Patent Application
20050175877
This invention relates generally to battery system, and more specifically, to in-situ and on-time continuous regeneration of the anode and/or the cathode of the battery as the electrodes are discharged. This invention further relates to the method of recharging the battery system.
In the area of mobile electronics technology, there is an increasing demand for more compact, long-life, high energy density batteries. In this regard, there have been lots of researches working to meet the needs. For example, Li-ion battery is currently used for most mobile electronics, and there are extensive researches to improve the battery capabilities. However, because of the theoretical limitation of most secondary batteries, the energy density is low, and the lifetime of the battery still does not satisfy the need of power for mobile electronics. In addition, recharging the battery takes a long time.
In the area of transportation, there is also an increasing demand for more powerful, longer-lasting batteries for emission-free electrically powered vehicles owing to increasing environmental regulations for vehicles. In this regard, there are lots of researches working on hydrogen fuel cells and metal-air batteries. While hydrogen fuel cells are promising, there are still lots of technology challenges, such as methods of hydrogen storage and generation, cost of fuel cell electrodes and proton exchange membrane, etc. Metal-air batteries, in particular, zinc-air battery, also show great potential, because metal-air batteries have a high theoretical specific energy. However, many problems need to be solved for zinc-air battery to be used for transportation application. For example, among other issues as reviewed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,262, the methods of recharge of the spent anode still need to be improved in the aspect of convenience, durability, etc.
Separately, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,804,329 and 6,497,973 disclosed an invention of electroconversion cell using boron redox species, and such electrochemical cells are characterized by favorable features, among others, such as specific energy, recharge efficiency, safety. The patents claims an electrochemical storage medium comprising a carrier mixed with a borohydride compound, the borohydride compound being electrochemically oxidized to an oxidized boron-containing compound concurrent with the generation of an electric current, and the storage medium being in electrical contact with an electrode for carrying current generated during that oxidation. However, it is difficult for such electroconversion cell to achieve the concurrently generating electric current from electrochemical oxidation of borohydride compound. For this reason, this invention did not disclose a detailed effective method to achieve a desired electric current.
Further, the inventor also disclosed high energy density boride batteries in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,948,558 and 6,468,694. In the patents, reduced boron-containing compound is used as anode to yield an electric current when the reduced boron-containing compound being oxidized to oxidized boron-containing compound during battery discharge. This technology overcomes the difficulty in electroconversion of borohydride as anode material. However, the electroconversion is limited by the solubility of oxidized boron-compound during discharge. Therefore, although the reduced boron-containing compounds are high energy density materials used as anodic medium, the battery still cannot achieve high energy density because of low conversion. In these batteries, halogen compounds, in particular, fluoride, need to be used to increase the solubility of the oxidized boron-compound to achieve high conversion and electric current.
As discussed above, there still exist many technological challenges in prior arts for a battery and/or electric power system with a high energy density and longer lifetime, as well as fast and convenient recharging method. The current invention intends to provide a battery system with high energy density, limited volume, longer lifetime and with a safe, easily recharging methods for the battery system, as electric power sources for mobile electronics and transportation vehicles.
This invention discloses a battery system for producing electric current, and the battery system comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, a separator, a battery anode supplying compartment, and a battery cathode supplying compartment, in which the anode, or the cathode, or both the anode and the cathode are continuously regenerated in-situ and on-time for continuous function while the anode, or the cathode, or both the anode and the cathode are consumed during discharge that concurrently generate electric current. The regeneration of the anode is achieved by a supply of at least one reducing materials in contact with the anode, and the regeneration of the cathode is achieved by a supply of at least one oxidizing materials in contact with the cathode in the battery compartment.
This invention also discloses a metal-air storage battery system for producing electric current, and the metal-air storage battery system comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, a separator, and a battery anode supplying compartment, in which the anode is continuously regenerated in-situ and on-time for continuous function while the anode is consumed during discharge that concurrently generate electric current. The discharged anode is continuously regenerated in-situ and on-time by a supply of at least one reducing materials in the battery supplying compartment in contact with the anode. With use of high energy density reducing materials, the energy density of the metal-air battery is increased furthermore.
In one embodiment of this invention, the reducing materials and/or the oxidizing materials are mixed with electrolyte to provide ion conductivity in the battery.
Also in one embodiment of this invention, the anode and/or the cathode are placed in close proximity to reduce battery internal resistance, because the discharged anode and/or cathode are regenerated in-situ and on-time continuously.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the metal-air battery is a zinc-air battery, and the metal anode is zinc. The reducing materials are borohydrides and/or aluminum hydrides, such as sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, and potassium aluminum hydride. The reducing materials are mixed with electrolytes such as hydroxides, in particular sodium hydroxides and potassium hydroxides. The energy density of said reducing materials is higher than that of the metal anode. As a result, the battery system of this invention has a higher energy density than the original zinc-air battery. For example, sodium borohydride can reach a theoretical energy density of about 9300 Wh/Kg, as compared to zinc anode of a theoretical value of about 1300 Wh/Kg. Therefore, with use of reducing materials as borohydrides, the energy density of the battery is increased significantly for zinc-air battery.
In another embodiment of this invention, the anode materials of the metal-air battery system comprise at least one type of metal from Periodic Table Group VIII, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA; or alloys of the metals; or mixture of the metals, or a combination thereof; for example, metals such as Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Ag, Au, Ga, Sn, Pb, etc.
Further, in another embodiment of this invention, catalytic materials can be added to accelerate the reduction reaction at anode and/or oxidation reaction at cathode. Catalytic materials can be added in the form of supported materials on the anode and/or cathode surface, mixtures with the anode materials and/or cathode materials.
Also in one embodiment of this invention, the batteries can be connected in series, in parallel, or a combination thereof to create designed battery voltage and current density. The reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials are distributed into each cell compartments in the form of solutions.
The reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials are replaced in forms of continuous feed through and/or batch, using storage tank, cartridge, and/or other forms of supplying devices after these materials are consumed. This invention also discloses a supplying device for storing the reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials, wherein the reducing materials or the oxidizing materials, the electrolyte, or a combination thereof, are stored in the form of dry powder in their specific supplying devices. In addition, the reducing materials or the oxidizing materials can also be stored in the form of dry powder pre-mixed with dry powder of electrolyte, such as hydroxides. The supply devices have a gas relief device, a flexible and expandable volume setup, a liquid injection port, and an open-close gate.
When the battery needs recharging with the supplying device, the supplying device of this invention is inserted into the designed battery compartment, a designed amount of solvent is injected into the supplying device through the liquid injection port to turn the stored materials into solution, and the open-close gate is opened to allow the solution access to the anode and/or the cathode. A preferred solvent is water, and the solution is an aqueous solution. This invention reduces the carrying weight and volume of the battery recharging supplying device, increases the safety and convenience for supplying device carrying and handling, and may also increases the storage lifetime of reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials.
The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention.
In prior art, a battery comprises of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. During the battery discharge when the anode and the cathode is connected with a load externally, the anode transfers electrons to the cathode generating electric current with anode been oxidized electrochemically to oxidized species and cathode been reduced electrochemically to reduced species. As the discharge proceeds, the anode depletes to oxidized species, resulting not only a decrease in the amount of available anode materials for generating electric current, but also the formation of an oxidized layer that blocks the diffusion of anode species to electrolyte and increases the internal resistance of the battery. Both of these effects decrease the output electric power of the battery.
Specifically in prior art, a metal-air battery comprises of a metal anode, an air cathode, and electrolyte. In the process of discharge, the metal anode transfers electrons through an external circuit to the air cathode generating electric current, and simultaneously the metal anode is electrochemically oxidized to form oxidized species, such as hydroxide and/or oxide, on the surface of the anode. In the mean time, oxygen is reduced to form hydroxyl group in combination with water on the cathode.
The voltage of the battery is determined by the two half electrode reactions.
For zinc-air battery,
Anode Zn→Zn2++2e−1.25 V
(Zn2++2OH−→Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2→ZnO+H2O)
Cathode ½O2+H2O+2e→2 OH−0.40 V
For the overall reaction,
Zn+½O2+H2O→Zn(OH)2
The overall voltage of zinc-air battery is 1.65 V.
The change of Standard Gibbs Free Energy is −317 kJ/mol, with two moles of electrons transfer. In this electroconversion, the theoretical total voltage is calculated to be 1.65 V, according to Faraday equation (delta G)=n·F·E, wherein, n is number of electrons in the equation, F is Faraday constant 96500 C/mol, and E is the total voltage of the overall reaction. This reaction also generates a heat of 359 kJ/mol, based on the change of Standard Enthalpy.
On the anode, the oxidized species, in the form of hydroxide and/or oxide, stays on the surface of the anode, thereby creating a barrier for further electrochemical reaction. This barrier also increases the internal resistance of the battery. Specifically for zinc-air battery, during battery discharge, zinc anode transfers electrons through an external circuit to air cathode generating electric current, and simultaneously, zinc is electrochemically oxidized into oxidized species, such as zinc hydroxide and/or zinc oxide. These oxidized zinc species usually stays on the surface of zinc anode, thereby creating a barrier for further electrochemical reaction and increasing the internal resistance. Accordingly, as the battery internal resistance increases, the output voltage and current of the battery decrease.
This invention improves the battery technology in many ways, especially in the aspects of energy density of the battery, extended battery lifetime, high battery output current, and convenience of recharging a battery.
In one aspect of this invention, in addition to the battery technology of prior art wherein the battery comprises of an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, and a separator, one or more than one supplying compartments are built into the battery system to provide reducing materials in contact with the anode, and/or to provide oxidizing materials in contact with the cathode, and the anode and the reducing materials are separated with the cathode and the oxidizing materials by a selective membrane separator. The selective membrane allows only certain ions to transfer through, but not the reducing materials and oxidizing materials to transfer through. According to this invention, during the battery discharge process, in which the anode transfers electrons to the cathode with the anode being oxidized to form oxidized species and the cathode being reduced to form reduced species, the reducing materials in contact with the anode consequently reduce the oxidized anode species back to its reduced form in-situ and on-time, and/or the oxidizing materials in contact with the cathode consequently oxidize the reduced cathode species back to its oxidized form in-situ and on-time. As a result, the regenerated anode and/or cathode can continue to generate electric current and power. One benefit of this invention is that the energy density of the battery is increased significantly when a reducing material with higher energy density than the anode is used, and/or a oxidizing material with higher energy density than the cathode is used.
Another additional benefit of this invention is that the oxidized anode species and/or reduced cathode species are removed from blocking mass transfer and increasing internal resistance by the regeneration process, therefore the output electric current is maintained at its maximum level.
Compared to using reducing materials directly as anode, and/or using oxidizing materials directly as cathode for a battery in which very specific electrode catalysts are needed to catalyze the electrochemical conversion and the electrode catalysts are required to be very active to facilitate instantaneous power draw from external loads, the technology in this invention will facilitate an instantaneous power draw by the role of the original anode and original cathode, with the discharged anode and/or cathode been regenerated subsequently. Additionally, the chemical reduction at anode and chemical oxidation at cathode do not necessarily need to have very specific electrode catalysts. Although adding catalytic materials to accelerate the chemical reduction at anode and/or the chemical oxidation at cathode is beneficial for the battery in this invention.
In another aspect of this invention, a supplying compartment providing reducing materials is added to a metal-air battery, and the metal anode and the reducing materials are separated with the air cathode by a selective membrane. The selective membrane only allows certain ions to transfer through, but not the reducing materials to transfer through. According to this invention, during the discharge process of a metal-air battery, in which the metal anode transfers electrons to air cathode with the metal anode being oxidized to form oxidized species, the reducing materials in contact with the anode subsequently reduce the oxidized anode species back to its reduced form in-situ and on-time. At cathode, air from environment continuously supplies to an electrode catalyst. As a result, the regenerated anode continues to generate electric current and power. One benefit of this invention is that, with use of high energy density reducing materials, the energy density of the metal-air battery is increased accordingly. Another benefit of this invention is that the oxidized anode species, such as metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide, are removed from blocking mass transfer and increasing internal resistance by continuous in-situ and on-time reduction. As a result, the electric current output is maintained at its maximum level.
Furthermore, compared to using reducing materials directly as anode in which very specific electrode catalysts are used to catalyze the electrochemical conversion and the electrode catalysts are required to be very active to facilitate instantaneous power draw from loads, the technology in this invention will facilitate the instantaneous power draw by the role of original metal anode and air cathode. Additionally, the chemical reduction at anode does not necessarily need to have very specific electrode catalysts. Although adding catalytic materials to accelerate the chemical reduction at anode is beneficial for the battery in this invention.
In an embodiment of this invention, the reaction of the supplying reducing materials with the oxidized species of the anode should be favorable in terms of Gibbs Free Energy change and Enthalpy change at normal battery operation conditions. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of this invention, for zinc-air battery system wherein zinc metal is used as anode, borohydrides, such as sodium borohydride, are used as reducing materials.
In prior art of metal-air battery such as zinc-air battery, metal anode, such as zinc anode, is manufactured in fine powders to increase the surface area and decrease the bulk percentage in the anode. In addition, the electrolyte composes an alkaline solution of a high concentration, in particular potassium hydroxide at about 35% w/w, to assist dissolving and removing the surface layer of oxidized zinc species, such as zinc hydroxides and/or zinc oxide. These approaches are to solve the problems resulted from the formation of a layer of oxidized anode species, which are zinc hydroxide and/or zinc oxide.
According to this invention, for zinc-air battery, the reducing material used should be reactive to reduce the zinc hydroxides and/or zinc oxides to zinc or partially reduced zinc species. Borohydrides, such as sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, are suitable reducing materials, for which the Gibbs Free Energy change of the reduction reaction is favored. Aluminum hydrides, such as lithium aluminum hydride, can also be used as reducing materials for zinc-air storage battery.
Sodium borohydride is suitable for use in metal anode reduction, specifically for zinc-air battery. From thermodynamics point of view, the reduction reaction of sodium borohydride with a possible oxidized zinc species, for example, Zn(OH)2, is favorable at a common battery operating temperature, such as 50 C.
4 Zn(OH)2+NaBH4→4 Zn+NaBO2+6 H2O
The change of Gibbs Free Energy for the reaction is about −4 kJ/mol.
In this invention, the oxidized metal anode species is reduced in-situ and on-time, and accordingly the layer of oxidized species, for example, metal hydroxides and/or metal oxides, is reduced and removed right after it is formed. And the reduced anode species can continue to transfer electrons to the cathode. Therefore, in a metal-air battery system of this invention, the anode does not need to be in high quantity as a metal-air battery of prior art. Further, the anode does not necessarily be manufactured in the form of fine powder to enhance electroconversion and decrease internal resistance as a metal-air battery of prior art. In this aspect, the anode can be manufactured in rigid form to suit for various applications.
In another embodiment of this invention, the metal anode materials of metal-air battery system can be from Periodic Table Group VIII, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB, Group IIIA, Group IVA, and Group VA, for example, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn, Pb, Sb, etc.
Further, in another embodiment of this invention, mixture of metals can also be used as anode materials in the metal-air battery system. The mixture of metals can be metals from Group VIII, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, for example, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Ag, Au, Ga, Sn, Pb, etc. The said mixture of metals refers to homogeneous mixture of metals and/or inhomogeneous mixture of metals, such as heterogeneous mixture, doped metals, and other forms of materials with more than one metal species.
Further, in another embodiment of this invention, alloy metal materials can also be used as anode materials in the metal-air battery system. The alloy metal materials can be metals from Group VIII, Group IB, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB, Group IIIA, Group IVA, and Group VA, for example, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Ag, Au, Ga, Sn, Pb, etc.
Further, in another embodiment of this invention, the anode can be a combination of above mentioned metals, mixture of metals, alloy metal materials.
Further, in another embodiment of this invention, catalytic materials can be added to accelerate the reduction reaction at anode and/or oxidation reaction at cathode. Catalytic materials can be added in the form of supported materials on the anode and/or cathode surface, homogeneous and/or heterogeneous mixtures with the anode materials and/or cathode materials.
Again in prior art of battery technology, electrolyte is used to assist transfer of ions in the battery. In prior art of metal-air battery, electrolyte, specifically an alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide, is used.
In an embodiment of this invention, the electrolyte is also used to assist transfer of ions in the battery. The reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials are mixed with electrolyte in the battery compartment. Further, since the reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials usually are reactive in operation conditions and/or storing conditions, stabilizing materials usually are needed to add into the said reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials to extend the storage lifetime of said materials.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, borohydrides, such as sodium borohydride, used as reducing materials for metal-air battery system, such as zinc-air battery, are stable at high pH conditions, and therefore, alkaline hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, are added to the borohydrides to stabilize the reducing materials and to act as electrolyte for the battery.
In another embodiment of this invention, the anode and the reducing materials are separated with the cathode and/or oxidizing materials by a selective semi-permeable membrane, and said semi-permeable membrane is permeable for certain ions in solution, especially, those ions that do not react with the anode and/or cathode.
Specifically in metal-air battery, such as zinc-air battery, the semi-permeable membrane is permeable for ions, such as hydroxyls, alkaline metal ions, but is impermeable for ions responsible for reducing potential, such as borohydride ions, aluminum hydride ions.
The batteries constructed with this invention can be connected in series, in parallel, or a combination thereof. The anode and the cathode in the batteries are connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of thereof, to achieve the designed voltage and current for applications. Within the connected batteries, the reducing materials and/or the oxidizing materials are separated by the walls of each battery cell compartment.
In prior art for recharging a battery, a secondary battery is used wherein an anode is reduced to reduced form by electrochemical reduction and/or a cathode is oxidized to oxidized form by electrochemical oxidization with a supply of external electric power through the electrodes. This recharging process usually takes a long time for the battery being fully recharged. In this aspect, Lead-Acid batteries and Nickel-Cadmium batteries are such secondary batteries with the electrochemical recharging process.
An alternative recharging method is to supply the battery with new anode and/or new cathode materials. In this aspect, zinc anode is usually replaced for recharging zinc-air battery.
Similarly in a fuel cell, fresh fuel is supplied to the electrochemical cell in the form of continuous feed or batches. In this aspect, hydrogen fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cell use this approach for recharging the electrochemical cell.
In a metal-air storage battery of this invention, wherein the anode is continuously regenerated in-situ and on-time for continuous function with a supply of at least one type of reducing materials in the battery supplying compartment in contact with the anode, and said reducing materials in the battery supplying compartment are mixed with electrolyte and/or stabilizing materials and are in the form of solution. However, solution is usually heavy in weight, large in volume, and difficult to handle such as carrying.
In this invention, reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials can also be first prepared in the form of dry powers, and stored in their specific supplying devices. The reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials are pre-mixed with dry powder of an electrolyte material, such as hydroxides, and if necessary with a stabilizing material for these materials. The supply device has a gas relief device, a flexible and expandable volume setup, a liquid injection port, and an open-close gate.
When the battery needs recharging with the supplying device, the supplying device of this invention is inserted into the battery compartment, a designed amount of solvent, for example, water is injected into the supplying device through the liquid injection port to turn the stored materials into a solution, and the open-close gate is opened to allow the solution access to the anode and/or the cathode.
The benefit of this invention is that the method disclosed in this invention reduces significantly the carrying weight and volume of the battery recharging supplying device, and increases the safety and convenience for supplying device carrying and handling. The storing method disclosed in this invention may also increase the storage lifetime of the reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials.
In an embodiment of this invention, the recharging reducing materials, such as sodium borohydride and potassium borohydride, are prepared as a mixture of dry powders with electrolytes, such as alkaline hydroxides, e.g., sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The appropriate composition of borohydrides with alkaline hydroxides in the mixture is in the range of 10.00% to 99.99% in weight percentage. The preferred composition of reducing materials in the mixture is in the range of 60.00% to 99.90% in weight percentage. The preferred electrolytes are hydroxides, for example, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
In another embodiment of this invention, since the dry powders of reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials have much smaller volume than the solution form at usage, the storage device can be made in a small yet flexible and expandable container. Before the solvent is added to the reducing materials and/or oxidizing materials for usage, the container is compressed in a small volume. In this storage form, carrying the recharging device is convenient and safe. The recharging device also has a much lower weight and/or lower volume than the one with solution. Further, because the reducing materials, such as borohydrides, are usually more stable in the dry powder form, the recharging method of this invention increases significantly the storage lifetime of recharging device.
In one embodiment of this invention, the preferred solvent is water, and the solution is an aqueous solution.
For recharging the battery system of this invention, the user can add water, which is readily available, into the storage device through the injection port to dissolve the reducing materials into aqueous solution. The supplying device is then inserted into the designed battery compartment, and the aqueous solution is ready for function when the open-close gate is open to allow the aqueous solution in contact with the anode.
The principles, concepts, and operations of the battery system according to this invention may be better understood with references to the figures and accompanying descriptions.
The following examples demonstrate the improved features of the battery system disclosed in this invention. In a zinc-air battery, the in-situ and on-time continuous regeneration of zinc anode with reducing materials, for example, sodium borohydride, provides continuous generation of electric current. Further, the electric current generated from the in-situ and on-time anode regeneration is maintained at a level similar to the electric current generated from a fresh zinc-air battery. The examples are given solely for the illustration purposes and are not to be construed as a limitation of the present invention.
A regular zinc-air battery is tested as a base case. In the zinc-air battery used, the zinc anode is a piece of zinc metal with an area of about 4 cm2, and the cathode is an air electrode with an area of about 2 cm2. The air electrode catalyst is MnO2 supported on carbon. The electrolyte used in the test is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with concentration of about 3 wt. %.
The open circuit voltage is measured to be about 1.6 V, which is close to the value of zinc-air battery. When the anode and cathode is electrically connected with a load of 1 ohm, the electric current density started to be about 100 mA/cm2 of anode, and decreased gradually to about 15 mA/cm2, and kept decreasing slowly. This data shows that the zinc anode surface is oxidized to form oxidized species, such as zinc hydroxide and/or zinc oxide, during battery discharge. This result is in general agreement with the behavior of commercial zinc-air battery.
The zinc-air battery used in this example is similar to that used in Example 1 with the same zinc anode and air electrode. In this battery, a 30.0 wt. % sodium borohydride and 3.0 wt. % sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is used as reducing material and electrolyte.
The open circuit voltage is measure to be about 1.6 V, which is close to the value of zinc-air battery. When the anode and cathode is electrically connected with a load, the electric current density started to be about 200 mA/cm2 of anode, and decrease gradually to about 50 mA/cm2, and is stable at this value. As compared to the result in Example 1, the result in Example 2 shows that the reducing material starts to regenerate the anode, thereby regenerating and removing the oxidized species, and allowing the anode to continue to generate electric current. The stable electric current density is higher than that of regular zinc-air battery. The lifetime of the battery with reducing materials is extended to a much longer time.
Having thus described the invention, it should be apparent that numerous modifications and adaptations may be resorted to without departing from the scope and fair meaning of the instant invention as set forth hereinabove and as described herein by the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60543798 | Feb 2004 | US |
