Patent Application
20210344122
The present invention generally relates to radio communications and, more particularly, to base station antennas for cellular communications systems.
Cellular communications systems are well known in the art. In a cellular communications system, a geographic area is divided into a series of regions or “cells” that are served by respective base stations. Each base station may include one or more base station antennas that are configured to provide two-way radio frequency (“RF”) communications with subscribers that are within the cell served by the base station. In many cases, each base station is divided into “sectors.” In one common configuration, a hexagonally-shaped cell is divided into three 120° sectors in the azimuth plane, and each sector is served by one or more base station antennas. Typically, the base station antennas are mounted on a tower or other raised structure, with the radiation patterns or “antenna beams” that are generated by the base station antennas directed outwardly to provide coverage to the respective sectors.
Base station antennas typically are implemented as phased array antennas that include a plurality of radiating elements that are arranged in either linear or planar arrays. In the most common design, the radiating elements are arranged in a vertically-extending column as a linear array of radiating elements. The linear array will include between perhaps 5 and 20 radiating elements. Each radiating element forms an individual antenna beam that has a beamwidth in the azimuth plane that corresponds to the angle subtended in the azimuth plane by the sector that the base station antenna is designed to serve (most typically 120°). The antenna beam formed by each radiating element will typically have a beamwidth in the elevation plane that exceeds a desired elevation beamwidth (desired elevation beamwidths are often in the 8-20 degree range). By providing a plurality (e.g., 5-20) of radiating elements that all receive sub-components of the same RF signal, and by providing a phase taper to these sub-components, the elevation beamwidth of the linear array may be narrowed to match a desired elevation beamwidth.
The individual radiating elements may comprise, for example, dipole or patch radiating antenna elements. Most modern base station antennas employ dual polarized radiating elements that include two radiators (e.g., two dipoles) that are configured to form respective antenna beams that have orthogonal polarizations. For example, cross-dipole radiating elements are widely used in base station antennas. A cross-dipole radiating element includes a pair of dipole radiators that are arranged to form an “X” when viewed from the front. Typically one of the radiators extends along an axis that forms an angle of −45° with the horizontal plane defined by the horizon, and the other radiator extends along an axis that forms an angle of +45° with the horizontal plane defined by the horizon. Most cross-dipole radiating elements include two dipole radiators that each have a pair of dipole arms, and the dipole radiators are “center fed” by applying the sub-components of the RF signal to the inner portion of each dipole arm.
The linear arrays of many conventional base station antennas include a plurality of feed board assemblies which together form the linear array. Each feed board assembly includes one or more radiating elements that are mounted on a feed board printed circuit board. First and second coaxial cables terminate into the feed board printed circuit board that feeds sub-components of first and second RF signals to the feed board printed circuit board. The radiating elements extend forwardly from the feed board printed circuit board. If multiple radiating elements are mounted to the feed board printed circuit board, then power dividers are typically provided on the feed board printed circuit board. Each radiating element typically includes a pair of stalk printed circuit boards and a dipole printed circuit board that is mounted on the stalk printed circuit boards. The base of each stalk printed circuit board may be soldered to the feed board printed circuit board, and the dipole printed circuit board is soldered to the distal ends of the stalk printed circuit boards.
Each such conventional feed board assembly may include a large number of parts which must be formed and assembled together, increasing the cost of the base station antenna. Additionally, the numerous soldered connections complicate fabrication and are potential sources for passive intermodulation (PIM), which, if present, may seriously degrade the performance of the base station antenna.
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, feed board assemblies are provided that include dual-polarized radiating elements that are formed on flexible substrates such as flexible printed circuit boards or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates with metal patterns formed thereon. In some embodiments, the feed board printed circuit boards, feed stalk printed circuit boards and dipole printed circuit boards that are included in many conventional feed board assemblies may all be implemented on a single flexible printed circuit board instead of as individual components. This may eliminate a number of assembly steps that are required to fabricate conventional antennas. In addition, solder joints that are used to mount the feed stalks to the feed board printed circuit boards and that are used to mount the dipole printed circuit board to the feed stalks may not be necessary in the base station antennas according to embodiments of the present invention. As solder joints can be labor intensive to form and may be potential sources of PIM distortion, eliminating these solder joints may simplify fabrication and improve the performance of the antenna.
The feed board assemblies according to embodiments of the present invention may be used in base station antennas. For example, in some embodiments, base station antennas may be provided that include at least one array of radiating elements. The array of radiating elements may include a plurality of sub-arrays, where each sub-array includes at least one radiating element. Each of the sub-arrays may comprise a feed board assembly according to embodiments of the present invention. Accordingly, a first of the sub-arrays may include a first radiating element that is formed on a flexible substrate that is mounted on a rigid support.
The first radiating element may include first and second dipole radiators that are configured to transmit at orthogonal polarizations. The first and second dipole radiators and first and second feed lines that connect to the respective first and second dipole radiators are formed in the flexible substrate. The flexible substrate may include a first metal pattern that is coupled to ground, a second metal pattern that includes a first signal trace, and a dielectric layer that is interposed between the first and second metal patterns. The first and second dipole radiators may be part of the first metal pattern. An outer conductor of a first coaxial feed cable may be electrically coupled to the first metal pattern, and a center conductor of the first coaxial feed cable may be electrically coupled to the second metal pattern.
In other embodiments, base station antennas are provided that include a reflector and a phased array of radiating elements. The radiating elements are mounted to extend forwardly from the reflector, and each radiating element comprises a dual-polarized radiating element that includes first and second dipole radiators that are formed in a flexible substrate.
Pursuant to further embodiments of the present invention, base station antennas are provided that include a linear array of dual-polarized radiating elements, each dual-polarized radiating element including a first dipole radiator and a second dipole radiator. Opposed ends of each first dipole radiator define a respective first segment and opposed ends of each second dipole radiator define a respective second segment. For each dual-polarized radiating element, the second segment that is perpendicular to the first segment. The first segments do not intersect any of the second segments so that each dual-polarized radiating element is implemented as an offset radiating element that has non-crossing dipole radiators. In some embodiments, centers of the first dipole radiators may be aligned in a first vertical column and centers of the second dipole radiators may be aligned in a second vertical column that is laterally offset from the first column. In some embodiments, the dual-polarized radiating elements may be formed on one or more flexible substrates that may be mounted on one or more rigid support structures.
Pursuant to yet further embodiments of the present invention, base station antennas are provided that include a linear array of dual-polarized radiating elements, each dual-polarized radiating element including a first dipole radiator and a second dipole radiator, a first cable termination and a second cable termination, and a first feed line and a second feed line that are formed in a flexible substrate. The first feed line extends between the first cable termination and the first dipole radiator and the second feed line extends between the second cable termination and the second dipole radiator.
Before describing the radiating elements, feed board assemblies and base station antennas according to embodiments of the present invention, it is helpful to describe a typical conventional base station antenna and the radiating elements and feed board assemblies included in such an antenna.
Referring first to
Referring to
While the antenna 100 includes a linear array 152 of low-band radiating elements 150 and two linear arrays 172, 174 of mid-band radiating elements 170 that are positioned on either side of the linear array 152 of low-band radiating elements 150, it will be appreciated that this is just one typical example of a multi-band base station antenna. Different numbers of linear arrays may be provided and the linear arrays may be positioned differently. Other types of linear arrays (e.g., linear arrays of high-band radiating elements such as radiating elements that transmit and receive signals in the 3.3-4.2 GHz frequency band or a portion thereof) may additionally or alternatively be included in the base station antenna 100. It will likewise be appreciated that the number of radiating elements included in each linear array may be varied, and/or that one or more of the linear arrays can be replaced with two dimensional planar arrays.
As shown in
As shown
Typically, the feed board assembly 180 may be somewhat complicated to manufacture and assemble. Each mid-band radiating element 170 includes two feed stalk printed circuit boards 172 and a dipole printed circuit board 174. Thus, the feed board assembly 180 includes a total of ten printed circuit boards, counting the feed board printed circuit board 182. Each printed circuit board has slots cut therein, and the printed circuit boards are assembled together and soldered in place. Each solder joint is tested for PIM distortion, and reworked if PIM distortion is present. Thus, the manufacturing process for each feed board assembly may be fairly involved.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to
As discussed above, pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, radiating elements are provided that are formed on a flexible substrate that may be simpler to manufacture than conventional radiating elements. The present invention also encompasses feed board assemblies that include such radiating elements, as well as base station antennas that include such feed board assemblies.
Referring to
The flexible substrate 220 may be mounted on the rigid support 210. As shown in
The flexible substrate 220 may comprise, for example, a flexible printed circuit board or a PET substrate with metallized patterns thereon. The flexible substrate 220 may include at least three layers, including a first metal layer 222, a second metal layer 226 and a dielectric layer 224 that is interposed between the first and second metal layers 222, 224. The flexible substrate 220 may replace the feed board printed circuit board 182, the feed stalk printed circuit boards 172, and the dipole printed circuit boards 174 that are included in the feed board assembly 180 of
Dipole radiators 230-1 and 230-2 form a first radiating element 270-1 and dipole radiators 230-3 and 230-4 form a second dual-polarized radiating element 270-2. The opposed ends of dipole radiator 230-1 define a first segment 238-1 that extends at an angle of +45° with respect to the horizon. The opposed ends of dipole radiator 230-2 define a second segment 238-2 that extends at an angle of −45° with respect to the horizon. The second segment 238-2 defines a first axis that intersects the first segment 238-1 at an angle of 90°. The first axis defined by the second segment 238-2 may also bisect the corresponding first segment 238-1 of the radiating element 270 (i.e., the first axis defined by the second dipole radiator 230-2 intersects a center of the first dipole radiator 230-1). As shown in
Radiating element 270-1 is positioned above radiating element 270-2 when the feed board assembly 200 is mounted for use in a base station antenna. As can best be seen in
Each dipole radiator 230 may, for example, comprise two dipole arms 232 that are each between ⅜ to ½ of a wavelength in length, where the “wavelength” refers to the wavelength in the middle of the operating frequency range of the mid-band radiating elements 270. The dipole radiators 230 may be mounted approximately ¼ of a wavelength forwardly from the reflector 130.
In addition to the dipole radiators 230, the first metal pattern 222 further includes metallized regions 234 that serve as the ground plane for microstrip transmission lines (discussed below). The metallized regions 234 may extend along the portions of the flexible substrate 220 that are on the lips 216, sidewalls 214 and front surface 212 of the rigid support 210. The metallized regions 234 may directly connect to the dipole arms 232 of the dipole radiators 230. The second metal pattern 226 may comprise metal traces 240 that extend opposite the ground plane formed by the metallized regions 234 of the first metal pattern 222. The metal traces 240, the ground plane formed in metallized regions 234 and the dielectric substrate 224 separating the first and second metal layers 222, 226 may form a pair of microstrip transmission lines 250-1, 250-2. Dielectric pads (not shown) may be disposed between the lips 216 and the reflector 130 in order to eliminate metal-to-metal contact between the reflector 130 and portions of the first metal pattern 222 of the flexible substrate 220.
As shown in
An RF signal that is carried on coaxial cable 260-1 will pass to the RF transmission line 252-1. At divider 244-1, the RF signal is divided into two sub-components that are passed to the RF transmission lines 254-1, 254-2. These sub-components traverse RF transmission lines 254-1, 254-2 and at the respective hook baluns 256 the sub-components couple to both dipole arms 232 of the respective dipole radiators 230-1 and 230-3, which may radiate the sub-components of the RF signal into free space.
As discussed above, the feed board assemblies 200 may be used to form a linear array (or a planar array) of radiating elements of a base station antenna. The feed board assemblies 200 may, in some embodiments, comprise a simple two piece structure that includes a rigid support 210 and a flexible substrate 220 that may replace the numerous elements included in conventional feed board assemblies (e.g., a feed board printed circuit board, multiple feed stalk printed circuit boards, and multiple dipole printed circuit boards). The number of feed assemblies 200 that are included in a given linear array may be determined based on, for example, a desired elevation beamwidth for the antenna beam formed by the linear array.
As noted above, any number of radiating elements 270 may be formed on the flexible substrate. For example,
The flexible substrate 420 may comprise, for example, a flexible printed circuit board. The flexible substrate 410 may include at least three layers, including a first metal layer 422, a second metal layer 426 and a dielectric layer 424 that is interposed between the first and second metal layers 422, 424. The first metal layer 422 may include a ground plane. The second metal layer 426 may include feed lines 440 and dual-polarized patch radiating elements 450. While not shown in
It will be appreciated that many changes may be made to the feed board assemblies 200 or 200′ without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the dipole radiators 230 in the depicted embodiments are directly fed by the RF transmission lines 254. In other embodiments, RF signals may be capacitively coupled between the RF transmission lines 254 and the dipole arms 232. As another example, it will be appreciated that the physical locations of the dipole radiators 230 may be varied from what is shown in the drawings. For example, the dipole radiators 230 having the same polarization (e.g., the +45° dipole radiators 230) need not be aligned along a vertical axis and/or the segments 238 defined by each −45° dipole radiator 230 and need not define an axis that bisects a corresponding +45° dipole radiator 230.
It will also be appreciated that a wide variety of flexible substrates may be used. Additionally, the coaxial cables may connect to the feed board assemblies at different locations than shown. It will also be appreciated that a wide variety of rigid support structures may be used, including rigid support structures having different shapes and/or rigid support structures formed of different materials. In some embodiments, the material used to form at least portions of the rigid support structure may be selected to improve the electrical transmission properties of the RF transmission lines formed on the flexible substrate.
As another example, different types of power dividers may be used including, for example, Wilkinson power dividers. Moreover, while the description above focuses on the case where mid-band radiating elements are implemented in the feed board assemblies, it will be appreciated that the same techniques may be used to implement low-band or high-band radiating elements simply by appropriately scaling the size of the dipole radiators and the distance that the dipole radiators are mounted forwardly of the reflector. It will be appreciated also that the dipole radiator designs may be changed as appropriate for different frequency bands.
It will also be appreciated that inductors and/or capacitors may be included along the RF transmission lines 254 for purposes of impedance matching the RF transmission lines 254 to the dipole radiators 230. The inductors may be implemented, for example, as meandering transmission line segments and the capacitors may be implemented as plate capacitors that are formed on the first and second metal patterns of the flexible substrate.
While the dipole radiators are implemented as solid dipole arms in the above described examples, embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. For example, when the feed board assemblies according to embodiments of the present invention are used to implement low-band radiating elements, it may be desirable to implement each dipole arm as a series of widened conductive segments that are connected by narrow high inductance meandering traces. This may facilitate rendering the low-band radiating elements relatively transparent to closely-located mid-band or high-band radiating elements.
The radiating elements, feedboard assemblies and base station antennas according to embodiments of the present invention may have various advantages as compared to conventional radiating elements, feedboard assemblies and base station antennas. For example, the radiating elements, feedboard assemblies and base station antennas according to embodiments of the present invention may significantly reduce the overall number of components included in a base station antenna, reducing assembly time and the overall cost of the antenna. Additionally, the radiating elements, feedboard assemblies and base station antennas disclosed herein may significantly reduce the number of soldering operations required to construct the antenna, which again reduces assembly time and costs, reduces the amount of PIM distortion testing necessary, and which may result in an improvement in the PIM distortion performance of the antenna. The radiating elements, feedboard assemblies and base station antennas according to embodiments of the present invention may also exhibit improved reliability.
Embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (i.e., “between” versus “directly between”, “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent”, etc.).
Relative terms such as “below” or “above” or “upper” or “lower” or “horizontal” or “vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, layer or region to another element, layer or region as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Aspects and elements of all of the embodiments disclosed above can be combined in any way and/or combination with aspects or elements of other embodiments to provide a plurality of additional embodiments.
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/753,101, filed Oct. 31, 2018, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2019/050552 | 9/11/2019 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62753101 | Oct 2018 | US |
