This invention relates in general to artificial turf systems of the type used in athletic fields, ornamental lawns and gardens, and playgrounds.
Artificial turf systems are commonly used for sports playing fields and more particularly to artificial playing fields. Artificial turf systems can also be used for synthetic lawns and golf courses, rugby fields, playgrounds, and other similar types of fields or floor coverings. Artificial turf systems typically comprise a turf assembly and a foundation, which can be made of such materials as asphalt, graded earth, compacted gravel or crushed rock. Optionally, an underlying resilient base or underlayment layer may be disposed between the turf assembly and the foundation. The turf assembly is typically made of strands of plastic artificial grass blades attached to a turf backing. An infill material, which typically is a mixture of sand and ground rubber particles, may be applied among the vertically oriented artificial grass blades, typically covering the lower half or ⅔ of the blades.
This invention relates to a turf underlayment layer configured to support an artificial turf assembly. The turf underlayment layer has panels including edges that are configured to interlock with the edges of adjacent panels to form a vertical interlocking connection. The interlocking connection is capable of substantially preventing relative vertical movement of one panel with respect to an adjacent connected panel. The underlayment comprises a core with a top side and a bottom side. The top side has a plurality of spaced apart, upwardly oriented projections that define channels suitable for water flow along the top side of the core when the underlayment layer is positioned beneath an overlying artificial turf assembly.
The top side may include an upper support surface in contact with the artificial turf assembly. The upper support surface, in turn, may have a plurality of channels configured to allow water flow along the top side of the core. The upper support surfaces may be substantially flat. The bottom side may include a lower support surface that is in contact with a foundation layer and also have a plurality of channels configured to allow water flow along the bottom side of the core. A plurality of spaced apart drain holes connects the upper support surface channels with the lower support surface channels to allow water flow through the core.
The plurality of spaced apart projections on the top side are deformable under a compressive load. The projections define a first deformation characteristic associated with an athletic response characteristic and the core defines a second deformation characteristic associated with a bodily impact characteristic. The first and second deformation characteristics are complimentary to provide a turf system bodily impact characteristic and a turf system athletic response characteristic.
A method of assembling an underlayment layer to an adjacent underlayment layer includes providing a first underlayment layer on top of a substrate. The underlayment layer has at least one edge with a top side flap, a bottom side flap, and a flap assembly groove disposed therebetween. A second underlayment layer is positioned adjacent to the first underlayment layer and on top of the substrate. The second underlayment layer also ahs at least one edge with a top side flap, a bottom side flap, and a flap assembly groove disposed therebetween. The first underlayment layer top side flap is deflected in an upward direction between a corner and the flap assembly groove. The second underlayment layer bottom side flap is inserted under the upwardly deflected first underlayment layer top side flap. Finally, the first underlayment layer top side flap is downwardly deflected into engagement with the second underlayment layer bottom side flap.
Various aspects of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, when read in light of the accompanying drawings.
The turf system shown in
The artificial turf assembly 12 includes strands of synthetic grass blades 20 attached to a turf backing 22. An optional infill material 24 may be applied to the grass blades 20. The synthetic grass blades 20 can be made of any material suitable for artificial turf, many examples of which are well known in the art. Typically the synthetic grass blades are about 5 cm in length although any length can be used. The blades 20 of artificial grass are securely placed or tufted onto the backing 22. One form of blades that can be used is a relatively wide polymer film that is slit or fibrillated into several thinner film blades after the wide film is tufted onto the backing 22. In another form, the blades 20 are relatively thin polymer films (monofilament) that look like individual grass blades without being fibrillated. Both of these can be colored to look like blades of grass and are attached to the backing 22.
The backing layer 22 of the turf assembly 12 is typically water-porous by itself, but is often optionally coated with a water-impervious coating 26A, such as for example urethane, for dimensional stability of the turf. In order to allow water to drain vertically through the backing 22, the backing can be provided with spaced apart holes 25A. In an alternative arrangement, the water impervious coating is either partially applied, or is applied fully and then scraped off in some portions, such as drain portion 25B, to allow water to drain through the backing layer 22. The blades 20 of grass fibers are typically tufted onto the backing 22 in rows that have a regular spacing, such as rows that are spaced about 2 centimeters to about 4 centimeters apart, for example. The incorporation of the grass fibers 20 into the backing layer 22 sometimes results in a series of spaced apart, substantially parallel, urethane coated corrugations or ridges 26B on the bottom surface 28 of the backing layer 22 formed by the grass blade tufts. Ridges 26B can be present even where the fibers are not exposed.
The optional infill material 24 of the turf assembly 12, when applicable, is placed in between the blades 20 of artificial grass and on top of the backing 22. If the infill material 24 is applied, the material volume is typically an amount that covers only a bottom portion of the synthetic grass blades 20 so that the top portions of the blades stick out above the infill material 24. The typical purpose of the optional infill material 24 is to add stability to the field, improve traction between the athlete's shoe and the play surface, and to improve shock attenuation of the field. The infill material 24 is typically sand 24A or ground up rubber particles or synthetic particulate 24B or mixtures of these, although other materials can be used.
When the backing layer 22 has holes 25A or a porous section 25B for water drainage, then some of the infill material 24 is able to wash through the backing layer porous section 25B or the backing layer drainage holes 25A and onto the turf underlayment layer 14. This infill migration, or migration of the infill constituents, is undesirable because the depletion of the infill material 24 results in a field that doesn't have the initially designed stability and firmness characteristics. Excessive migration of the infill material 24, or the infill constituent components, to the turf underlayment layer 14 can create a hard layer which makes the whole system less able to absorb impacts.
The turf underlayment layer 14 is comprised of expanded polyolefin foam beads, which can be expanded polypropylene (EPP) or expanded polyethylene (EPE), or any other suitable material. The foam beads are closed cell (water impervious) beads. In one optional method of manufacture, the beads are originally manufactured as tiny solid plastic pellets, which are later processed in a controlled pressure chamber to expand them into larger foam beads having a diameter within the range of from about 2 millimeters to about 5 millimeters. The foam beads are then blown into a closed mold under pressure so they are tightly packed. Finally, steam is used to heat the mold surface so the beads soften and melt together at the interfaces, forming the turf underlayment layer 14 as a solid material that is water impervious. Other methods of manufacture can be used, such as mixing the beads with an adhesive or glue material to form a slurry. The slurry is then molded to shape and the adhesive cured. The slurry mix underlayment may be porous through the material thickness to drain water away. This porous underlayment structure may also include other drainage feature discussed below. The final EPP material can be made in different densities by starting with a different density bead, or by any other method. The material can also be made in various colors. The resulting underlayment structure, made by either the steam molding or the slurry mixing processes, may be formed as a water impervious underlayment or a porous underlayment. These resulting underlayment layer structures may further include any of the drainage, deflection, and interlocking features discussed below.
Alternatively, the turf underlayment layer 14 can be made from a molding and expansion of small pipe sections of foamed material, similar to small foamed macaroni. The small pipe sections of foamed material are heated and fused together in the mold in the same way as the spherical beads. The holes in the pipe sections keep the underlayment layer from being a totally solid material, and some water can drain through the underlayment layer. Additionally, varying the hollow section geometry may provide an ability to vary the material density in order to selectively adjust the performance of the turf system.
In the embodiment illustrated in
The top side flap 38A may be of unequal length relative to the adjacent bottom side flap 38C, as shown positioned along edge 32B in
When assembled, the flaps along edges 32A and 32B are configured to interlock with the mating edges 32C and 32D, respectively. The top side flap 38A and adjacent bottom side flap 38C overlap and interlock with the mating bottom side flap 38D and top side flap 38 B, respectively. The recessed fitting 40A of top side flap 38B, of panel 30D interlocks with the projecting fitting 40B of panel 30A, as shown in
In one embodiment, the vertical interlock between adjacent panels 30 is sufficient to accommodate heavy truck traffic, necessary to install infill material, without vertical separation of the adjacent panels. The adjacent top side flaps 38A and 38B and adjacent bottom side flaps 38C and 38D also substantially prevent horizontal shifting of the panels due to mechanically applied shear loads. The cooperating fittings 40A and 40B, along with adjacent flaps 38A, 38B and 38C, 38D, provide sufficient clearance to accommodate deflections arising from thermal expansion. The flaps 38 may optionally include drainage grooves 42B and drainage ribs or projections 42A that maintain a drainage channel between the mated flaps 38A-D of adjoining panels, as will be discussed below. The drainage projections 42A and the drainage grooves 42B may be oriented on mated flaps of adjacent panels in an offset relative relationship, in a cooperatively engaged relationship, or applied to the mated flaps 38A-D as either solely projections or grooves. When oriented in a cooperating engaged relationship, these projections 42A and grooves 42B may additionally supplement the in-plane shear stability of the mated panel assemblies 30 when engaged together. The drainage projections 42A and drainage grooves 42B may be equally or unequally spaced along the flaps 38A and 38B, respectively, as desired.
Optionally, the drainage grooves 42B and projections 42A can perform a second function, i.e. a retention function. The turf underlayment 30 may include the cooperating drainage ribs or projections 42A and grooves 42B for retention purposes, similar to the fittings 40. The projections 42A and fittings 40B may include various embodiments of differently shaped raised recessed structures, such as square, rectangular, triangular, pyramidal, trapezoidal, cylindrical, frusto-conical, helical and other geometric configurations that may include straight sides, tapering sides or reversed tapering sides. These geometric configurations cooperate with mating recesses, such as groove 42B and recessed fitting 40A having complementary geometries. The cooperating fittings, and optionally the cooperating projections and grooves, may have dimensions and tolerances that create a variety of fit relationships, such as loose fit, press fit, snap fit, and twist fit connections. The snap fit relationship may further provide an initial interference fit, that when overcome, results in a loose or line-to-line fit relationship. The twist fit relationship may include a helical surface on a conical or cylindrical projection that cooperates with a recess that may or may not include a corresponding helical surface. The press fit, snap fit, and twist fit connections may be defined as positive lock fits that prevent or substantially restrict relative horizontal movement of adjacent joined panels.
The drainage projections 42A and grooves 42B, either alone or in a cooperating relationship, may provide a vertically spaced apart relationship between the mating flaps 38A-D, or a portion of the mating flaps 38A-D, of adjoining panels to facilitate water drainage away from the top surface 34. Additionally, the drainage projections 42A and grooves 42B may provide assembled panels 30 with positioning datums to facilitate installation and accommodate thermal expansion deflections due to environmental exposure. The projections 42A may be either located in, or offset from, the grooves 42B. Optionally, the edges 32A-D may only include one of the projections 42A or the grooves 42B in order to provide increased drainage. Not all panels may need or require projections 42A and grooves 42B disposed about the outer perimeter. For example, it may be desired to produce specific panels that include at least one edge designed to abut a structure that is not a mating panel, such as a curb, trim piece, sidewalk, and the like. These panels may have a suitable edge, such as a frame, flat end, rounded edge, point, and the like, to engage or abut the mating surface. For panels that mate with adjacent panels, each panel may include at least one projections along a given edge and a corresponding groove on an opposite side, positioned to interact with a mating projection to produce the required offset.
As can be seen in
Referring now to
Referring now to
The fit between the interlocking panels may be snug or loose and may be varied depending on climactic conditions that impact the installation. When the fit between panels 200A, 200B, and 200C is generally loose of a slight clearance fit, the dovetail recess 204A of panel 200A may brought down onto the abutted dovetail projections 206B and 206C of panels 200B and 200C. As shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring to
In contrast to the assembly of prior art panels, the grooves 80 of the panels 30A, 30B, 30C, and 30D allow the top side flap 38A to flex relative to bottom side flap 38C. To illustrate the assembly method, panels 30A, 30B and 30D are relatively positioned in place and interlocked together on the foundation layer. To install panel 30C, the top side flap 38A of panel 30A is deflected upwardly. Additionally, the mated inside corner of panels 30A and 30 D may be slightly raised as an assembled unit. The area under the top side flap 38A of panel 30A is exposed in order to position the mating bottom side flap 38D. The bottom side flap 37D positioned along edge 32A of panel 30A may be positioned under the top side flap 37A on edge 32C of panel 30D. This positioning may be aided by slightly raising the assembled corner of panels 30A and 30D. The positioned flaps may be engaged by a downward force applied to the overlapping areas. By bending the top side flaps of a panel up during assembly, access to the mating bottom side flap location increases thus facilitating panel insertion without significant sliding of the panel across the compacted foundation layer. This assembly technique prevents excessively disrupting the substrate or the previously installed panels. The assembly of panels 30A-D, shown in
As shown in
The size of the drainage holes 58, the frequency of the drainage holes 58, the size of the drainage channels 56 on the top side 34 or the channels 76 on the bottom side 36, and the frequency of the channels 56 and 76 provide a design where the channels can line up to create a free flowing drainage system. In one embodiment, the system can accommodate up to 70 mm/hr rainfall, when installed on field having a slightly-raised center profile, for example, on the order of a 0.5% slope. The slightly-raised center profile of the field tapers, or slopes away, downwardly towards the perimeter. This format of installation on a full sized field promotes improved horizontal drainage water flow. For instance, a horizontal drainage distance of 35 meters and a perimeter head pressure of 175 millimeters.
The cone shaped projections 50 of
A portion of the bottom side 36 of the panel 30 is shown in
The larger size of the bottom side projections 72 allows them to be optionally spaced in a different arrangement relative to the arrangement of the top side projections 50. Such a non-aligned relative relationship assures that the top channels 56 and bottom channels 76 are not aligned with each other along a relatively substantial length that would create seams or bending points where the panel core 35 may unduly deflect.
Referring again to
The frictional characteristics of the underlayment may further be improved by the addition of a medium, such as a grit 170 or other granular material, to the underlayment mixture, as shown in
The grit material 170 when applied to the binder agent in the turf underlayment structure provides a positive grip to the turf backing layer 22. This gripping of the backing layer benefits from the additional weight of the infill medium dispersed over the surface, thus applying the necessary normal force associated with the desired frictional, shear-restraining force. Any concentrated deflection of the underlayment as a result of a load applied to the turf will result in a slight momentary “divot” or discontinuity that will change the frictional shear path in the underlayment layer 14. This deflection of the surface topography does not occur on a hard surface, such as a painted floor using grit materials. Therefore, the grit material, as well as the grit binder are structured to accommodate the greater elasticity of the underlayment layer, as opposed toe the hard floor surface, to provide improved surface friction. A grit material 180 may alternatively be applied to the top of the bead and binder mixture, as shown in
Another embodiment provides a high friction substrate, such as a grit or granular impregnated fabric applied to and bonded with the upper surface of the underlayment layer 14, i.e. the top side 34 or the upper support surface 52 as defined by the projections 50. The fabric may alternatively be a mesh structure whereby the voids or mesh apertures provide the desired surface roughness or high friction characteristic. The mesh may also have a roughened surface characteristic, in addition to the voids, to provide a beneficial gripping action to the underlayment. The fabric may provide an additional load spreading function that may be beneficial to protecting players from impact injury. Also the fabric layer may spread the load transfer from the turf to the underlayment and assist in preserving the base compaction characteristic.
In order to facilitate drainage and infill trapping, the channels 156A defined by the projections 152 optionally can have a V-shaped cross-sectional shape as shown in
During the operation of the artificial turf system 10, typically some of the particles of the infill material 24 pass through the backing layer 22. These particles can flow with the rain water along the channels 156A and 156B to the drain holes 160. The particles can also migrate across the top surface 152 in dry conditions due to vibration from normal play on the turf system 10. Over time, the drain holes 160 can become clogged with the sand particles and become unable to drain the water from the top surface 152 to the bottom surface. Therefore it is advantageous to configure the top surface 152 to impede the flow of sand particles within the channels 156A, 156B. Any suitable mechanism for impeding the flow of infill particles along the channels can be used.
In one embodiment, as shown in
Continued deformation of the protrusions 50 under a compressive or impact load, as shown in
The ability to tailor the load reactions of the underlayment and the turf assembly as a complete artificial turf system allows adjustment of two competing design parameters, a bodily impact characteristic and an athletic response characteristic. The bodily impact characteristic relates to the turf system's ability to absorb energy created by player impacts with the ground, such as, but not limited to, for example tackles common in American-style football and rugby. The bodily impact characteristic is measured using standardized testing procedures, such as for example ASTM-F355 in the U.S. and EN-1177 in Europe. Turf systems having softer or more impact absorptive responses protect better against head injury, but offer diminished or non-optimized athlete and ball performance. The athletic response characteristic relates to athlete performance responses during running and can be measured using a simulated athlete profile, such as the Berlin Artificial Athlete. Athlete performance responses include such factors as turf response to running loads, such as heel and forefoot contact and the resulting load transference. The turf response to these running load characteristics can affect player performance and fatigue. Turf systems having stiffer surface characteristics may increase player performance, such as running load transference, (i.e. shock absorption, surface deformation and energy restitution), and ball behavior, but also increase injury potential due to lower impact absorption. The underlayment layer and the turf assembly each has an associated energy absorption characteristic, and these are balanced to provide a system response appropriate for the turf system usage and for meeting the required bodily impact characteristics and athletic response characteristics.
In order to accommodate the particular player needs, as well as satisfying particular sport rules and requirements, several design parameters of the artificial turf system may need to be varied. The particular sport, or range of sports and activities undertaken on a particular artificial turf system, will dictate the overall energy absorption level required of the system. The energy absorption characteristic of the underlayment layer may be influenced by changes in the material density, protrusion geometry and size, panel thickness and surface configuration. These parameters may further be categorized under a broader panel material factor and a panel geometry factor of the underlayment layer. The energy absorption characteristic of the turf assembly may be subject to considerations of infill material and depth. The infill material comprises a mixture of sand and synthetic particulate in a ratio to provide proper synthetic grass blade exposure, water drainage, stability, and energy absorption.
The turf assembly 12 provides a lot of the impact shock attenuation for safety for such contact sports as American football. The turf assembly 12 also provides the feel of the field when running, as well as ball bounce and roll in sports such as soccer (football), field hockey, rugby and golf. The turf assembly 12 and the turf underlayment layer 14 work together to get the right balance for hardness in running, softness (impact absorption or energy absorption) in falls, ball bounce and roll, etc. To counteract the changing field characteristics over time, which affect ball bounce and the roll and feel of the field to the running athlete, in some cases the infill material may be maintained or supplemented by adding more infill, and by using a raking machine or other mechanism to fluff up the infill so it maintains the proper feel and impact absorption.
The hardness of the athletic field affects performance on the field, with hard fields allowing athletes to run faster and turn more quickly. This can be measured, for example in the United States using ASTM F1976 test protocol, and in the rest of the world by FIFA, IRB (International Rugby Board), FIH (International Hockey Federation), and ITF (International Tennis Federation) test standards. In the United States, another characteristic of the resilient turf underlayment layer 14 is to provide increased shock attenuation of the infill turf system by up to 20 percent during running heel and running forefoot loads. A larger amount of attenuation may cause athletes to become too fatigued, and not perform at their best. It is generally accepted that an athlete cannot perceive a difference in stiffness of plus or minus 20 percent deviations over a natural turf stiffness at running loads based on the U.S. tests. The FIFA test requirement has minimum and maximum values for shock attenuation and deformation under running loads for the complete turf/underlayment system. Artificial turf systems with shock attenuation and deformation values between the minimum and maximum values simulate natural turf feel.
The softness for impact absorption of an athletic field to protect the players during falls or other impacts is a design consideration, particularly in the United States. Softness of an athletic field protects the players during falls or other impacts. Impact energy absorption is measured in the United States using ASTM F355-A, which gives a rating expressed as Gmax (maximum acceleration in impact) and HIC (head injury criterion). The head injury criterion (HIC) is used internationally. There may be specific imposed requirements for max acceleration and HIC for athletic fields, playgrounds and similar facilities.
The turf assembly is advantageous in that in one embodiment it is somewhat slow to recover shape when deformed in compression. This is beneficial because when an athlete runs on a field and deforms it locally under the shoe, it is undesirable if the play surface recovers so quickly that it “pushes back” on the shoe as it lifts off the surface. This would provide unwanted energy restoration to the shoe. By making the turf assembly 12 have the proper recovery, the field will feel more like natural turf which doesn't have much resilience. The turf assembly 12 can be engineered to provide the proper material properties to result in the beneficial limits on recovery values. The turf assembly can be designed to compliment specific turf designs for the optimum product properties.
The design of the overall artificial turf system 10 will establish the deflection under running loads, the impact absorption under impact loads, and shape of the deceleration curve for the impact event, and the ball bounce performance and the ball roll performance. These characteristics can be designed for use over time as the field ages, and the infill becomes more compacted which makes the turf layer stiffer.
The panels 30 are designed with optimum panel bending characteristics. The whole panel shape is engineered to provide stiffness in bending so the panel doesn't bend too much when driving over it with a vehicle while the panel is lying on the ground. This also assists in spreading the vehicle load over a large area of the substrate so the contour of the underlying foundation layer 16 won't be disturbed. If the contour of the foundation layer 16 is not maintained, then water will pool in areas of the field instead of draining properly.
In one embodiment of the invention, an artificial turf system for a soccer field is provided. First, performance design parameters, related to a system energy absorption level for the entire artificial turf system, are determined for the soccer field. These performance design parameters are consistent according to the FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) Quality Concept for Artificial Turf, the International Artificial Turf Standard (IATS) and the European EN15330 Standard. Typical shock, or energy, absorption and deformation levels from foot impacts for such systems are within the range of 55-70% shock absorption and about 4 millimeters to about 9 millimeters deformation, when tested with the Berlin Artificial Athlete (EN14808, EN14809). Vertical ball rebound is about 60 centimeters to about 100 centimeters (EN 12235), Angled Ball Behavior is 45-70%, Vertical Permeability is greater than 180 mm/hr (EN 12616) along with other standards, such as for example energy restitution. Other performance criteria may not be directly affected by the underlayment performance, but are affected by the overall turf system design. The overall turf system design, including the interactions of the underlayment may include surface interaction such as rotational resistance, ball bounce, slip resistance, and the like. In this example where a soccer field is being designed, a performance level for the entire artificial turf system for a specific standard is selected. Next, the artificial turf assembly is designed. The underlayment performance characteristics selected will be complimentary to the turf assembly performance characteristics to provide the overall desired system response to meet the desired sports performance standard. It is understood that the steps in the above example may be performed in a different order to produce the desired system response.
In general, the design of the turf system having complimentary underlayment and turf assembly performance characteristics may for example provide a turf assembly that has a low amount of shock absorption, and an underlayment layer that has a high amount of shock absorption. In establishing the relative complimentary performance characteristics, there are many options available for the turf design such as pile height, tufted density, yarn type, yarn quality, infill depth, infill types, backing and coating. For example, one option would be to select a low depth and/or altered ratio of sand vs. rubber infill, or the use of an alternative infill material in the turf assembly. If in this example the performance of the turf assembly has a relatively low specific shock absorption value, the shock absorption of the underlayment layer will have a relatively high specific value.
By way of another example having different system characteristics, an artificial turf system for American football or rugby may provide a turf assembly that has a high amount of energy absorption, while providing the underlayment layer with a low energy absorption performance. In establishing the relative complimentary energy absorption characteristics, selecting a high depth of infill material in the turf assembly may be considered. Additionally, where the energy absorption of the turf assembly has a value greater than a specific value, the energy absorption of the underlayment layer will have a value less than the specific value.
The principle and mode of operation of this invention have been explained and illustrated in its preferred embodiment. However, it must be understood that this invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope.
This application is a Continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/715,252, filed Sep. 26, 2017 now abandoned. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/715,252 is a Continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/336,270, filed Oct. 27, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,771,692, issued Sep. 26, 2016. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/336,270 is a Continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/711,689, filed Dec. 12, 2012 now abandoned. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/711,689 is a Continuation of application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/568,611, filed Aug. 7, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,568,840, issued on Oct. 29, 2013. U.S. Pat. No. 8,568,840 is a Continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/009,835, filed Jan. 22, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,236,392, issued Aug. 7, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/881,293, filed Jan. 19, 2007; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/927,975, filed May 7, 2007; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/000,503, filed Oct. 26, 2007; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/003,731, filed Nov. 20, 2007, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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8236392 | Sawyer | Aug 2012 | B2 |
8568840 | Sawyer | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8597754 | Sawyer | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8603601 | Sawyer | Dec 2013 | B2 |
9771692 | Sawyer | Sep 2017 | B2 |
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20130101777 | Sawyer | Apr 2013 | A1 |
20180016757 | Sawyer | Jan 2018 | A1 |
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20200240090 A1 | Jul 2020 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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60881293 | Jan 2007 | US | |
60927975 | May 2007 | US | |
61000503 | Oct 2007 | US | |
61003731 | Nov 2007 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 15715252 | Sep 2017 | US |
Child | 16819266 | US | |
Parent | 15336270 | Oct 2016 | US |
Child | 15715252 | US | |
Parent | 13711689 | Dec 2012 | US |
Child | 15336270 | US | |
Parent | 13568611 | Aug 2012 | US |
Child | 13711689 | US | |
Parent | 12009835 | Jan 2008 | US |
Child | 13568611 | US |