules typically include polarizers, masks, diffusers etc. In addition, light is reflected from the light collimating optics and the light enhancing and diffusing films also typically present in the optical stacks.
This invention provides a method for achieving this goal through selection of combinations of components and appropriate design geometries. A particular application of the inventive back light module is for use in integrating two large, tiled, flat-panel displays having visually imperceptible seams as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/652,032 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,236), and 09/368,29109/368,921 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,698), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,328. The back light module system, with thermal enhancements such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/406,977 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,832) and applicable controls, such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/407,619 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,146), provides for an efficient, reliable, large area, high intensity light source usable with back-to-back flat-panel displays.
Additionally, optimum geometries are determined for the purpose of maximizing light output at high efficiencies, while minimizing luminance gradients across the two displays. These optimum geometries are also determined for maximizing light output using brightness enhancing films (BEFs) and light recycling.
Finally, precise collimators such as that disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/024,481 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,580) and 60/177,447 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,654,449), eliminate light beyond a defined cut-off angle for each flat panel display, as required in a tiled flat-panel LCD.
It will be obvious that while the back light assembly of the invention is optimized for use with tiled, AMLCD flat-panel displays, it may also be used with monolithic and monolithic-like displays.
A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when considered in conjunction with the subsequent, detailed description, in which:
for purposes of both clarity and brevity, like elements and components will bear the same designations and numbering throughout the figures.
Generally speaking, the invention features an apparatus and a method for controlling the luminance level, luminance uniformity and collimation of light exiting a large area back light suitable for use with back-to-back flat-panel displays. The back light assembly is suitable for use with large, tiled, flat-panel displays which require high luminance levels and a precise, predetermined degree of collimation. In addition, the present invention provides an optimum design taking into account efficiency, cooling, luminance and image quality for use in integrating back-to-back flat-panel displays with a single light source. The design is useful with tiled flat-panel displays and large monolithic or monolithic-like LCD displays.
Referring first to
The ideal temperature To 104 may then be determined from the temperature axis of graph 100. The ideal temperature 104 is determined by the lamp construction, particularly dependent on such parameters as the phosphor, cathode construction and the mercury vapor pressure. The most efficient lamps 128 are generally the class of fluorescent lamps of the hot cathode type. Hot cathode lamps have a preheat cycle during which the cathodes are heated, thereby causing easier ignition (i.e., striking) of the gas within the lamp.
Now referring to
Some display applications require additional optical components 132 to enhance certain characteristics of the exiting light. For example, tiled, flat-panel LCD displays require highly collimated light. The additional optical components 132 required to collimate the light may be somewhat inefficient. This necessitates that a high luminance be produced by the back light assembly 124.
Referring now also to
It will be obvious that temperature sensing devices, fan speed control circuitry, lamp dimming controls, heat sinks and other such temperature control devices and methods which are known to those skilled in the art could be used in conjunction with the back light of the present invention to help control the surface temperatures of the lamps 128. As an example, the lamp holder 134 can be a heat sink with an attached thermistor (not shown) to measure lamp temperature and its output used to regulate the voltage to one or more fans thereby regulating fan speed, or the voltage may be used to regulate the output of dimming ballast 136.
Referring now to
If lamps 128 are assumed to be line sources, luminance may be calculated according to the equation:
Assuming that the required luminance A is known, the number of lamps may readily be calculated.
Referring now to
The curve of total light output from the back light cavity 126 is a function of the number of lamps 168 installed. The desired light level 162 is also shown. It will be noted that, as the number of lamps increases, the light output increases until a maximum illumination 164 occurs prior to reaching the point of maximum lamp capacity 166. Also, as more lamps 168 are used, or the lamps are spaced closer together, they block light from each other. The number of lamps 168 corresponding to the desired light output 162 is also shown.
It is also necessary that the diffusers 130 be highly efficient, but not of high transmissivity. One diffuser 130 behaves as a diffuser for the display on its side of the lamps 128. However, the same diffuser 130 behaves as a reflector for the opposite display. Since the collimating films 182 & 184 (BEFs) require recirculating light in order to be efficient, the diffusers 130 must both transmit and reflect light. A transmission of 50-75% has been found to be effective in this application.
Now referred to
Consider now another light ray reflected from point C, and is directed toward point D. This light ray has a favorable angle of incidence (for example, 60-85°) and is sent forward to the next collimating film 184 (
The nature of the efficient coupling of reflected light between the collimating film 182 and the adjacent diffuser 130 improves the forward gain of the collimated light output. The key to the collimation efficiency is the highly efficient, but relatively low transmission diffuser.
A good approximation of the total light output of the back light assembly, without considering collimation and related light re-circulation, can be obtained by considering the geometry. A lamp tube 128 produces light rays substantially uniformly over 360 degrees. The light exits forward toward a first display, is absorbed by neighboring lamps or exits rearward and hits the alternative display. The light reflecting off one display either exits through the lamp array and into the second display or is absorbed into the array of fluorescent lamps.
The light absorbed by a neighboring lamp can be expressed by the angle of light rays leaving the lamp:
The space S is given by the number of lamps N housed in the width W of the back light cavity, and is:
The light exiting forward is given by its angle:
φforward=180−2φ1
The light exiting rearward is the same as that exiting forward; thus, the total light exiting from the back light assembly is:
where 1 is the total light output of one lamp. The results are plotted in FIG. 4.
Since the power consumed by each lamp 128 is constant, efficiency is related to light output and the number of lamps. The curve 170 is nearly linear until the number of lamps approaches one-half of the maximum that can be installed in the allotted space. It is desirable then to choose a light output design point near this inflection point. Thus, an optimum number of lamps 168 are shown in FIG. 4.
Referring now to
Light collimating optics 132 consists of crossed BEFs 182 and 184 and a collimator 186. The diffusers and collimating optics 132 are sandwiched between glass plates 188 and 190. These plates 188 and 190 may be optically clear, with enough stiffness to support the film optics over the expanse needed. Flat-panel displays 122 are placed in front of the optics assemblies 192 and separated by a distance F, leaving air spaces 194. These air spaces 194 are vented to ambient air to allow for further cooling of the displays 122.
As was previously stated, the collimating optics use BEFs which accept light at high angles of incidence and send light at near normal angles of incidence back towards the back light assembly for recycling. It is desirable to have as much reflective area available as possible for the BEFs. However, more lamps produce more light output. The first pass design choice for lamp spacing S is increased slightly. It has been found that increasing lamp spacing such that the number of lamps is reduced by approximately 10% provides satisfactory results. The coupling of light into the BEFs 182 and 184 is also affected by the distance B that they are placed from the lamps 128.
The luminance output of the BEFs increases with proximity to the lamps, but luminance uniformity decreases with proximity to the lamps. For practical purposes, a reasonable space H 146 is required between the lamps 128 and the glass optics holder for air flow to cool the cavity 126 (FIG. 2a).
The preferred diffuser 130 is a high efficiency, low transmission diffuser which is chosen to have a near Lambertian distribution in order to couple a maximum amount of light into the BEFs 182 and 184 and to permit a maximum amount of recycling in the back light cavity 126. The diffuser 130 must efficiently reflect light, it must have high transmission efficiency, and it must produce a Lambertian distribution of light. Additionally, the lamps are not 100% absorbing. Consequently, fine tuning is necessary in the design parameters of lamp spacing, back plane space, and BEF spacing to the lamps.
The collimators 186, also described in detail in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,328, consist of open hexagonal cells in a honey comb configuration, coated with a highly light-absorbing paint. The aspect ratio of cell width to cell depth determines the cut-off angle or collimation angle.
The use of a sharp cut-off collimator is preferred in a seamless, tiled, flat-panel display. Non-tiled, large monolithic or monolithic-like displays do not require cut-off angles as sharp as those for tiled displays. A more efficient collimator design which may be applied is disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/177,447. Unfortunately, collimators, having a physical structure, create a shadow image which can be seen on the display. To prevent imaging of the collimator, the display is placed a predetermined distance F away so that cell images overlap, or are defocused, and therefore are not visible to the viewer.
The collimator 186 eliminates such unwanted light by cutting off light beyond the collimation angle, as shown by its emission distribution 204. The surface absorption of the collimator cell must be sufficient to prevent luminance of more than 1% of normal luminance beyond the collimation angle.
Brightness levels far exceeding existing industry capability have been achieved with the inventive design. Luminance values exceeding 100,000 nits (candelas/square meter) have been reached. Reasonable designs with exceptional efficiency have been prototyped with luminance output exceeding 50,000 nits, a uniformity of luminance of 10% at an efficiency better than any currently available commercial back light unit, even those achieving lower brightness levels.
Since other modifications such as in optical configurations can be made to fit particular operating specifications and requirements, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not considered limited to the examples chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention.
Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims.
Notice: More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,578,985. The reissue applications are application Ser. Nos. 11/154,995 (the present application), 11/882,393 and 11/882,394, all of which are divisional reissues of U.S. Pat. No. 6,578,985. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/368,921 filed Aug. 6, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,698); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/406,977, filed Sep. 28, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,832); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/407,619, filed Sep. 28, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,146); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/407,620, filed Sep. 28, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,879); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/490,776, filed Jan. 24, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,761), all of which are included herein by reference. In addition, this application is related to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,661,531, 5,867,236 and 5,903,328, all of which are also included herein by reference. These copending applications and issued patents are all commonly assigned to the assignee of the present application.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5565903 | Ueda | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5661531 | Greene et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5867236 | Babaku et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5903328 | Greene et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 6152580 | Babaku et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6204899 | Hall | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6341879 | Skinner et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6417832 | Skinner et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6447146 | Skinner et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6657698 | Greene et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6680761 | Greene et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09906691 | Jul 2001 | US |
| Child | 11154995 | US |
