Patent Application
20140008068
Traditional isolation of well casings in well production is accomplished with the use of concrete slurries and/or bentonite chips, which are inserted between the well casing and the wellbore after the casing has been inserted into the bore. Unfortunately, neither of these methods guarantees reliable isolation of the casing because wellbores having extreme depths are not perfectly straight. Even minor deviations from a straight wall in a wellbore create difficulties when a casing is installed into the well because the casing will come into contact with the wall surface inside the wellbore at one or more points of deviation. Thus, when a concrete slurry or bentonite chips are poured into the annular space between the wall of the wellbore and the casing, they can become clogged at the points where the casing meets the bore wall, resulting in incomplete and non-uniform isolation of the casing.
Casing assemblies and methods of using the casing assemblies to isolate selected sections of a subterranean wellbore are provided.
The casing assemblies comprise: (a) a conduit having an interior surface that defines a tubular channel and an exterior surface; and (b) a water-swellable tubular collar having an interior surface that is disposed around the exterior surface of the conduit and an exterior surface. The tubular collars are formed from a material comprising sodium bentonite, a swelling inhibitor and a plurality of fibers dispersed in the sodium bentonite, the material having a water content of no greater than about 10 wt. %. For some embodiments of the water-swellable tubular collars, the material from which the collar is made is formulated such that it swells to 100% of its initial volume within a time period in the range from about 15 hours to about 20 hours.
The exterior surface of the water-swellable tubular collars may define a plurality of extensions extending radially, outwardly. For example, such extensions may define a plurality of longitudinal channels disposed around the circumference of the tubular collar, the channels running substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the conduit.
The casing assemblies may, optionally, also include a remote position sensing device comprising a signal transmitter and a signal receiver, wherein the signal transmitter is associated with the water-swellable tubular collar.
Methods for sealing an annulus between a wellbore casing and the wall of a wellbore using the present casing assemblies comprise the steps of: (a) inserting a wellbore casing having at least one water-swellable tubular collar disposed around its exterior surface into the wellbore; and (b) exposing the water-swellable tubular collar to an aqueous environment, whereby the water-swellable tubular collar swells to an extent sufficient to seal the annulus between the wellbore casing and the wall of the wellbore.
Other principal features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following drawings, the detailed description, and the appended claims.
Illustrative embodiments of the invention will hereafter be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals denote like elements.
Casing assemblies and methods of using the casing assemblies to isolate selected sections of a subterranean wellbore are provided. Also provided are methods of fabricating the casing assemblies. The casing assemblies can provide more uniform and reliable isolation of a casing in a wellbore than concrete slurries or clay chips. In addition, the casing assemblies have a simple design, which allows for relatively fast and simple installation.
The casing assemblies comprise one or more water-swellable tubular collars disposed around the exterior surface of a conduit, such as a wellbore casing. A schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of a casing assembly is shown in
The conduit may be any conduit configured for use in providing structural support to a subterranean wellbore, protecting and facilitating the passage of drilling and/or production equipment in a wellbore, isolating different geological formations in a wellbore and/or transporting fluids in a wellbore. In some embodiments of the assemblies, the conduit is a wellbore casing. The conduit can be made of a variety of materials, including but not limited to, metals, metal alloys, ceramics and polymers.
At least one water-swellable tubular collar comprising sodium bentonite is disposed around the conduit at a position chosen to provide isolation of one or more sections of the earth formation into which the wellbore is drilled. Multiple water-swellable collars (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or more) can be placed around the conduit to isolate multiple sections of the wellbore. As illustrated in
The water-swellable collars are formed from a material comprising sodium bentonite and a swelling inhibitor. In addition to the sodium bentonite, other forms of bentonite, such as calcium bentonite, may be present. A plurality of reinforcing fibers are dispersed in the sodium bentonite. The water content of the water-swellable collars, prior to their exposure to any aqueous environment in a wellbore, is desirably no greater than about 14 wt. %.
The sodium bentonite used in the fabrication of the water-swellable collars desirably has a minimum swelling capacity of at least 24 ml/2 g, as measured by its swell index in accordance with the standard test method ASTM D5890. The moisture content of the sodium bentonite used in the fabrication of the water-swellable collars is desirably no greater than about 12 wt. % (e.g., no greater than about 10 wt. %). In some embodiments, the sodium bentonite-content of the collar material is in the range from about 65 to about 95 wt. %. This includes embodiments of the collars in which sodium bentonite accounts for about 70 to about 90 wt. % of the collar material.
At least one swelling inhibitor is included in the collar material in order to reduce the rate of water-induced swelling of the sodium bentonite relative to the rate of water-induced swelling in the absence of inhibitor. The amount of swelling inhibitor in the collar material is desirably chosen to provide a water-swellable collar material that will undergo swelling on a timescale practical for wellbore sealing applications. Thus, in some embodiments sufficient swelling inhibitor is added to provide a material characterized in that it swells to 100% of its initial volume within a time period in the range from about 15 hours to about 20 hours after being immersed in water. This includes materials formulated such that they swell to 100% of their initial volume within a time period from about 17 to about 19 hours after being immersed in water. (As used herein, the initial volume of the collar can be taken as the volume of the collar just prior to the insertion of the collar assembly into the wellbore.) By way of illustration, in some embodiments, the swelling inhibitor content of the collar material is in the range from about 0.1 to about 5 wt. %. This includes embodiments of the collars in which swelling inhibitor accounts for about 0.5 to about 2 wt. %. Carbomethyl cellulose is an example of a suitable swelling inhibitor. Other suitable swelling inhibitors include inorganic phosphates, polyanionic cellulose and methacrylates. The use of swelling inhibitors in the collar material formulation is advantageous because it eliminates the need for expandable bladders, such as polymeric sheets, disposed over the surface of the collar and designed to prevent contact with aqueous fluids until the bladder is breached.
Fibers can be added to the water-swellable collar materials in order to provide structural reinforcement so that the collar maintains its form without cracking during extrusion and drying and to minimize or prevent deformation of the collar as it is placed in a wellbore. Fibers having an average length in the range from about 20 mm to about 50 mm are well-suited for this purpose. By way of illustration, in some embodiments, the fiber content of the collar material is in the range from about 0.1 to about 5 wt. %. This includes embodiments of the collars in which fibers account for about 0.5 to about 2 wt. % of the collar material. The fibers can comprise organic polymers. Polypropylene is an example of a suitable fiber material. Other suitable fiber materials include fiberglass, polymeric resins, polyesters and polyamides.
The remainder of the water-swellable collar material may be water. Thus, in certain embodiments, the collars are formed from a material that consists of, or consists essentially of, sodium benonite or a mixture of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite, swelling inhibitor, dispersed fibers, water and, optionally, surfactant and/or wetting agent and/or plasticizer.
Table 1 provides some example formulations for bentonite-based materials that may be used to fabricate the water-swellable collars. These formulations represent the material that is feed into the extruder. Unless otherwise specified, amounts given in percentages represent weight percent based on the weight of the bentonite components.
The water-swellable collar assemblies may further comprise an adhesive material disposed between the exterior surface of the conduit and the interior surface of the collar in order to prevent the collar from sliding along the length of the conduit as it is inserted into the wellbore, or as it expands in place. For example the adhesive material may take the form of a layer of adhesive coating disposed between, and in direct contact with, the exterior surface of the conduit and the interior surface of the collar. The adhesive material can be applied to the exterior surface of the conduit before the water-swellable collar is placed around the conduit. Alternatively, a plurality of holes can be formed through the wall of the water-swellable collar during collar fabrication. The adhesive material can then be introduced through these holes after the collar is in place around the conduit. The latter approach can provide a tighter and more homogenous bond between the exterior surface of the conduit and the interior surface of the collar. Polyurethane foam is one example of a suitable adhesive material. However, other adhesives may be employed.
A metal band, such as an iron band, can be placed around the collar assembly and the position of the metal band can be monitored remotely during installation in order to ensure that the collar assembly in placed in the desired location within the wellbore. The collar assembly may, optionally, further comprise one or more remote position sensing devices that allow the position of the one or more water-swellable collars to be monitored as the assembly is inserted into a wellbore and/or once the assembly is in place in the wellbore. The remote positioning sensing device can also be used to confirm the integrity of the collar assembly after it has been inserted into the wellbore because a signal will only be emitted if the electrical communication to the device has not been interrupted. Thus, a lack of signal can indicate whether the collar has been significantly damaged or destroyed. The remote position sensing device comprises two components: a signal transmitter and a signal receiver. Geophysical monitoring systems can be used for this purpose. The signal transmitter is associated with the one or more water-swellable tubular collars and is configured to emit a signal, such as an electromagnetic signal, capable of being detected by the signal receiver. The signal receiver can be located at, and operated from, the surface of the earth formation in which the wellbore in formed. Examples of signal transmitters and receivers are radiowave transmitters and receivers. As used herein, the term “associated with a water-swellable tubular collar” refers to a device that has a known (i.e., known to the user) spatial location with respect to the water-swellable tubular collar. For example, the signal transmitter can be affixed (directly or indirectly) to the collar or can be affixed (directly or indirectly) to the conduit either immediately adjacent (above or below) the collar or at a set, known distance (above or below) the collar.
The collar assembly may further comprise an upper collar stop positioned adjacent to and/or around the upper end of the collar and configured to prevent the collar from sliding along the length of the conduit as the casing assembly is inserted into a wellbore or as the collar swells. Similarly, the collar assembly may further comprise a lower collar stop positioned adjacent to and/or around the lower end of the collar and configured to prevent the collar from sliding along the length of the conduit as the casing assembly is inserted into a wellbore or as the collar swells. The construction of the collar stops can be quite simple. For example, in some embodiments, the collar stops may comprise bands (e.g., a metal bands) disposed around the conduit immediately above and below the collar. In other embodiments, the collar stops can have a more complex design.
Methods of using the water-swellable tubular collars in wellbore sealing applications are also provided. The methods include the steps of inserting a wellbore casing having at least one water-swellable tubular collar disposed around its exterior surface into the wellbore; and subsequently exposing the water-swellable tubular collar to an aqueous environment, whereby the water-swellable tubular collar swells to an extent sufficient to seal the annulus between the wellbore casing and the wall of the wellbore. As described in detail, above, the water-swellable tubular collar has an interior surface that is disposed around the exterior surface of the wellbore casing and an exterior surface, and is formed from a material comprising sodium bentonite, a swelling inhibitor and a plurality of fibers dispersed in the sodium bentonite, the material having a water content of no greater than about 10 wt. % prior to swelling in the wellbore.
Using the present methods, different areas of the geological formation into which a wellbore is drilled can be isolated from one another to prevent fluids contained in one area (e.g., in one stratum) from reaching another area (e.g., another stratum). Examples of wellbores into which the collar assemblies can be inserted include wellbores for the production of hydrocarbons, such as oil wellbores, wellbores for the leaching of minerals in a subterranean geological formation and wellbores for geothermal energy production. Thus, by way of illustration only, in an oilfield application the present methods can be used to isolate a groundwater-containing area of a geological formation from hydrocarbon-containing area of the geological formation. Or, in a mineral leaching application, the present methods can be used to isolate a groundwater-containing area of a geological formation from a mineral-containing area of the geological formation and the conduit can be configured to deliver a leachant solution (e.g., an acid solution) to one or more of the mineral-containing areas of the geological formation and/or to deliver a solution comprising dissolved minerals back to the surface of the formation.
The exposure of the water-swellable collar to water can be accomplished by placing the water-swellable collar at a position along the casing where it will come into contact with a naturally occurring source of water contained within a geological formation. Alternatively, the source of water can be created as a by-product of a production process. For example, the water used to cause the swelling of the collar may come from a drilling fluid, a treating fluid or a production fluid. When the water is not from a naturally occurring source, it can be delivered to the water-swellable collar by, for example, introducing it directly into the annulus between the casing and the wellbore or by introducing it into the casing and allowing it to pass into the annulus between the casing the wellbore via one or more apertures in the casing wall.
The thickness of the water-swellable collar, measured from the interior surface of the collar to the outermost exterior surface of the collar can be tailored based on the relative diameters of the casing and the wellbore. For example, some embodiments of the collars have a thickness of at least ⅓ the thickness of the annulus between the exterior surface of the casing and the interior surface of the wellbore wall. This includes embodiments having a thickness of at least ½ the thickness of the annulus between the exterior surface of the casing and the interior surface of the wellbore wall.
The methods of making the present casing assemblies can be separated into four phases: 1) preparing the bentonite-based collar material; 2) extruding the collar; 3) drying/dehydrating the extruded collar; and 4) grinding out the interior diameter of the collar to fit the exterior diameter of the conduit. The Example below provides a detailed description of an illustrative method that includes each of these phases. A more general description of each of the phases is provided immediately below.
Preparation of the Water-Swellable Collar Material.
The material from which the collars are made can be produced by mixing sodium bentonite in a granular form with water and, optionally, a wetting agent to form an aqueous bentonite solution in which the bentonite undergoes hydration. To this solution, a swelling inhibitor and reinforcing fibers are added, either sequentially or consecutively. Polymer fibers can be added as formed fibers, or can be formed in situ by mixing a fiber-precursor chemical to the solution and polymerizing the precursor molecules in solution to form the fibers. Table 2 illustrates the steps that can be used to prepare the bentonite material, including the ingredients added at each step, the amounts of each that ingredient added based on a weight pro rata basis, and the approximate time duration of each step. (This table is meant to illustrate certain embodiments of the method. It is not intended to limit any disclosed inventions to the specific parameters included in the table.)
Extrusion of the Collar.
The resulting material mass, or ‘pug’, can now be extruded into the form of a collar. An extrusion process and apparatus are described in the Example below.
Drying/Dehydrating the Collar.
Once the material has been extruded into the form of a collar, the collar can be dried to reduce its water content. Generally, the extruded collar is dried until the water content of the collar is no greater than about 14 wt. %. The drying process can be carried out in one or more stages, with the drying temperature being reduced at each stage. Drying should be carried out at a temperature below the vitrification temperature of the material since vitrified bentonite has a very low capacity for water-induced swelling.
Grinding the Interior Bore.
Once the collar has been dried, the interior bore can be ground out to achieve a straight and uniform interior diameter that is appropriate for the casing with which it is to be used. In addition, the surface of the interior bore may be roughened to enhance the friction between the collar and the casing to reduce unintended slippage of the collar along the casing.
This example illustrates certain embodiments of the methods of making water-swellable tubular collars and certain embodiments of using the water-swellable tubular collars in an oilfield production well.
Fabrication of Bentonite Collar:
The production of the water-swellable bentonite-based collar can be divided into four phases: preparation of the collar material; extrusion of the ‘green’ collar; drying (dehydrating) the collar; and grinding the interior surface of the collar.
Preparation of the Materials.
High quality sodium bentonite having a granular size of mesh 200 or 74 microns was used in the present example. The initial moisture content of the benonite was about 10 wt. %. An aqueous solution of the sodium bentonite was prepared by mixing the sodium bentonite with enough water and sodium carbonate to provide a solution having a weight ratio of water to bentonite of about 0.225 and a weight ratio of sodium carbonate to benonite of about 0.05. The sodium carbonate was used as a wetting agent for the bentonite clay in order to facilitate clay hydration. The hydration process was desirably carried out with continuous mixing for a period of about 10 minutes at a temperature of at least 30° C.
Once the bentonite was hydrated, carbomethyl cellulose (industrial purity) was added as a swelling inhibitor. The amount of carbomethyl cellulose was sufficient to provide a composition having a weight ratio of carbomethyl cellulose to benonite of about 0.5 to 2%. In addition to acting as a swelling inhibitor, the carbomethyl cellulose can act as a dispergation agent for the clay particles, which facilitates extrusion of the material and enhances the performance of the material in the field.
Mixing was continued for an additional ten minutes, then polypropylene was added in granular form to provide a composition having a weight ratio of polypropylene to benonite of about 1%. During the subsequent mixing of the resulting blend, the polypropylene granules were converted into polypropylene fibers, which help to prevent the material from cracking as it dried. This blend was mixed for another ten minutes to provide a pug ready for placing it into the extruder.
Extrusion of the Pug.
In this example, a special die was used for the extrusion of the pug. Initially, the die formed the green pug of the bentonite collar, which was then cut to the desired length by a knife. The die was polished for smooth processing of the green pug. This process was carried out under vacuum in order to achieve better adhesion of the clay particles in the material. In addition, a copper wire was installed around the collar as a remote position sensing device at this stage—before the material was dried.
The die was designed to provide an extruded collar without a longitudinal seam having a cross-sectional profile as shown in
In this example, seamless construction is made possible by a rotating rod that is inserted into the extruded pug, but is not connected to the body of the die or extruder. The rotating rod is located outside of the extruder and is centered along the central longitudinal axis of the moving extruded pug of bentonite. The rotation of the rod was in the opposite direction of the rotation of the auger.
The wall thickness of the water-swellable bentonite collar (at the time it was applied to the casing) was tailored based on the outer diameter of the casing and the standard inner diameter of the bore into which the casing and collar were to be inserted, such that the water-swellable collar would seal the annulus between the casing and the wellbore in a desired timeframe. In this embodiment, the collar was designed with a wall thick enough to fill the annular space between the casing and the surface of the wellbore in a hydration process lasting approximately 18 hours. However, the bentonite collar was still sufficiently thin that it could be inserted into a wellbore without being impeded or blocked by protrusions along the wall of the wellbore that result from the deviation of the wellbore from a perfectly cylindrical shape. With the above considerations in mind, the thickness of bentonite collar, measured as the distance between its interior and outermost exterior surfaces, was designed to be half (50%) of the thickness of the annulus between the outer diameter of the casing and the standard inner diameter of the wellbore. More specifically, the inner diameter of the bentonite collar was 91 mm, the outer diameter of the casing was 90 mm, the outermost exterior diameter of the bentonite collar was in the range from about 125 to about 130 mm (with some variation introduced during the drying process) and the standard inner diameter of the wellbore was 160 mm. Thus, the wall thickness of the bentonite collar was 20-25 mm. In this example, the ‘outermost exterior surface’ of the collar is taken to be the outermost surfaces of the radial longitudinal extensions disposed around the circumference of the collar. In the embodiment of this example, the longitudinal channels defined between these extensions had a depth of about 8 mm.
Drying the Extruded Collar.
The extruded material was dried at a temperature of up to about 80° C. This temperature provided smooth drying and avoided deformation of the collar. Drying was carried out in a two-stage process in a drying chamber with hot air circulation. In the first stage, drying was carried out at 30° C. for five hours. In the second stage, drying was carried out at a temperature of 80° C. for an additional five hours. The water content of the collar after drying was less than 12 wt. %. The final, dried collar was tested in full scale right after drying.
Grinding/Polishing the Interior Bore.
The final phase, before packaging and shipment, was fixing the interior diameter of the collar to correct for any curvature or shrinkage that developed during the drying process. This was accomplished by polishing the interior surface of the collar so that it would fit over the casing. Polishing was accomplished using a face mill of the appropriate diameter with an electric drive. It is desirable for the interior diameter of the collar to be at least about 0.5 mm greater than the exterior diameter of the casing to provide for unimpeded passing of the collar onto the casing.
Testing and Characterization of the Collar:
Once prepared, the water-swellable tubular collars can be characterized by their swelling indices, fluid loss, permeability and resistance to vertical pressure (compressive strength).
Bentonite Swell Index.
Standard test methods in accordance with API 13 A or ASTM D 5890 were used to measure the swell index of the raw bentonite and the collar material. In the case of the collar material. 2 grams of the collar were taken right after the drying phase. These pieces were cut and ground to a mesh size of 200. The standard tests were performed on these ground samples. A swell index value of 35 ml/2 g was measured for the collar material.
Using these tests, it was determined that the collar material swelled to 100% of its original volume in a period of 16 to about 20 hours when the slurry was prepared in either water or an aqueous mud solution designed to imitate a typical drilling mud. The results of the swelling tests are presented in
Fluid Loss.
Standard test methods in accordance with ASTM D 5891 or API 13 A and API 13 B were used to measure the fluid loss of the collar material. A fluid loss value of no greater than 18 ml was measured.
Permeation Test.
Permeation testing was conducted using a flexible wall permeameter in accordance with a testing procedure similar to ASTM 5887. This test measures hydraulic conductivity and the ability of the material to make a hydraulic barrier in a well. Samples for the test were taken from the finished collar material. The material was ground to a mesh size of 200. The weight of the resulting powder tested was 40 g. A non-woven geotextile was used instead of metal plates in the flexible wall permeameter. The collar material was placed in the permeameter, the permeameter was sealed and the test was conducted in a manner similar to that described by ASTM 5887. The measured hydraulic conductivity of the specimen was better than 1×10−8.
Compressive Strength.
The compressive strength of the collar was tested using a universal testing machine. The collar had a compressive strength of greater than 3.5 N/mm2.
Field Application:
Once prepared, the bentonite collars should be stored and transported in a water-free or substantantially water-free environment. During packing, storage, transport and unpacking, care should be taken to avoid damaging the surface of the collars or compromising their structural integrity.
Assembly.
The collars can be placed around the casing on site. The collars are desirably adhered directly to the exterior surface of the casing using a coating of adhesive material. In this example, a polyurethane foam was applied to the exterior surface of the casing and the collar slid over the casing and the layer of foam. As the polyurethane foam expanded, it filled the void between the collar and the casing. The purpose of the adhesive is to ensure that the collar remains at the desired location along the length of the casing so that it is delivered to the intended location in the wellbore. Any extra adhesive remaining after the collar is adhered to the casing can be removed by the operator.
In another design that was tested, the collar was fabricated with a plurality of holes through which the polyurethane foam was introduced. In this design, six holes were formed through the wall of the collar while it was still green (not dried). The diameters of the holes were 10 mm. A first pair of holes was positioned 10 cm from the upper edge of the collar. The holes in the pair were drilled opposite to each other. Then two subsequent hole pairs, each spaced 10 cm apart were drilled into the collar. This design allowed for a more rapid, cleaner introduction of the foam.
Next a metal band having a radio transmitter mounted thereto was affixed above the water-swellable collar, around the casing. As such, this metal band assembly provided a remote position sensing device, as well as a collar stop, to prevent the water-swellable collar from changing its position along the length of the casing. A second collar stop comprising a band of plastic was affixed around the casing below the water-swellable collar and around the lower end of the water-swellable collar. The lower stop served to ease the insertion of the casing and the collar into a wellbore and to prevent sliding or expansion of the water-swellable collar along the casing as the casing material hydrated.
Remote Position Monitoring.
Detection of the bentonite collar position within a wellbore was carried out using geophysical monitoring equipment. The radio transmitter mounted to the metal band was used to enhance the remotely detected signal.
The word “illustrative” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Further, for the purposes of this disclosure and unless otherwise specified, “a” or “an” means “one or more”. Still further, the use of “and” or “or” is intended to include “and/or” unless specifically indicated otherwise.
The foregoing description of illustrative embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and of description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and as practical applications of the invention to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
