Patent Application
20230198029
This application claims priority from European Patent Application No. EP21306842.2, filed Dec. 17, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention concerns a fire safety arrangement for a battery. More particularly, but not exclusively, this invention concerns a fire safety arrangement for a metal ion battery, for example, a lithium ion battery.
Metal ion batteries, for example lithium ion batteries may be vulnerable to fires as a result of thermal runaway. Thermal runaway may occur when a fault within a battery causes an exothermic reaction, with the reaction rate increasing as temperature increases, to a point where the battery is increasing in temperature at a greater rate than the battery loses heat to its surroundings. The battery temperature will continue to rise, thereby causing the exothermic reaction rate to also increase. As thermal runaway occurs, gases are produced, and usually vented to the surroundings of the battery to prevent pressure increasing within the battery to a point where the battery casing ruptures. The gases may be flammable, for example methane, or ethylene dihydrogen. The decomposition of the battery during thermal runaway may also produce sparks, which can exit the battery via the same route as the gases, which may cause ignition of the gases, resulting in a fire and/or explosion
The present invention seeks to mitigate the above-mentioned problems. Alternatively or additionally, the present invention seeks to provide an improved battery safety arrangement.
The present invention provides a metal ion battery cell comprising a plurality of electrodes and an electrolyte encased within a housing, the housing comprising a safety valve or vent configured to allow gas build up within the housing to vent outside the housing, and a felt filter covering the safety valve or vent, such that gas may pass through the felt filter, but sparks are contained by the felt filter.
The felt filter prevents sparks generated by the battery cell during a thermal runaway, which pass through the safety valve, from igniting gases which may be proximate to the battery cell. Therefore, the chances of the gases igniting are reduced or eliminated.
The metal ion battery may be a lithium ion battery cell. The lithium ion battery cell may be a prismatic lithium ion battery cell. The lithium ion battery cell may be a cylindrical lithium ion battery cell. The lithium ion battery cell may be a pouch lithium ion battery cell.
The metal ion battery may be a sodium ion battery cell, a potassium ion battery cell, an aluminium ion battery cell, or a magnesium ion battery cell.
The felt filter may be secured to the housing by an adhesive. The felt filter may comprise an adhesive film or tape. The adhesive film or tape may be covered by a removable backing prior to installation on the lithium ion battery cell. The removable backing may be peeled off prior to installation of the felt filter on the metal ion battery cell. The housing may comprise an adhesive film or tape. The adhesive film or tape may comprise a removable backing prior to installation of the felt filter on the metal ion battery cell. The removable backing may be removed prior to installation of the felt filter on the metal ion battery cell. The felt filter may be secured to the housing by a mechanical fastener, such as one or more clips, screws, or bolts. The felt filter may be secured to the housing by a fabric strip, the fabric strip wrapped around the housing of the metal ion battery cell. The fabric strip may be permeable to gases passing through the felt filter. The fabric strip may act to prevent the passage of sparks through the fabric strip.
The felt filter may be in direct contact with the safety valve or vent. Alternatively, there may be some free space between the safety valve or vent and the felt filter, for example, the felt filter may be domed over the safety valve or vent. In either case, the felt filter surrounds and covers the safety valve or vent such that sparks may not pass through the felt filter to the outside environment. The felt filter may provide a flat surface covering the safety valve or vent. The felt filter may provide a curved, domed, fluted, or corrugated surface covering the safety valve or vent. The shape of the surface covering the safety valve or vent may influence the ability of the felt filter to trap sparks, and/or influence the breathability of the felt filter. As such, it may be optimised by a skilled person to provide the best results.
The felt filter may comprise a mineral wool, for example an alkaline earth silicate wool, alumino silicate wool, polycrystalline wool, or Kaowool®. The felt filter may comprise organic binders. The felt may be manufactured by matting, condensing, and/or pressing fibres together. The felt may be a non-woven material. The felt filter may be flexible and/or resiliently deformable. The felt filter may be relatively rigid compared to fabric materials. The felt filter may be heat resistant, for example up to 1260 degrees Celsius. The heat resistance will prevent the increased temperature of a battery cell during a thermal runaway event from damaging, for example igniting, the felt filter, and will ensure that the felt filter is still able to arrest sparks during the thermal runaway event.
The felt filter may have a thickness of between 1 mm to 50 mm. The felt filter may have a density chosen to allow gas to flow through at a rate which prevents backpressure at the safety valve or vent. The felt filter may have a density chosen to prevent sparks from passing through the felt filter. The felt filter may be easy to cut and shape, to allow easy application to the metal ion battery cell.
The safety valve may be a one way valve arranged to open at 0.9 MPa, or 0.9 MPa±0.2 MPa pressure within the metal ion battery cell, or any other opening pressure as conventionally used for safety valves for metal ion battery cells. The safety vent may provide an aperture though which excess gases may pass at atmospheric pressure. A fabric strip may be combined with the felt filter, such that both the fabric strip and felt filter act to allow the passage of gas from the safety valve or vent but contain sparks. The fabric strip may secure the felt filter in position, for example the fabric strip may wrap around the housing metal ion battery cell. The fabric strip may be elastically deformable, and stretched into position on the metal ion battery cell such that the felt filter is biased against the safety valve or vent. Such an arrangement may provide a simplified method of securing the felt filter in place. Such an arrangement may also allow easy replacement of the felt filter should the felt filter be damaged or worn over time.
According to a second aspect, the invention comprises a plurality of metal ion battery cells, each metal ion battery cell comprising a plurality of electrodes and an electrolyte encased within a housing, the housing comprising a safety valve or vent configured to allow gas build up within the housing to vent outside the housing, the plurality of metal ion battery cells arranged to form a cell stack, and a felt filter covering each of the safety valves or vents such that gas may pass through the felt filter, but sparks are contained by the felt filter. For example, the invention may comprise four lithium ion battery cells linked in series and forming a cell stack. The plurality of metal ion battery cells may be arranged such that the safety valves or vents are linearly aligned, such that a linear strip of felt filter extends to cover a plurality of safety valves. The plurality of metal ion battery cells may comprise a power module. The plurality of metal ion battery cells may comprise a battery pack. The battery pack may comprise one or more power modules.
According to a third aspect, the invention comprises a power module, the power module comprising a plurality of metal ion battery cells, the plurality of metal ion battery cells encased within a housing, the housing comprising a safety valve or vent configured to allow gas build up within the housing to vent outside the outing, and a felt filter covering the safety valve or vent such that gas may pass through the felt filter, but sparks are contained by the felt filter.
According to a fourth aspect, the invention comprises a battery pack, the battery pack comprising one or more power modules, each power module comprising a plurality of metal ion battery cells, the one or more power modules encased within a housing, the housing comprising a safety valve or vent configured to allow gas build up within the housing to vent outside the housing, and a felt filter covering the safety valve or vent such that gas may pass through the felt filter, but sparks are contained by the felt filter.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is also provided a method of manufacturing a metal ion battery cell according to the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: applying a felt filter to a metal ion battery cell, such that a safety valve or vent on the metal ion battery cell is covered by the felt filter.
It will of course be appreciated that features described in relation to one aspect of the present invention may be incorporated into other aspects of the present invention. For example, the method of the invention may incorporate any of the features described with reference to the apparatus of the invention and vice versa. As another example, any features described with reference to the first aspect of the invention may be incorporated into the second, third, fourth, or fifth aspects of the invention, and vice versa.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings of which:
Whilst the present invention has been described and illustrated with reference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention lends itself to many different variations not specifically illustrated herein. By way of example only, certain possible variations will now be described.
The lithium ion battery cell may be a cylindrical cell. The lithium ion battery cell may be a pouch cell. The invention may be applied to various other metal ion battery cells, in particular metal ion battery cells that potentially generate flammable gases.
In an alternative arrangement, the felt filter may be applied to cover a safety vent. The felt filter may be combined with a fabric band, for example the felt filter may be secured in position relative to the safety valve or vent by a fabric band wrapped around the housing of the lithium ion battery cell.
The felt filter may be applied to cover a safety valve or vent in a housing of a power module, the power module comprising a plurality of metal ion battery cells. The felt filter may be applied to cover a safety valve or vent in a housing of a battery pack, the battery pack comprising a plurality of metal ion battery cells. The battery pack may comprise one or more power modules, each power module comprising a plurality of metal ion battery cells.
Where in the foregoing description, integers or elements are mentioned which have known, obvious or foreseeable equivalents, then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. Reference should be made to the claims for determining the true scope of the present invention, which should be construed so as to encompass any such equivalents. It will also be appreciated by the reader that integers or features of the invention that are described as preferable, advantageous, convenient or the like are optional and do not limit the scope of the independent claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that such optional integers or features, whilst of possible benefit in some embodiments of the invention, may not be desirable, and may therefore be absent, in other embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21306842.2 | Dec 2021 | EP | regional |
