Bearer channel modification system for a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally pertains to Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communications, also known as spread-spectrum communications. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a system and method for providing a high capacity, CDMA communications system which provides for one or more simultaneous user bearer channels over a given radio frequency, allowing dynamic allocation of bearer channel rate while rejecting multipath interference.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELEVANT ART

Providing quality telecommunication services to user groups which are classified as remote, such as rural telephone systems and telephone systems in underdeveloped countries, has proved to be a challenge in recent years. These needs have been partially satisfied by wireless radio services, such as fixed or mobile frequency division multiplex (FDM), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiplex (TDM), time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, combination frequency and time division systems (FD/TDMA), and other land mobile radio systems. Usually, these remote services are faced with more potential users than can be supported simultaneously by their frequency or spectral bandwidth capacity.

Recognizing these limitations, recent advances in wireless communications have used spread spectrum modulation techniques to provide simultaneous communication by multiple users. Spread spectrum modulation refers to modulating a information signal with a spreading code signal; the spreading code signal being generated by a code generator where the period Tc of the spreading code is substantially less than the period of the information data bit or symbol signal. The code may modulate the carrier frequency upon which the information has been sent, called frequency-hopped spreading, or may directly modulate the signal by multiplying the spreading code with the information data signal, called direct-sequence spreading (DS). Spread-spectrum modulation produces a signal with bandwidth substantially greater than that required to transmit the information signal. Synchronous reception and despreading of the signal at the receiver recovers the original information. A synchronous demodulator in the receiver uses a reference signal to synchronize the despreading circuits to the input spread-spectrum modulated signal to recover the carrier and information signals. The reference signal can be a spreading code which is not modulated by an information signal. Such use of a synchronous spread-spectrum modulation and demodulation for wireless communication is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,056 entitled SYNCHRONOUS SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND METHOD by Donald L. Schilling, which techniques are incorporated herein by reference.

Spread-spectrum modulation in wireless networks offers many advantages because multiple users may use the same frequency band with minimal interference to each user's receiver. Spread-spectrum modulation also reduces effects from other sources of interference. In addition, synchronous spread-spectrum modulation and demodulation techniques may be expanded by providing multiple message channels for a single user, each spread with a different spreading code, while still transmitting only a single reference signal to the user. Such use of multiple message channels modulated by a family of spreading codes synchronized to a pilot spreading code for wireless communication is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,951 entitled HIGH CAPACITY SPREAD-SPECTRUM CHANNEL by Donald L. Schilling, which is incorporated herein by reference.

One area in which spread-spectrum techniques are used is in the field of mobile cellular communications to provide personal communication services (PCS). Such systems desirably support large numbers of users, control Doppler shift and fade, and provide high speed digital data signals with low bit error rates. These systems employ a family of orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal spreading codes, with a pilot spreading code sequence synchronized to the family of codes. Each user is assigned one of the spreading codes as a spreading function. Related problems of such a system are: supporting a large number of users with the orthogonal codes, handling reduced power available to remote units,-and handling multipath fading effects. Solutions to such problems include using phased-array antennas to generate multiple steerable beams, using very long orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal code sequences. These sequences may be reused by cyclic shifting of the code synchronized to a central reference, and diversity combining of multipath signals. Such problems associated with spread spectrum communications, and methods to increase capacity of a multiple access, spread-spectrum system are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 entitled SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS by Gilhousen et al. which is incorporated herein by reference.

The problems associated with the prior art systems focus around reliable reception and synchronization of the receiver despreading circuits to the received signal. The presence of multipath fading introduces a particular problem with spread spectrum receivers in that a receiver must somehow track the multipath components to maintain code-phase lock of the receiver's despreading means with the input signal. Prior art receivers generally track only one or two of the multipath signals, but this method is not satisfactory because the combined group of low power multipath signal components may actually contain far more power than the one or two strongest multipath components. The prior art receivers track and combine the strongest components to maintain a predetermined Bit Error Rate (BER) of the receiver. Such a receiver is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,390 entitled DIVERSITY RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM by Gilhousen et al. A receiver that combines all multipath components, however, is able to maintain the desired BER with a signal power that is lower than that of prior art systems because more signal power is available to the receiver. Consequently, there is a need for a spread spectrum communication system employing a receiver that tracks substantially all of the multipath signal components, so that substantially all multipath signals may be combined in the receiver, and hence the required transmit power of the signal for a given BER may be reduced.

Another problem associated with multiple access, spread-spectrum communication systems is the need to reduce the total transmitted power of users in the system, since users may have limited available power. An associated problem requiring power control in spread-spectrum systems is related to the inherent characteristic of spread-spectrum systems that one user's spread-spectrum signal is received by another user's receiver as noise with a certain power level. Consequently, users transmitting with high levels of signal power may interfere with other users' reception. Also, if a user moves relative to another user's geographic location, signal fading and distortion require that the users adjust their transmit power level to maintain a particular signal quality. At the same time, the system should keep the power that the base station receives from all users relatively constant. Finally, because it is possible for the spread-spectrum system to have more remote users than can be supported simultaneously, the power control system should also employ a capacity management method which rejects additional users when the maximum system power level is reached.

Prior spread-spectrum systems have employed a base station that measures a received signal and sends an adaptive power control (APC) signal to the remote users. Remote users include a transmitter with an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit which responds to the APC signal. In such systems the base station monitors the overall system power or the power received from each user, and sets the APC signal accordingly. Such a spread-spectrum power control system and method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,226 entitled ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL FOR A SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,840 entitled ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL FOR A SPREAD SPECTRUM TRANSMITTER, both by Donald L. Schilling and incorporated herein by reference. This open loop system performance may be improved by including a measurement of the signal power received by the remote user from the base station, and transmitting an APC signal back to the base station to effectuate a closed loop power control method. Such closed loop power control is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,225 entitled HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE CLOSED LOOP AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL CIRCUIT to Charles E. Wheatley, III et al. and incorporated herein by reference.

These power control systems, however, exhibit several disadvantages. First, the base station must perform complex power control algorithms, increasing the amount of processing in the base station. Second, the system actually experiences several types of power variation: variation in the noise power caused by the variation in the number of users and variations in the received signal power of a particular bearer channel. These variations occur with different frequency, so simple power control algorithms can be optimized to compensate for only one of the two types of variation. Finally, these power algorithms tend to drive the overall system power to a relatively high level. Consequently, there is a need for a spread-spectrum power control method that rapidly responds to changes in bearer channel power levels, while simultaneously making adjustments to all users' transmit power in response to changes in the number of users. Also, there is a need for an improved spread-spectrum communication system employing a closed loop power control system which minimizes the system's overall power requirements while maintaining a sufficient BER at the individual remote receivers. In addition, such a system should control the initial transmit power level of a remote user and manage total system capacity.

Spread-spectrum communication systems desirably should support large numbers of users, each of which has at least one communication channel. In addition, such a system should provide multiple generic information channels to broadcast information to all users and to enable users to gain access to the system. Using prior art spread-spectrum systems this could only be accomplished by generating large numbers of spreading code sequences.

Further, spread-spectrum systems should use sequences that are orthogonal or nearly orthogonal to reduce the probability that a receiver locks to the wrong spreading code sequence or phase. The use of such orthogonal codes and the benefits arising therefrom are outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459 entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM, by Gilhousen et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,094 entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING SUPER-ORTHOGONAL CONVOLUTIONAL CODES AND THE DECODING THEREOF, by Andrew J. Viterbi, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, generating such large families of code sequences with such properties is difficult. Also, generating large code families requires generating sequences which have a long period before repetition- Consequently, the time a receiver takes to achieve synchronization with such a long sequence is increased. Prior art spreading code generators often combine shorter sequences to make longer sequences, but such sequences may no longer be sufficiently orthogonal. Therefore, there is a need for an improved method for reliably generating large families of code sequences that exhibit nearly orthogonal characteristics and have a long period before repetition, but also include the benefit of a short code sequence that reduces the time to acquire and lock the receiver to the correct code phase. In addition, the code generation method should allow generation of codes with any period, since the spreading code period is often determined by parameters used such as data rate or frame size.

Another desirable characteristic of spreading code sequences is that the transition of the user data value occur at a transition of the code sequence values. Since data typically has a period which is divisible by 2

N

, such a characteristic usually requires the code-sequence to be an even length of 2

N

. However, code generators, as is well known in the art, generally use linear feedback shift registers which generate codes of length 2

N

−1. Some generators include a method to augment the generated code sequence by inserting an additional code value, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,054 entitled POWER-OF-TWO LENGTH PSEUDONOISE SEQUENCE GENERATOR WITH FAST OFFSET ADJUSTMENT by Timothy Rueth et al and incorporated herein by reference. Consequently, the spread-spectrum communication system should also generate spreading code sequences of even length.

Finally, the spread-spectrum communication system should be able to handle many different types of data, such as FAX, voiceband data, and ISDN, in addition to traditional voice traffic. To increase the number of users supported, many systems employ encoding techniques such as ADPCM to achieve “compression” of the digital telephone signal. FAX, ISDN and other data, however, require the channel to be a clear channel. Consequently, there is a need for a spread spectrum communication system that supports compression techniques that also dynamically modify the spread spectrum bearer channel between an encoded channel and a clear channel in response to the type of information contained in the user's signal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is embodied in a multiple access, spread-spectrum communication system which processes a plurality of information signals received simultaneously over telecommunication lines for simultaneous transmission over a radio frequency (RF) channel as a code-division-multiplexed (CDM) signal. The system includes a radio carrier station (RCS) which receives a call request signal that corresponds to a telecommunication line information signal, and a user identification signal that identifies a user to which the call request and information signal are addressed. The receiving apparatus is coupled to a plurality of code division multiple access (CDMA) modems, one of which provides a global pilot code signal and a plurality of message code signals, and each of the CDMA modems combines one of the plurality of information signals with its respective message code signal to provide a spread-spectrum processed signal. The plurality of message code signals of the plurality of CDMA modems are synchronized to the global pilot code signal. The system also includes assignment apparatus that is responsive to a channel assignment signal for coupling the respective information signals received on the telecommunication lines to indicated ones of the plurality of modems; The assignment apparatus is coupled to a time-slot exchange means. The system further includes a system channel controller coupled to a remote call-processor and to the time-slot exchange means. The system channel controller is responsive to the user identification signal, to provide the channel assignment signal. In the system, an RF transmitter is connected to all of the modems to combine the plurality of spread-spectrum processed message signals with the global pilot code signal to generate a CDM signal. The RF transmitter also modulates a carrier signal with the CDM signal and transmits the modulated carrier signal through an RF communication channel.

The transmitted CDM signal is received from the RF communication channel by a subscriber unit (SU) which processes and reconstructs the transmitted information signal assigned to the subscriber. The SU includes a receiving means for receiving and demodulating the CDM signal from the carrier. In addition, the SU comprises a subscriber unit controller and a CDMA modem which includes a processing means for acquiring the global pilot code and despreading the spread-spectrum processed signal to reconstruct the transmitted information signal.

The RCS and the SUs each contain CDMA modems for transmission and reception of telecommunication signals including information signals and connection control signals. The CDMA modem comprises a modem transmitter having: a code generator for providing an associated pilot code signal and for generating a plurality of message code signals; a spreading means for combining each of the information signals, with a respective one of the message code signals to generate spread-spectrum processed message signals; and a global pilot code generator which provides a global pilot code signal to which the message code signals are synchronized.

The CDMA modem also comprises a modem receiver having associated pilot code acquisition and tracking logic. The associated pilot code acquisition logic includes an associated pilot code generator; a group of associated pilot code correlators for correlating code-phase delayed versions of the associated pilot signal with a receive CDM signal for producing a despread associated pilot signal. The code phase of the associated pilot signal is changed responsive to an acquisition signal value until a detector indicates the presence of the despread associated pilot code signal by changing the acquisition signal value. The associated pilot code signal is synchronized to the global pilot signal. The associated pilot code tracking logic adjusts the associated pilot code signal in phase responsive to the acquisition signal so that the signal power level of the despread associated pilot code signal is maximized. Finally, the CDMA modem receiver includes a group of message signal acquisition circuits. Each message signal acquisition circuit includes a plurality of receive message signal correlators for correlating one of the local receive message code signals with the CDM signal to produce a respective despread receive message signal.

To generate large families of nearly mutually orthogonal codes used by the CDMA modems, the present invention includes a code sequence generator. The code sequences are assigned to a respective logical channel of the spread-spectrum communication system, which includes In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) transmission over RF communication channels. One set of sequences is used as pilot sequences which are code sequences transmitted without modulation by a data signal. The code sequence generator circuit includes a long code sequence generator including a linear feedback shift register, a memory which provides a short, even code sequence, and a plurality of cyclic shift, feedforward sections which provide other members of the code family which exhibit minimal correlation with the code sequence applied to the feedforward circuit. The code sequence generator further includes a group of code sequence combiners for combining each phase shifted version of the long code sequence with the short, even code sequence to produce a group, or family, of nearly mutually orthogonal codes.

Further, the present invention includes several methods for efficient utilization of the spread-spectrum channels. First, the system includes a bearer channel modification system which comprises a group of message channels between a first transceiver and second transceiver. Each of the group of message channels supports a different information signal transmission rate. The first transceiver monitors a received information signal to determine the type of information signal that is received, and produces a coding signal relating to the coding signal. If a certain type of information signal is present, the first transceiver switches transmission from a first message channel to a second message channel to support the different transmission rate. The coding signal is transmitted by the first transceiver to the second transceiver, and the second transceiver switches to the second message channel to receive the information signal at a different transmission rate.

Another method to increase efficient utilization of the bearer message channels is the method of idle-code suppression used by the present invention. The spread-spectrum transceiver receives a digital data information signal including a predetermined flag pattern corresponding to an idle period. The method includes the steps of: 1) delaying and monitoring the digital data signal; 2) detecting the predetermined flag pattern; 3) suspending transmission of the digital data signal when the flag pattern is detected; and 4) transmitting the data signal as a spread-spectrum signal when the flag pattern is not detected.

The present invention includes a system and method for closed loop automatic power control (APC) for the RCS and SUs of the spread-spectrum communication system. The SUs transmit spread-spectrum signals, the RCS acquires the spread-spectrum signals, and the RCS detects the received power level of the spread-spectrum signals plus any interfering signal including noise. The APC system includes the RCS and a plurality of SUs, wherein the RCS transmits a plurality of forward channel information signals to the SUs as a plurality of forward channel spread-spectrum signals having a respective forward transmit power level, and each SU transmits to the base station at least one reverse spread-spectrum signal having a respective reverse transmit power level and at least one reverse channel spread-spectrum signal which includes a reverse channel information signal.

The APC includes an automatic forward power control (AFPC) system, and an automatic reverse power control (ARPC) system. The AFPC system operates by measuring, at the SU, a forward signal-to-noise ratio of the respective forward channel information signal, generating a respective forward channel error signal corresponding to a forward error between the respective forward signal-to-noise ratio and a pre-determined signal-to-noise value, and transmitting the respective forward channel error signal as part of a respective reverse channel information signal from the SU to the RCS. The RCS includes a plural number of AFPC receivers for receiving the reverse channel information signals and extracting the forward channel error signals from the respective reverse channel information signals. The RCU also adjusts the respective forward transmit power level of each one of the respective forward spread-spectrum signals responsive to the respective forward error signal.

The ARPC system operates by measuring, in the RCS, a reverse signal-to-noise ratio of each of the respective reverse channel information signals, generating a respective reverse channel error signal representing an error between the respective reverse channel signal-to-noise ratio and a respective pre-determined signal-to-noise value, and transmitting the respective reverse channel error signal as a part of a respective forward channel information signal to the SU. Each SU includes an ARPC receiver for receiving the forward channel information signal and extracting the respective reverse error signal from the forward channel information signal. The SU adjusts the reverse transmit power level of the respective reverse spread-spectrum signal responsive to the respective reverse error signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

is a block diagram of a code division multiple access communication system according to the present invention.

FIG. 2

a

is a block diagram of a

36

stage linear shift register suitable for use with long spreading code of the code generator of the present invention.

FIG. 2

b

is a block diagram of circuitry which illustrates the feed-forward operation of the code generator.

FIG. 2

c

is a block diagram of an exemplary code generator of the present invention including circuitry for generating spreading code sequences from the long spreading codes and the short spreading codes.

FIG. 2

d

is an alternate embodiment of the code generator circuit including delay elements to compensate for electrical circuit delays.

FIG. 3

a

is a graph of the constellation points of the pilot spreading code QPSK signal.

FIG. 3

b

is a graph of the constellation points of the message channel QPSK signal.

FIG. 3

c

is a block diagram of exemplary circuitry which implements the method of tracking the received spreading code phase of the present invention.

FIG. 4

is a block diagram of the tracking circuit that tracks the median of the received multipath signal components.

FIG. 5

a

is a block diagram of the tracking circuit that tracks the centroid of the received multipath signal components.

FIG. 5

b

is a block diagram of the Adaptive Vector Correlator.

FIG. 6

is a block diagram of exemplary circuitry which implements the acquisition decision method of the correct spreading code phase of the received pilot code of the present invention.

FIG. 7

is a block diagram of an exemplary pilot rake filter which includes the tracking circuit and digital phase locked loop for despreading the pilot spreading code, and generator of the weighting factors of the present invention.

FIG. 8

a

is a block diagram of an exemplary adaptive vector correlator and matched filter for despreading and combining the multipath components of the present invention.

FIG. 8

b

is a block diagram of an alternative implementation of the adaptive vector correlator and adaptive matched filter for despreading and combining the multipath components of the present invention.

FIG. 8

c

is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the adaptive vector correlator and adaptive matched filter for despreading and combining the multipath components of the present invention.

FIG. 8

d

is a block diagram of the Adaptive Matched Filter of one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9

is a block diagram of the elements of an exemplary radio carrier station (RCS) of the present invention.

FIG. 10

is a block diagram of the elements of an exemplary multiplexer suitable for use in the RCS shown in FIG.

9

.

FIG. 11

is a block diagram of the elements of an exemplary wireless access controller (WAC) of the RCS shown in FIG.

9

.

FIG. 12

is a block diagram of the elements of an exemplary modem interface unit (MIU) of the RCS shown in FIG.

9

.

FIG. 13

is a high level block diagram showing the transmit, receive, control, and code generation circuitry of the CDMA modem.

FIG. 14

is a block diagram of the transmit section of the CDMA modem.

FIG. 15

is a block diagram of an exemplary modem input signal receiver.

FIG. 16

is a block diagram of an exemplary convolutional encoder as used in the present invention.

FIG. 17

is a block diagram of the receive section of the CDMA modem.

FIG. 18

is a block diagram of an exemplary adaptive matched filter as used in the CDMA modem receive section.

FIG. 19

is a block diagram of an exemplary pilot rake as used in the CDMA modem receive section.

FIG. 20

is a block diagram of an exemplary auxiliary pilot rake as used in the CDMA modem receive section.

FIG. 21

is a block diagram of an exemplary video distribution circuit (VDC) of the RCS shown in FIG.

9

.

FIG. 22

is a block diagram of an exemplary OF transmitter/receiver and exemplary power amplifiers of the RCS shown in FIG.

9

.

FIG. 23

is a block diagram of an exemplary subscriber unit (SU) of the present invention.

FIG. 24

is a flow-chart diagram of an exemplary call establishment algorithm for an incoming call request used by the present invention for establishing a bearer channel between an RCS and an SU.

FIG. 25

is a flow-chart diagram of an exemplary call establishment algorithm for an outgoing call request used by the present invention for establishing a bearer channel between an RCS and an SU.

FIG. 26

is a flow-chart diagram of an exemplary maintenance power control algorithm of the present invention.

FIG. 27

is a flow-chart diagram of an exemplary automatic forward power control algorithm of the present invention.

FIG. 28

is a flow-chart diagram of an exemplary automatic reverse power control algorithm of the present invention.

FIG. 29

is a block diagram of an exemplary closed loop power control system of the present invention when the bearer channel is established.

FIG. 30

is a block diagram of an exemplary closed loop power control system of the present invention during the process of establishing the bearer channel.

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

Acronym

Definition

AC

Assigned Channels

A/D

Analog-to-Digital

ADPCM

Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

AFPC

Automatic Forward Power Control

AGC

Automatic Gain Control

AMF

Adaptive Matched Filter

APC

Automatic Power Control

ARPC

Automatic Reverse Power Control

ASPT

Assigned Pilot

AVC

Adaptive Vector Correlator

AXCH

Access Channel

B-CDMA

Broadband Code Division Multiple Access

BCM

Bearer Channel Modification

BER

Bit Error Rate

BS

Base Station

CC

Call Control

CDM

Code Division Multiplex

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

CLK

Clock Signal Generator

CO

Central Office

CTCH

Control Channel

CUCH

Check-Up Channel

dB

Decibels

DCC

Data Combiner Circuitry

DI

Distribution Interface

DLL

Delay Locked Loop

DM

Delta Modulator

DS

Direct Sequence

EPIC

Extended PCM Interface Controller

FBCH

Fast Broadcast Channel

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplex

FD/TDMA

Frequency & Time Division Systems

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FSK

Frequency Shift Keying

FSU

Fixed Subscriber Unit

GC

Global Channel

GLPT

Global Pilot

GPC

Global Pilot Code

GPSK

Gaussian Phase Shift Keying

GPS

Global Positioning System

HPPC

High Power Passive Components

HSB

High Speed Bus

I

In-Phase

IC

Interface Controller

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

ISST

Initial System Signal Threshold

LAXPT

Long Access Pilot

LAPD

Link Access Protocol

LCT

Local Craft Terminal

LE

Local Exchange

LFSR

Linear Feedback Shift Register

LI

Line Interface

LMS

Least Mean Square

LOL

Loss of Code Lock

LPF

Low Pass Filter

LSR

Linear Shift Register

MISR

Modem Input Signal Receiver

MIU

Modem Interface Unit

MM

Mobility Management

MOI

Modem Output Interface

MPC

Maintenance Power Control

MSK

M-ary Phase Shift Keying

MSK

Minimum Shift Keying

MSU

Mobile Subscriber Unit

NE

Network Element

OMS

Operation and Maintenance System

OS

Operations System

OQPSK

Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

OW

Order Wire

PARK

Portable Access Rights Key

PBX

Private Branch Exchange

PCM

Pulse Coded Modulation

PCS

Personal Communication Services

PG

Pilot Generator

PLL

Phase Locked Loop

PLT

Pilot

PN

Pseudonoise

POTS

Plain Old Telephone Service

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

Q

Quadrature

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RAM

Random Access Memory

RCS

Radio Carrier Station

RDI

Receiver Data Input Circuit

RDU

Radio Distribution Unit

RF

Radio Frequency

RLL

Radio Local Loop

SAXPT

Short Access Channel Pilots

SBCH

Slow Broadcast Channel

SHF

Super High Frequency

SIR

Signal Power to Interface Noise Power Ratio

SLIC

Subscriber Line Interface Circuit

SNR

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SPC

Service PC

SPRT

Sequential Probability Ratio Test

STCH

Status Channel

SU

Subscriber Unit

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

TMN

Telecommunication Management Network

TRCH

Traffic Channels

TSI

Time-Slot Interchanger

TX

Transmit

TXIDAT

I-Modem Transmit Data Signal

TXQDAT

Q-Modem Transmit Data Signal

UHF

Ultra High Frequency

VCO

Voltage Controlled Oscillator

VDC

Video Distribution Circuit

VGA

Variable Gain Amplifier

VHF

Very High Frequency

WAC

Wireless Access Controller

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

General System Description

The system of the present invention provides local-loop telephone service using radio links between one or more base stations and multiple remote subscriber units. In the exemplary embodiment, a radio link is described for a base station communicating with a fixed subscriber unit (FSU), but the system is equally applicable to systems including multiple base stations with radio links to both FSUs and Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs). Consequently, the remote subscriber units are referred to herein as Subscriber Units (SUs).

Referring to

FIG. 1

, Base Station (BS)

101

provides call connection to a local exchange (LE)

103

or any other telephone network switching interface, such as a private branch exchange (PBX) and includes a Radio Carrier Station (RCS)

104

. One or more RCSs

104

,

105

,

110

connect to a Radio Distribution Unit (RDU)

102

through links

131

,

132

,

137

,

138

,

139

, and RDU

102

interfaces with LE

103

by transmitting and receiving call set-up, control, and information signals through telco links

141

,

142

,

150

. SUs

116

,

119

communicate with the RCS

104

through radio links

161

,

162

,

163

,

164

,

165

. Alternatively, another embodiment of the invention includes several SUs and a “master” SU with functionality similar to the RCS. Such an embodiment may or may not have connection to a local telephone network.

The radio links

161

to

165

operate within the frequency bands of the DCS1800 standard (1.71-1.785 Ghz and 1.805-1.880 GHz); the US-PCS standard (1.85-1.99 Ghz); and the CEPT standard (2.0-2.7 GHz). Although these bands are used in described embodiment, the invention is equally applicable to the entire UHF to SH bands, including bands from 2.7 GHz to 5 GHz. The transmit and receive bandwidths are multiples of 3.5 MS starting at 7 MHz, and multiples of 5 MHz starting at 10 MHz, respectively. The described system includes bandwidths of 7, 10, 10.5, 14 and 15 MHz. In the exemplary embodiment of the invention, the minimum guard band between the Uplink and Downlink is 20 MHz, and is desirably at least three times the signal bandwidth. The duplex separation is between 50 to 175 MHz, with the described invention using 50, 75, 80, 95, and 175 MHz. Other frequencies may also be used.

Although the described embodiment uses different spread-spectrum bandwidths centered around a carrier for the transmit and receive spread-spectrum channels, the present method is readily extended to systems using multiple spread-spectrum bandwidths for the transmit channels and multiple spread-spectrum bandwidths for the receive channels. Alternatively, because spread-spectrum communication systems have the inherent feature that one user's transmission appears as noise to another user's despreading receiver, an embodiment may employ the same spread-spectrum channel for both the transmit and receive path channels. In other words, Uplink and Downlink transmissions can occupy the same frequency band. Furthermore, the present method may be readily extended to multiple CDMA frequency bands, each conveying a respectively different set of messages, uplink, downlink or uplink and downlink.

The spread binary symbol information is transmitted over the radio links

161

to

165

using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation with Nyquist Pulse Shaping in the present embodiment, although other modulation techniques may be used, including, but not limited to, Offset QPSK (OQPSK) and Minimum Shift Keying (MSK). Gaussian Phase Shift Keying (GPSK) and M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)

The radio links 161 to 165 incorporate Broadband Code Division Multiple Access (B-CDMA™) as the mode of transmission in both the Uplink and Downlink directions. CDMA (also known as Spread Spectrum) communication techniques used in multiple access systems are well-known, and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,056 entitled SYNCHRONOUS SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD by Donald T Schilling. The system described utilizes the Direct Sequence (DS) spreading technique. The CDMA modulator performs the spread-spectrum spreading code sequence generation, which can be a pseudonoise (PN) sequence; and complex DS modulation of the QPSK signals with spreading code sequences for the In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) channels. Pilot signals are generated and transmitted with the modulated signals, and pilot signals of the present embodiment are spreading codes not modulated by data. The pilot signals are used for synchronization, carrier phase recovery, and for estimating the impulse response of the radio channel. Each SU includes a single pilot generator and at least one CDMA modulator and demodulator, together known as a CDMA modem. Each RCS

104

,

105

,

110

has a single pilot generator plus sufficient CDMA modulators and demodulators for all of the logical channels in use by all SUs.

The CDMA demodulator despreads the signal with appropriate processing to combat or exploit multipath propagation effects. Parameters concerning the received power level are used to generate the Automatic Power Control (APC) information which, in turn, is transmitted to the other end of the communication link. The APC information is used to control transmit power of the automatic forward power control (AFPC) and automatic reverse power control (ARPC) links In addition, each RCS

104

,

105

and

110

can perform Maintenance Power Control (PC), in a manner similar to APC, to adjust the initial transmit power of each SU

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

. Demodulation is coherent where the pilot signal provides the phase reference.

The described radio links support multiple traffic channels with data rates of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 144 kb/s. The physical channel to which a traffic channel is connected operates with a 64 k symbol/sec rate. Other data rates may be supported, and Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding can be employed. For the described embodiment, FEC with coding rate of ½ and constraint length 7 is used. Other rates and constraint lengths can be used consistent with the code generation techniques employed.

Diversity combining at the radio antennas of RCS

104

,

105

and

110

is not necessary because CDMA has inherent frequency diversity due to the spread bandwidth. Receivers include Adaptive Matched Filters (AMFs) (not shown in

FIG. 1

) which combine the multipath signals. In the present embodiment, the exemplary AMFs perform Maximal Ratio Combining.

Referring to

FIG. 1

, RCS

104

interfaces to RDU

102

through links

131

,

132

,

137

with, for example, 1.544 Mb/s DS

1

, 2.048 Mb/s E

1

; or HDSL Formats to receive and send digital data signals. While these are typical telephone company standardized interfaces, the present invention is not limited to these digital data formats only. The exemplary RCS line interface (not shown in

FIG. 1

) translates the line coding (such as HDB3, B8ZS, AMI) and extracts or produces framing information, performs Alarms and Facility signaling functions, as well as channel specific loop-back and parity check functions. The interfaces for this description provide 64 kb/s PCM encoded or 32 kb/s ADPCM encoded telephone traffic channels or ISDN channels to the RCS for processing. Other ADPCM encoding techniques can be used consistent with the sequence generation techniques.

The system of the present invention also supports bearer rate modification between the RCS

104

and each SU

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

communicating with RCS

104

in which a CDMA message channel supporting 64 kb/s may be assigned to voiceband data or FAX when rates above 4.8 kb/s are present. Such 64 kb/s bearer channel is considered an unencoded channel. For ISDN, bearer rate modification may be done dynamically, based upon the D channel messages.

In

FIG. 1

, each SU

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

either includes or interfaces with a telephone unit

170

, or interfaces with a local switch (PBX)

171

. The input from the telephone unit may include voice, voiceband data and signaling. The SU translates the analog signals into digital sequences, and may also include a Data terminal

172

or an ISDN interface

173

. The SU can differentiate voice input, voiceband data or FAX and digital data. The SU encodes voice data with techniques such as ADPCM at 32 kb/s or lower rates, and detects voiceband data or FAX with rates above 4.8 kb/s to modify the traffic channel (bearer rate modification) for unencoded transmission. Also, A-law, u-law, or no companding of the signal may be performed before transmission. For digital data, data compression techniques, such as idle flag removal, may also be used to conserve capacity and minimize interference.

The transmit power levels of the radio interface between RCS

104

and SUs

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

are controlled using two different closed loop power control methods. The Automatic Forward Power Control (AFPC) method determines the Downlink transmit power level, and the Automatic Reverse Power Control (ARPC) method determines the Uplink transmit power level. The logical control channel by which SU

111

and RCS

104

, for example, transfer power control information operates at least a 16 kHz update rate. Other embodiments may use a faster or slower update rate for example 64 kHz. These algorithms ensure that the transmit power of a user maintains an acceptable Bit-Error Rate (BER), maintains the system power at a minimum to conserve power, and maintains the power level of all SUs

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

received by RCS

104

at a nearly equal level.

In addition, the system uses an optional maintenance power control method during the inactive mode of a SU. When SU

111

is inactive or powered-down to conserve power, the unit occasionally activates to adjust its initial transmit power level setting in response to a maintenance power control signal from RCS

104

. The maintenance power signal is determined by the RCS

104

by measuring the received power level of SU

111

and present system power level and, from this, calculates the necessary initial transmit power. The method shortens the channel acquisition time of SU

111

to begin a communication. The method also prevents the transmit power level of SU

111

from becoming too high and interfering with other channels during the initial transmission before the closed loop power control reduces the transmit power.

RCS

104

obtains synchronization of its clock from an interface line such as, but not limited to, E1, T1, or HDSL interfaces. RCS

104

can also generate its own internal clock signal from an oscillator which may be regulated by a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. RCS

104

generates a Global Pilot Code, a channel with a spreading code but no data modulation, which can be acquired by remote SUs

111

through

118

. All transmission channels of the RCS are synchronized to the Pilot channel, and spreading code phases of code generators (not shown) used for Logical communication channels within RCS

104

are also synchronized to the Pilot channel's spreading code phase. Similarly, SUs

111

through

118

which receive the Global Pilot Code of RCS

104

synchronize the spreading and de-spreading code phases of the code generators (not shown) of the SUs to the Global Pilot Code.

RCS

104

, SU

111

, and RDU

102

may incorporate system redundancy of system elements and automatic switching between internal functional system elements upon a failure event to prevent loss or drop-out of a radio link, power supply, traffic channel, or group of traffic channels.

Logical Communication Channels

A ‘channel’ of the prior art is usually regarded as a communications path which is part of an interface and which can be distinguished from other paths of that interface without regard to its content. However, in the case of CDMA, separate communications paths are distinguished only by their content. The term ‘logical channel’ is used to distinguish the separate data streams, which are logically equivalent to channels in the conventional sense. All logical channels and sub-channels of the present invention are mapped to a common 64 kilo-symbols per second (ksym/s) QPSK stream. Some channels are synchronized to associated pilot codes which are generated from, and perform a similar function to the system Global Pilot Code (GPC). The system pilot signals are not, however, considered logical channels.

Several logical communication channels are used over the RF communication link between the RCS and SU. Each logical communication channel either has a fixed, pre-determined spreading code or a dynamically assigned spreading code. For both pre-determined and assigned codes, the code phase is synchronized with the Pilot Code. Logical communication channels are divided into two groups: the Global Channel (GC) group includes channels which are either transmitted from the base station RCS to all remote SUs or from any SU to the RCS of the base station regardless of the SU's identity. The channels in the GC group may contain information of a given type for all users including those channels used by SUs to gain system access. Channels in the Assigned Channels (AC) group are those channels dedicated to communication between the RCS and a particular SU.

The Global Channels (GC) group provides for 1) Broadcast Control logical channels, which provide point to multipoint services for broadcasting messages to all SUs and paging messages to SUs; and 2) Access Control logical channels which provide point-to-point services on global channels for SUs to access the system and obtain assigned channels.

The RCS of the present invention has multiple Access Control logical channels, and one Broadcast Control group. An SU of the present invention has at least one Access Control channel and at least one Broadcast Control logical channel.

The Global logical channels controlled by the RCS are the Fast Broadcast Channel (FBCH) which broadcasts fast changing information concerning which services and which access channels are currently available, and the Slow Broadcast Channel (SBCH) which broadcasts slow changing system information and paging messages. The Access Channel (AXCH) is used by the SUs to access an RCS and gain access to assigned channels. Each AXCH is paired with a Control Channel (CTCH). The CTCH is used by the RCS to acknowledge and reply to access attempts by SUs. The Long Access Pilot (LAW is transmitted synchronously with AXCH to provide the RCS with a time and phase reference.

An Assigned Channel (AC) group contains the logical channels that control a single telecommunication connection between the RCS and an SU. The functions developed when an AC group is formed include a pair of power control logical message channels for each of the Uplink and Downlink connections, and depending on the type of connection, one or more pairs of traffic channels. The Bearer Control function performs the required forward error control, bearer rate modification, and encryption functions.

Each SU

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

has at least one AC group formed when a telecommunication connection exists, and each RCS

104

,

105

and

110

has multiple AC groups formed, one for each connection in progress. An AC group of logical channels is created for a connection upon successful establishment of the connection. The AC group includes encryption, FEC coding, and multiplexing on transmission, and FEC decoding, deception and demultiplexing on reception.

Each AC group provides a set of connection oriented point-to-point services and operates in both directions between a specific RCS, for example, RCS

104

and a specific SU, for example, SU

111

. An AC group formed for a connection can control more than one bearer over the RF communication channel associated with a single connection. Multiple bearers are used to carry distributed data such as, but not limited to, ISDN. An AC group can provide for the duplication of traffic channels to facilitate switch over to 64 kb/s PCM for high speed facsimile and modem services for the bearer rate modification function.

The assigned logical channels formed upon a successful call connection and included in the AC group are a dedicated signaling channel [order wire (OW)], an APC channel, and one or more Traffic channels (TRCH) which are bearers of 8, 16, 32, pr 64 kb/s depending on the service supported. For voice traffic, moderate rate coded speech, ADPCM, or PCM can be supported on the Traffic channels. For ISDN service types, two 64 kb/s TRCHs form the B channels and a 16 kb/s ARCH forms the D channel. Alternatively, the APC subchannel may either be separately modulated on its own CDMA channel, or may be time division multiplexed with a traffic channel or OW channel.

Each SU

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

of the present invention supports up to three simultaneous traffic channels. The mapping of the three logical channels for TRCHs to the user data is shown below in Table 1:

TABLE 1

Mapping of service types to the three available TRCH channels

Service

TRCH(0)

TRCH(1)

TRCH(2)

16 kb/s POTS

TRCH/16

not used

not used

32 + 64 kb/s POTS (during BCM)

TRCH/32

TRCH/64

not used

32 kb/s POTS

TRCH/32

not used

not used

64 kb/s POTS

not used

TRCH/64

not used

ISDN D

not used

not used

TRCH/16

ISDN B + D

TRCH/64

not used

TRCH/16

ISDN 2B + D

TRCH/64

TRCH/64

TRCH/16

Digital LL @ 64 kb/s

TRCH/64

not used

not used

Digital LL @ 2 × 64 kb/s

TRCH/64

TRCH/64

not used

Analog LL @ 64 kb/s

TRCH/64

not used

not used

The APC data rate is sent at 64 kb/s. The APC logical channel is not FEC coded to avoid delay and is transmitted at a relatively low power level to minimize capacity used for APC. Alternatively, the APC and OW may be separately modulated using complex spreading code sequences, or they may be time division multiplexed.

The OW logical channel is FEC coded with a rate ½ convolutional code. This logical channel is transmitted in bursts when signaling data is present to reduce interference. After an idle period, the OW signal begins with at least 35 symbols prior to the start of the data frame. For silent maintenance call data, the OW is transmitted continuously between frames of data. Table 2 summarizes the logical channels used in the exemplary embodiment:

TABLE 2

Logical Channels and sub-channels of the B-CDMA Air Interface

Direction

(forward

Channel

Brief

or

Bit

Max

name

Abbr.

Description

reverse)

rate

BER

Power level

Pilot

Global Channels

Fast

FBCH

Broadcasts

F

16

1e-4

Fixed

GLPT

Broadcast

fast-changing

kb/s

Channel

system

information

Slow

SBCH

Broadcasts

F

16

1e-7

Fixed

GLPT

Broadcast

paging

kb/s

Channel

messages to

FSUs and

slow-changing

system

information

Access

AXCH(i)

For initial

R

32

1e-7

Controlled

LAXPT(i)

Channels

access attempts

kb/s

by APC

by FSUs

Control

CTCH(i)

For granting

F

32

1e-7

Fixed

GLPT

Channels

access

kb/s

Assigned Channels

16 kb/s

TRCH

General POTS

F/R

16

1e-4

Controlled

F-GLPT

POTS

/16

use

kb/s

by APC

R-ASPT

32 kb/s

TRCH

General POTS

F/R

32

1e-4

Controlled

F-GLPT

POTS

/32

use

kb/s

by APC

R-ASPT

64 kb/s

TRCH

POTS use for

F/R

64

1e-4

Controlled

F-GLPT

POTS

/64

in-band

kb/s

by APC

R-ASPT

modems/fax

D channel

TRCH

ISDN D

F/R

16

1e-7

Controlled

F-GLPT

/16

channel

kb/s

by APC

R-ASPT

Order

OW

assigned

F/R

32

1e-7

Controlled

F-GLPT

wire

signaling

kb/s

by APC

R-ASPT

channel

channel

APC

APC

carries APC

F/R

64

2e-1

Controlled

F-GLPT

channel

commands

kb/s

by APC

R-ASPT

The Spreading Codes

The CDMA code generators used to encode the logical channels of the present invention employ Linear Shift Registers (LSRs) with feedback logic which is a method well known in the art. The code generators of the present embodiment of the invention generate 64 synchronous unique sequences. Each RF communication channel uses a pair of these sequences for complex spreading (in-phase and quadrature) of the logical channels, so the generator gives 32 complex spreading sequences. The sequences are generated by a single seed which is initially loaded into shift register circuit.

The Generation of Spreading Code Sequences and Seed Selection

The spreading code period of the present invention is defined as an integer multiple of the symbol duration, and the beginning of the code period is also the beginning of the symbol. The relation between bandwidths and the symbol lengths chosen for the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is:

BW (MHZ)

L (chips/symbol)

7

91

10

130

10.5

133

14

182

15

195

The spreading code length is also a multiple of 64 and of 96 for ISDN frame support. The spreading code is a sequence of symbols, called chips or chip values. The general methods of generating pseudorandom sequences using Galois Field mathematics is known to those skilled in the art; however, a unique set, or family, of code sequenced has been derived for the present invention. First, the length of the linear feedback shift register to generate a code sequence is chosen, and the initial value of the register is called a “seed”. Second, the constraint is imposed that no code sequence generated by a code seed may be a cyclic shift of another code sequence generated by the same code seed. Finally, no code sequence generated from one seed may be a cyclic shift of a code sequence generated by another seed.

It has been determined that the spreading code length of chip values of the present invention is:

128×233415=29877120 (1)

The spreading codes are generated by combining a linear sequence of period 233415 and a nonlinear sequence of period 128

The FBCH channel of the exemplary embodiment is an exception because it is not coded with the 128 length sequence, so the FBCH channel spreading code has period 233415.

The nonlinear sequence of length 128 is implemented as a fixed sequence loaded into a shift register with a feed-back connection. The fixed sequence can be generated by an m-sequence of length 127 padded with an extra logic 0, 1, or random value as is well known in the art.

The linear sequence of length L=233415 is generated using a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) circuit with 36 stages. The feedback connections correspond to a irreducible polynomial h(n) of degree 36. The polynomial h(x) chosen for the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is

h

(

x

)=

x

36

+x

35

+x

30

+x

28

+x

26

+x

25

+x

22

+x

20

+x

19

+x

17

+x

16

+x

15

+x

14

+x

12

+x

11

+x

9

+x

8

+x

4

+x

3

+x

2

+x

1

or, in binary notation

h

(

x

)=(1100001010110010110111101101100011101) (2)

A group of “seed” values for a LFSR representing the polynomial h(x) of equation (2) which generates code sequences that are nearly orthogonal with each other is determined. The first requirement of the seed values is that the seed values do not generate two code sequences which are simply cyclic shifts of each other.

The seeds are represented as elements of GF(2

36

) which is the field of residue classes modulo h(x). This field has a primitive element δ=x

2

+x+1. The binary representation of δ is

δ=000000000000000000000000000000000111 (3)

Every element of GF(2

36

) can also be written as a power of δ reduced modulo h(x). Consequently, the seeds are represented as powers of δ, the primitive element.

The solution for the order of an element does not require a search of all values; the order of an element divides the order of the field (GF(2

36

)). When

6

is any element of GF(2

36

) with

x

e

≡1 (4)

for some e, then e|2

36

−1. Therefore, the order of any element in GF(2

36

) divides 2

36

−1.

Using these constraints, it has been determined that a numerical search generates a group of seed values, n, which are powers of δ, the primitive element of h(x).

The present invention includes a method to increase the number of available seeds for use in a CDMA communication system by recognizing that certain cyclic shifts of the previously determined code sequences may be used simultaneously. The round trip delay for the cell sizes and bandwidths of the present invention are less than 3000 chips. In one embodiment of the present invention, sufficiently separated cyclic shifts of a sequence can be used within the same cell without causing ambiguity for a receiver attempting to determine the code sequence. This method enlarges the set of sequences available for use.

By implementing the tests previously described, a total of 3879 primary seeds were determined through numerical computation. These seeds are given mathematically as

δ

n

modulo h(x) (5)

where 3879 values of n are listed in the Appendix A, with δ=(00, . . . 00111) as before in (3).

When all primary seeds are known, all secondary seeds of the present invention are derived from the primary seeds by shifting them multiples of 4095 chips modulo h(x). Once a family of seed values is determined, these values are stored in memory and assigned to logical channels as necessary. Once assigned, the initial seed value is simply loaded into LFSR to produce the required spreading code sequence associated with the seed value.

Rapid Acquisition Feature of Long and Short codes

Rapid acquisition of the correct code phase by a spread-spectrum receiver is improved by designing spreading codes which are faster to detect. The present embodiment of the invention includes a new method of generating code sequences that have rapid acquisition properties by using one or more of the following methods. First, a long code may be constructed from two or more short codes. The new implementation uses many code sequences, one or more of which are rapid acquisition sequences of length L that have average acquisition phase searches r=log2L. Sequences with such properties are well known to those practiced in the art. The average number of acquisition test phases of the resulting long sequence is a multiple of r=log2L rather than half of the number of phases of the long sequence.

Second, a method of transmitting complex valued spreading code sequences (In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) sequences) in a pilot spreading code signal may be used rather than transmitting real valued sequences. Two or more separate code sequences may be transmitted over the complex channels. If the sequences have different phases, an acquisition may be done by acquisition circuits in parallel over the different code sequences when the relative phase shift between the two or more code channels is known. For example, for two sequences, one can be sent on an In phase (I) channel and one on the Quadrature (Q) channel. To search the code sequences, the acquisition detection means searches the two channels, but begins the (Q) channel with an offset equal to one-half of the spreading code sequence length. With code sequence length of N, the acquisition means starts the search at N/2 on the (Q) channel. The average number of tests to find acquisition is N/2 for a single code search, but searching the (I) and phase delayed (Q) channel in parallel reduces the average number of tests to N/4. The codes sent on each channel could be the same code, the same code with one channel's code phase delayed, or different code sequences.

Epoch and Sub-epoch Structures

The long complex spreading codes used for the exemplary system of the present invention have a number of chips after which the code repeats. The repetition period of the spreading sequence is called an epoch. To map the logical channels to CDMA spreading codes, the present invention uses an Epoch and Sub-epoch structure. The code period for the CDMA spreading code to modulate logical channels is 29877120 chips/code period which is the same number of chips for all bandwidths. The code period is the epoch of the present invention, and Table 3 below defines the epoch duration for the supported chip rates. In addition, two sub-epochs are defined over the spreading code epoch and are 233415 chips and 128 chips long.

The 233415 chip sub-epoch is referred to as a long sub-epoch, and is used for synchronizing events on the RF communication interface such as encryption key switching and changing from global to assigned codes. The 128 chip short epoch is defined for use as an additional timing reference. The highest symbol rate used with a single CDMA code is 64 ksym/s. There is always an integer number of chips in a symbol duration for the supported symbol rates 64, 32, 16, and 8 ksym/s.

TABLE 3

Bandwidths, Chip Rates, and Epochs

number of

128 chip

233415 chip

Chip Rate,

chips in a

sub-epoch

sub-epoch

Epoch

Bandwidth

Complex

64 kbit/sec

duration*

duration*

duration

(MHz)

(Mchip/sec)

symbol

(μs)

(ms)

(sec)

7

5.824

91

21.978

40.078

5.130

10

8.320

130

15.385

28.055

3.591

10.5

8.512

133

15.038

27.422

3.510

14

11.648

182

10.989

20.039

2.565

15

12.480

195

10.256

18.703

2.394

*numbers in these columns are rounded to 5 digits.

Mapping of the Logical Channels to Epochs and Sub-epochs

The complex spreading codes are designed such that the beginning of the sequence epoch coincides with the beginning of a symbol for all of the bandwidths supported. The present invention supports bandwidths of 7, 10, 10.5, 14, and 5 MHz. Assuming nominal 20% roll-off, these bandwidths correspond to the following chip rates in Table 4.

TABLE 4

Supported Bandwidths and Chip Rates for CDMA.

BW

R

c

(Complex

Factorization

(MHz)

MChips/sec)

Excess BW, %

L:(R

c

/L) = 64k

of L

7

5.824

20.19

91

7 × 13

10

8.320

20.19

130

2 × 5 × 13

10.5

8.512

23.36

133

7 × 19

14

11.648

20.19

182

2 × 7 × 13

15

12.480

20.19

195

3 × 5 × 13

The number of chips in an epoch is:

N=

29877120=2

7

×3

3

×5×7×13×19 (6)

If interleaving is used, the beginning of an interleaver period coincides with the beginning of the sequence epoch. The spreading sequences generated using the method of the present invention can support interleaver periods that are multiples of 1.5 ms for various bandwidths.

Cyclic sequences of the prior art are generated using linear feedback shift register (LFSR) circuits. However, this method does not generate sequences of even length. One embodiment of the spreading code sequence generator using the code seeds generated previously is shown in

FIG. 2

a

,

FIG. 2

b

, and

FIG. 2

c

. The present invention uses a 36 stage LFSR

201

to generate a sequence of period N′=233415=3

3

×5×7×13×19, which is C

o

in

FIG. 2

a

. In

FIGS. 2

a

,

2

b

, and

2

c

, the symbol ⊕ represents a binary addition (EXCLUSIVE-OR). A sequence generator designed as above generates the in-phase and quadrature parts of a set of complex sequences. The tap connections and initial state of the 36 stage LFSR determine the sequence generated by this circuit. The tap coefficients of the 36 stage LFSR are determined such that the resulting sequences have the period 233415. Note that the tap connections shown in

FIG. 2

a

correspond to the polynomial given in equation (2). Each resulting sequence is then overlaid by binary addition with the 128 length sequence C

*

to obtain the epoch period 29877120.

FIG. 2

b

shows a Feed Forward (FF) circuit

202

which is used in the code generator. The signal X[n−1] is output of the chip delay

211

, and the input of the chip delay

211

is X[n]. The code chip C[n] is formed by the logical adder

212

from the input X[n] and X[n−1].

FIG. 2

c

shows the complete spreading code generator. From the LFSR

201

, output signals go through a chain of up to 63 single stage FFs

203

cascaded as shown. The output of each FF is overlaid with the short, even code sequence C

*

period 128=2

7

which is stored in code memory

222

and which exhibits spectral characteristics of a pseudorandom sequence to obtain the epoch N=29877120. This sequence of 128 is determined by using an m-sequence (PN sequence) of length 127=2

7

−1 and adding a bit-value, such as logic 0, to the sequence to increase the length to 128 chips. The even code sequence C

*

is input to the even code shift register

221

, which is a cyclic register, that continually outputs the sequence. The short sequence is then combined with the long sequence using an EXCLUSIVE-OR operation

213

,

214

,

220

.

As shown in

FIG. 2

c

, up to 63 spreading code sequences C

o

through C

63

are generated by tapping the output signals of FFs

203

and logically adding the short sequence C

*

in binary adders

213

,

214

, and

220

, for example. One skilled in the art would realize that the implementation of FF

203

will create a cumulative delay effect for the code sequences produced at each FF stage in the chain. This delay is due to the nonzero electrical delay in the electronic components of the implementation. The timing problems associated with the delay can be mitigated by inserting additional delay elements into the FF chain in one version of the embodiment of the invention. The FF chain of

FIG. 2

c

with additional delay elements is shown in

FIG. 2

d.

The code-generators in the exemplary embodiment of the present invention are configured to generate either global codes, or assigned codes. Global codes are CDMA codes that can be received or transmitted by all users of the system. Assigned codes are CDMA codes that are allocated for a particular connection. When a set of sequences are generated from the same generator as described, only the seed of the 36 stage LFSR is specified to generate a family of sequences. Sequences for all the global codes, are generated using the same LFSR circuit. Therefore, once an SU has synchronized to the Global pilot signal from an RCS and knows the seed for the LFSR circuit for the Global Channel codes, it can generate not only the pilot sequence but also all other global codes used by the RCS.

The signal that is upconverted to RF is generated as follows. The output signals of the above shift register circuits are converted to an antipodal sequence (0 maps into +1, 1 maps into −1). The Logical channels are initially converted to QPSK signals, which are mapped as constellation points as is well known in the art. The In-phase and Quadrature channels of each QPSK signal form the real and imaginary parts of the complex data value. Similarly, two spreading codes are used to form complex spreading chip values. The complex data are spread by being multiplied by the complex spreading code. Similarly, the received complex data is correlated with the conjugate of the complex spreading code to recover despread data.

Short Codes

Short codes are used for the initial ramp-up process when an SU accesses an RCS. The period of the short codes is equal to the symbol duration and the start of each period is aligned with a symbol boundary. Both SU and RCS derive the real and imaginary parts of the short codes from the last eight feed-forward sections of the sequence generator producing the global codes for that cell.

The short codes that are in use in the exemplary embodiment of the invention are updated every 3 ms. Other update times that are consistent with the symbol rate may be used. Therefore, a change-over occurs every 3 ms starting from the epoch boundary. At a change-over, the next symbol length portion of the corresponding feed-forward output becomes the short code. When the SU needs to use a particular short code, it waits until the first 3 ms boundary of the next epoch and stores the next symbol length portion output from the corresponding FF section. This shall be used as the short code until the next change-over, which occurs 3 ms later.

The signals represented by these short codes are known as Short Access Channel pilots (SAXPTs).

Mapping of Logical Channels to Spreading Codes

The exact relationship between the spreading code sequences and the CDMA logical channels and pilot signals is documented in Table

5

a

and Table

5

b

. Those signal names ending in ‘-CH’ correspond to logical channels. Those signal names ending in ‘-PT’ correspond to pilot signals, which are described in detail below.

TABLE 5a

Spreading code sequences and global CDMA codes

Logical Channel or

Sequence

Quadrature

Pilot Signal

Direction

C

0

I

FBCH

Forward (F)

C

1

Q

FBCH

F

C

2

⊕C*

I

GLPT

F

C

3

C*

Q

GLPT

F

C

4

⊕C*

I

SBCH

F

C

5

⊕C*

Q

SBCH

F

C

6

⊕C*

I

CTCH (0)

F

C

7

⊕C*

Q

CTCH (0)

F

C

8

⊕C*

I

APCH (1)

F

C

9

⊕C*

Q

APCH (1)

F

C

10

⊕C

*

I

CTCH (1)

F

C

11

⊕C

*

Q

CTCH (1)

F

C

12

⊕C

*

I

APCH (1)

F

C

13

⊕C

*

Q

APCH (1)

F

C

14

⊕C

*

I

CTCH (2)

F

C

15

⊕C

*

Q

CTCH (2)

F

C

16

⊕C

*

I

APCH (2)

F

C

17

⊕C

*

Q

APCH (2)

F

C

18

⊕C

*

I

CTCH (3)

F

C

19

⊕C

*

Q

CTCH (3)

F

C

20

⊕C

*

I

APCH (3)

F

C

21

⊕C

*

Q

APCH (3)

F

C

22

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

23

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

C

40

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

41

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

C

42

⊕C

*

I

AXCH (3)

Reverse (R)

C

43

⊕C

*

Q

AXCH (3)

R

C

44

⊕C

*

I

LAXPT (3)

R

SAXPT (3) seed

C

45

⊕C

*

Q

LAXPT (3)

R

SAXPT (3) seed

C

46

⊕C

*

I

AXCH (2)

R

C

47

⊕C

*

Q

AXCH (2)

R

C

48

⊕C

*

I

LAXPT (2)

R

SAXPT (2) seed

C

49

⊕C

*

Q

LAXPT (2)

R

SAXPT (2) seed

C

50

⊕C

*

I

AXCH (1)

R

C

51

⊕C

*

Q

AXCH (1)

R

C

52

⊕C

*

I

LAXPT (1)

R

SAXPT (1) seed

C

53

⊕C

*

Q

LAXPT (1)

R

SAXPT (1) seed

C

54

⊕C

*

I

AXCH (0)

R

C

55

⊕C

*

Q

AXCH (0)

R

C

56

⊕C

*

I

LAXPT (0)

R

SAXPT (0) seed

C

57

⊕C

*

Q

LAXPT (0)

R

SAXPT (0) seed

C

58

⊕C

*

I

IDLE

—

C

59

⊕C

*

Q

IDLE

—

C

60

⊕C

*

I

AUX

R

C

61

⊕C

*

Q

AUX

R

C

62

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

63

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

TABLE 5b

Spreading code sequences and assigned CDMA codes.

Logical Channel or

Sequence

Quadrature

Pilot Signal

Direction

C

0

⊕C

*

I

ASPT

Reverse (R)

C

1

⊕C

*

Q

ASPT

R

C

2

⊕C

*

I

APCH

R

C

3

⊕C

*

Q

APCH

R

C

4

⊕C

*

I

OWCH

R

C

5

⊕C

*

Q

OWCH

R

C

6

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (0)

R

C

7

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (0)

R

C

8

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (1)

R

C

9

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (1)

R

C

10

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (2)

R

C

11

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (2)

R

C

12

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (3)

R

C

13

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (3)

R

C

14

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

15

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

C

44

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

45

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

C

46

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (3)

Forward (F)

C

47

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (3)

F

C

48

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (2)

F

C

49

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (2)

F

C

50

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (1)

F

C

51

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (1)

F

C

52

⊕C

*

I

TRCH (0)

F

C

53

⊕C

*

Q

TRCH (0)

F

C

54

⊕C

*

I

OWCH

F

C

55

⊕C

*

Q

OWCH

F

C

56

⊕C

*

I

APCH

F

C

57

⊕C

*

Q

APCH

F

C

58

⊕C

*

I

IDLE

—

C

59

⊕C

*

Q

IDLE

—

C

60

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

61

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

C

62

⊕C

*

I

reserved

—

C

63

⊕C

*

Q

reserved

—

For global codes, the seed values for the 36 bit shift register are chosen to avoid using the same code, or any cyclic shift of the same code, within the same geographical area to prevent ambiguity or harmful interference. No assigned code is equal to, or a cyclic shift of a global code.

Pilot Signals

The pilot signals are used for synchronization, carrier phase recovery, and for estimating the impulse response of the radio channel.

The RCS

104

transmits a forward link pilot carrier reference as a complex pilot code sequence to provide time and phase reference for all SUs

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

in its service area. The power level of the Global Pilot (GLPT) signal is set to provide adequate coverage over the whole RCS service area, which area depends on the cell size With only one pilot signal in the forward link, the reduction in system capacity due to the pilot energy is negligible.

The SUs

111

,

112

,

115

,

117

and

118

each transmits a pilot carrier reference as a quadrature modulated (complex-valued) pilot spreading code sequence to provide a time and phase reference to the RCS for the reverse link. The pilot signal transmitted by the SU of one embodiment of the invention is 6 dB lower than the power of the 32 kb/s POTS traffic channel. The reverse pilot channel is subject to APC. The reverse link pilot associated with a particular connection is called the Assigned Pilot (ASPT). In addition, there are pilot signals associated with access channels. These are called the Long Access Channel Pilots (LAXPTs). Short access channel pilots (SAXPTs) are also associated with the access channels and used for spreading code acquisition and initial power ramp-up

All pilot signals are formed from complex codes, as defined below:

\begin{matrix} GLPT (forward) = {C_{2} \oplus C_{*}) + j \cdot (C_{3} \oplus C_{*})} \cdot {(1) + j \cdot (0)} \\ {Complex Code} \cdot {Carrier} \end{matrix}

The complex pilot signals are de-spread by multiplication with conjugate spreading codes: {(C

2

⊕C

*

) −j.(C

3

⊕C

*

)}. By contrast, traffic channels are of the form:

\begin{matrix} {TRCH}_{n} (forward / reverse) = {(C_{k} \oplus C_{*}) + j \cdot (C_{1} \oplus C_{*})} \cdot \\ {(\pm 1) + j (\pm 1)} \\ {Complex Codes} \cdot {Data Symbol} \end{matrix}

which thus form a constellation set at

\frac{π}{4}

radians with respect to the pilot signal constellations.

The GLPT constellation is shown in

FIG. 3

a

, and the TRCH

n

traffic channel constellation is shown in

FIG. 3

b.

Logical Channel Assignment of the FBCH, SBCH, and Traffic Channels

The FBCH is a global forward link channel used to broadcast dynamic information about the availability of services and AXCHs. Messages are sent continuously over this channel, and each message lasts approximately 1 ms. The FBCH message is 16 bits long, repeated continuously, and is epoch aligned. The FBCH is formatted as defined in Table 6.

TABLE 6

FBCH format

Bit

Definition

0

Traffic Light 0

1

Traffic Light 1

2

Traffic Light 2

3

Traffic Light 3

4-7

service indicator bits

8

Traffic Light 0

9

Traffic Light 1

10

Traffic Light 2

11

Traffic Light 3

12-15

service indicator bits

For the FBCH, bit

0

is transmitted first. As used in Table 6, a traffic light corresponds to an Access Channel (AXCH) and indicates whether the particular access channel is currently in use (a red) or not in use (a green). A logic ‘1’ indicates that the traffic light is green, and a logic ‘0’ indicates the traffic light is red. The values of the traffic light bits may change from octet to octet, and each 16 bit message contains distinct service indicator bits which describe the types of services that are available for the AXCHs.

One embodiment of the present invention uses service indicator bits as follows to indicate the availability of services or AXCHs. The service indicator bits {

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

12

,

13

,

14

,

15

} taken together may be an unsigned binary number, with bit

4

as the MSB and bit

15

as the LSB. Each service type increment has an associated nominal measure of the capacity required, and the FBCH continuously broadcasts the available capacity. This is scaled to have a maximum value equivalent to the largest single service increment possible. When an SU requires a new service or an increase in the number of bearers, it compares the capacity required to that indicated by the FBCH, and then considers itself blocked if the capacity is not available. The FBCH and the traffic channels are aligned to the epoch.

Slow Broadcast Information frames contain system or other general information that is available to all SUs and Paging Information frames contain information about call requests for particular SUs. Slow Broadcast Information frames and Paging Information frames are multiplexed together on a single logical channel which forms the Slow Broadcast Channel (SBCH). As previously defined, the code epoch is a sequence of 29 877 20 chips having an epoch duration which is a function of the chip rate defined in Table 7 below. In order to facilitate power saving, the channel is divided into N “Sleep” Cycles, and each Cycle is subdivided into M Slots, which are 19 ms long, except for 10.5 Mhz bandwidth which has slots of 18 ms.

TABLE 7

SBCH Channel Format Outline

Spreading

Epoch

Cycles/

Cycle

Slots/

Slot

Bandwidth

Code Rate

Length

Epoch

Length

Cycle

Length

(MHz)

(MHz)

(ms)

N

(ms)

M

(ms)

7.0

5.824

5130

5

1026

54

19

10.0

8.320

3591

3

1197

63

19

10.5

8.512

3510

3

1170

65

18

14.0

11.648

2565

3

855

45

19

15.0

12.480

2394

2

1197

63

19

Sleep Cycle Slot #1 is always used for slow broadcast information. Slots #2 to #M−1 are used for paging groups unless extended slow broadcast information is inserted. The pattern of cycles and slots in one embodiment of the present invention run continuously at 16 kb/s.

Within each Sleep Cycle the SU powers-up the receiver and re-acquires the pilot code. It then achieves carrier lock to a sufficient precision for satisfactory demodulation and Viterbi decoding. The settling time to achieve carrier lock may be up to 3 Slots in duration. For example, an SU assigned to Slot #7 powers up the Receiver at the start of Slot #4. Having monitored its Slot the SU will have either recognized its Paging Address and initiated an access request, or failed to recognize its Paging Address in which case it reverts to the Sleep mode. Table 8 shows duty cycles for the different bandwidths, assuming a wake-up duration of 3 Slots.

TABLE 8

Sleep-Cycle Power Saving

Bandwidth (MHz)

Slots/Cycle

Duty Cycle

7.0

54

7.4%

10.0

63

6.3%

10.5

65

6.2%

14.0

45

8.9%

15.0

63

6.3%

Spreading code Tracking and AMF Detection in Multipath Channels

Spreading code Tracking

Three CDMA spreading code tracking methods in multipath fading environments are described which track the code phase of a received multipath spread-spectrum signal. The first is the prior art tracking circuit which simply tracks the spreading code phase with the highest detector output signal value, the second is a tracking circuit that tracks the median value of the code phase of the group of multipath signals, and the third is the centroid tracking circuit which tracks the code-phase of an optimized, least mean squared weighted average of the multipath signal components. The following describes the algorithms by which the spreading code phase of the received CDMA signal is tracked.

A tracking circuit has operating characteristics that reveal the relationship between the time error and the control voltage that drives a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) of a spreading code phase tracking circuit. When there is a positive timing error, the tracking circuit generates a negative control voltage to offset the timing error. When there is a negative timing error, the tracking circuit generates a positive control voltage to offset the timing error. When the tracking circuit generates a zero value, this value corresponds to the perfect time alignment called the ‘lock-point’.

FIG. 3

shows the basic tracking circuit. Received signal r(t) is applied to matched filter

301

, which correlates r(t) with a local code-sequence c(t) generated by Code Generator

303

. The output signal of the matched filter x(t) is sampled at the sampler

302

to produce samples x[nT] and x[nT+T/2]. The samples x[nT ] and x[nT+T/2] are used by a tracking circuit

304

to determine if the phase of the spreading code c(t) of the code generator

303

is correct. The tracking circuit

304

produces an error signal e(t) as an input to the code generator

303

. The code generator

303

uses this signal e(t) as an input signal to adjust the code-phase it generates.

In a CDMA system, the signal transmitted by the reference user is written in the low-pass representation as

\begin{matrix} s (t) = \sum_{k = - \infty}^{\infty} c_{k} P_{Tc} (t - {kT}_{c}) & (7) \end{matrix}

where c

k

represents the spreading code coefficients, P

Tc

(t) represents the spreading code chip waveform, and T

c

is the chip duration. Assuming that the reference user is not transmitting data so that only the spreading code modulates the carrier. Referring to

FIG. 3

c

, the received signal is

\begin{matrix} r (t) = \sum_{i = 1}^{M} a_{i} s (t - τ_{i}) & (8) \end{matrix}

Here, a

i

is due to fading effect of the multipath channel on the i-th path and τ

i

is the random time delay associated with the same path. The receiver passes the received signal through a matched filter, which is implemented as a correlation receiver and is described below. This operation is done in two steps: first the signal is passed through a chip matched filter and sampled to recover the spreading code chip values, then this chip sequence is correlated with the locally generated code sequence.

FIG. 3

c

shows the chip matched filter

301

, matched to the chip waveform P

Tc

(i), and the sampler

302

. Ideally, the signal x(t) at the output terminal of the chip matched filter is

\begin{matrix} x (t) = \sum_{i = k}^{M} \sum_{k = - \infty}^{\infty} a_{i} c_{k} g (t - τ_{i} - {kT}_{c}) & (9) \end{matrix}

where

g

(

t

)=

P

Tc

(

t

)

*

h

R

(

t

) (10)

Here, h

R

(t) is the impulse response of the chip matched filter and ‘

*

’ denotes convolution. The order of the summations can be rewritten as

\begin{matrix} x (t) = \sum_{k = - \infty}^{\infty} c_{k} f (t - {kT}_{c}) & (11) \end{matrix}

where

\begin{matrix} f (t) = \sum_{i = 1}^{M} a_{i} g (t - τ_{i}) & (12) \end{matrix}

In the multipath channel described above, the sampler samples the output signal of the matched filter to produce x(nT) at the maximum power level points of g(t). In practice, however, the waveform g(t) is severely distorted because of the effect of the multipath signal reception, and a perfect time alignment of the signals is not available.

When the multipath distortion in the channel is negligible and a perfect estimate of the timing is available, i.e., a

1

=1, τ

1

=0, and a

i

=0, i=2, . . . ,M, the received signal is r(t)=s(t). Then, with this ideal channel model, the output of the chip matched filter becomes

\begin{matrix} x (t) = \sum_{k = - \infty}^{\infty} c_{k} g (t - {kT}_{c}) & (13) \end{matrix}

When there is multipath fading, however, the received spreading code chip value waveform is distorted, and has a number of local maxima that can change from one sampling interval to another depending on the channel characteristics.

For multipath fading channels with quickly changing channel characteristics, it is not practical to try to locate the maximum of the waveform f(t) in every chip period interval. Instead, a time reference may be obtained from the characteristics of f(t) that may not change as quickly. Three tracking methods are described based on different characteristics of f(t).

Prior Art Spreading Code Tracking Method

Prior art tracking methods include a code tracking circuit in which the receiver attempts to determine the timing of the maximum matched filter output value of the chip waveform occurs and sample the signal accordingly. However, in multipath fading channels, the receiver despread code waveform can have a number of local maxima, especially in a mobile environment. In the following, f(t) represents the received signal waveform of the spreading code chip convolved with the channel impulse response. The frequency response characteristic of f(t) and the maximum of this characteristic can change rather quickly making it impractical to track the maximum of f(t).

Define τ to be the time estimate that the tracking circuit calculates during a particular sampling interval. Also, define the following error function

\begin{matrix} ε = {\int_{{t : &LeftBracketingBar; τ - t &RightBracketingBar; :, δ}} f (t) ⅆ t, &LeftBracketingBar; τ - t &RightBracketingBar; > δ ε = 0 &LeftBracketingBar; τ - t &RightBracketingBar; < δ & (14) \end{matrix}

The tracking circuits of the prior art calculate a value of the input signal that minimizes the error ε. One can write

\begin{matrix} \min ε = 1 - \max_{τ} \int_{τ - δ}^{τ - δ} f (t) ⅆ t & (15) \end{matrix}

Assuming f(τ) has a smooth shape in the values given, the value of τ for which f(τ) is maximum minimizes the error ε, so the tracking circuit tracks the maximum point of f(t).

Median Weighted Value Tracking Method

The Median Weighted Tracking Method of one embodiment of the present invention, minimizes the absolute weighted error, defined as

\begin{matrix} ε = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} &LeftBracketingBar; t - τ &RightBracketingBar; f (t) ⅆ t & (16) \end{matrix}

This tracking method calculates the ‘median’ signal value of f(t) by collecting information from all paths, where f(τ) is as in equation 12. In a multipath fading environment, the waveform f(t) can have multiple local maxima, but only one median.

To minimize ε, take the derivative of equation (16) is taken with respect to τ and the result is equated to zero, which gives

\begin{matrix} \int_{- \infty}^{τ} f (t) ⅆ t = \int_{τ}^{\infty} f (t) ⅆ t & (17) \end{matrix}

The value of τ that satisfies (17) is called the ‘median’ of f(t). Therefore, the Median Tracking Method of the present embodiment tracks the median of f(t).

FIG. 4

shows an implementation of the tracking circuit based on minimizing the absolute weighted error defined above. The signal x(t) and its one-half chip offset version x(t+T/2) are sampled by the A/D

401

at a rate 1/T. The following equation determines the operating characteristic of the circuit in FIG.

4

:

\begin{matrix} ε (τ) = \sum_{n = 1}^{2 L} &LeftBracketingBar; f (τ - nT / 2) &RightBracketingBar; - &LeftBracketingBar; f (τ + nT / 2) &RightBracketingBar; & (18) \end{matrix}

Tracking the median of a group of multipath signals keeps the received energy of the multipath signal components substantially equal on the early and late sides of the median point of the correct locally generated spreading code phase c

n

. The tracking circuit consists of an A/D

401

which samples an input signal x(t) to form the half-chip offset samples. The half chip offset samples are alternatively grouped into even samples called an early set of samples x(nT+τ) and odd samples called a late set of samples x(nT+(T/2)+τ). The first correlation bank adaptive matched filter

402

multiplies each early sample by the spreading code phases c(n+1), c(n+2), . . . , c(n+L), where L is small compared to the code length and approximately equal to number of chips of delay between the earliest and latest multipath signal. The output of each correlator is applied to a respective first sum-and-dump bank

404

. The magnitudes of the output values of the L sum-and-dumps are calculated in the calculator

406

and then summed in summer

408

to give an output value proportional to the signal energy in the early multipath signals. Similarly, a second correlation bank adaptive matched filter

403

operates on the late samples, using code phases c(n−1), c(n−2), . . . , c(n−L), and each output signal is applied to a respective sum-and-dump circuit in an integrator

405

. The magnitudes of the L sum-and-dump output signals are calculated in calculator

407

and then summed in summer

409

to give a value for the late multipath signal energy. Finally, the subtractor

410

calculates the difference and produces error signal ε(τ) of the early and late signal energy values.

The tracking circuit adjusts by means of error signal ε(τ) the locally generated code phases c(t) to cause the difference between the early and late values to tend toward 0.

Centroid Tracking Method

The optimal spreading code tracking circuit of one embodiment of the present invention is called the squared weighted tracking (or centroid) circuit. Defining τ to denote the time estimate that the tracking circuit calculates, based on some characteristic of f(t), the centroid tracking circuit minimizes the squared weighted error defined as

\begin{matrix} ε = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} {&LeftBracketingBar; t - τ &RightBracketingBar;}^{2} f (t) ⅆ t & (19) \end{matrix}

This function inside the integral has a quadratic form, which has a unique minimum. The value of τ that minimizes ε can be found by taking the derivative of the above equation with respect to τ and equating to zero, which gives

\begin{matrix} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} (- 2 t + 2 τ) f (t) ⅆ t = 0 & (20) \end{matrix}

Therefore, the value of τ that satisfies equation (21)

\begin{matrix} τ - \frac{1}{β} \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} tf (t) ⅆ t = 0 & (21) \end{matrix}

is the timing estimate that the tracking circuit calculates, where β is a constant value.

Based on these observations, a realization of an exemplary tracking circuit which minimizes the squared weighted error is shown in

FIG. 5

a

. The following equation determines the error signal ε(τ) of the centroid tracking circuit:

\begin{matrix} ε (τ) = \sum_{n = 1}^{2 L} n [&LeftBracketingBar; f (τ - nT / 2) &RightBracketingBar; - &LeftBracketingBar; f (τ + nT / 2) &RightBracketingBar;] = 0 & (22) \end{matrix}

The value that satisfies ε(τ)=0 is the perfect estimate of the timing.

The early and late multipath signal energy on each side of the centroid point are equal. The centroid tracking circuit shown in

FIG. 5

a

consists of an A/D converter

501

which samples an input signal x(t) to form the half-chip offset samples. The half chip offset samples are alternatively grouped as an early set of samples x(nT+τ) and a late set of samples x(nT+(T/2)+τ). The first correlation bank adaptive matched filter

502

multiplies each early sample and each late sample by the positive spreading code phases c(n+1), c(n+2), . . . , c(n+L), where L is small compared to the code length and approximately equal to number of chips of delay between the earliest and latest multipath signal. The output signal of each correlator is applied to a respective one of L sum-and-dump circuits of the first sum and dump bank

504

. The magnitude value of each sum-and-dump circuit of the sum and dump bank

504

is calculated by the respective calculator in the calculator bank

506

and applied to a corresponding weighting amplifier of the first weighting bank

508

. The output signal of each weighting amplifier represents the weighted signal energy in a multipath component signal.

The weighted early multipath signal energy values are summed in sample adder

510

to give an output value proportional to the signal energy in the group of multipath signals corresponding to positive code phases which are the early multipath signals. Similarly, a second correlation bank adaptive matched filter

503

operates on the early and late samples, using the negative spreading code phases c(n−1), c(n−2), . . . , c(n−L); each output signal is provided to a respective sum-and-dump circuit of discrete integrator

505

. The magnitude value of the L sum-and-dump output signals are calculated by the respective calculator of calculator bank

507

and then weighted in weighting bank

509

. The weighted late multipath signal energy values are summed in sample adder

511

to give an energy value for the group of multipath signals corresponding to the negative code phases which are the late multipath signals. Finally, the adder

512

calculates the difference of the early and late signal energy values to produce error sample value ετ).

The tracking circuit of

FIG. 5

a

produces error signal ε(τ) which is used to adjust the locally generated code phase c(nT) to keep the weighted average energy in the early and late multipath signal groups equal. The embodiment shown uses weighting values that increase as the distance from the centroid increases. The signal energy in the earliest and latest multipath signals is probably less than the multipath signal values near the centroid. Consequently, the difference calculated by the adder

510

is more sensitive to variations in delay of the earliest and latest multipath signals.

Quadratic Detector for Tracking

In the new embodiment of the tracking method, the tracking circuit adjusts sampling phase to be “optimal” and robust to multipath. Let f(t) represent the received signal waveform as in equation 12 above. The particular method of optimizing starts with a delay locked loop with an error signal ε(τ) that drives the loop. The function ε(τ) must have only one zero at τ=τ

0

where τ

0

is optimal. The optimal form for ε(τ) has the canonical form:

\begin{matrix} ε (τ) = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} w (t, τ) {&LeftBracketingBar; f (t) &RightBracketingBar;}^{2} ⅆ t & (23) \end{matrix}

where w(t, τ) is a weighting function relating f(t) to the error ε(τ), and the relationship indicated by equation (24) also holds

\begin{matrix} ε (τ + τ_{0}) = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} w (t, τ + τ_{0}) {&LeftBracketingBar; f (t) &RightBracketingBar;}^{2} ⅆ t & (24) \end{matrix}

It follows from equation (24) that w(t, τ) is equivalent to w(t−τ). Considering the slope M of the error signal in the neighborhood of a lock point τ

0

:

\begin{matrix} {M = \frac{ⅆ ε (τ)}{ⅆ τ} &RightBracketingBar;}_{τ_{o}} = - \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} w^{'} (t - τ_{0}) g (t) ⅆ t & (25) \end{matrix}

where w′(t, τ) is the derivative of w(t, τ) with respect to τ, and g(t) is the average of |f(t)|

2

.

The error ε(τ) has a deterministic part and a noise part. Let z denote the noise component in ε(τ), then |z |

2

is the average noise power in the error function ε(τ). Consequently, the optimal tracking circuit maximizes the ratio

\begin{matrix} F = \frac{M^{2}}{{&LeftBracketingBar; z &RightBracketingBar;}^{2}} & (26) \end{matrix}

The implementation of the Quadratic Detector is now described. The discrete error value e of an error signal ε(τ) is generated by performing the operation

e=y

T

By

(27)

where the vector y represents the received signal components yi, i=0, 1, . . . L−1, as shown in

FIG. 5

b

. The matrix B is an L by L matrix and the elements are determined by calculating values such that the ratio F of equation (26) is maximized.

The Quadratic Detector described above may be used to implement the centroid tracking system described above with reference to

FIG. 5

a

. For this implementation, the vector y is the output signal of the sum and dump circuits

504

:

y={f

(τ−

LT

),

f

(τ

LT+T/

2),

f

(τ−(

L−

1)

T

), . . .

f

(τ),

f

(τ+

T/

2),

f

(τ+

T

), . . .

f

(τ+

LT

)}

and the matrix B is set forth in table 9.

TABLE 9

B matrix for quadratic form of Centroid Tracking System

L

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L − ½

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L − 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋰

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

0

0

0

0

½

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−½

0

0

0

0

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋮

⋰

⋮

⋮

⋮

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−L + 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−L + ½

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−L

Determining the Minimum Value of L needed:

The value of L in the previous section determines the minimum number of correlators and sum-and-dump elements. L is chosen as small as possible without compromising the functionality of the tracking circuit.

The multipath characteristic of the channel is such that the received chip waveform f(t) is spread over QT

c

seconds, or the multipath components occupy a time period of Q chips duration. The value of L chosen is L=Q. Q is found by measuring the particular RF channel transmission characteristics to determine the earliest and latest multipath component signal propagation delay. QT

c

is the difference between the earliest and latest multipath component arrival time at a receiver.

Adaptive Vector Correlator

An embodiment of the present invention uses an adaptive vector correlator (AVC) to estimate the channel impulse response and to obtain a reference value for coherent combining of received multipath signal components. The described embodiment employs an array of correlators to estimate the complex channel response affecting each multipath component. The receiver compensates for the channel response and coherently combines the received multipath signal components. This approach is referred to as maximal ratio combining.

Referring to

FIG. 6

, the input signal x(t) to the system includes interference noise of other message channels, multipath signals of the message channels, thermal noise, and multipath signals of the pilots signal. The signal is provided to AVC

601

which, in the exemplary embodiment, includes a despreading means

602

, channel estimation means for estimating the channel response

604

, correction means for correcting a signal for effects of the channel response

603

, and adder

605

. The AVC despreading means

602

is composed of multiple code correlators, with each correlator using a different phase of the pilot code c(t) provided by the pilot code generator

608

. The output signal of this despreading means corresponds to a noise power level if the local pilot code of the despreading means is not in phase with the input code signal. Alternatively, it corresponds to a received pilot signal power level plus noise power level if the phases of the input pilot code and locally generated pilot code are the same. The output signals of the correlators of the despreading means are corrected for the channel response by the correction means

603

and are applied to the adder

605

which collects all multipath pilot signal power. The channel response estimation means

604

receives the combined pilot signal and the output signals of the despreading means

602

, and provides a channel response estimate signal, w(t), to the correction means

603

of the AVC, and the estimate signal w(t) is also available to the adaptive matched filter (AMF) described below. The output signal of the despreading means

602

is also provided to the acquisition decision means

606

which decides, based on a particular algorithm such as a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), if the present output levels of the despreading circuits correspond to synchronization of the locally generated code to the desired input code phase. If the detector finds no synchronization, then the acquisition decision means sends a control signal a(t) to the local pilot code generator

608

to offset its phase by one or more chip period. When synchronization is found, the acquisition decision means informs tracking circuit

607

, which achieves and maintains a close synchronization between the received and locally generated code sequences.

An exemplary implementation of the Pilot AVC used to despread the pilot spreading code is shown in FIG.

7

. The described embodiment assumes that the input signal x(t) has been sampled with sampling period T to form samples x(nT+τ), and is composed of interference noise of other message channels, multipath signals of message channels, thermal noise, and multipath signals of the pilot code. The signal x(nT+τ) is applied to L correlators, where L is the number of code phases over which the uncertainty within the multipath signals exists. Each correlator

701

,

702

,

703

comprises a multiplier

704

,

705

,

706

, which multiples the input signal with a particular phase of the Pilot spreading code signal c((n+i)), and sum-and-dump circuits

708

,

709

,

710

. The output signal of each multiplier

704

,

705

,

706

is applied to a respective sum-and dump circuit

708

,

709

,

710

to perform discrete integration. Before summing the signal energy contained in the outputs of the correlators, the AVC compensates for the channel response and the carrier phase rotation of the different multipath signals. Each output of each sum-and-dump

708

,

709

,

710

is multiplied with a derotation phaser [complex conjugate of ep(nT)] from digital phase lock loop (DPLL)

721

by the respective multiplier

714

,

715

,

716

to account for the phase and frequency offset of the carrier signal. The Pilot Rake AMP calculates the weighting factors wk, k=1, . . . , L, for each multipath signal by passing the output of each multiplier

714

,

715

,

716

through a low pass filter (LPF)

711

,

712

,

713

. Each despread multipath signal is multiplied by its corresponding weighting factor in a respective multiplier

717

,

718

,

719

. The output signals of the multipliers

717

,

718

,

719

are summed in a master adder

720

, and the output signal p(nT) of the accumulator

720

consists of the combined despread multipath pilot signals in noise. The output signal p(nT) is also input to the DPLL

721

to produce the error signal ep(nT) for tracking of the carrier phase.

FIGS. 8

a

and

8

b

show alternate embodiments of the AVC which can be used for detection and multipath signal component combining. The message signal AVCs of

FIGS. 8

a

and

8

b

use the weighting factors produced by the Pilot AVC to correct the message data multipath signals. The spreading code signal, c(nT) is the spreading code spreading sequence used by a particular message channel and is synchronous with the pilot spreading code signal The value L is the number of correlators in the AVC circuit.

The circuit of

FIG. 8

a

calculates the decision variable Z which is given by

\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} Z = w_{1} \sum_{i = 1}^{N} x (iT + τ) c (iT) + w_{2} \sum_{i = 1}^{N} x (iT + τ) c ((i + 1) T) + \dots + \\ w_{L} \sum_{i = 1}^{L} x (iT + τ) + c ((i + L) T) \end{matrix} & (28) \end{matrix}

where N is the number of chips in the correlation window. Equivalently, the decision statistic is given by

\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} Z = x (T + τ) \sum_{i = 1}^{L} w_{1} c (iT) + x (2 T + τ) \sum_{i = 1}^{L} w_{1} c ((i + 1) T) + \dots + \\ x (NT + τ) \sum_{i = 1}^{L} w_{N} c ((i + N) T) \\ = \sum_{k = 1}^{N} x (kT - τ) \sum_{i = 1}^{L} w_{k} c ((i + k - 1) T) \end{matrix} & (29) \end{matrix}

The alternative implementation that results from equation (29) is shown in

FIG. 8

b.

Referring to

FIG. 8

a

, the input signal x(t) is sampled to form x(nT+τ), and is composed of interference noise of other message channels, multipath signals of message channels, thermal noise, and multipath signals of the pilot code. The signal x(nT+τ) is applied to L correlators, where L is the number of code phases over which the uncertainty within the multipath signals exists. Each correlator

801

,

802

,

803

comprises a multiplier

804

,

805

,

806

, which multiples the input signal by a particular phase of the message channel spreading code signal, and a respective sum-and-dump circuit

808

,

809

,

810

. The output signal of each multiplier

804

,

805

,

806

is applied to a respective sum-and dump circuit

808

,

809

,

810

which performs discrete integration. Before summing the signal energy contained in the output signals of the correlators, the AVC compensates for the different multipath signals. Each despread multipath signal and its corresponding weighting factor, which is obtained from the corresponding multipath weighting factor of the pilot AVC, are multiplied in a respective multiplier

817

,

818

,

819

. The output signals of multipliers

817

,

818

,

819

are summed in a master adder

820

, and the output signal z(nT) of the accumulator

820

consists of sampled levels of a despread message signal in noise.

The alternative embodiment of the invention includes a new implementation of the AVC despreading circuit for the message channels which performs the sum-and-dump for each multipath signal component simultaneously. The advantage of this circuit is that only one sum-and dump circuit and one adder is necessary. Referring to

FIG. 8

b

, the message code sequence generator

830

provides a message code sequence to shift register

831

of length L. The output signal of each register

832

,

833

,

834

,

835

of the shift register

831

corresponds to the message code sequence shifted in phase by one chip. The output value of each register

832

,

833

,

834

,

835

is multiplied in multipliers

836

,

837

,

838

,

839

with the corresponding weighting factor W

k

, k=1, . . . , L obtained from the Pilot AVC. The output signals of the L multipliers

836

,

837

,

838

,

839

are summed by the adding circuit

840

. The adding circuit output signal and the receiver input signal x(nT+τ) are then multiplied in the multiplier

841

and integrated by the sum-and-dump circuit

842

to produce message signal z(nT).

A third embodiment of the adaptive vector correlator is shown in

FIG. 8

c

. The embodiment shown uses the least mean square (LMS) statistic to implement the vector correlator and determines the derotation factors for each multipath component from the received multipath signal. The AVC of

FIG. 8

c

is similar to the exemplary implementation of the Pilot AVC used to despread the pilot spreading code shown in FIG.

7

. The digital phase locked loop

721

is replaced by the phase locked loop

850

having voltage controlled oscillator

851

, loop filter

852

, limiter

853

, and imaginary component separator

854

. The difference between the corrected despread output signal dos and an ideal despread output signal is provided by adder

855

, and the difference signal is a despread error value ide which is further used by the derotation circuits to compensate for errors in the derotation factors.

In a multipath signal environment, the signal energy of a transmitted symbol is spread out over the multipath signal components. The advantage of multipath signal addition is that a substantial portion of signal energy is recovered in an output signal from the AVC. Consequently, a detection circuit has an input signal from the AVC with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and so can detect the presence of a symbol with a lower bit-error ratio (BER). In addition, measuring the output of the AVC is a good indication of the transmit power of the transmitter, and a good measure of the system's interference noise.

Adaptive Matched Filter

One embodiment of the current invention includes an Adaptive Matched Filter (AMF) to optimally combine the multipath signal components in a received spread spectrum message signal. The AMP is a tapped delay line which holds shifted values of the sampled message signal and combines these after correcting for the channel response. The correction for the channel response is done using the channel response estimate calculated in the AVC which operates on the Pilot sequence signal. The output signal of the AMF is the combination of the multipath components which are summed to give a maximum value. This combination corrects for the distortion of multipath signal reception. The various message despreading circuits operate on this combined multipath component signal from the AMF.

FIG. 8

d

shows an exemplary embodiment of the AMF. The sampled signal from the A/D converter

870

is applied to the L-stage delay line

872

. Each stage of this delay line

872

holds the signal corresponding to a different multipath signal component. Correction for the channel response is applied to each delayed signal component by multiplying the component in the respective multiplier of multiplier bank

874

with the respective weighting factor w

1

, w

2

, . . . , W

L

from the AVC corresponding to the delayed signal component. All weighted signal components are summed in the adder

876

to give the combined multipath component signal y(t).

The combined multipath component signal y(t) does not include the correction due to phase and frequency offset of the carrier signal. The correction for the phase and frequency offset of the carrier signal is made to y(t) by multiplying y(t) with carrier phase and frequency correction (derotation phasor) in multiplier

878

. The phase and frequency correction is produced by the AVC as described previously.

FIG. 8

d

shows the correction as being applied before the despreading circuits

880

, but alternate embodiments of the invention can apply the correction after the despreading circuits.

Method to Reduce Re-Acquisition Time with Virtual Location

One consequence of determining the difference in code phase between the locally generated pilot code sequence and a received spreading code sequence is that an approximate value for the distance between the base station and a subscriber unit can be calculated. If the SU has a relatively fixed position with respect to the RCS of the base station, the uncertainty of received spreading code phase is reduced for subsequent attempts at re-acquisition by the SU or RCS. The time required for the base station to acquire the access signal of a SU that has gone “off-hook” contributes to the delay between the SU going off-hook and the receipt of a dial tone from the PSTN. For systems that require a short delay, such as 150 msec for dial tone after off-hook is detected, a method which reduces the acquisition and bearer channel establishment time is desirable. One embodiment of the present invention uses such a method of reducing re-acquisition by use of virtual locating. Additional details of this technique are described in U.S. Patent Application entitled “VIRTUAL LOCATING OF A FIXED SUBSCRIBER UNIT TO REDUCE RE-ACQUISITION TIME” filed on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference.

The RCS acquires the SU CDMA signal by searching only those received code phases corresponding to the largest propagation delay of the particular system. In other words, the RCS assumes that all SUs are at a predetermined, fixed distance from the RCS. The first time the SU establishes a channel- with the RCS, the normal search pattern is performed by the RCS to acquire the access channel. The normal method starts by searching the code phases corresponding to the longest possible delay, and gradually adjusts the search to the code phases with the shortest possible delay. However, after the initial acquisition, the SU can calculate the delay between the RCS and the SU by measuring the time difference between sending a short access message to the RCS and receiving an acknowledgment message, and using the received Global Pilot channel as a timing reference. The SU can also receive the delay value by having the RCS calculate the round trip delay difference from the code phase difference between the Global Pilot code generated at the RCS and the received assigned pilot sequence from the SU, and then sending the SU the value on a predetermined control channel. Once the round trip delay is known to the SU, the SU may adjust the code phase of the locally generated assigned pilot and spreading code sequences by adding the delay required to make the SU appear to the RCS to be at the predetermined fixed distance from the RCS. Although the method is explained for the largest delay, a delay corresponding to any predetermined location in the system can be used.

A second advantage of the method of reducing re-acquisition by virtual locating is that a conservation in SU power use can be achieved. Note that a SU that is “powered down” or in a sleep mode needs to start the bearer channel acquisition process with a low transmit power level and ramp-up power until the RCS can receive its signal in order to minimize interference with other users. Since the subsequent re-acquisition time is shorter, and because the SU's location is relatively fixed in relation to the RCS, the SU can ramp-up transmit power more quickly because the SU will wait a shorter period of time before increasing transmit power. The SU waits a shorter period because it knows, within a small error range, when it should receive a response from the RCS if the RCS has acquired the SU signal.

The Spread Spectrum Communication System

The Radio Carrier Station (RCS)

The Radio Carrier Station (RCS) of the present invention acts as a central interface between the SU and the remote processing control network element, such as a Radio Distribution Unit (RDU). The interface to the RDU of the present embodiment follows the G.704 standard and an interface according to a modified version of DECT V5.1, but the present invention can support any interface that can exchange call control and traffic channels. The RCS receives information channels from the RDU including call control data, and traffic channel data such as, but not limited to, 32 kb/s ADPCM, 64 kb/s PCM, and ISDN, as well as system configuration and maintenance data. The RCS also terminates the CDMA radio interface bearer channels with SUs, which channels include both control data, and traffic channel data. In response to the call control data from either the RDU or a SU, the RCS allocates traffic channels to bearer channels on the RF communication link and establishes a communication connection between the SU and the telephone network through an RDU.

As shown in

FIG. 9

, the RCS receives call control and message information data into the MUXs

905

,

906

and

907

through interface lines

901

,

902

and

903

. Although E1 format is shown, other similar telecommunication formats can be supported in the same manner as described below. The MUXs shown in

FIG. 9

may be implemented using circuits similar to that shown in FIG.

10

. The MUX shown in

FIG. 10

includes system clock signal generator

1001

consisting of phase locked oscillators (not shown) which generate clock signals for the Line PCM highway

1002

(which is part of PCM Highway

910

), and high speed bus (HSB)

970

; and the MUX Controller

1010

which synchronizes the system clock

1001

to interface line

1004

. It is contemplated that the phase lock oscillators can provide timing signals for the RCS in the absence of synchronization to a line. The MUX Line Interface

1011

separates the call control data from the message information data. Referring to

FIG. 9

, each MUX provides a connection to the Wireless Access Controller (WAC)

920

through the PCM highway

910

. The MUX controller

1010

also monitors the presence of different tones present in the information signal by means of tone detector

1030

.

Additionally, the MUX Controller

1010

provides the ISDN D channel network signaling locally to the RDU. The MUX line interface

1011

, such as a FALC

54

, includes an E1 interface

1012

which consists of a transmit connection pair (not shown) and a receive connection pair (not shown) of the MUX connected to the RDU or Central Office (CO) ISDN Switch at the data rate of 2.048 Mbps. The transmit and receive connection pairs are connected to the E1 interface

1012

which translates differential tri-level transmit/receive encoded pairs into levels for use by the Framer

1015

. The line interface

1011

uses internal phase-locked-loops (not shown) to produce E1-derived 2.048 MHz, and 4.096 MHz clocks as well as an 8 KHz frame-sync pulse. The line interface can operate in clock-master or clock-slave mode. While the exemplary embodiment is shown as using an E1 Interface, it is contemplated that other types of telephone lines which convey multiple calls may be used, for example, T1 lines or lines which interface to a Private Branch Exchange (PBX).

The line interface framer

1015

frames the data streams by recognizing the framing patterns on channel-1 (time-slot 0) of the incoming line, and inserts and extracts service bits, generates/checks line service quality information.

As long as a valid E1 signal appears at the E1 Interface

1012

, the FALC

54

, recovers a 2.048 MHz PCM clock signal from the E1 line. This clock, via System Clock

1001

, is used system wide as a PCM Highway Clock signal. If the E1 Line fails, the FALC

54

continues to deliver a PCM Clock derived from an oscillator signal o(t) connected to the sync input (not shown) of the FALC

54

. This PCM Clock serves the RCS system until another MUX with an operational E1 line assumes responsibility for generating the system clock signals.

The framer

1015

generates a Received Frame Sync Pulse, which in turn can be used to trigger the PCM Interface

1016

to transfer data onto the line PCM Highway

1002

and into the RCS System for use by other elements. Since all E1 lines are frame synchronized, all Line PCM Highways are also frame synchronized. From this 8 kHz PCM Sync pulse, the system clock signal generator

1001

of the MUX uses a Phase Locked Loop (not shown) to synthesize the PNx2 clock [e.g., 15.96 MHz)(W

0

(t)]. The frequency of this clock signal is different for different transmission bandwidths, as described in Table 7.

The MUX includes a MUX Controller

1010

, such as a 25 MHz Quad Integrated Communications Controller, containing a microprocessor

1020

, program memory

1021

, and Time Division Multiplexer (TDM)

1022

. The TDM

1022

is coupled to receive the signal provided by the Framer

1015

, and extracts information placed in time slots 0 and 16. The extracted information governs how the MUX controller

1010

processes the Link- Access Protocol-D (LAPD) data link. The call control and bearer modification messages, such as those defined as V5.1 Network layer messages, are either passed to the WAC, or used locally by the MUX controller

1010

.

The RCS Line PCM Highway

1002

is connected to and originates with the Framer

1015

through PCM Interface

1016

, and comprises of a 2.048 MHz stream of data in both the transmit and receive direction. The RCS also contains a High Speed Bus (HSB)

970

which is the communication link between the MUX, WAC, and MIUs. The HSB

970

supports a data rate of, for example, 100 Mbit/sec. Bach of the MUX, WAC, and MIU access the HSB using arbitration. The RCS of the present invention also can include several MUXs requiring one board to be a “master” and the rest “slaves”. Details on the implementation of the HSB may be found in a U.S. patent application entitled PARALLEL PACKETIZED INTERMODULE ARBITRATED HIGH SPEED CONTROL AND DATA BUS, filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Referring to

FIG. 9

, the Wireless Access Controller (WAC)

920

is the RCS system controller which manages call control functions and interconnection of data streams between the MUXs

905

,

906

,

907

, Modem Interface Units (MIUs)

931

,

932

,

933

. The WAC

920

also controls and monitors other RCS elements such as the VDC

940

, RF

950

, and Power Amplifiers

960

. The WAC

920

as shown in

FIG. 11

, allocates bearer channels to the modems on each MIU

931

,

932

,

933

and allocates the message data on line PCM Highway

910

from the MUXs

905

,

906

,

907

to the modems on the MIUs

931

,

932

,

933

. This allocation is made through the System PCM Highway

911

by means of a time slot interchange on the WAC

920

. If more than one WAC is present for redundancy purposes, the WACs determines the Master-Slave relationship with a second WAC. The WAC

920

also generates messages and paging information responsive to call control signals from the MUXs

905

,

906

,

907

received from a remote processor, such as an RDU; generates Broadcast Data which is transmitted to the MIU master modem

934

; and controls the generation by the MIU MM

934

of the Global system Pilot spreading code sequence. The WAC

920

also is connected to an external Network Manager (NM)

980

for craftperson or user access.

Referring to

FIG. 11

, the WAC includes a time-slot interchanger (TSI)

1101

which transfers information from one time slot in a Line PCM Highway or System PCM Highway to another time slot in either the same or different Line PCM Highway or System PCM Highway. The TSI

1101

is connected to the WAC controller

1111

of

FIG. 11

which controls the assignment or transfer of information from one time slot to another time slot and stores this information in memory

1120

. The exemplary embodiment of the invention has four PCM Highways

1102

,

1103

,

1104

,

1105

connected to the TSI. The WAC also is connected to the HSB

970

, through which WAC communicates to a second WAC (not shown), to the MUXs and to the MIUs.

Referring to

FIG. 11

, the WAC

920

includes a WAC controller

1111

employing, for example, a microprocessor

1112

, such as a Motorola MC68040 and a communications processor

1113

, such as the Motorola MC68360 QUICC communications processor, and a clock oscillator

1114

which receives a clock synch signal wo(t) from the system clock generator. The clock generator is located on a MUX (not shown) to provide timing to the WAC controller

1111

. The WAC controller

1111

also includes memory

1120

including Flash Prom

1121

and SRAM memory

1122

. The Flash Prom

1121

contains the program code for the WAC controller

1111

, and is reprogrammable for new software programs downloaded from an external source. The SRAM

1122

is provided to contain the temporary data written to and read from memory

1120

by the WAC controller

1111

.

A low speed bus

912

is connected to the WAC

920

for transferring control and status signals between the RF Transmitter/Receiver

950

, VDC

940

, RF

950

and Power Amplifier

960

as shown in FIG.

9

. The control signals are sent from the WAC

920

to enable or disable the RF Transmitters/Receiver

950

or Power amplifier

960

, and the status signals are sent from the RF Transmitters/Receiver

950

or Power amplifier

960

to monitor the presence of a fault condition.

Referring to

FIG. 9

, the exemplary RCS contains at least one MIU

931

, which is shown in FIG.

12

and now described in detail. The MIU of the exemplary embodiment includes six CDMA modems, but the invention is not limited to this number of modems. The MIU includes a System PCM Highway

1201

connected to each of the CDMA Modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

through a PCM Interface

1220

, a Control Channel Bus

1221

connected to MIU controller

1230

and each of the CDMA Modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1213

, an MIU clock signal generator (CLK)

1231

, and a modem output combiner

1232

. The MIU provides the RCS with the following functions: the MIU controller receives CDMA Channel Assignment Instructions from the WAC and assigns a modem to a user information signal which is applied to the line interface of the MUX and a modem to receive the CDMA channel from the SU; it also combines the CDMA Transmit Modem Data for each of the MIU CDMA modems; multiplexes I and Q transmit message data from the CDMA modems for transmission to the VDC; receives Analog I and Q receive message data from the VDC; distributes the I and Q data to the CDMA modems; transmits and receives digital AGC Data; distributes the AGC data to the CDMA modems; and sends MIU Board Status and Maintenance Information to the WAC

920

.

The MIU controller

1230

of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention contains one communication microprocessor

1240

, such as the MC68360 “QUICC” Processor, and includes a memory

1242

having a Flash Prom memory

1243

and a SRAM memory

1244

. Flash Prom

1243

is provided to contain the program code for the Microprocessors

1240

, and the memory

1243

is downloadable and reprogrammable to support new program versions. SRAM

1244

is provided to contain the temporary data space needed by the MC68360 Microprocessor

1240

when the MIU controller

1230

reads or writes data to memory

The MIU CLK circuit

1231

provides a timing signal to the MIU controller

1230

, and also provides a timing signal to the CDMA modems. The MW CLK circuit

1231

receives and is synchronized to the system clock signal wo(t). The controller clock signal generator

1213

also receives and synchronizes to the spreading code clock signal pn(t) which is distributed to the CDMA modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

from the MUX.

The RCS of the present embodiment includes a System Modem

1210

contained on one MIU. The System Modem

1210

includes a Broadcast spreader (not shown) and a Pilot Generator (not shown). The Broadcast Modem provides the broadcast information used by the exemplary system, and the broadcast message data is transferred from the MIU controller

1230

to the System Modem

1210

. The System Modem also includes four additional modems (not shown) which are used to transmit the signals CT1 through CT4 and AX1 through AX4. The System Modem

1210

provides unweighted I and Q Broadcast message data signals which are applied to the VDC. The VDC adds the Broadcast message data signal to the MIU CDMA Modem Transmit Data of all CDMA modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

, and the Global Pilot signal.

The Pilot Generator (PG)

1250

provides the Global Pilot signal which is used by the present invention, and the Global Pilot signal is provided to the CDMA modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

by the MIU controller

1230

. However, other embodiments of the present invention do not require the MW controller to generate the Global Pilot signal, but include a Global Pilot signal generated by any form of CDMA Code Sequence generator. In the described embodiment of the invention, the unweighted I and Q Global Pilot signal is also sent to the VDC where it is assigned a weight, and added to the MIU CDMA Modem transmit data and Broadcast message data signal.

System timing in the RCS is derived from the E1 interface. There are four MUXs in an RCS, three of which (

905

,

906

and

907

) are shown in FIG.

9

. Two MUXs are located on each chassis. One of the two MUXs on each chassis is designated as the master, and one of the masters is designated as the system master. The MUX which is the system master derives a 2.048 Mhz PCM clock signal from the E1 interface using a phase locked loop (not shown). In turn, the system master MUX divides the 2.048 Mhz PCM clock signal in frequency by 16 to derive a 128 KHz reference clock signal. The 128 KHz reference clock signal is distributed from the MUX that is the system master to all the other MUXs. In turn, each MUX multiplies the 128 KHz reference clock signal in frequency to synthesize the system clock signal which has a frequency that is twice the frequency of the PN-clock signal. The MUX also divides the 128 KHz clock signal in frequency by 16 to generate the 8 KHz frame synch signal which is distributed to the MIUs. The system clock signal for the exemplary embodiment has a frequency of 11.648 Mhz for a 7 MHz bandwidth CDMA channel Each MUX also divides the system clock signal in frequency by 2 to obtain the PN-clock signal and further divides the PN-clock signal in frequency by 29 877 120 (the PN sequence length) to generate the PN-synch signal which indicates the epoch boundaries. The PN-synch signal from the system master MUX is also distributed to all MUXs to maintain phase alignment of the internally generated clock signals for each MUX. The PN-synch signal and the frame synch signal are aligned. The two MUXs that are designated as the master MUXs for each chasis then distribute both the system clock signal and the PN-clock signal to the MIUs and the VDC.

The PCM Highway Interface

1220

connects the System PCM Highway

911

to each CDMA Modem

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

. The WAC controller transmits Modem Control information, including traffic message control signals for each respective user information signal, to the MIU controller

1230

through the HSB

970

. Each CDMA Modem

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

receives a traffic message control signal, which includes signaling information, from the MIU controller

1111

. Traffic message control signals also include call control (CC) information and spreading code and despreading code sequence information.

The MIU also includes the Transmit Data Combiner

1232

which adds weighted CDMA modem transmit data including In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) modem transmit data from the CDMA modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

on the MIU. The I modem transmit data is added separately from the Q modem transmit data. The combined I and Q modem transmit data output signal of the Transmit Data Combiner

1232

is applied to the I and Q multiplexer

1233

that creates a single CDMA transmit message channel composed of the I and Q modem transmit data multiplexed into a digital data stream.

The Receiver Data Input Circuit (RDI)

1234

receives the Analog Differential I and Q Data from the Video Distribution Circuit (VDC)

940

shown in FIG.

9

and distributes Analog Differential I and Q Data to each of the CDMA Modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

of the MIU. The Automatic Gain Control Distribution Circuit (AGC)

1235

receives the AGC Data signal from the VDC and distributes the AGC Data to each of the CDMA Modems of the MIU. The TRL circuit

1233

receives the Traffic lights information and similarly distributes the Traffic light data to each of the Modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

.

The CDMA Modem

The CDMA modem provides for generation of CDMA spreading code sequences and synchronization between transmitter and receiver. It also provides four full duplex channels (TR

0

, TR

1

, TR

2

, TR

3

) programmable to 64, 32, 16, and 8 ksym/sec. each, for spreading and transmission at a specific power level. The CDMA modem measures the received signal strength to allow Automatic Power Control, it generates and transmits pilot signals, and encodes and decodes using the signal for forward error correction (FEC). The modem in an SU also performs transmitter spreading code pulse shaping using an FIR filter. The CDMA modem is also used by the Subscriber Unit (SU), and in the following discussion those features which are used only by the SU are distinctly pointed out. The operating frequencies of the CDMA modem are given in Table 10.

TABLE 10

Operating Frequencies

Bandwidth

Chip Rate

Symbol Rate

Gain

(MHz)

(MHz)

(KHz)

(Chips/Symbol)

7

5.824

64

91

10

8.320

64

130

10.5

8.512

64

133

14

11.648

64

182

15

12.480

64

195

Each CDMA modem

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

of

FIG. 12

, and as shown in

FIG. 13

, is composed of a transmit section

1301

and a receive section

1302

. Also included in the CDMA modem is a control center

1303

which receives control messages CNTRL from the external system. These messages are used, for example, to assign particular spreading codes, activate the spreading or despreading, or to assign transmission rates. In addition, the CDMA modem has a code generator means

1304

used to generate the various spreading and despreading codes used by the CDMA modem. The transmit section

1301

is for transmitting the input information and control signals m

i

(t), i=1,2, . . . I as spread-spectrum processed user information signals sc

j

(t), j=1,2, . . . J. The transmit section

1301

receives the global pilot code from the code generator

1304

which is controlled by the control means

1303

. The spread spectrum processed user information signals are ultimately added to other similar processed signals and transmitted as CDMA channels over the CDMA RF forward message link, for example to the SUs. The receive section

1302

receives CDMA channels as r(t) and despreads and recovers the user information and control signals rc

k

(t), k=1,2, . . . K transmitted over the CDMA RF reverse message link, for example to the RCS from the SUs.

CDMA Modem Transmitter Section

Referring to

FIG. 14

, the code generator means

1304

includes Transmit Timing Control Logic

1401

and spreading code PN-Generator

1402

, and the Transmit Section

1301

includes Modem Input Signal Receiver (MISR)

1410

, Convolution Encoders

1411

,

1412

,

1413

,

1414

, Spreaders

1420

,

1421

,

1422

,

1423

,

1424

, and Combiner

1430

. The Transmit Section

1301

receives the message data channels MESSAGE, convolutionally encodes each message data channel in the respective convolutional encoder

1411

,

1412

,

1413

,

1414

, modulates the data with random spreading code sequence in the respective spreader

1420

,

1421

,

1422

,

1423

,

1424

, and combines modulated data from all channels, including the pilot code received in the described embodiment from the code generator, in the combiner

1430

to generate I and Q components for RF transmission. The Transmitter Section

1301

of the present embodiment supports four (TR

0

, TR

1

, TR

2

, TR

3

) 64, 32, 16, 8 kb/s programmable channels. The message channel data is a time multiplexed signal received from the PCM highway

1201

through PCM interface

1220

and input to the MISR

1410

.

FIG. 15

is a block diagram of an exemplary MISR

1410

. For the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a counter is set by the 8 KHz frame synchronization signal MPCMSYNC and is incremented by 2.048 MHz MPCMCLK from the timing circuit

1401

. The counter output is compared by comparator

1502

against TRCFG values corresponding to slot time location for TR

0

, TR

1

, TR

2

, TR

3

message channel data; and the TRCFG values are received from the MIU Controller

1230

in MCTRL. The comparator sends count signal to the registers

1505

,

1506

,

1507

and

1508

which clocks message channel data into buffers

1510

,

1511

,

1512

,

1513

using the TXPCNCLK timing signal derived from the system clock. The message data is provided from the signal MSGDAT from the PCM highway signal MESSAGE when enable signals TR

0

EN, TR

1

EN, TR

2

EN and TR

3

EN from Timing Control Logic

1401

are active. In further embodiments, MESSAGE may also include signals that enable registers depending upon an encryption rate or data rate. If the counter output is equal to one of the channel location addresses, the specified transmit message data in registers

1510

,

1511

,

1512

,

1513

are input to the convolutional encoders

1411

,

1412

,

1413

,

1414

shown in FIG.

14

.

The convolutional encoder enables the use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques, which are well known in the art. FEC techniques depend on introducing redundancy in generation of data in encoded form. Encoded data is transmitted and the redundancy in the data enables the receiver decoder device to detect and correct errors. One embodiment of the present invention employs convolutional encoding. Additional data bits are added to the data in the encoding process and are the coding overhead. The coding rate is expressed as the ratio of data bits transmitted to the total bits (code data+redundant data) transmitted and is called the rate “R” of the code.

Convolution codes are codes where each code bit is generated by the convolution of each new uncoded bit with a number of previously coded bits. The total number of bits used in the encoding process is referred to as the constraint length, “K”, of the code. In convolutional coding, data is clocked into a shift register of K bits length so that an incoming bit is clocked into the register, and it and the existing K−1 bits are convolutionally encoded to create a new symbol. The convolution process consists of creating a symbol consisting of a module-2 sum of a certain pattern of available bits, always including the first bit and the last bit in at least one of the symbols.

FIG. 16

shows the block diagram of a K=7, R=½ convolution encoder suitable for use as the encoder

1411

shown in FIG.

14

. This circuit encodes the TR

0

Channel as used in one embodiment of the present invention. Seven-Bit Register

1601

with stages Q

1

through Q

7

uses the signal TXPNCLK to clock in TR

0

data when the TR

0

EN signal is asserted. The output value of stages Q

1

, Q

2

, Q

3

, Q

4

, Q

6

, and Q

7

are each combined using EXCLUSIVE-OR Logic

1602

,

1603

to produce respective I and Q channel FEC data for the TR

0

channel FECTR

0

DI and FECTR

0

DQ.

Two output symbol streams FECTR

0

DI and FECTR

0

DQ are generated. The FECTR

0

DI symbol stream is generated by EXCLUSIVE OR Logic

1602

of shift register outputs corresponding to bits

6

,

5

,

4

,

3

, and

0

, (Octal

171

) and is designed as In phase component “I” of the transmit message channel data. The symbol stream FECTR

0

DQ is likewise generated by EXCLUSIVE-OR logic

1603

of shift register outputs from bits

6

,

4

3

,

1

and

0

, (Octal

133

) and is designated as Quadrature component “Q” of the transmit message channel data. Two symbols are transmitted to represent a single encoded bit creating the redundancy necessary to enable error correction to take place on the receiving end.

Referring to

FIG. 14

, the shift enable clock signal for the transmit message channel data is generated by the Control Timing Logic

1401

. The convolutionally encoded transmit message channel output data for each channel is applied to the respective spreader

1420

,

1421

,

1422

,

1423

,

1424

which multiplies the transmit message channel data by its preassigned spreading code sequence from code generator

1402

. This spreading code sequence is generated by control

1303

as previously described, and is called a random pseudonoise signature sequence (PN-code).

The output signal of each spreader

1420

,

1421

,

1422

,

1423

,

1424

is a spread transmit data channel. The operation of the spreader is as follows: the spreading of channel output (I+jQ) multiplied by a random sequence (PNI+jPNQ) yields the In-phase component I of the result being composed of (I xor PNI) and (−Q xor PNQ). Quadrature component Q of the result is (Q xor PNI) and (I xor PNQ). Since there is no channel data input to the pilot channel logic (I=1, Q values are prohibited), the spread output signal for pilot channels yields the respective sequences PNI for I component and PNQ for Q component.

The combiner

1430

receives the I and Q spread transmit data channels and combines the channels into an I modem transmit data signal (TXIDAT) and a Q modem transmit data signal (TXQDAT). The I-spread transmit data and the Q spread transmit data are added separately.

For an SU, the CDMA modem Transmit Section

1301

includes the FIR filters to receive the I and Q channels from the combiner to provide pulse shaping, close-in spectral control and x/sin (x) correction for the transmitted signal. Separate but identical FIR filters receive the I and Q spread transmit data streams at the chipping rate, and the output signal of each of the filters is at twice the chipping rate. The exemplary FIR filters are 28 tap even symmetrical filters, which upsample (interpolate) by 2. The upsampling occurs before the filtering, so that 28 taps refers to 28 taps at twice the chipping rate, and the upsampling is accomplished by setting every other sample a zero. Exemplary coefficients are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11

Coefficient Values

Coeff.No.:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Value:

3

−11

−34

−22

19

17

−32

−19

52

24

−94

−31

277

468

Coeff.No.

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

24

25

26

27

Value

277

−31

−94

24

52

−19

−32

17

19

−22

−34

−11

3

CDMA Modem Receiver Section

Referring to

FIGS. 9 and 12

, the RF receiver

950

of the present embodiment accepts analog input I and Q CDMA channels, which are transmitted to the CDMA modems

1210

,

1211

,

1212

,

1215

through the MIUs

931

,

932

,

933

from the VDC

940

. These I and Q CMDA channel signals are sampled by the CDMA modem receive section

1302

(shown in

FIG. 13

) and converted to I and Q digital receive message signal using an Analog to Digital (A/D) converter

1730

, shown in FIG.

17

. The sampling rate of the AID converter of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is equivalent to the despreading code rate. The I and Q digital receive message signals are then despread with correlators using six different complex spreading code sequences corresponding to the despreading code sequences of the four channels (TR

0

, TR

1

, TR

2

, TR

3

), APC information and the pilot code.

Time synchronization of the receiver to the received signal is separated into two phases; there is an initial acquisition phase and then a tracking phase after the signal timing has been acquired. The initial acquisition is done by shifting the phase of the locally generated pilot code sequence relative to the received signal and comparing the output of the pilot despreader to a threshold. The method used is called sequential search. Two thresholds (match and dismiss) are calculated from the auxiliary despreader. Once the signal is acquired, the search process is stopped and the tracking process begins. The tracking process maintains the code generator

1304

(shown in

FIGS. 13 and 17

) used by the receiver in synchronization with the incoming signal. The tracking loop used is the Delay-Locked Loop (DLL) and is implemented in the acquisition & track

1701

and the IPM

1702

blocks of FIG.

17

.

In

FIG. 13

, the modem controller

1303

implements the Phase Lock Loop (PLL) as a software algorithm in SW PILL logic

1724

of

FIG. 17

that calculates the phase and frequency shift in the received signal relative to the transmitted signal. The calculated phase shifts are used to derotate the phase shifts in rotate and combine blocks

1718

,

1719

,

1720

,

1721

of the multipath data signals for combining to produce output signals corresponding to receive channels TR

0

′, TR

1

′, TR

2

′, TR

3

′. The data is then Viterbi decoded in Viterbi Decoders

1713

,

1714

,

1715

,

1716

to remove the convolutional encoding in each of the received message channels.

FIG. 17

indicates that the Code Generator

1304

provides the code sequences Pn

i

(t), i=1,2, . . . I used by the receive channel despreaders

1703

,

1704

,

1705

,

1706

,

1707

,

1708

,

1709

. The code sequences generated are timed in response to the SYNK signal of the system clock signal and are determined by the CCNTRL signal from the modem controller

1303

shown in FIG.

13

. Referring to

FIG. 17

, the CDMA modem receiver section

1302

includes Adaptive Matched Filter (AMF)

1710

, Channel despreaders

1703

,

1704

,

1705

,

1706

,

1707

,

1708

,

1709

, Pilot AVC

1711

, Auxiliary AVC

1712

, Viterbi decoders

1713

,

1714

,

1715

,

1716

, Modem output interface (MOI)

1717

, Rotate and Combine logic

1718

,

1719

,

1720

,

1721

, AMF Weight Generator

1722

, and Quantile Estimation logic

1723

.

In another embodiment of the invention, the CDMA modem receiver also includes a Bit error Integrator to measure the BER of the channel and idle code insertion logic between the Viterbi decoders

1713

,

1714

,

1715

,

1716

and the MOI

1717

to insert idle codes in the event of loss of the message data.

The Adaptive Matched Filter (AMP)

1710

resolves multipath interference introduced by the air channel. The exemplary AMF

1710

uses an 11 stage complex FIR filter as shown in FIG.

18

. The received I and Q digital message signals are received at the register

1820

from the A/D

1730

of FIG.

17

and are multiplied in multipliers

1801

,

1802

,

1803

,

1810

,

1811

by I and Q channel weights W

1

to W

11

received from AMF weight generator

1722

of FIG.

17

. In the exemplary embodiment, the AID

1730

provides the I and Q digital receive message signal data as 2's complement values, 6 bits for I and 6 bits for Q which are clocked through an 11 stage shift register

1820

responsive to the receive spreading-code clock signal RXPNCLK. The signal RXPNCLK is generated by the timing section

1401

of code generation logic

1304

. Each stage of the shift register is tapped and complex multiplied in the multipliers

1801

,

1802

,

1803

,

1810

,

1811

by individual (6-bit I and 6-bit Q) weight values to provide 11 tap-weighted products which are summed in adder

1830

, and limited to 7-bit I and 7-bit Q values.

The CDMA modem receive section

1302

(shown in

FIG. 13

) provides independent channel despreaders

1703

,

1704

,

1705

,

1706

,

1707

,

1708

,

1709

(shown in

FIG. 17

) for despreading the message channels. The described embodiment despreads 7 message channels, each despreader accepting a 1-bit I b 1-bit Q despreading code signal to perform a complex correlation of this code against a 8-bit I by 8-bit Q data input. The 7 despreaders correspond to the 7 channels: Traffic Channel

0

(TR

0

′), TR

1

′, T

2

′T

3

′, AUX (a spare channel), Automatic Power Control (APC) and pilot (PLT).

The Pilot AVC

1711

shown in

FIG. 19

receives the I and Q Pilot Spreading code sequence values PCI and PCQ into shift register

1920

responsive to the timing signal RXPNCLK, and includes 11 individual despreaders

1901

through

1911

each correlating the I and Q digital receive message signal data with a one chip delayed version of the same pilot code sequence. Signals OE

1

, OE

2

, . . . OE

11

are used by the modem control

1303

to enable the despreading operation. The output signals of the despreaders are combined in combiner

1920

forming correlation signal DSPRDAT of the Pilot AVC

1711

, which is received by the ACQ & Track logic

1701

(shown in FIG.

17

), and ultimately by modem controller

1303

(shown in FIG.

13

). The ACQ & Track logic

1701

uses the correlation signal value to determine if the local receiver is synchronized with its remote transmitter.

The Auxiliary AVC

1712

also receives the I and Q digital receive message signal data and, in the described embodiment, includes four separate despreaders

2001

,

2002

,

2003

,

2004

as shown in FIG.

20

. Each despreader receives and correlates the I and Q digital receive message data with delayed versions of the same despreading code sequence PARI and PARQ which are provided by code generator

1304

input to and contained in shift register

2020

. The output signals of the despreaders

2001

,

2002

,

2003

,

2004

are combined in combiner

2030

which provides noise correlation signal ARDSPRDAT. The auxiliary AVC spreading code sequence does not correspond to any transmit spreading code sequence of the system. Signals OE

1

, OE

2

, . . . OE

4

are used by the modem control

1303

to enable the despreading operation. The Auxiliary AVC

1712

provides a noise correlation signal ARDSPRDAT from which quantile estimates are calculated by the Quantile estimator

1733

, and provides a noise level measurement to the ACQ & Track logic

1701

(shown in

FIG. 17

) and modem controller

1303

(shown in FIG.

13

).

Each despread channel output signal corresponding to the received message channels TR

0

′, TR

1

′, TR

2

′, and TR

3

′ is input to a corresponding Viterbi decoder

1713

,

1714

,

1715

,

1716

shown in

FIG. 17

which performs forward error correction on convolutionally encoded data. The Viterbi decoders of the exemplary embodiment have a constraint length of K=7 and a rate of R=½. The decoded despread message channel signals are transferred from the CDMA modem to the PCM Highway

1201

through the MOI

1717

The operation of the MOI is essentially the same as the operation of the MISR of the transmit section

1301

(shown in

FIG. 13

) except in reverse.

The CDMA modem receiver section

1302

implements several different algorithms during different phases of the acquisition, tracking and despreading of the receive CDMA message signal.

When the received signal is momentarily lost (or severely degraded) the idle code insertion algorithm inserts idle codes in place of the lost or degraded receive message data to prevent the user from hearing loud noise bursts on a voice call. The idle codes are sent to the MOI

1717

(shown in

FIG. 17

) in place of the decoded message channel output signal from the Viterbi decoders

1713

,

1714

,

1715

,

1716

. The idle code used for each traffic channel is programmed by the Modem Controller

1303

by writing the appropriate pattern IDLE to the MOI, which in the present embodiment is a 8 bit word for a 64 kb/s stream, 4 bit word for a 32 kb/s stream.

Modem Algorithms for Acquisition and Tracking of Received Pilot Signal

The acquisition and tracking algorithms are used by the receiver to determine the approximate code phase of a received signal, synchronize the local modem receiver despreaders to the incoming pilot signal, and track the phase of the locally generated pilot code sequence with the received pilot code sequence. Referring to

FIGS. 13 and 17

, the algorithms are performed by the Modem controller

1303

, which provides clock adjust signals to code generator

1304

. These adjust signals cause the code generator for the despraders to adjust locally generated code sequences in response to measured output values of the Pilot Rake

1711

and Quantile values from quantile estimators

1723

B. Quantile values are noise statistics measured from the In-phase and Quadrature channels from the output values of the AUX Vector Correlator

1712

(shown in FIG.

17

). Synchronization of the receiver to the received signal is separated into two phases; an initial acquisition phase and a tracking phase The initial acquisition phase is accomplished by clocking the locally generated pilot spreading code sequence at a higher or lower rate than the received signal's spreading code rate, sliding the locally generated pilot spreading code sequence and performing sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) on the output of the Pilot Vector correlator

1711

. The tracking phase maintains the locally generated spreading code pilot sequence in synchronization with the incoming pilot signal. Details of the quantile estimators

1723

B may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/218,198 entitled “ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL FOR A SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM” which is incorporated by reference herein for its teachings on adaptive power control systems.

The SU cold acquisition algorithm is used by the SU CDMA modem when it is first powered up, and therefore has no knowledge of the correct pilot spreading code phase, or when an SU attempts to reacquire synchronization with the incoming pilot signal but has taken an excessive amount of time. The cold acquisition algorithm is divided into two sub-phases. The first subphase consists of a search over the length 233415 code used by the FBCH. Once this sub-code phase is acquired, the pilot's 233415×128 length code is known to within an ambiguity of 128 possible phases. The second subphase is a search of these remaining 128 possible phases. In order not to lose synch with the FBCH, in the second phase of the search, it is desirable to switch back and forth between tracking of the FBCH code and attempting acquisition of the pilot code.

The RCS acquisition of short access pilot (SAXPT) algorithm is used by an RCS CDMA modem to acquire the SAXPT pilot signal of an SU. Additional details of this technique are described in U.S. Patent Application entitled “A METHOD OF CONTROLLING INITIAL POWER RAMP-UP IN CDMA SYSTEMS BY USING SHORT CODES” filed on even date herewith and herein incorporated by reference. The algorithm is a fast search algorithm because the SAXPT is a short code sequence of length N, where N=chips/symbol, and ranges from 45 to 195, depending on the system's bandwidth. The search cycles through all possible phases until acquisition is complete.

The RCS acquisition of the long access pilot (LAXPT) algorithm begins immediately after acquisition of SAXPT. The SU's code phase is known within a multiple of a symbol duration, so in the exemplary embodiment of the invention there may be 7 to 66 phases to search within the round trip delay from the RCS. This bound is a result of the SU pilot signal being synchronized to the RCS Global pilot signal.

The re-acquisition algorithm begins when loss of code, lock (LOL) occurs. A Z-search algorithm is used to speed the process on the assumption that the code phase has not drifted far from where it was the last time the system was locked. The RCS uses a maximum width of the Z-search windows bounded by the maximum round trip propagation delay.

The Pre-Track period immediately follows the acquisition or re-acquisition algorithms and immediately precedes the tracking algorithm. Pre-track is a fixed duration period during which the receive data provided by the modem is not considered valid. The Pre-Track period allows other modem algorithms, such as those used by the ISW PLL

1724

, ACQ & Tracking, AMF Weight GEN

1722

, to prepare and adapt to the current channel. The Pre-Track period is two parts. The first part is the delay while the code tracking loop pulls in. The second part is the delay while the AMP tap weight calculations are performed by the AMP Weight Gen

1722

to produce settled weighting coefficients. Also in the second part of the Pre-Track period, the carrier tracking loop is allowed to pull in by the SW PLL

1724

, and the scalar quantile estimates are performed in the Quantile estimator

1723

A.

The Tracking Process is entered after the Pre-Track period ends. This process is actually a repetitive cycle and is the only process phase during which receive data provided by the modem may be considered valid. The following operations are performed during this phase: AMP Tap Weight Update, Carrier Tracking, Code Tracking, Vector Quantile Update, Scalar Quantile Update, Code Lock Check, Derotation and Symbol Summing, and Power Control (forward and reverse)

If LOL is detected, the modem receiver terminates the Track algorithm and automatically enters the reaquisition algorithm. In the SU, a LOL causes the transmitter to be shut down. In the RCS, LOL causes forward power control to be disabled with the transmit power held constant at the level immediately prior to loss of lock. It also causes the return power control information being transmitted to assume a 010101 . . . pattern, causing the SU to hold its transmit power constant. This can be performed using the signal lock check function which generates the reset signal to the acquisition and tracking circuit

1701

.

Two sets of quantile statistics are maintained, one by Quantile estimator

1723

B and the other by the scalar Quantile Estimator

1723

A. Both are used by the modem controller

1303

. The first set is the “vector” quantile information, so named because it is calculated from the vector of four complex values generated by the AUX AVC receiver

1712

. The second set is the scalar quantile information, which is calculated from the single complex value AUX signal that is output from the AUX Despreader

1707

. The two sets of information represent different sets of noise statistics used to maintain a predetermined Probability of False Alarm (P

fa

). The vector quantile data is used by the acquisition and reaquisition algorithms implemented by the modem controller

1303

to determine the presence of a received signal in noise, and the scalar quantile information is used by the code lock check algorithm.

For both the vector and scalar cases, quantile information consists of calculated values of lambda

0

through lambda

2

, which are boundary values used to estimate the probability distribution function (p.d.f) of the despread receive signal and determine whether the modem is locked to the PN code. The Aux_Power value used in the following C-subroutine is the magnitude squared of the AUX signal output of the scalar correlator array for the scalar quantiles, and the sum of the magnitudes squared for the vector case. In both cases the quantiles are then calculated using the following C-subroutine:

for (n = 0; n < 3; n ++) {

lambda [n] + = (lambda [n] < Aux_Power) ? CG[n] : GM[n];

}

where CG[n] are positive constants and GM[n] are negative constants (different values are used for scalar and vector quantiles).

During the acquisition phase, the search of the incoming pilot signal with the locally generated pilot code sequence employs a series of sequential tests to determine if the locally generated pilot code has the correct code phase relative to the received signal. The search algorithms use the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) to determine whether the received and locally generated code sequences are in phase. The speed of acquisition is increased by parallelism resulting from having a multi-fingered receiver. For example, in the described embodiment of the invention the main Pilot Rake

1711

has a total of 11 fingers representing a total phase period of 11 chip periods. For acquisition 8 separate sequential probability ratio tests (SPRTs) are implemented, with each SPRT observing a 4 chip window. Each window is offset from the previous window by one chip, and in a search sequence any given code phase is covered by 4 windows. If all 8 of the SPRT tests are rejected, then the set of windows is moved by 8 chips. If any of the SPRT's is accepted, then the code phase of the locally generated pilot code sequence is adjusted to attempt to center the accepted SPRT's phase within the Pilot AVC. It is likely that more than one SPRT reaches the acceptance threshold at the same time. A table lookup is used cover all 256 possible combinations of accept/reject and the modem controller uses the information to estimate the correct center code phase within the Pilot Rake

1711

. Each SPRT is implemented as follows (all operations occur at 64 k symbol rate): Denote the fingers' output level values as I_Finger[n] and Q_Finger[n], where n=0 . . . 10 (inclusive, 0 is earliest (most advanced) finger), then the power of each window is:

Power Window [i] = \sum_{n} (I_{—} {Finger}^{2} [n] + Q_{—} {Finger}^{2} [n])

To implement the SPRT's the modem controller then performs for each of the windows the following calculations which are expressed as a pseudo-code subroutine:

/* find bin for Power */

tmp = SIGMA[0];

for(k = 0; k < 3; k ++) {

if (Power > lambda [k]) tmp = SIGMA[k + 1];

}

test_statistic + = tmp; /* update statistic */

if(test_statistic > ACCEPTANCE_THRESHOLD)you've got ACQ;

else if (test_statistic < DISMISSAL_THRESHOLD) {

forget this code phase;

} else keep trying - get more statistics;

where lambda[k] are as defined in the above section on quantile estimation, and SIGMA[k], ACCEPTANCE_THRESHOLD and DISMISSAL_THRESHOLD are predetermined constants. Note that SIGMA[k] is negative for values for low values of k, and positive for right values of k, such that the acceptance and dismissal thresholds can be constants rather than a function of how many symbols worth of data have been accumulated in the statistic.

The modem controller determines which bin delimited by the values of lambda[m] the Power level falls into which allows the modem controller to develop an approximate statistic.

For the present algorithm, the control voltage is formed as ε=y

T

By, where y is a vector formed from the complex valued output values of the Pilot Vector correlator

1711

, and B is a matrix consisting of the constant values pre-determined to maximize the operating characteristics while minimizing the noise as described previously with reference to the Quadratic Detector.

To understand the operation of the Quadratic Detector, it is useful to consider the following. A spread spectrum (CDMA) signal, s(t) is passed through a multipath channel with an impulse response h

c

(t). The baseband spread signal is described by equation (30).

\begin{matrix} s (t) = \sum_{i} C_{i} p (t - {iT}_{c}) & (30) \end{matrix}

where C

i

is a complex spreading code symbol, p(t) is a predefined chip pulse and T

c

is the chip time spacing, where T

c

=1/R

c

and R

c

is the chip rate.

The received baseband signal is represented by equation (31)

\begin{matrix} r (t) = \sum_{i} C_{i} q (t - {iT}_{c} - τ) + n (t) & (31) \end{matrix}

where q(t)=p(t)*h

c

(t), τ is an unknown delay and n(t) is additive noise. The received signal is processed by a filter, h

R

(t), so the waveform, x(t), to be processed is given by equation (32).

\begin{matrix} x (t) = \sum_{i} C_{i} f (t - {iT}_{c} - τ) + z (t) & (32) \end{matrix}

where f(t)=q(t)*h

R

(t) and z(t)=n(t)*h

R

(t).

In the exemplary receiver, samples of the received signal are taken at the chip rate, that is to say, 1/T

c

. These samples, x(mT

c

+τ′), are processed by an array of correlators that compute, during the r

th

correlation period, the quantities given by equation (33)

\begin{matrix} v_{k}^{(r)} = \sum_{m = rL}^{rL + L - 1} x ({mT}_{c} + τ^{'}) C_{m + k}^{*} & (33) \end{matrix}

These quantities are composed of a noise component w

k

(r)

and a deterministic component y

k

(r)

given by equation (34).

y

k

(r)

=E[ν

−k

(r)

]=Lf

(

kT

c

+τ′−τ) (34)

In the sequel, the time index r may be suppressed for ease of writing, although it is to be noted that the function f(t) changes slowly with time.

The samples are processed to adjust the sampling phase, τ′, in an optimum fashion for further processing by the receiver, such as matched filtering. This adjustment is described below. To simplify the representation of the process, it is helpful to describe it in terms of the function f(t+τ), where the time-shift, τ, is to be adjusted. It is noted that the function f(t+τ) is measured in the presence of noise. Thus, it may be problematical to adjust the phase τ′ based on measurements of the signal f(t+τ). To account for the noise, the function v(t): v(t)=f(t)+m(t) is introduced, where the term m(t) represents a noise process. The system processor may be derived based on considerations of the function v(t).

The process is non-coherent and therefore is based on the envelope power function |v(t+τ)|

2

. The functional e(τ′) given in equation (35) is helpful for describing the process.

\begin{matrix} e (τ^{'}) = \int_{- \infty}^{0} {&LeftBracketingBar; v (t + τ^{'} - τ) &RightBracketingBar;}^{2} ⅆ t - \int_{0}^{\infty} {&LeftBracketingBar; v (t + τ^{'} - τ) &RightBracketingBar;}^{2} ⅆ t & (35) \end{matrix}

The shift parameter is adjusted for e(τ′)=0, which occurs when the energy on the interval (−∞,τ′−τ] equals that on the interval [τ′−τ,∞). The error characteristic is monotonic and therefore has a single zero crossing point. This is the desirable quality of the functional. A disadvantage of the functional is that it is ill-defined because the integrals are unbounded when noise is present. Nevertheless, the functional e(τ′) may be cast in the form given by equation (36).

\begin{matrix} e (τ^{'}) = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} w (t) {&LeftBracketingBar; v (t + τ^{'} - τ) &RightBracketingBar;}^{2} ⅆ t & (36) \end{matrix}

where the characteristic function w(t) is equal to sgn(t), the signum function.

To optimize the characteristic function w(t), it is helpful to define a figure of merit, F, as set forth in equation (37).

\begin{matrix} F = \frac{{[\overline{e (τ_{0}^{'} + T_{A}) - e (τ_{0}^{'} - T_{A})}]}^{2}}{VAR {e (τ_{0}^{'})}} & (37) \end{matrix}

The numerator of F is the numerical slope of the mean error characteristic on the interval [−T

A

,T

A

] surrounding the tracked value, τ

0

′. The statistical mean is taken with respect to the noise as well as the random channel, h

c

(t). It is desirable to specify a statistical characteristic of the channel in order to perform this statistical average. For example, the channel may be modeled as a Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS) channel with impulse response h

c

(t) and a white noise process U(t) that has an intensity function g(t) as shown in equation (38).

h

c

(

t

)={square root over (

g

+L (

t

+L ))}

U

(

t

) (38)

The variance of e(τ) is computed as the mean square value of the fluctuation

e

′(τ)=

e

(τ)−<

e

(τ)> (39)

where <e(τ)> is the average of e(τ) with respect to the noise.

Optimization of the figure of merit F with respect to the function w(t) may be carried out using well-known Variational methods of optimization.

Once the optimal w(t) is determined, the resulting processor may be approximated accurately by a quadratic sample processor which is derived as follows.

By the sampling theorem, the signal v(t), bandlimited to a bandwidth W may be expressed in terms of its samples as shown in equation (40).

\begin{matrix} v (t) = \sum v (k / W) sinc [(Wt - k) π] & (40) \end{matrix}

substituting this expansion into equation (z+6) results in an infinite quadratic form in the samples v(k/W+τ′−τ). Making the assumption that the signal bandwidth equals the chip rate allows the use of a sampling scheme that is clocked by the chip clock signal to be used to obtain the samples. These samples, V

k

are represented by equation (41).

ν

k

=ν(

kT

c

+τ′−τ) (41)

This assumption leads to a simplification of the implementation. It is valid if the aliasing error is small.

In practice, the quadratic form that is derived is truncated. An example normalized B matrix is given below in Table 12. For this example, an exponential delay spread profile g(t)=exp(−t/τ) is assumed with τ equal to one chip. An aperture parameter T

A

equal to one and one-half chips has also been assumed. The underlying chip pulse has a raised cosine spectrum with a 20% excess bandwidth.

TABLE 12

Example B matrix

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−0.1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−0.1

0.22

0.19

−0.19

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.19

1

0.45

−0.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−0.19

0.45

0.99

0.23

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−0.2

0.23

0

−0.18

0.17

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−0.18

−0.87

−0.42

0.18

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.17

−0.42

−0.92

−0.16

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.18

−0.16

−0.31

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

−0.13

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Code tracking is implemented via a loop phase detector that is implemented as follows. The vector y is defined as a column vector which represents the 11 complex output level values of the Pilot AVC

1711

, and B denotes an 11×11 symmetric real valued coefficient matrix with pre-determined values to optimize performance with the non-coherent Pilot AVC output values y. The output signal ε of the phase detector is given by equation (42):

ε=

y

T

By

(42)

The following calculations are then performed to implement a proportional plus integral loop filter and the VCO:

x[n]=x[n−

1]+βε

z[n]=z[n−

1

]+x[n]+αε

for β and α which are constants chosen from modeling the system to optimize system performance for the particular transmission channel and application, and where x[n] is the loop filter's integrator output value and z[n] is the VCO output value. The code phase adjustments are made by the modem controller the following C-subroutine:

if (z > zmx) {

delay phase 1/16 chip;

z -= zmax;

} else if (z < -zmax) {

advance phase 1/16 chip;

z += zmax;

}

A different delay phase could be used in the above pseudo-code consistant with the present invention.

The AMF Tap-Weight Update Algorithm of the AMF Weight Gen

1722

occurs periodically to de-rotate and scale the phase of each finger value of the Pilot Rake

1711

by performing, a complex multiplication of the Pilot AVC finger value with the complex conjugate of the current output value of the carrier tracking loop and applying the product to a low pass filter and form the complex conjugate of the filter values to produce AMF tap-weight values, which are periodically written into the AMF filters of the CDMA modem.

The lock check algorithm, shown in

FIG. 17

, is implemented by the modem controller

1303

performing SPRT operations on the output signal of the scalar correlator array. The SPRT technique is the same as that for the acquisition algorithms, except that the acceptance and rejection thresholds are changed to increase the probability of detection of lock.

Carrier tracking is accomplished via a second order loop that operates on the pilot output values of the scalar correlated array. The phase detector output is the hard limited version of the quadrature component of the product of the (complex valued) pilot output signal of the scalar correlated array and the VCO output signal. The loop filter is a proportional plus integral design. The VCO is a pure summation, accumulated phase error φ, which is converted to the complex phasor cos φ+j sin φ using a look-up table in memory.

The previous description of acquisition and tracking algorithm focuses on a non-coherent method because the acquisition and tracking algorithm described requires non-coherent acquisition following by non-coherent tracking because during acquisition a coherent reference is not available until the AMF, Pilot AVC, Aux AVC, and DPLL are in an equilibrium state. However, it is known in the art that coherent tracking and combining is always optimal because in non-coherent tracking and combining the output phase information of each Pilot AVC finger is lost. Consequently, another embodiment of the invention employs a two step acquisition and tracking system, in which the previously described non-coherent acquisition and tracking algorithm is implemented first, and then the algorithm switches to a coherent tracking method. The coherent combining and tracking method is similar to that described previously, except that the error signal tracked is of the form:

ε=

y

T

Ay

(43)

where y is defined as a column vector which represents the 11 complex output level values of the Pilot AVC

1711

, and A denotes an 11×11 symmetric real valued coefficient matrix with pre-determined values to optimize performance with the coherent Pilot AVC outputs y. An exemplary A matrix is shown below.

\begin{matrix} A = \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{matrix} & (44) \end{matrix}

Referring to

FIG. 9

, the Video Distribution Controller Board (VDC)

940

of the RCS is connected to each MIU

931

.

932

,

933

and the RF Transmitters/Receivers

950

. The VDC

940

is shown in FIG.

21

. The Data Combiner Circuitry (DCC)

2150

includes a Data Demultiplexer

2101

, Data Summer

2102

, FIR Filters

2103

,

2104

, and a Driver

2111

. The DCC

2150

1) receives the weighted CDMA modem I and Q data signal MDAT from each of the MIUs,

931

,

932

,

933

, 2) sums the I and Q data with the digital bearer channel data from each MIU

931

,

932

,

933

, 3) and sums the result with the broadcast data message signal BCAST and the Global Pilot spreading code GPILOT provided by the master MIU modem

1210

, 4) band shapes the summed signals for transmission, and 5) produces analog data signal for transmission to the RF Transmitter/Receiver.

FIR Filters

2103

,

2104

are used to modify the MIU CDMA Transmit I and Q Modem Data before transmission. The WAC transfers FIR Filter Coefficient data through the Serial Port link

912

through the VDC Controller

2120

and to the FIR filters

2103

,

2104

. Each FIR Filter

2103

,

2104

is Configured separately. The FIR Filters

2103

,

2104

employ Up-Sampling to operate at twice the chip rate so zero data values are sent after every MIU CDMA Transmit Modem DATI and DATQ value to produce FTXI and FTXQ

The VDC

940

distributes the AGC signal AGCDATA from the AGC

1750

of the MIUs

931

,

932

,

933

to the RF Transmitter/Receiver

950

through the Distribution interface (DI)

2110

. The VDC DI

2110

receives data RXI and RXQ from the RF Transmitter/Receiver and distributes the signal as VDATAI and VDATAQ to MIUs

931

,

932

,

933

.

Referring to

FIG. 21

, the VDC

940

also includes a VDC controller

2120

which monitors status and fault information signals MIUSTAT from MIUs and connects to the serial link

912

and HSBS

970

to communicate with WAC

920

shown in FIG.

9

. The VDC controller

2120

includes a microprocessor, such as an Intel 8032 Microcontroller, an oscillator (not shown) providing timing signals, and memory (not shown). The VDC controller memory includes a Flash Prom (not shown) to contain the controller program code for the 8032 Microprocessor, and an SRAM (not shown) to contain the temporary data written to and read from memory by the microprocessor.

Referring to

FIG. 9

, the present invention includes a RF Transmitter/Receiver

950

and power amplifier section

960

. Referring to

FIG. 22

, the RF Transmitter/Receiver

950

is divided into three sections: the transmitter module

2201

, the receiver module

2202

, and the Frequency Synthesizer

2203

. Frequency Synthesizer

2203

produces a transmit carrier frequency TFREQ and a receive carrier frequency RFREQ in response to a Frequency control signal FREQCTRL received from the WAC

920

on the serial link

912

. In the transmitter module

2201

, the input analog I and Q data signals TXI and TXQ from the VDC are applied to the Quadrature modulator

2220

, which also receives a transmit carrier frequency signal TFREQ from the Frequency Synthesizer

2203

to produce a quadrature modulated transmit carrier signal TX. The analog transmit carrier modulated signal, an upconverted RF signal, TX is then applied to the Transmit Power Amplifier

2252

of the Power Amplifier

960

. The amplified transmit carrier signal is then passed through the High Power Passive Components (HPPC)

2253

to the Antenna

2250

, which transmits the upconverted RF signal to the communication channel as a CDMA RF signal. In one embodiment of the invention, the Transmit Power Amplifier

2252

comprises eight amplifiers of approximately 60 watts peak-to-peak each.

The HPPC

2253

comprises a lightning protector, an output filter, a 10 dB directional coupler, an isolator, and a high power termination attached to the isolator.

A receive CDMA RF signal is received at the antenna

2250

from the RF channel and passed through the HPPC

2253

to the Receive Power Amplifier

2251

. The receive power amplifier

2251

includes, for example, a 30 watt power transistor driven by a 5 watt transistor. The RF receive module

2202

has quadrature modulated receive carrier signal RX from the receive power amplifier. The receive module

2202

includes a Quadrature demodulator

2210

which takes the receive carrier modulated signal RX and the receive carrier frequency signal RFREQ from the Frequency Synthesizer

2203

, synchronously demodulates the carrier, and provides analog I and Q channels. These channels are filtered to produce the signals RXI and RXQ, which are transferred to the VDC

940

.

The Subscriber Unit

FIG. 23

shows the Subscriber Unit (SU) of one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the SU includes an RF section

2301

including a RF modulator

2302

, RF demodulator

2303

, and splitter/isolator

2304

which receive Global and Assigned logical channels including traffic and control messages and Global Pilot signals in the Forward link CDMA RF channel signal, and transmit Assigned Channels and Reverse Pilot signals in the Reverse Link CDMA RF channel. The Forward and Reverse links are received and transmitted respectively through antenna

2305

. The RF section employs, in one exemplary embodiment, a conventional dual conversion superheterodyne receiver having a synchronous demodulator responsive to the signal ROSC. Selectivity of such a receiver is provided by a 70 MHz transversal SAW filter (not shown). The RF modulator includes a synchronous modulator (not shown) responsive to the carrier signal TOSC to produce a quadrature modulated carrier signal. This signal is stepped up in frequency by an offset mixing circuit (not shown).

The SU further includes a Subscriber Line Interface

2310

, including the functionality of a control (CC) generator, a Data Interface

2320

, an ADPCM encoder

2321

, an ADPCM decoder

2322

, an SU controller

2330

, an SU clock signal generator

2331

, memory

2332

, and a CDMA modem

2340

, which is essentially the same as the CDMA modem

1210

described above wih reference to FIG.

13

. It is noted that data interface

2320

, ADPCM Encoder

2321

and ADPCM Decoder

2322

are typically provided as a standard ADPCM Encoder/Decoder chip.

The Forward Link CDMA RF Channel signal is applied to the RF demodulator

2303

to produce the Forward link CDMA signal. The Forward Link CDMA signal is provided to the CDMA modem

2340

, which acquires synchronization with the Global pilot signal, produces global pilot synchronization signal to the Clock

2331

, to generate the system timing signals, and despreads the plurality of logical channels. The CDMA modem

2340

also acquires the traffic messages RMESS and control messages RCTRL and provides the traffic message signals RMESS to the Data Interface

2320

and receive control message signals RCTRL to the SU Controller

2330

.

The receive control message signals RCTRL include a subscriber identification signal, a coding signal, and bearer modification signals. The RCTRL may also include control and other telecommunication signaling information. The receive control message signal RCTRL is applied to the SU controller

2330

, which verifies that the call is for the SU from the Subscriber identification value derived from RCTRL. The SU controller

2330

determines the type of user information contained in the traffic message signal from the coding signal and bearer rate modification signal. If the coding signal indicates the traffic message is ADPCM coded, the traffic message RVMESS is sent to the ADPCM decoder

2322

by sending a select message to the Data Interface

2320

. The SU controller

2330

outputs an ADPCM coding signal and bearer rate signal derived from the coding signal to the ADPCM decoder

2322

. The traffic message signal RVMESS is the input signal to the ADPCM decoder

2322

, where the traffic message signal is converted to a digital information signal RINF in response to the values of the input ADPCM coding signal.

If the SU controller

2330

determines the type of user information contained in the traffic message signal from the coding signal is not ADPCM coded, then RDMESS passes through the ADPCM encoder transparently. The traffic message RDMESS is transferred from the Data Interface

2320

directly to the Interface Controller (IC)

2312

of the subscriber line interface

2310

.

The digital information signal RINF or RDMESS is applied to the subscriber line interface

2310

, including a interface controller (IC)

2312

and Line Interface (LI)

2313

. For the exemplary embodiment the IC is an Extended PCM Interface Controller (EPIC) and the LI is a Subscriber Line Interface Circuit (SLIC) for POTS which corresponds to RINF type signals, and a ISDN Interface for ISDN which corresponds to RDMESS type signals. The EPIC and SLIC circuits are well known in the art. The subscriber line interface

2310

converts the digital information signal RINF or RDMESS to the user defined format. The user defined format is provided to the IC

2312

from the SU Controller

2330

. The LI

2310

includes circuits for performing such functions as A-law or μ-law conversion, generating dial tone and, and generating or interpreting signaling bits. The line interface also produces the user information signal to the SU User

2350

as defined by the subscriber line interface, for example POTS voice, voiceband data or ISDN data service.

For a Reverse Link CDMA RF Channel, a user information signal is applied to the LI

2313

of the subscriber line interface

2310

, which outputs a service type signal and an information type signal to the SU controller. The IC

2312

of the subscriber line interface

2310

produces a digital information signal TINF which is the input signal to the ADPCM encoder

2321

if the user information signal is to be ADPCM encoded, such as for POTS service. For data or other non-ADPCM encoded user information, the IC

2312

passes the data message TDMESS directly to the Data Interface

2320

. The Call control module (CC), including in the subscriber line interface

2310

, derives call control information from the User information signal, and passes the call control information CCINF to the SU controller

2330

. The ADPCM encoder

2321

also receives coding signal and bearer modification signals from the SU controller

2330

and converts the input digital information signal into the output message traffic signal TVMESS in response to the coding and bearer modification signals The SU controller

2330

also outputs the reverse control signal which includes the coding signal call control information, and bearer channel modification signal, to the CDMA modem. The output message signal TVMESS is applied to the Data Interface

2320

. The Data Interface

2320

sends the user information to the CDMA modem

2340

as transmit message signal TMESS. The CDMA modem

2340

spreads the output message and reverse control channels TCTRL received from the SU controller

2330

, and produces the reverse link CDMA Signal. The Reverse Link CDMA signal is provided to the RF transmit section

2301

and modulated by the RF modulator

2302

to produce the output Reverse Link CDMA RF channel signal transmitted from antenna

2305

.

Call Connection and Establishment Procedure

The process of bearer channel establishment consists of two procedures: the call connection process for a call connection incoming from a remote call processing unit such as an RDU (Incoming Call Connection), and the call connection process for a call outgoing from the SU (Outgoing Call Connection). Before any bearer channel can be established between an RCS and a SU, the SU must register its presence in the network with the remote call processor such as the RDU. When the off-hook signal is detected by the SU, the SU not only begins to establish a bearer channel; but also initiates the procedure for an RCS to obtain a terrestrial link between the RCS and the remote processor. As incorporated herein by reference, the process of establishing the RCS and RDU connection is detailed in the DECT V5.1 standard.

For the Incoming Call Connection procedure shown in

FIG. 24

, first

2401

, the WAC

920

(shown in

FIG. 9

) receives, via one of the MUXs

905

,

906

and

907

, an incoming call request from a remote call processing unit. This request identifies the target SU and that a call connection to the SU is desired. The WAC periodically outputs the SBCH channel with paging indicators for each SU and periodically outputs the FBCH traffic lights for each access channel. In response to the incoming call request, the WAC, at step

2420

, first checks to see if the identified SU is already active with another call. If so, the WAC returns a busy signal for the SU to the remote processing unit through the MUX, otherwise the paging indicator for the channel is set

Next, at step

2402

, the WAC checks the status of the RCS modems and, at step

2421

, determines whether there is an available modem for the call. If a modem is available, the traffic lights on the FBCH indicate that one or more AXCH channels are available. If no channel is available after a certain period of time, then the WAC returns a busy signal for the SU to the remote processing unit through the MUX. If an RCS modem is available and the SU is not active (in Sleep mode), the WAC sets the paging indicator for the identified SU on the SBCH to indicate an incoming call request. Meanwhile, the access channel modems continuously search for the Short Access Pilot signal (SAXPT) of the SU.

At step

2403

, an SU in Sleep mode periodically enters awake mode. In awake mode, the SU modem synchronizes to the Downlink Pilot signal, waits for the SU modem AMF filters and phase locked loop to settle, and reads the paging indicator in the slot assigned to it on the SBCH to determine if there is a call for the SU

2422

. If no paging indicator is set, the SU halts the SU modem and returns to sleep mode. If a paging indicator is set for an incoming call connection, the SU modem checks the service type and traffic lights on FBCH for an available AXCH.

Next, at step

2404

, the SU modem selects an available AXCH and starts a fast transmit power ramp-up on the corresponding SAXPT. For a period the SU modem continues fast power ramp-up on SAXPT and the access modems continue to search for the SAXPT.

At step

2405

, the RCS modem acquires the SAXPT of the SU and begins to search for the SU LAXPT. When the SAXPT is acquired, the modem informs the WAC controller, and the WAC controller sets the traffic lights corresponding to the modem to “red” to indicate the modem is now busy. The traffic lights are periodically output while continuing to attempt acquisition of the LAXPT.

The SU modem monitors, at step

2406

, the FBCH AXCH traffic light. When the AXCH traffic light is set to red, the SU assumes the RCS modem has acquired the SAXPT and begins transmitting LAXPT. The SU modem continues to ramp-up power of the LAXPT at a slower rate until Sync-Ind messages are received on the corresponding CTCH. If the SU is mistaken because the traffic light was actually set in response to another SU acquiring the AXCH, the SU modem times out because no Sync-Ind messages are received. The SU randomly waits a period of time, picks a new AXCH channel, and steps

2404

and

2405

are repeated until the SU modem receives Sync-Ind messages. Details of the power ramp up method used in the exemplary embodiment of this invention may be found in the U.S. patent application entitled METHOD OF CONTROLLING INITIAL POWER RAMP-UP IN CDMA SYSTEMS BY USING SHORT CODES filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Next, at step

2407

, the RCS modem acquires the LAXPT of the SU and begins sending Sync-Ind messages on the corresponding CTCH. The modem waits 10 msec for the Pilot and AUX Vector correlator filters and Phase locked loop to settle, but continues to send Synch-Ind messages on the CTCH. The modem then begins looking for a request message for access to a bearer channel (MAC_ACC_REQ), from the SU modem.

The SU modem, at step

2408

, receives the Sync-Ind message and freezes the LAXPT transmit power level. The SU modem then begins sending repeated request messages for access to a bearer traffic channel (MAC_ACC_REQ) at fixed power levels, and listens for a request confirmation message (MAC_BEARER_CFM) from the RCS modem.

Next, at step

2409

, the RCS modem receives a MAC_ACC_REQ message; the modem then starts measuring the AXCH power level, and starts the APC channel. The RCS modem then sends the MAC_BEARER_CPM message to the SU and begins listening for the acknowledgment MAC_BEARER_CFM_ACK of the MAC_BEARER_CFM message.

At step

2410

, the SU modem receives the MAC_BEARER_CFM message and begins obeying the APC power control messages. The SU stops sending the MAC_ACC_REQ message and sends the RCS modem the MAC_BEARER_CFM_ACK message. The SU begins sending the null data on the AXCH. The SU waits 10 msec for the uplink transmit power level to settle.

The RCS modem, at step

2411

, receives the MAC_BEARER_CFM_ACK message and stops sending the MAC_BEARER_CFM messages. APC power measurements continue.

Next, at step

2412

, both the SU and the RCS modems have synchronized the sub-epochs, obey APC messages, measure receive power levels, and compute and send APC messages. The SU waits 10 msec for downlink power level to settle.

Finally, at step

2413

, Bearer channel is established and initialized between the SU and RCS modems. The WAC receives the bearer establishment signal from the RCS modem, re-allocates the AXCH channel and sets the corresponding traffic light to green.

For the Outgoing Call Connection shown in

FIG. 25

, the SU is placed in active mode by the off-hook signal at the user interface at step

2501

.

Next, at step

2502

, the RCS indicates available AXCH channels by setting the respective traffic lights.

At step

2503

, the SU synchronizes to the Downlink Pilot, waits for the SU modem Vector correlator filters and phase lock loop to settle, and the SU checks service type and traffic lights for an available AXCH.

Steps

2504

through

2513

are identical to the procedure steps

2404

through

2413

for the Incoming Call Connection procedure of

FIG. 24

, and so are not explained in detail.

In the previous procedures for Incoming Call Connection and Outgoing Call Connection, the power Ramping-Up process consists of the following events. The SU starts from very low transmit power and increases its power level while transmitting the short code SAXPT; once the RCS modem detects the short code it turns off the traffic light. Upon detecting the changed traffic light, the SU continues ramping-up at a slower rate this time sending the LAXPT. Once the RCS modem acquires the LAXPT and sends a message on CTCH to indicate this, the SU keeps its transmit (TX) power constant and sends the MAC-Access-Request message. This message is answered with a MAC_BEARER_CFM message on the CTCH. Once the SU receives the MAC_BEAER_CFM message it switches to the traffic channel (TRCH) which is the dial tone for POTS.

When the SU captures a specific user channel AXCH, the RCS assigns a code seed for the SU through the CTCH. The code seed is used by the spreading code generator in the SU modem to produce the assigned code for the reverse pilot of the subscriber, and the spreading codes for associated channels for traffic, call control, and signaling. The SU reverse pilot spreading code sequence is synchronized in phase to the RCS system Global Pilot spreading code sequence, and the traffic, call control, and signaling spreading codes are synchronized in phase to the SU reverse pilot spreading code sequence.

If the Subscriber unit is successful in capturing a specific user channel, the RCS establishes a terrestrial link with the remote processing unit to correspond to the specific user channel. For the DECT V5.1 standard, once the complete link from the RDU to the LE is established using the V5.1 ESTABLISHMENT message, a corresponding V5.1 ESTABLISHMENT ACK message is returned from the LE to the RDU, and the Subscriber Unit is sent a CONNECT message indicating that the transmission link is complete.

Support of Special Service Types

The system of the present invention includes a bearer channel modification feature which allows the transmission rate of the user information to be switched from a lower rate to a maximum of 64 kb/s. The Bearer Channel Modification (BCM) method is used to change a 32 kb/s ADPCM channel to a 64 kb/s PCM channel to support high speed data and fax communications through the spread-spectrum communication system of the present invention. Additional details of this technique are described in U.S. Patent Application entitled “CDMA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WHICH SELECTIVELY SUPPRESSES DATA TRANSMISSIONING DURING ESTABLISHMENT OF A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL” filed on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference.

First, a bearer channel on the RF interface is established between the RCS and SU, and a corresponding link exists between the RCS terrestrial interface and the remote processing unit such as an RDU. The digital transmission rate of the link between the RCS and remote processing unit normally corresponds to a data encoded rate, which may be, for example, ADPCM at 32 kb/s. The WAC controller of the RCS monitors the encoded digital data information of the link received by the Line Interface of the MUX. If the WAC controller detects the presence of the 2100 Hz tone in the digital data, the WAC instructs the SU through the assigned logical control channel and causes a second, 64 kb/s duplex link to be established between the RCS modem and the SU. In addition, the WAC controller instructs the remote processing unit to establish a second 64 kb/s duplex link between the remote processing unit and the RCS. Consequently, for a brief period, the remote processing unit and the SU exchange the same data over both the 32 kb/s and the 64 kb/s links through the RCS. Once the second link is established, the remote processing unit causes the WAC controller to switch transmission only to the 64 kb/s link, and the WAC controller instructs the RCS modem and the SU to terminate and tear down the 32 kb/s link. Concurrently, the 32 kb/s terrestrial link is also terminated and tom down.

Another embodiment of the BCM method incorporates a negotiation between the external remote processing unit, such as the RDU, and the RCS to allow for redundant channels on the terrestrial interface, while only using one bearer channel on the RF interface. The method described is a synchronous switchover from the 32 kb/s link to the 64 kb/s link over the air link which takes advantage of the fact that the spreading code sequence timing is synchronized between the RCS modem and SU. When the WAC controller detects the presence of the 2100 Hz tone in the digital data, the WAC controller instructs the remote processing unit to establish a second 64 kb/s duplex link between the remote processing unit and the RCS. The remote processing unit then sends 32 kb/s encoded data and 64 kb/s data concurrently to the RCS. Once the remote processing unit has established the 64 kb/s link, the RCS is informed and the 32 kb/s link is terminated and tom down. The RCS also informs the SU that the 32 kb/s link is being torn down and to switch processing to receive unencoded 64 kb/s data on the channel. The SU and RCS exchange control messages over the bearer control channel of the assigned channel group to identify and determine the particular subepoch of the bearer channel spreading code sequence within which the RCS will begin transmitting 64 kbit/sec data to the SU. Once the subepoch is identified, the switch occurs synchronously at the identified subepoch boundary. This synchronous switchover method is more economical of bandwidth since the system does not need to maintain capacity for a 64 kb/s link in order to support a switchover.

The previously described embodiments of the BCM feature, the RCS will tear down the 32 kb/s link first, but one skilled in the art would know that the RCS could tear down the 32 kb/s link after the bearer channel has switched to the 64 kb/s link.

As another special service type, the system of the present invention includes a method for conserving capacity over the RF interface for ISDN types of traffic. This conservation occurs while a known idle bit pattern is transmitted in the ISDN D-channel when no data information is being transmitted. The CDMA system of the present invention includes a method to prevent transmission of redundant information carried on the D-channel of ISDN networks for signals transmitted through a wireless communication link. The advantage of such method is that it reduces the amount of information transmitted and consequently the transmit power and channel capacity used by that information. The method is described as it is used in the RCS. In the first step, the controller, such as the WAC of the RCS or the SU controller of the SU, monitors the output D-channel from the subscriber line interface for a pre-determined channel idle pattern. A delay is included between the output of the line interface and the CDMA modem. Once the idle pattern is detected, the controller inhibits the transmission of the spread message channel through a message included in the control signal to the CDMA modem. The controller continues to monitor the output D-channel of the line interface until the presence of data information is detected. When data information is detected, the spread message channel is activated. Because the message channel is synchronized to the associated pilot which is not inhibited, the corresponding CDMA modem of the other end of the communication link does not have to reacquire synchronization to the message channel.

Drop Out Recovery

The RCS and SU each monitor the CDMA bearer channel signal to evaluate the quality of the CDMA bearer channel connection. Link quality is evaluated using the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) employing adaptive quantile estimation. The SPRT process uses measurements of the received signal power; and if the SPRT process detects that the local spreading code generator has lost synchronization with the received signal spreading code or if it detects the absence or low level of a received signal, the SPRT declares loss of lock (LOL).

When the LOL condition is declared, the receiver modem of each RCS and SU begins a Z-search of the input signal with the local spreading code generator. Z-search is well known in the art of CDMA spreading code acquisition and detection and is described in

Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum Systems,

by Robert E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson, at pages 492-94 which is incorporated herein by reference. The Z-search algorithm of the present invention tests groups of eight spreading code phases ahead and behind the last known phase in larger and larger spreading code phase increments.

During the LOL condition detected by the RCS, the RCS continues to transmit to the SU on the Assigned Channels, and continues to transmit power control signals to the SU to maintain SU transmit power level. The method of transmitting power control signals is described below. Successful reacquisition desirably takes place within a specified period of time. If reacquisition is successful, the call connection continues, otherwise the RCS tears down the call connection by deactivating and deallocating the RCS modem assigned by the WAC, and transmits a call termination signal to a remote call processor, such as the RDU, as described previously.

When the LOL condition is detected by the SU, the SU stops transmission to the RCS on the Assigned Channels which forces the RCS into a LOL condition, and starts the reacquisition algorithm. If reacquisition is successful, the call connection continues, and if not successful, the RCS tears down the call connection by deactivating and deallocating the SU modem as described previously.

Power Control

General

The power control feature of the present invention is used to minimize the amount of transmit power used by an RCS and the SUs of the system, and the power control subfeature that updates transmit power during bearer channel connection is defined as automatic power control (APC). APC data is transferred from the RCS to an SU on the forward APC channel and from an SU to the RCS on the reverse APC channel. When there is no active data link between the two, the maintenance power control (MPC) subfeature updates the SU transmit power.

Transmit power levels of forward and reverse assigned channels and reverse global channels are controlled by the APC algorithm to maintain sufficient signal power to interference noise power ratio (SIR) on those channels, and to stabilize and minimize system output power. The present invention uses a closed loop power control mechanism in which a receiver decides that the transmitter should incrementally raise or lower its transmit power. This decision is conveyed back to the respective transmitter via the power control signal on the APC channel. The receiver makes the decision to increase or decrease the transmitter's power based on two error signals. One error signal is an indication of the difference between the measured and desired despread signal powers, and the other error signal is an indication of the average received total power.

As used in the described embodiment of the invention, the term near-end power control is used to refer to adjusting the transmitter's output power in accordance with the APC signal received on the APC channel from the other end. This means the reverse power control for the SU and forward power control for the RCS; and the term far-end APC is used to refer to forward power control for the SU and reverse power control for the RCS (adjusting the opposite end's transmit power).

In order to conserve power, the SU modem terminates transmission and powers-down while waiting for a call, defined as the sleep phase. Sleep phase is terminated by an awaken signal from the SU controller. The SU modem acquisition circuit automatically enters the reacquisition phase, and begins the process of acquiring the downlink pilot, as described previously.

Closed Loop Power Control Algorithms

The near-end power control consists of two steps: first, the initial transmit power is set; and second, the transmit power is continually adjusted according to information received from the far-end using APC.

For the SU, initial transmit power is set to a minimum value and then ramped up, for example, at a rate of 1 dB/ms until either a ramp-up timer expires (not shown) or the RCS changes the corresponding traffic light value on the FBCH to “red” indicating that the RCS has locked to the SU's short pilot SAXPT. Expiration of the timer causes the SAXPT transmission to be shut down, unless the traffic light value is set to red first, in which case the SU continues to ramp-up transmit power but at a much lower rate than before the “red” signal was detected.

For the RCS, initial transmit power is set at a fixed value, corresponding to the minimum value necessary for reliable operation as determined experimentally for the service type and the current number of system users. Global channels, such as Global Pilot or, FBCH, are always transmitted at the fixed initial power, whereas traffic channels are switched to APC.

The APC bits are transmitted as one bit up or down signals on the APC channel. In the described embodiment, the 64 kb/s APC data stream is not encoded or interleaved.

Far-end power control consists of the near-end transmitting power control information for the far-end to use in adjusting its transmit power.

The APC algorithm causes the RCS or the SU to transmit +1 if the following inequality holds, otherwise −1.

α

1

e

1

−α

2

e

2

>0 (45)

Here, the error signal e

1

is calculated as

e

1

=P

d

−(1+SNR

REQ

)

P

N

(46)

where P

d

is the despread signal plus noise power, P

N

is the despread noise power, and SNR

REQ

is the desired despread signal to noise ratio for the particular service type; and

e

2

=P

r

−P

o

(47)

where Pr is a measure of the received power and Po is the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit set point. The weights α

1

and α

2

in equation (33) are chosen for each service type and APC update rate.

Maintenance Power Control

During the sleep phase of the SU, the interference noise power of the CDMA RF channel may change. The present invention includes a maintenance power control feature (MPC) which periodically adjusts the SU's initial transmit power with respect to the interference noise power of the CDMA channel. The MPC is the process whereby the transmit power level of an SU is maintained within close proximity of the minimum level for the RCS to detect the SU's signal. The MPC process compensates for low frequency changes in the required SU transmit power.

The maintenance control feature uses two global channels: one is called the status channel (STCH) on reverse link, and the other is called the check-up channel (CUCH) on forward link. The signals transmitted on these channels carry no data and they are generated the same way the short codes used in initial power ramp-up are generated. The STCH and CUCH codes are generated from a “reserved” branch of the global code generator.

The MPC process is as follows. At random intervals, the SU sends a symbol length spreading code periodically for 3 ms on the status channel (STCH). If the RCS detects the sequence, it replies by sending a symbol length code sequence within the next 3 ms on the check-up channel (CUCH). When the SU detects the response from the RCS, it reduces its transmit power by a particular step size. If the SU does not see any response from the RCS within that 3 ms period, it increases its transmit power by the step size. Using this method, the RCS response is transmitted at a power level that is enough to maintain a 0.99 detection probability at all SU's.

The rate of change of traffic load and the number of active users is related to the total interference noise power of the CDMA channel. The update rate and step size of the maintenance power update signal for the present invention is determined by using queuing theory methods well known in the art of communication theory, such as outlined in “

Fundamentals of Digital Switching

” (Plenum-New York) edited by McDonald and incorporated herein by reference. By modeling the call origination process as an exponential random variable with mean 6.0 mins, numerical computation shows the maintenance power level of a SU should be updated once every 10 seconds or less to be able to follow the changes in interference level using 0.5 dB step size. Modeling the call origination process as a Poisson random variable with exponential interarrival times, arrival rate of 2×10

−4

per second per user, service rate of {fraction (1/360)} per second, and the total subscriber population is 600 in the RCS service area also yields by numerical computation that an update rate of once every 10 seconds is sufficient when 0.5 dB step size is used.

Maintenance power adjustment is performed periodically by the SU which changes from sleep phase to awake phase and performs the MPC process. Consequently, the process for the MPC feature is shown in FIG.

26

and is as follows: First, at step

2601

, signals are exchanged between the SU and the RCS maintaining a transmit power level that is close to the required level for detection: the SU periodically sends a symbol length spreading code in the STCH, and the RCS periodically sends a symbol length spreading code in the CUCH as response.

Next, at step

2602

, if the SU receives a response within 3 ms after the STCH message it sent, it decreases its transmit power by a particular step size at step

2603

; but if the SU does not receive a response within 3 ms after the STCH message, it increases its transmit power by the same step size at step

2604

.

The SU waits, at step

2605

, for a period of time before sending another STCH message, this time period is determined by a random process which averages 10 seconds.

Thus, the transmit power of the STCH messages from the SU is adjusted based on the RCS response periodically, and the transmit power of the CUCH messages from the RCS is fixed.

Mapping of Power Control Signal to Logical Channels For APC

Power control signals are mapped to specified Logical Channels for to controlling transmit power levels of forward and reverse assigned channels. Reverse global channels are also controlled by the APC algorithm to maintain sufficient signal power to interference noise power ratio (SIR) on those reverse channels, and to stabilize and minimize system output power. The present invention uses a closed loop power control method in which a receiver periodically decides to incrementally raise or lower the output power of the transmitter at the other end. The method also conveys that decision back to the respective transmitter.

TABLE 13

APC Signal Channel Assignments

Link

Call/

Channels and

Connection

Power Control Method

Signals

Status

Initial Value

Continuous

Reverse link

Being

as determined by

APC bits in

AXCH

Established

power ramping

forward APC

AXPT

channel

Reverse link

In-Progress

level established

APC bits in

APC, OW,

during call set-up

forward APC

TRCH,

channel

pilot signal

Forward link

In-Progress

fixed value

APC bits in

APC, OW,

reverse APC

TRCH

channel

Forward and reverse links are independently controlled. For a call/connection in process, forward link (TRCHs APC, and OW) power is controlled by the APC bits transmitted on the reverse APC channel. During the call/connection establishment process, reverse link (AXCH) power is also controlled by the APC bits transmitted on the forward APC channel. Table 13 summarizes the specific power control methods for the controlled channels.

The required SIRs of the assigned channels TRCH, APC and OW and reverse assigned pilot signal for any particular SU are fixed in proportion to each other and these channels are subject to nearly identical fading, therfore, they are power controlled together.

Adaptive Forward Power Control

The AFPC process attempts to maintain the minimum required SIR on the forward channels during a call/connection. The AFPC recursive process, shown in

FIG. 27

, consists of the steps of having an SU form the two error signals e

1

and e

2

in step

2701

where

e

1

=P

d

−(1+SNR

REQ

)

P

N

(36)

e

2

=P

r

−P

o

(37)

and P

d

is the despread signal plus noise power, P

N

is the despread noise power, SNR

REQ

is the required signal to noise ratio for the service type, P

r

is a measure of the total received power, and P

o

is the AGC set point. Next, the SU modem forms the combined error signal α

1

e

1

+α

2

e

2

in step

2702

. Here, the weights α

1

and α

2

are chosen for each service type and APC update rate. In step

2703

, the SU hard limits the combined error signal and forms a single APC bit. The SU transmits the APC bit to the RCS in step

2704

and RCS modem receives the bit in step

2705

. The RCS increases or decreases its transmit power to the SU in step

2706

and the algorithm repeats starting from step

2701

.

Adaptive Reverse Power Control

The ARPC process maintains the minimum desired SIR on the reverse channels to minimize the total system reverse output power, during both call/connection establishment and while the call/connection is in progress. The recursive ARPC process, shown in

FIG. 28

, begins at step

2801

where the RCS modem forms the two error signals e

1

and e

2

in step

2801

where

e

1

=P

d

−(1+SNR

REQ

)

P

N

(38)

e

2

=P

rt

−P

o

(39)

and P

d

is the despread signal plus noise power, P

N

is the despread noise power, SNR

REQ

is the desired signal to noise ratio for the service type, P

rt

is a measure of the average total power received by the RCS, and P

o

is the AGC set point. The RCS modem forms the combined error signal α

1

e

1

+α

2

e

2

in step

2802

and hard limits this error signal to determine a single APC bit in step

2803

. The RCS transmits the APC bit to the SU in step

2804

, and the bit is received by the SU in step

2805

. Finally, the SU adjusts its transmit power according to the received APC bit in step

2806

, and the algorithm repeats starting from step

2801

.

TABLE 14

Symbols/Thresholds Used for APC Computation

Call/

Service or

Connection

Symbol (and Threshold) Used

Call Type

Status

for APC Decision

Don't care

Being

AXCH

Established

ISDN D SU

In-Progress

one 1/64-kb/s symbol from

TRCH (ISDN-D)

ISDN 1B + D SU

In-Progress

TRCH (ISDN-B)

ISDN 2B + D SU

In-Progress

TRCH (one ISDN-B)

POTS SU (64 KBPS

In-Progress

one 1/64-KBPS symbol from TRCH,

PCM)

use 64 KBPS PCM threshold

POTS SU (32 KBPS

In-Progress

one 1/64-KBPS symbol from TRCH,

ADPCM)

use 32 KBPS ADPCM threshold

Silent Maintenance

In-Progress

OW (continuous during a

Call (any SU)

maintenance call)

SIR and Multiple Channel Types

The required SIR for channels on a link is a function of channel format (e.g. TRCH, OW), service type (e.g. ISDN B. 32 KBPS ADPCM POTS), and the number of symbols over which data bits are distributed (e.g. two 64 kb/s symbols are integrated to form a single 32 kb/s ADPCM POTS symbol). Despreader output power corresponding to the required SIR for each channel and service type is predetermined. While a call/connection is in progress, several user CDMA logical channels are concurrently active; each of these channels transfers a symbol every symbol period. The SIR of the symbol from the nominally highest SIR channel is measured, compared to a threshold and used to determine the APC step up/down decision each symbol period. Table 14 indicates the symbol (and threshold) used for the APC computation by service and call type.

APC Parameters

APC information is always conveyed as a single bit of information, and the APC Data Rate is equivalent to the APC Update Rate. The APC update rate is 64 kb/s. This rate is high enough to accommodate expected Rayleigh and Doppler fades, and allow for a relatively high (˜0.2) Bit Error Rate (BER) in the Uplink and Downlink APC channels, which minimizes capacity devoted to the APC.

The power step up/down indicated by an APC bit is nominally between 0.1 and 0.01 dB. The dynamic range for power control is 70 dB on the reverse link and 12 dB on the forward link for the exemplary embodiment of the present system.

An Alternative Embodiment of Multiplexing of APC information

The dedicated APC and OW logical channels described previously can also be multiplexed together in one logical channel. The APC information is transmitted at 64 kb/s. continuously whereas the OW information occurs in data bursts. The alternative multiplexed logical channel includes the unencoded, non-interleaved 64 kb/s. APC information on, for example, the In-phase channel and the OW information on the Quadrature channel of the QPSK signal.

Closed Loop Power Control Implementation

The closed loop power control during a call connection responds to two different variations in overall system power. First, the system responds to local behavior such as changes in power level of an SU, and second, the system responds to changes in the power level of the entire group of active users in the system.

The Power Control system of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.

29

. As shown, the circuitry used to adjust the transmitted power is similar for the RCS (shown as the RCS power control module

2901

) and SU (shown as the SU power control module

2902

). Beginning with the RCS power control module

2901

, the reverse link RF channel signal is received at the RF antenna and demodulated to produce the reverse CDMA signal RMCH. The signal RMCH is applied to the variable gain amplifier (VGA

1

)

2910

which produces an input signal to the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Circuit

2911

. The AGC

2911

produces a variable gain amplifier control signal into the VGA

1

2910

. This signal maintains the level of the output signal of VGA

1

2910

at a near constant value. The output signal of VGA

1

is despread by the despread-demultiplexer (demux)

2912

, which produces a despread user message signal MS and a forward APC bit. The forward APC bit is applied to the integrator

2913

to produce the Forward APC control signal. The Forward APC control signal controls the Forward Link VGA

2

2914

and maintains the Forward Link RF channel signal at a minimum desired level for communication.

The signal power of the despread user message signal MS of the RCS power module

2901

is measured by the power measurement Circuit

2915

to produce a signal power indication. The output of the VGA

1

is also despread by the AUX despreader which despreads the signal by using an uncorrelated spreading code, and hence obtains a despread noise signal. The power measurement of this signal is multiplied by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio (SNR

R

) to form the threshold signal S

1

. The difference between the despread signal power and the threshold value S

1

is produced by the subtracter

2916

. This difference is the error signal ES

1

, which is an error signal relating to the particular SU transmit power level. Similarly, the control signal for the VGA

1

2910

is applied to the rate scaling circuit

2917

to reduce the rate of the control signal for VGA

1

2910

. The output signal of scaling circuit

2917

is a scaled system power level signal SP

1

. The Threshold Compute logic

2918

calculates the System Signal Threshold value SST from the RCS user channel power data signal RCSUSR. The complement of the Scaled system power level signal, SP

1

, and the System Signal Power Threshold value SST are applied to the adder

2919

which produces second error signal ES

2

. This error signal is related to the system transmit power level of all active SUs. The input Error signals ES

1

and ES

2

are combined in the combiner

2920

produce a combined error signal input to the delta modulator (DM

1

)

2921

, and the output signal of the DM

1

is the reverse APC bit stream signal, having bits of value +1 or −1, which for the present invention is transmitted as a 64 kb/sec signal.

The Reverse APC bit is applied to the spreading circuit

2922

, and the output signal of the spreading circuit

2922

is the spread-spectrum forward APC message signal. Forward OW and Traffic signals are also provided to spreading circuits

2923

,

2924

, producing forward traffic message signals 1, 2, . . . N. The power level of the forward APC signal, the forward OW, and traffic message signals are adjusted by the respective amplifiers

2925

,

2926

and

2927

to produce the power level adjusted forward APC, OW, and TRCH channels signals. These signals are combined by the adder

2928

and applied to the VAG

2

2914

, which produces forward link RF channel signal.

The forward link RF channel signal including the spread forward APC signal is received by the RF antenna of the SU, and demodulated to produce the forward CDMA signal FMCH. This signal is provided to the variable gain amplifier (VGA

3

)

2940

. The output signal of VGA

3

is applied to the Automatic Gain Control Circuit (AGC)

2941

which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal to VGA

3

2940

. This signal maintains the level of the output signal of VGA

3

at a near constant level. The output signal of VAG

3

2940

is despread by the despread demux

2942

, which produces a despread user message signal SUMS and a reverse APC bit. The reverse APC bit is applied to the integrator

2943

which produces the Reverse APC control signal This reverse APC control signal is provided to the Reverse APC VGA

4

2944

to maintain the Reverse link RF channel signal at a minimum power level.

The despread user message signal SUMS is also applied to the power measurement circuit

2945

producing a power measurement signal, which is added to the complement of threshold value S

2

in the adder

2946

to produce error signal ES

3

. The signal ES

3

is an error signal relating to the RCS transmit power level for the particular SU. To obtain threshold S

2

, the despread noise power indication from the AUX despreader is multiplied by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio SNR

R

. The AUX despreader despreads the input data using an uncorrelated spreading code, hence its output is an indication of the despread noise power.

Similarly, the control signal for the VGA

3

is applied to the rate scaling circuit to reduce the rate of the control signal for VGA

3

in order to produce a scaled received power level RP

1

(see FIG.

29

). The threshold compute circuit computes the received signal threshold RST from the SU measured power signal SUUSR. The complement of the scaled received power level RP

1

and the received signal threshold RST are applied to the adder which produces error signal ES

4

. This error is related to the RCS transmit power to all other SUs. The input error signals ES

3

and ES

4

are combined in the combiner and input to the delta modulator DM

2

2947

. The output signal of DM

2

2947

is the forward APC bit stream signal, with bits having value of value +1 or −1. In the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, this signal is transmitted as a 64 kb/sec signal.

The Forward APC bit stream signal is applied to the spreading circuit

2948

, to produce the output reverse spread-spectrum APC signal. Reverse OW and Traffic signals are also input to spreading circuits

2949

,

2950

, producing reverse OW and traffic message signals 1, 2, . . . N, and the reverse pilot is generated by the reverse pilot generator

2951

. The power level of the reverse APC message signal, reverse OW message signal, reverse pilot, and the reverse traffic message signals are adjusted by amplifiers

2952

,

2953

,

2954

,

2955

to produce the signals which are combined by the adder

2956

and input to the reverse APC VGA

4

2944

. It is this VGA

4

2944

which produces the reverse link RF channel signal.

During the call connection and bearer channel establishment process, the closed loop power control of the present invention is modified, and is shown in FIG.

30

. As shown, the circuits used to adjust the transmitted power are different for the RCS, shown as the Initial RCS power control module

3001

; and for the SU, shown as the Initial SU power control module

3002

. Beginning with the Initial RCS power control module

3001

, the reverse link RF channel signal is received at the RF antenna and demodulated producing the reverse CDMA signal IRMCH which is received by the first variable gain amplifier (VGA

1

)

3003

. The output signal of VGA

1

is detected by the Automatic Gain Control Circuit (AGC

1

)

3004

which provides a variable gain amplifier control signal to VGA

1

3003

to maintain the level of the output signal of VAG

1

at a near constant value. The output signal of VGA

1

is despread by the despread demultiplexer

3005

, which produces a despread user message signal IMS. The Forward APC control signal, ISET, is set to a fixed value, and is applied to the Forward Link Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA

2

)

3006

to set the Forward Link RF channel signal at a predetermined level.

The signal power of the despread user message signal IMS of the Initial RCS power module

3001

is measured by the power measure circuit

3007

, and the output power measurement is subtracted from a threshold value S

3

in the subtracter

3008

to produce error signal ES

5

, which is an error signal relating to the transmit power level of a particular SU. The threshold S

3

is calculated by multiplying the despread power measurement obtained from the AUX despreader by 1 plus the desired signal to noise ratio SNR

R

. The AUX despreader despreads the signal using an uncorrelated spreading code, hence its output signal is an indication of despread noise power. Similarly, the VGA

1

control signal is applied to the rate scaling circuit

3009

to reduce the rate of the VGA

1

control signal in order to produce a scaled system power level signal SP

2

. The threshold computation logic

3010

determines an Initial System Signal Threshold value (ISST) computed from the user channel power data signal (IRCSUSR). The complement of the Scaled system power level signal SP

2

and the ISST are provided to the adder

3011

which produces a second error signal ES

6

, which is an error signal relating to the system transmit power level of all active SUs. The value of ISST is the desired transmit power for a system having the particular configuration. The input Error signals ES

5

and ES

6

are combined in the combiner

3012

produce a combined error signal input to the delta modulator (DM

3

)

3013

. DM

3

produces the initial reverse APC bit stream signal, having bits of value +1 or −1, which in the exemplary embodiment is transmitted as a 64 kb/s signal.

The Reverse APC bit stream signal is applied to the spreading circuit

3014

, to produce the initial spread-spectrum forward APC signal. The CTCH information is spread by the spreader

3016

to form the spread CTCH message signal. The spread APC and CTCH signals are scaled by the amplifiers

3015

and

3017

, and combined by the combiner

3018

. The combined signal is applied to VAG

2

3006

, which produces the forward link RF channel signal.

The forward link RF channel signal including the spread forward APC signal is received by the RF antenna of the SU and demodulated to produce the initial forward CDMA signal (IFMCH) which is applied to the variable gain amplifier (VGA

3

)

3020

. The output signal of VGA

3

is detected by the Automatic Gain Control Circuit (AGC

2

)

3021

which produces a variable gain amplifier control signal for the VGA

3

3020

. This signal maintains the output power level of the VGA

3

3020

at a near constant value. The output signal of VAG

3

is despread by the despread demultiplexer

3022

, which produces an initial reverse APC bit that is dependent on the output level of VGA

3

. The reverse APC bit is processed by the integrator

3023

to produce the Reverse APC control signal. The Reverse APC control signal is provided to the Reverse APC VGA

4

3024

to maintain Reverse link RF channel signal at a defined power level.

The global channel AXCH signal is spread by the spreading circuits

3025

to provide the spread AXCH channel signal. The reverse pilot generator

3026

provides a reverse pilot signal, and the signal power of AXCH and the reverse pilot signal are adjusted by the respective amplifiers

3027

and

3028

. The spread AXCH channel signal and the reverse pilot signal are summed by the adder

3029

to produce reverse link CDMA signal. The reverse link CDMA signal is received by the reverse APC VGA

4

3024

, which produces the reverse link RF channel signal output to the RF transmitter.

System Capacity Management

The system capacity management algorithm of the present invention optimizes the maximum user capacity for an RCS area, called a cell. When the SU comes within a certain value of minimum transmit power, the SU sends an alarm message to the RCS. The RCS sets the traffic lights which control access to the system, to “red” which, as previously described, is a flag that inhibits access by the SU's. This condition remains in effect until the call to the alarming SU terminates, or until the transmit power of the alarming SU, measured at the SU, is a value less than the maximum transmit power. When multiple SUs send alarm messages, the condition remains in effect until either all calls from alarming SUs terminate, or until the transmit power of the alarming SU, measured at the SU, is less than the maximum transmit power. An alternative embodiment monitors the bit error rate measurements from the FEC decoder, and holds the RCS traffic lights at “red” until the bit error rate is less than a predetermined value.

The blocking strategy of the present invention includes a method which uses the power control information transmitted from the RCS to an SU, and the received power measurements at the RCS. The RCS measures its transmit power level, detects that a maximum value is reached, and determines when to block new users. An SU preparing to enter the system blocks itself if the SU reaches the maximum transmit power before successful completion of a bearer channel assignment.

Each additional user in the system has the effect of increasing the noise level for all other users, which decreases the signal to noise ratio (SNR) that each user experiences. The power control algorithm maintains a desired SNR for each user. Therefore, in the absence of any other limitations, addition of a new user into the system has only a transient effect and the desired SNR is regained.

The transmit power measurement at the RCS is done by measuring either the root mean square (rms) value of the baseband combined signal or by measuring the transmit power of the RF signal and feeding it back to digital control circuits. The transmit power measurement may also be made by the SUs to determine if the unit has reached its maximum transmit power. The SU transmit power level is determined by measuring the control signal of the RF amplifier, and scaling the value based on the service type, such as POTS, FAX, or ISDN.

The information that an SU has reached the maximum power is transmitted to the RCS by the SU in a message on the Assigned Channels. The RCS also determines the condition by measuring reverse APC changes because, if the RCS sends APC messages to the SU to increase SU transmit power, and the SU transmit power measured at the RCS is not increased, the SU has reached the maximum transmit power.

The RCS does not use traffic lights to block new users who have finished ramping-up using the short codes. These users are blocked by denying them the dial tone and letting them time out. The RCS sends all 1's (go down commands) on the APC Channel to make the SU lower its transmit power. The RCS also sends either no CTCH message or a message with an invalid address which would force the FSU to abandon the access procedure and start over. The SU, however, does not start the acquisition process immediately because the traffic lights are red.

When the RCS reaches its transmit power limit, it enforces blocking in the same manner as when an SU reaches its transmit power limit. The RCS turns off all the traffic lights on the FBCH, stats sending all 1 APC bits (go down commands) to those users who have completed their short code ramp-up but have not yet been given a dial tone, and either sends no CTCH message to these users or sends messages with invalid addresses to force them to abandon the access process.

The self blocking process of the SU is as follows. When the SU starts transmitting the AXCH, the APC starts its power control operation using the AXCH and the SU transmit power increases. While the transmit power is increasing under the control of the APC, it is monitored by the SU controller. If the transmit power limit is reached, the SU abandons the access procedure and starts over.

System Synchronization

The RCS is synchronized either to the PSTN Network Clock signal through one of the Line interfaces, as shown in

FIG. 10

, or to the RCS system clock oscillator, which free-runs to provide a master timing signal for the system. The Global Pilot Channel, and therefore all Logical channels within the CDMA channel, are synchronized to the system clock signal of the RCS. The Global Pilot (GLPT) is transmitted by the RCS and defines the timing at the RCS transmitter.

The SU receiver is synchronized to the GLPT, and so behaves as a slave to the Network Clock oscillator. However, the SU timing is retarded by the propagation delay. In the present embodiment of the invention, the SU modem extracts a 64 KHz and 8 KHz clock signal from the CDMA RF Receive channel, and a PLL oscillator circuit creates 2 MHz and 4 MHz clock signals

The SU transmitter and hence the LAXPT or ASPT are staved to the timing of the SU receiver.

The RCS receiver is synchronized to the LAXPT or the ASPT transmitted by the SU, however, its timing may be retarded by the propagation delay. Hence, the timing of the RCS receiver is that of the RCS transmitter retarded by twice the propagation delay.

Furthermore, the system can be synchronized via a reference received from a Global Positioning System receiver (GPS). In a system of this type, a GPS receiver in each RCS provides a reference clock signal to all submodules of the RCS. Because each RCS receives the same time reference from the GPS, all of the system clock signals in all of the RCSs are synchronized.

Although the invention has been described in terms of multiple exemplary embodiments, it is understood by those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced with modifications to the embodiments that are within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.

APPENDIX A

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

525

600

675

750

825

1

76

151

226

301

376

451

526

601

676

751

826

2

77

152

227

302

377

452

527

602

677

752

827

3

78

153

228

303

378

453

528

603

678

753

828

4

79

154

229

304

379

454

529

604

679

754

829

5

80

155

230

305

380

455

530

605

680

755

830

6

81

156

231

306

381

456

531

606

681

756

831

7

82

157

232

307

382

457

532

607

682

757

832

8

83

158

233

308

383

458

533

608

683

758

833

9

84

159

234

309

384

459

534

609

684

759

834

10

85

160

235

310

385

460

535

610

685

760

835

11

86

161

236

311

386

461

536

611

686

761

836

12

87

162

237

312

387

462

537

612

687

762

837

13

88

163

238

313

388

463

538

613

688

763

838

14

89

164

239

314

389

464

539

614

689

764

839

15

90

165

240

315

390

465

540

615

690

765

840

16

91

166

241

316

391

466

541

616

691

766

841

17

92

167

242

317

392

467

542

617

692

767

842

18

93

168

243

318

393

468

543

618

693

768

843

19

94

169

244

319

394

469

544

619

694

769

844

20

95

170

245

320

395

470

545

620

695

770

845

21

96

171

246

321

396

471

546

621

696

771

846

22

97

172

247

322

397

472

547

622

697

772

847

23

98

173

248

323

398

473

548

623

698

773

848

24

99

174

249

324

399

474

549

624

699

774

849

25

100

175

250

325

400

475

550

625

700

775

850

26

101

176

251

326

401

476

551

626

701

776

851

27

102

177

252

327

402

477

552

627

702

777

852

28

103

178

253

328

403

478

553

628

703

778

853

29

104

179

254

329

404

479

554

629

704

779

854

30

105

180

255

330

405

480

555

630

705

780

855

31

106

181

256

331

406

481

556

631

706

781

856

32

107

182

257

332

407

482

557

632

707

782

857

33

108

183

258

333

408

483

558

633

708

783

858

34

109

184

259

334

409

484

559

634

709

784

859

35

110

185

260

335

410

485

560

635

710

785

860

36

111

186

261

336

411

486

561

636

711

786

861

37

112

187

262

337

412

487

562

637

712

787

862

38

113

188

263

338

413

488

563

638

713

788

863

39

114

189

264

339

414

489

564

639

714

789

864

40

115

190

265

340

415

490

565

640

715

790

865

41

116

191

266

341

416

491

566

641

716

791

866

42

117

192

267

342

417

492

567

642

717

792

867

43

118

193

268

343

418

493

568

643

718

793

868

44

119

194

269

344

419

494

569

644

719

794

869

45

120

195

270

345

420

495

570

645

720

795

870

46

121

196

271

346

421

496

571

646

721

796

871

47

122

197

272

347

422

497

572

647

722

797

872

48

123

198

273

348

423

498

573

648

723

798

873

49

124

199

274

349

424

499

574

649

724

799

874

50

125

200

275

350

425

500

575

650

725

800

875

51

126

201

276

351

426

501

576

651

726

801

876

52

127

202

277

352

427

502

577

652

727

802

877

53

128

203

278

353

428

503

578

653

728

803

878

54

129

204

279

354

429

504

579

654

729

804

879

55

130

205

280

355

430

505

580

655

730

805

880

56

131

206

281

356

431

506

581

656

731

806

881

57

132

207

282

357

432

507

582

657

732

807

882

58

133

208

283

358

433

508

583

658

733

808

883

59

134

209

284

359

434

509

584

659

734

809

884

60

135

210

285

360

435

510

585

660

735

810

885

61

136

211

286

- 361

436

511

586

661

736

811

886

62

137

212

287

362

437

512

587

662

737

812

887

63

138

213

288

363

438

513

588

663

738

813

888

64

139

214

289

364

439

514

589

664

739

814

889

65

140

215

290

365

440

515

590

665

740

815

890

66

141

216

291

366

441

516

591

666

741

816

891

67

142

217

292

367

442

517

592

667

742

817

892

68

143

218

293

368

443

518

593

668

743

818

893

69

144

219

294

369

444

519

594

669

744

819

894

70

145

220

295

370

445

520

595

670

745

820

895

71

146

221

296

371

446

521

596

671

746

821

896

72

147

222

297

372

447

522

597

672

747

822

897

73

148

223

298

373

448

523

598

673

748

823

898

74

149

224

299

374

449

524

599

674

749

824

899

900

975

1050

2227

2302

2377

2452

2527

2602

2677

2752

2827

901

976

1051

2228

2303

2378

2453

2528

2603

2678

2753

2828

902

977

1052

2229

2304

2379

2454

2529

2604

2679

2754

2829

903

978

1053

2230

2305

2380

2455

2530

2605

2680

2755

2830

904

979

1054

2231

2306

2381

2456

2531

2606

2681

2756

2831

905

980

1055

2232

2307

2382

2457

2532

2607

2682

2757

2832

906

981

1056

2233

2308

2383

2458

2533

2608

2683

2758

2833

907

982

1057

2234

2309

2384

2459

2534

2609

2684

2759

2834

908

983

1058

2235

2310

2385

2460

2535

2610

2685

2760

2835

909

984

1059

2236

2311

2386

2461

2536

2611

2686

2761

2836

910

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Number	Name	Date
4901307	Gilhousen et al.	Feb 1990
5022049	Abrahamson et al.	Jun 1991
5084900	Taylor	Jan 1992
5093840	Schilling	Mar 1992
5103459	Gilhoussen et al.	Apr 1992
5109390	Gilhousen et al.	Apr 1992
5166951	Schilling	Nov 1992
5193094	Viterbi	Mar 1993
5204876	Bruckert et al.	Apr 1993
5228054	Rueth et al.	Jul 1993
5228056	Schilling	Jul 1993
5237586	Bottomley	Aug 1993
5241690	Larsson et al.	Aug 1993
5245629	Hall	Sep 1993
5253268	Omura et al.	Oct 1993
5257283	Gilhousen et al.	Oct 1993
5260967	Schilling	Nov 1993
5265119	Gilhousen et al.	Nov 1993
5267262	Wheatley, III	Nov 1993
5283536	Wheatley, III et al.	Feb 1994
5295152	Gudmundson et al.	Mar 1994
5299226	Schilling	Mar 1994
5299228	Hall	Mar 1994
5309474	Gilhousen et al.	May 1994
5327455	DeGaudenzi et al.	Jul 1994
5327467	DeGaudenzi et al.	Jul 1994
5341396	Higgins et al.	Aug 1994
5345598	Dent	Sep 1994
5347536	Meehan	Sep 1994
5349606	Lovell et al.	Sep 1994
5373502	Turban	Dec 1994
5377183	Dent	Dec 1994
5392287	Tiedemann, Jr. et al.	Feb 1995
5396516	Padovani et al.	Mar 1995
5404376	Dent	Apr 1995
5414728	Zehavi	May 1995
5414729	Fenton	May 1995
5416797	Gilhousen et al.	May 1995
5420896	Schilling	May 1995
5430724	Fall et al.	Jul 1995
5430760	Dent	Jul 1995
5440597	Chung et al.	Aug 1995
5442662	Fukasawa et al.	Aug 1995
5488629	Takahashi et al.	Jan 1996
5519736	Ishida	May 1996
5559790	Yano et al.	Sep 1996
5926501	Souissi et al.	Jul 1999

Number	Date	Country
374373A1	Jul 1989	DE
743732A1	Jul 1989	DE
0464839A2	Jan 1992	EP
0526106A2	Feb 1993	EP
0654913A2	May 1995	EP
0656716A1	Jun 1995	EP
0668662A1	Aug 1995	EP
0744876	Nov 1996	EP
2301746	Dec 1996	GB
WO9307702	Apr 1993	WO
WO9503652	Feb 1995	WO
WO9507578	Mar 1995	WO
WO9702665	Jan 1997	WO

Bearer channel modification system for a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system

Information

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Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

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Examiners

Agents

CPC

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Abstract

Description

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Parent Case Info

US Referenced Citations (47)

Foreign Referenced Citations (13)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (11)

Provisional Applications (1)

Entry
Zhao Liu et al., “SIR-Based Call Admission Control for DS-CDMA Cellular Systems”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, US, IEEE Inc. New York, vol. 12, No. 4, May 1, 1994, pp. 638-644.
Raymond W. Nettleton, “Spectral Efficiency in Cellular Land-Mobile Communications: A Spread-Spectrum Approach,” UMI Dissertation Information Service (1978) 204 pp.
Hossein Al Avi, “Power Control and Interference Management in a Spread-Spectrum Cellular Mobile Radio System,” UMI Dissertation Information Services, (1984). 129 pp.
“Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)”, Franz Josef Hagmanns, Volker Hespelt, 8273 ANT Nachrichtentechnische Berichte (1993) August No. 10, Backnang, DE, pp. 64-71.
“CDMA and ATM-zwei Technologien, eim Ziel”, 2323 Telcom Report (Siemens) 18(1995) Maerz/Apr., No 2, Munchen, DE, pp. 60-63.
Search Report, Jan. 14, 1997.
Search Report, Apr. 10, 1997.
Search Report, Apr. 15, 1997.
Search Report, Apr. 17, 1997.
Search Report, Apr. 29, 1997.
Search Report, Mar. 5, 1997.