Patent Application
20220341335
The present disclosure relates to coating interfaces, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to coating interfaces on composite substrates.
Ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials may be useful in a variety of contexts where mechanical and thermal properties are important. For example, components of high temperature mechanical systems, such as gas turbine engines, may be made from CMCs. CMCs may be resistant to high temperatures, but some CMCs may react with some elements and compounds present in the operating environment of high temperature mechanical systems, such as water vapor. These reactions may damage the CMC and reduce mechanical properties of the CMC, which may reduce the useful life of the component. Thus, in some examples, a CMC component may be coated with various coatings, which may reduce exposure of the CMC component to elements and compounds present in the operating environment of high temperature mechanical systems.
The disclosure describes articles and techniques for forming articles that include a barrier layer having a textured surface and an overlying layer on the textured surface of the barrier layer. An example article may include a component of a high temperature mechanical system, such as a gas turbine engine airfoil or vane. The component may include a substrate, such as a silicon metal (Si) containing composite substrate, and a coating system that includes the barrier layer having the textured surface and one or more overlaying layers on the textured surface of the barrier layer. In some examples, the barrier layer includes silicon carbide and the overlaying layer includes an environmental barrier coating (EBC). The barrier layer may reduce migration of material from the substrate into the one or more overlying layers to reduce formation of thermally grown oxide (TGO) phases that may damage or otherwise reduce the useable life of the article.
In some examples, the disclosure describes an article including a substrate defining an outer surface; a barrier layer on the outer surface of the substrate, where the barrier layer defines a textured surface having a plurality of cells, each cell having a geometry in a major plane of the barrier layer and a depth; and an overlying layer on the textured surface of the barrier layer.
In some examples, the disclosure describes gas turbine engine component that includes a ceramic composite matrix (CMC) substrate defining an outer surface; a silicon carbide barrier layer on the outer surface of the substrate, where the barrier layer defines a textured surface having a plurality of cells, each cell having a geometry in a major plane of the barrier layer and a depth; a bond coat formed on the textured surface of the barrier layer; and an environmental barrier coating (EBC) formed on bond coat.
In some examples, the disclosure describes a method for forming an article, the method includes forming a barrier layer on an outer surface of a substrate; texturing a surface of the barrier layer to form a textured surface by forming a plurality of cells in the barrier layer, each cell having a geometry in a plane of the barrier layer and a depth; and forming an overlying layer on the textured surface of the barrier layer.
The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
The disclosure describes articles and techniques for reducing formation and/or
crystallization of thermally grown oxide (TGO) in a coating system on a substrate of a composite article. TGO may form on a surface of a metal-containing bond coat or an interface between a metal-containing bond coat and an overlying layer. For example, silicon oxide (e.g., SiO2) TGO and the cracking that results from crystallization of TGO may occur between a bond coat on a substrate and an overlying layer on the bond coat. The formation of crystalline phases, such as the cristobalite phase, may cause the TGO to crack upon thermal cycling. The cracking may reduce the interfacial strength between the bond coat and the overlying layer. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain TGO as an amorphous phase.
The diffusion of impurities such as boron from a substrate into a bond coat or interface between a bond coat and overlying layer may accelerate the formation of crystalline phases in the TGO. A barrier layer, such as, for example, silicon carbide (SiC), may reduce the migration of impurities from the substrate into the bond coat and/or to the interface of the bond coat and an overlying coating. In this way, a barrier layer may maintain TGO as an amorphous phase. Using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a dense and pore free layer of SiC may be deposited onto the substrate. However, due to a smoothness of CVD deposited SiC, it may be difficult to adequate adhesion of a bond coat or other layers overlying the SiC barrier layer. For example, a surface roughness (Ra) of CVD deposited SiC may be within a range from about 0.25 microns to about 5 microns, such as from about 0.5 microns to about 2 microns. Additionally, due to a brittleness of CVD deposited SiC, it may be difficult to modify the SiC surface, e.g., by grit blasting or the like, to create sufficient surface roughness for adequate adhesion of a bond coat or other layers overlying the SiC barrier layer.
Laser ablation or non-ablation laser surface modification of the barrier layer may be used to improve adhesion of the bond coat, overlying layer, or both. For example, laser ablation may selectively remove material from the barrier layer in a controlled manner by evaporation, producing a texture that improves coating adhesion. The texture may include any suitable geometry, pattern, or depth. A bond coat or overlying layer may be applied to the textured surface of the barrier layer with improved adhesion relative to a non-textured barrier layer. Optionally, a second barrier layer may be applied to the textured surface of the first barrier layer. Additionally, or alternatively, a bond coat or overlying layer applied to the textured barrier layer may be textured to further improve adhesion of other overlying layers of the coating system.
In some examples, the textured surface may be formed in the barrier layer using laser ablation or non-ablation surface modification (together reference to as a laser removal process). The laser removal process may reduce the chance of the barrier layer or the substrate cracking during processing (e.g., compared to using mechanical machining). The laser removal process also may result in a cleaner outer surface compared to other processing techniques (e.g., micromachining or grit blasting), which may improve the adhesion between layers overlying the barrier layer. For example, the cleaner outer surface may include few impurities or defects, such as oxides, nitrides, or residues that may be caused by other processing techniques. Additionally, or alternatively, the laser removal process may reduce the amount of heat applied to the outer surface of the barrier layer and/or the substrate compared to mechanical machining, thereby reducing the likelihood of the underlying reinforcement material of the substrate becoming oxidized and/or having its mechanical properties compromised. The laser removal process also may have the benefit of being highly localized and may be applied in specific locations as needed and not in sensitive areas, which may reduce material degradation.
Substrate 12 defines an outer surface 18 extending in the x-y plane. Barrier layer 14 is on outer surface 18. In some examples, outer surface 18 may be modified to improve adhesion of barrier layer 14. For example, outer surface 18 may be grit blasted or textured by laser process, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/273,095, filed on Sep. 22, 2016, entitled “Coating Interface”, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Barrier layer 14 defines textured surface 20. Textured surface 20 includes a plurality of cells 22A, 22B, and 22C (collectively, “cells 22”). Cells 22 may be configured to improve the adhesion between barrier layer 14 and overlying coat 16. For example, cells 22 may increase the surface area of textured surface 20 and/or provide mechanical interlocks to improve the adhesion of overlying layer 16 to barrier layer 14 compared to a barrier layer without a textured surface. In some examples, a surface roughness (Ra) of texture surface 20 may be within a range from about 3 microns to about 75 microns, such as about 5 microns to about 25 microns.
Each cell of cells 22 defines a geometry in the x-y plane (e.g., a major plane of barrier layer 14), and a depth extending in the z-direction (e.g., depth DB substantially normal to outer surface 18). In some examples, the depth of each cell of cells 22 may be substantially similar, e.g., the same within tolerances of laser removal processes. In other examples, the depth of a respective cell of cells 22 may be different than the depth of at least one adjacent cell of cells 22 (e.g., each adjacent cell of cells 22). For example, cell 22B has a depth DB, which may be greater than a depth of adjacent cells 22A and 22C. In some examples, the variation in depth of cells 22 may reduce migration of impurities between adjacent cells 22, reduce the propagation of cristobalite phase TOG between adjacent cells 22, or both.
In some examples, textured surface 20 of barrier layer 14 may define a plurality of walls separating adjacent cells, e.g., wall 24 separating cell 22B and 22C. Wall 24 includes an apex 26 and defines a cell wall 28. In some examples, adjacent cells of cells 22 may be separated by a selected distance (e.g., the width of wall 24). For example, a width Ww of wall 24 may be within a range from about 1 microns to about 500 microns, such as from about 5 microns to about 250 microns. In some examples, textured surface 20 may not include cell walls 24, such that each cell of cells 22 is defined by the difference in depth of adjacent cells 22.
Cell wall 28 extends from cell base 30 to apex 26. Apex 26 may include a plateau that is substantially parallel to outer surface 18 of substrate 12 (e.g., as illustrated in
Barrier layer 14 defines a thickness T. For example, thickness T may include a distance from outer surface 18 of substrate 12 to apex 26 of wall 24 defined by barrier layer 14. The thickness T of barrier layer 14 may be selected provide chemical and/or mechanical properties to reduce migration of impurities, e.g., boron, from substrate 12 to overlying layer 16 to reduce formation of cristobalite phase TGO. In some examples, thickness T may be within a range from about 1 microns to about 500 microns, such as about 5 microns to about 250 microns or about 5 microns to about 100 microns. In some examples, each cell of cells 22 may define depth (e.g., depth DB) within a range from about 1 micron to about 250 micron, such as within a range from about 1 micron to about 75 micron. In some examples, a difference between the thickness T of barrier layer 14 and the depth of cells 22 may be selected to be greater than about 3 microns.
The geometry of each cell of cells 22 may be substantially similar or cells 22 may include two or more dissimilar geometries. The shape and size of each cell of cells 22 may be selected to reduce migration of impurities from substrate 12 between adjacent cells 22, provide a selected adhesion between barrier layer 14 and overlying layer 16, or both. In some examples, the geometry of each respective cell of cells 22 may include a width of the respective cell. For example, a width of the widest portion of a respective cell of cells 22 (e.g., the width) may be within a range between about 1 microns and about 500 microns, such as between about 5 microns and about 250 microns. In some examples, the geometry of each cell of cells 22 may include at least one of a polygon, a triangle, a parallelogram, a hexagon, a cross, a chevron, a circle, concentric circles, parallel trenches, or other geometric shapes. In some examples, the geometry of each cell of cells 22 may define irregular shapes, such as fractal patterns or pseudo-random patterns. For example, a laser may be used to generate a simulated grit blasted surface by randomly striking the surface with low powered laser, affecting a shallow layer of material while still providing the surface roughness required for the coating adherence.
In some examples, the geometry of each cell of cells 22 may define shapes based on a geometry of article 10. For example, in examples in which article 10 includes a gas turbine engine blade, cells 22 at a leading edge of the blade may include a first geometry and cells 22 at a trailing edge of the blade may include a second geometry.
Article 10 may include any applicable structure that may benefit from the reduced formation of cristobalite phase TGO or cracking due to TGO crystallization, such as cracks extending between layers of coating system 13 on article 10. In some examples, article 10 may be a component of a high temperature mechanical system. For example, article 10 may be a gas turbine engine component configured to operate in high temperature environments, e.g., operating at temperatures of 1900° F. to 2100° F. or greater (1038° C. to 1149° C. or greater). In some examples, article 10 may be a component of a gas turbine engine that is exposed to hot gases, including, for example, a seal segment, a blade track, an airfoil, a blade, a vane, a combustion chamber liner, or the like.
In examples in which article 10 includes a component of a high temperature mechanical system, the geometry of a respective cell of cells 22 may be based on a predicted stress at the respective cell during operation of the high temperature mechanical system. For example, a first portion of the component of the high temperature mechanical system may experience a greater thermal stress and/or mechanical stress during operation of the mechanical system relative to a second portion of the component. As one example, a leading edge of a gas turbine engine blade may experience greater thermal stress and mechanical stress during operation of a gas turbine engine compared to a trailing edge of the gas turbine engine blade. The first portion of the component may include a first plurality of cells having a first geometry, and the second portion of the component may include a second plurality of cells having a second geometry. In this way, the geometry of the plurality of cells may be selected to withstand selected thermal and/or mechanical stresses.
Substrate 12 of article 10 may be formed from various materials including, for example, a superalloy, a fiber reinforced composite, a ceramic matrix composite (CMC), a metal matrix composite, a hybrid material, combinations thereof, or the like. In some examples, substrate 12 may be a ceramic or CMC substrate. The ceramic or CMC material may include, for example, a silicon-containing ceramic, such as silica (SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), alumina (Al2O3), aluminosilicate, or the like. In some examples, the ceramic may be substantially homogeneous and may include substantially a single phase of material. In other examples, substrate 12 may include a matrix material and reinforcement material. Suitable matrix materials may include, for example, carbon, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon carbide aluminum boron silicide, silicon nitride (Si3N4), alumina (Al2O3), aluminosilicate, silica (SiO2), or the like. In some examples, the matrix material of the CMC substrate may include carbon, boron carbide, boron nitride, or resin (epoxy/polyimide). The matrix material may be combined with any suitable reinforcement materials including, for example, discontinuous whiskers, platelets, or particulates composed of SiC, Si3N4, Al2O3, aluminosilicate, SiO2, or the like. In some examples the reinforcement material may include continuous monofilament or multifilament fibers that include fibers of SiC. The reinforcement fibers may be woven or non-woven. In other examples, substrate 12 may include a metal alloy that includes silicon, such as a molybdenum-silicon alloy (e.g., MoSi2) or a niobium-silicon alloy (e.g., NbSi2).
Substrate 12 may be produced using any suitable means. For example, substrate 12 may be produced from a porous preform including reinforcement fibers. The porous preformed may be impregnated with a matrix material using e.g., resin transfer molding (RTM), chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), slurry infiltration, melt infiltration, or the like and/or heat treated to produce substrate 12. Barrier layer 14 may include any useful material to reduce migration of one or more materials, e.g., impurities such as boron, from substrate 12 into overlying layer 16. For example, barrier layer 14 may be formulated to exhibit desired chemical or physical barrier between substrate 12 and overlying layer 16. In some examples, barrier layer 14 may include materials configured to form a dense (e.g., denser relative to overlying layer 16) and substantially pore free layer. For example, barrier layer 14 may include silicon metal, silicon carbide, or the like, alone, or mixed with at least one other constituent. The at least one other constituent may include, for example, at least one of a transition metal carbide, a transition metal boride, or a transition metal nitride. Representative transition metals include, for example, Cr, Mo, Nb, W, Ti, Ta, Hf, or Zr. In some examples, barrier layer 14 may be applied by techniques such as spraying (e.g., thermal or plasma spray), pressure vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), directed vapor deposition (DVD), dipping, electroplating, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), or the like.
Overlying layer 16 may include one or more of a bond coat, a thermal barrier coating (TBC), an environmental barrier coating (EBC), an abradable coating, a calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS)-resistant coating, a wear resistance coating (e.g., thermally sprayed SiC), combinations thereof, or the like, which are further discuss below in reference to
Bond coat 216 may include any useful material to improve adhesion between barrier layer 214 and overlying layer 218. For example, bond coat 216 may be formulated to exhibit desired chemical or physical attraction between barrier layer 214 and overlying layers 218. In some examples, bond coat 216 may include silicon metal, silicon carbide, metal oxide containing ceramics, or combinations thereof; alone, or mixed with at least one other constituent. The at least one other constituent may include, for example, at least one of a transition metal carbide, a transition metal boride, or a transition metal nitride. Representative transition metals include, for example, Cr, Mo, Nb, W, Ti, Ta, Hf, or Zr. In some examples, bond coat 216 may additionally or alternatively include mullite (e.g., aluminum silicate, Al6Si2O13), hafnium silicate (HfSiO4), a rare-earth silicate (e.g., RE2Si2O7, where RE is a rare earth element), barium strontium aluminosilicate (BSAS), zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4), zirconium titanate (ZrTiO4), hafnium titanium oxide (HfTiO4), silica, a silicide, or the like, alone, or in any combination (including in combination with one or more of silicon metal, a transition metal carbide, a transition metal boride, a transition metal nitride, alumina, silica, or combinations thereof). The rare earth element in the at least one rare earth oxide, the at least one rare earth monosilicate, or the at least one rare earth disilicate may include at least one of Lu (lutetium), Yb (ytterbium), Tm (thulium), Er (erbium), Ho (holmium), Dy (dysprosium), Tb (terbium), Gd (gadolinium), Eu (europium), Sm (samarium), Pm (promethium), Nd (neodymium), Pr (praseodymium), Ce (cerium), La (lanthanum), Y (yttrium), or Sc (scandium). In some examples, the bond coat may be applied by techniques such as spraying (e.g., thermal or plasma spray), pressure vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), directed vapor deposition (DVD), dipping, electroplating, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), or the like.
Overlying layer 218 may include one or more of a second bond coat, a thermal barrier coating (TBC), an environmental barrier coating (EBC), an abradable coating, a calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS)-resistant coating, combinations thereof, or the like.
In examples in which overlying layer 218 includes an EBC, the EBC may include materials that are resistant to oxidation or water vapor attack, and/or provide at least one of water vapor stability, chemical stability and environmental durability to substrate 212. In some examples, the EBC may be used to protect substrate 212 against oxidation and/or corrosive attacks at high operating temperatures. For example, EBCs may be applied to protect the ceramic composites such as SiC based CMCs. An EBC coating may include at least one of a rare earth oxide, a rare earth silicate, an aluminosilicate, or an alkaline earth aluminosilicate. For example, an EBC coating may include mullite, barium strontium aluminosilicate (BSAS), barium aluminosilicate (BAS), strontium aluminosilicate (SAS), at least one rare earth oxide, at least one rare earth monosilicate (RE2SiO5, where RE is a rare earth element), at least one rare earth disilicate (RE2Si2O7, where RE is a rare earth element), or combinations thereof. The rare earth element in the at least one rare earth oxide, the at least one rare earth monosilicate, or the at least one rare earth disilicate may include at least one of Lu (lutetium), Yb (ytterbium), Tm (thulium), Er (erbium), Ho (holmium), Dy (dysprosium), Tb (terbium), Gd (gadolinium), Eu (europium), Sm (samarium), Pm (promethium), Nd (neodymium), Pr (praseodymium), Ce (cerium), La (lanthanum), Y (yttrium), or Sc (scandium). In some examples, the at least one rare earth oxide includes an oxide of at least one of Yb, Y, Gd, or Er.
In some examples, an EBC coating may include at least one rare earth oxide and alumina, at least one rare earth oxide and silica, or at least one rare earth oxide, silica, and alumina. In some examples, an EBC coating may include an additive in addition to the primary constituents of the EBC coating. For example, an EBC coating may include at least one of TiO2, Ta2O5, HfSiO4, an alkali metal oxide, or an alkali earth metal oxide. The additive may be added to the EBC coating to modify one or more desired properties of the EBC coating. For example, the additive components may increase or decrease the reaction rate of the EBC coating with CMAS, may modify the viscosity of the reaction product from the reaction of CMAS and the EBC coating, may increase adhesion of the EBC coating to substrate 212, may increase or decrease the chemical stability of the EBC coating, or the like.
In some examples, the EBC coating may be substantially free (e.g., free or nearly free) of hafnia and/or zirconia. Zirconia and hafnia may be susceptible to chemical attack by CMAS, so an EBC coating substantially free of hafnia and/or zirconia may be more resistant to CMAS attack than an EBC coating that includes zirconia and/or hafnia.
In some examples, the EBC coating may have a dense microstructure, a columnar microstructure, or a combination of dense and columnar microstructures. A dense microstructure may be more effective in preventing the infiltration of CMAS and other environmental contaminants, while a columnar microstructure may be more strain tolerant during thermal cycling. A combination of dense and columnar microstructures may be more effective in preventing the infiltration of CMAS or other environmental contaminants than a fully columnar microstructure while being more strain tolerant during thermal cycling than a fully dense microstructure. In some examples, an EBC coating with a dense microstructure may have a porosity of less than about 20 volume percent (vol. %), such as less than about 15 vol. %, less than 10 vol. %, or less than about 5 vol. %, where porosity is measured as a percentage of pore volume divided by total volume of the EBC coating.
In some examples, overlying layer 218 may include a thermal barrier coating (TBC). The TBC may include at least one of a variety of materials having a relatively low thermal conductivity and may be formed as a porous or a columnar structure in order to further reduce thermal conductivity of the TBC and provide thermal insulation to substrate 212. In some examples, the TBC may include materials such as ceramic, metal, glass, pre-ceramic polymer, or the like. In some examples, the TBC may include silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, aluminum oxide, cordierite, molybdenum disilicide, titanium carbide, stabilized zirconia, stabilized hafnia, or the like.
In some examples, overlying layer 218 may include an abradable layer. The abradable layer may include any of the EBC or TBC compositions described herein. The abradable layer may be porous. Porosity of the abradable layer may reduce a thermal conductivity of the abradable layer and/or may affect the abradability of the abradable layer. In some examples, the abradable layer includes porosity between about 10 vol. % and about 50 vol. %. In other examples, the abradable layer includes porosity between about 15 vol. % and about 35 vol. %, or about 20 vol. %. Porosity of the abradable layer is defined herein as a volume of pores or voids in the abradable layer divided by a total volume of the abradable layer, including both the volume of material in the abradable layer and the volume of pores or voids in the abradable layer.
The abradable layer may be formed using, for example, a thermal spraying technique, such as, for example, plasma spraying. Porosity of the abradable layer may be controlled by the use of coating material additives and/or processing techniques to create the desired porosity. In some examples, substantially closed pores may be desired. For example, a coating material additive that melts or burns at the use temperatures of the component (e.g., a blade track) may be incorporated into the coating material that forms the abradable layer. The coating material additive may include, for example, graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, or a polymer such as a polyester, and may be incorporated into the coating material prior to deposition of the coating material over textured surface 20 to form the abradable layer. The coating material additive then may be melted or burned off in a subsequent heat treatment, or during operation of the gas turbine engine, to form pores in the abradable layer. The post-deposition heat-treatment may be performed at up to about 1500° C.
The porosity of the abradable layer can also be created and/or controlled by plasma spraying the coating material using a co-spray process technique in which the coating material and coating material additive are fed into the plasma stream with two radial powder feed injection ports. The feed pressures and flow rates of the coating material and coating material additive may be adjusted to inject the material on the outer edge of the plasma plume using direct 90-degree angle injection. This may permit the coating material particles to soften but not completely melt and the coating material additive to not burn off but rather soften sufficiently for adherence in the abradable layer.
In some examples, bond coat 216 also may include a textured surface formed by laser ablation or non-laser laser surface modification.
Bond coat 316 defines a textured surface 320. Textured surface 320 includes a plurality of cells 322 that may be configured to improve the adhesion between bond coat 316 and overlying coat 318. The plurality of cells 322 may be the same as, or substantially similar to cells 22, discussed above in reference to
The above describe textured surfaces may be formed using any suitable technique, such as laser ablation or non-ablation laser surface modification.
The laser removal process may be performed using any suitable laser 400. In some examples, laser 400 may be operated using a plurality of operating parameters including a beam frequency, a beam power, a defocus value, and a travel speed. The operating parameters of laser 400 may be configured to form plurality of cells 22 that define the selected geometry, selected cell depth (e.g., DB of cell 22B), and cell width (WC). Additionally, or alternatively, the operating parameters of laser 400 may be configured to reduce or prevent damage to substrate 12, for example, by heating substrate 12 to a temperature that would cause oxidation of one or more materials of substrate 12 In some examples, the operating parameters of laser 400 may be configured to have a beam frequency of less than about 200 Hz, a beam power of about 15 W to about 25 W, a defocus value of about −60 to about 50, and a cutting speed (e.g., the speed in which laser 400 moves across in the x-y plane of substrate surface 22) of about 10 mm/s to about 200 mm/s.
In some examples, compared to mechanical machining, the laser removal process may significantly reduce the chance of substrate 12 and/or barrier layer 14 becoming cracked during the formation of plurality of cells 22 by reducing the mechanical force applied to substrate 12 and/or barrier layer 14 during processing. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, due to the relatively small amount of material removed by ablation laser 400, the amount of heat applied and/or generated in substrate 12 and/or barrier layer 14 may remain relatively low during the formation of plurality of cells 22 compared to other machining techniques. By reducing the heat applied and/or generated on substrate 12 and/or barrier layer 14 during the laser removal process, the chance of the material of substrate 12 (e.g. fibers) and/or barrier layer 14 becoming oxidized prior to the application of overlying layer 16 may be significantly reduced compared to other processing techniques.
In some examples, laser 400 may be configured to form plurality of cells 22 on barrier layer 14 even when outer surface 18 of substrate 12 is non-planar. For example, in some examples the underlying structure of substrate 12 (e.g., the reinforcement fibers) may cause textured surface 20 of barrier layer 14 (e.g., prior to laser ablation) to be uneven or non-planar (e.g., mimicking the pattern of the reinforcement fibers). In such examples, laser 400 may be configured to adjust the incident angle between the laser beam and textured surface 20 to produce cells 22.
Each cell of cells 22 may be formed in barrier layer 14 such that cells 22 progress across the substrate surface (e.g., progress in the x-y plane of
The pattern of cells 502 may extend on textured surfaces 504 to provide mechanical adhesion between barrier layers 500 and any subsequent coating (e.g., overlying layer 16 of
The articles, coatings, and/or and cells described herein may be formed using any suitable technique. For example,
The technique of
The technique illustrated in
In some examples, forming and texturing barrier layer 14 may include 3D printing barrier layer 14 or a portion of barrier layer 14 onto outer surface 18 of substrate 12. For example, a first portion of barrier layer 14 may be formed by spraying (e.g., thermal spraying or plasma spraying), pressure vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), directed vapor deposition (DVD), dipping, electroplating, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), or the like, and a second portion of barrier layer 14 may be formed by 3D printing the second portion onto an outer surface of the first portion. As one example, the first portion of barrier layer 14 may include any portion of barrier layer 14 below textured surface 20, e.g., such that cells 22 do not extend into the first portion of barrier layer 14. The second portion of barrier layer 14 may include cells 22 defining textured surface 20. The term 3D printing may include any suitable additive manufacturing process, such as, for example, stereolithography, digital light processing, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, selective melting, electronic beam melting, laminated object manufacturing, binder jetting, or material jetting. In some example, 3D printing may be used as alternative to, or in addition to, subtractive manufacturing processes, e.g., laser ablation or non-ablation laser surface modification. By using additive manufacturing processes, material loss during subsequent processing may be reduced.
The technique of
Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.
